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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Editors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Expansion and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication_in_Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_in_Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Publication in <i>Nature</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publication_in_Nature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publication in <i>Nature</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publication_in_Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landmark_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmark_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Landmark papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmark_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Retractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Science fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Communications journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Nature</i> (journal)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="نيتشر (مجلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيتشر (مجلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নেচার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Нейчър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нейчър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C)" title="Nature (περιοδικό) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Nature (περιοδικό)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(gazeto)" title="Nature (gazeto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nature (gazeto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%B1" title="نیچر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیچر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(revue)" title="Nature (revue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nature (revue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%B2%98" title="네이처 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네이처" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B9%D6%80" title="Նեյչր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեյչր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE)" title="नेचर (पत्रिका) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेचर (पत्रिका)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_(%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_)" title="ನೇಚರ್ (ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕ ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೇಚರ್ (ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕ )" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(kovar)" title="Nature (kovar) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nature (kovar)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2)" title="नेचर (जर्नल) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नेचर (जर्नल)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(%E1%83%9F%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="Nature (ჟურნალი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Nature (ჟურნალი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ネイチャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネイチャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0_(%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਨੇਚਰ (ਰਸਾਲਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੇਚਰ (ਰਸਾਲਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="نیچر (میگزین) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیچر (میگزین)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nature (journal)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(%C4%8Dasopis)" title="Nature (časopis) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nature (časopis)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D)" title="நேச்சர் (இதழ்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேச்சர் (இதழ்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95)" title="నేచర్ (పత్రిక) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నేచర్ (పత్రిక)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3)" title="เนเจอร์ (วารสาร) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนเจอร์ (วารสาร)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(dergi)" title="Nature (dergi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nature (dergi)" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" title="Nature – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nature" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%EF%BC%88%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%EF%BC%89" title="自然（期刊） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自然（期刊）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A)" title="自然 (期刊) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自然 (期刊)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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For the fake news site, see <a href="/wiki/Natural_News" title="Natural News">Natural News</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Academic journal</div><div class="infobox-journal-search" style="display:none;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;"><i><span class="fn">Nature</span></i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.stitle=Nature&rft.coden=NATUAS&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.eissn=1476-4687&rft_id=info:lccn/12037118&rft_id=info:oclcnum/01586310&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2F"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nature_volume_536_number_7617_cover_displaying_an_artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nature_volume_536_number_7617_cover_displaying_an_artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b.jpg/200px-Nature_volume_536_number_7617_cover_displaying_an_artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nature_volume_536_number_7617_cover_displaying_an_artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b.jpg/300px-Nature_volume_536_number_7617_cover_displaying_an_artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nature_volume_536_number_7617_cover_displaying_an_artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b.jpg/400px-Nature_volume_536_number_7617_cover_displaying_an_artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Proxima_Centauri_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="3248" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of a 2016 issue of <i>Nature</i> featuring artistic representation of <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a> and its planet <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Proxima Centauri b</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">Natural sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Editor-in-chief" title="Editor-in-chief">Edited</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Skipper" title="Magdalena Skipper">Magdalena Skipper</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Publication details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">4 November 1869 – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Publisher</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Nature_Portfolio" title="Nature Portfolio">Nature Portfolio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>) (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature#Frequency" title="Periodical literature">Frequency</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">Weekly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">Hybrid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">50.5 (2023)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Standard abbreviations<br /><span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marcinwrochna.github.io/abbrevIso/?search=Nature">ISO 4</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Academic_Journals/Bluebook_journals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Academic Journals/Bluebook journals">Bluebook</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westerncriminology.org/publications/bluebook-abbreviations/">alt</a>)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0028-0836%5BISSN%5D">NLM</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Nature%5BJournal%5D">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf">MathSciNet</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/search/journals.html?journalName=0028-0836&Submit=Search">alt</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paid subscription required"><img alt="Paid subscription required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="947" /></span></span>)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">ISO 4</a></th><td class="infobox-data identifier" style="text-align:left;"><i>Nature</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Indexing<br /><span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=0028-0836">CODEN</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=1476-4687">alt</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=titles&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=Nature+%28journal%29">alt2</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/journals/00280836">JSTOR</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=0028-0836&argType1=all&searchCode1=KNUM&searchType=2">LCCN</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Nature&argType1=all&searchCode1=KTIL&searchType=2">alt</a>)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miar.ub.edu/issn/0028-0836">MIAR</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0028-0836%5BISSN%5D">NLM</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Nature%5BJournal%5D">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/sources?sortField=citescore&sortDirection=desc&isHiddenField=false&field=issn&issn=0028-0836">Scopus</a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/CODEN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CODEN (identifier)">CODEN</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=codens&exactMatch=y&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=NATUAS">NATUAS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span class="value"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0028-0836">0028-0836</a></span> (print)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1476-4687">1476-4687</a> (web)<br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/12037118">12037118</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> no.</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/01586310">01586310</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Links</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/">Journal homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nature/current-issue">Online access</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nature/volumes">Online archive</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Nature</b></i> is a British weekly <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journal</a> founded and based in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England. As a multidisciplinary publication, <i>Nature</i> features <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> research from a variety of academic disciplines, mainly in science and technology. It has core editorial offices across the United States, continental Europe, and Asia under the international scientific publishing company <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. <i>Nature</i> was one of the world's most cited scientific journals by the Science Edition of the 2022 <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports" title="Journal Citation Reports">Journal Citation Reports</a></i> (with an ascribed <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a> of 50.5),<sup id="cite_ref-WoS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it one of the world's most-read and most prestigious <a href="/wiki/Academic_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic journals">academic journals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it claimed an online readership of about three million unique readers per month.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in autumn 1869, <i>Nature</i> was first circulated by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_MacMillan_(publisher)" title="Alexander MacMillan (publisher)">Alexander MacMillan</a> as a public forum for scientific innovations. The mid-20th century facilitated an editorial expansion for the journal; <i>Nature</i> redoubled its efforts in explanatory and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific journalism">scientific journalism</a>. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the creation of a network of editorial offices outside of Britain and the establishment of ten new supplementary, speciality publications (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Materials" title="Nature Materials">Nature Materials</a></i>). Since the late 2000s, dedicated editorial and current affairs columns are created weekly, and <a href="/wiki/Political_endorsement" title="Political endorsement">electoral endorsements</a> are featured. The primary source of the journal remains, as established at its founding, research scientists; editing standards are primarily concerned with technical readability. Each issue also features articles that are of general interest to the scientific community, namely business, funding, scientific ethics, and research breakthroughs. There are also sections on books, arts, and short science fiction stories. The main research published in <i>Nature</i> consists mostly of papers (articles or letters) in lightly edited form. They are highly technical and dense, but, due to imposed text limits, they are typically summaries of larger work. Innovations or breakthroughs in any scientific or technological field are featured in the journal as either letters or news articles. The papers that have been published in this journal are internationally acclaimed for maintaining high research standards. Conversely, due to the journal's exposure, it has at various times been a <a href="#Controversies">subject of controversy</a> for its handling of academic dishonesty, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>, and news coverage. Fewer than 8% of submitted papers are accepted for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, <i>Nature</i> (together with <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>) received the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince of Asturias Award</a> for Communications and Humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-SciNat_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SciNat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prince_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prince-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nature mostly publishes research articles. Spotlight articles are not research papers but mostly news or magazine style papers and hence do not count towards impact factor nor receive similar recognition as research articles. Some spotlight articles are also paid by partners or sponsors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The huge progress in science and mathematics during the 19th century was recorded in journals written mostly in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> or <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Britain underwent enormous technological and industrial changes and advances particularly in the latter half of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most respected scientific journals of this time were the refereed journals of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, which had published many of the great works from <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. In addition, the number of popular science periodicals doubled from the 1850s to the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the editors of these popular science magazines, the publications were designed to serve as "organs of science", in essence, a means of connecting the public to the scientific world.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nature</i>, first created in 1869, was not the first magazine of its kind in Britain. One journal to precede <i>Nature</i> was <i>Recreative Science: A Record and Remembrancer of Intellectual Observation</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, created in 1859, began as a <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> magazine and progressed to include more physical observational science and technical subjects and less natural history.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journal's name changed from its original title to <i>Intellectual Observer: A Review of Natural History, Microscopic Research, and Recreative Science</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then to the <i>Student and Intellectual Observer of Science, Literature, and Art</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <i>Recreative Science</i> had attempted to include more <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science" title="Outline of physical science">physical sciences</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, the <i>Intellectual Observer</i> broadened itself further to include literature and art as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to <i>Recreative Science</i> was the scientific journal <i>Popular Science Review</i>, created in 1862,<sup id="cite_ref-Bar13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which covered different fields of science by creating subsections titled "Scientific Summary" or "Quarterly Retrospect", with book reviews and commentary on the latest scientific works and publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar13_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other journals produced in England prior to the development of <i>Nature</i> were the <i><a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Science" title="Quarterly Journal of Science">Quarterly Journal of Science</a></i> and <i>Scientific Opinion</i>, established in 1864 and 1868, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar6_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journal most closely related to <i>Nature</i> in its editorship and format was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reader_(weekly)" title="The Reader (weekly)">The Reader</a></i>, created in 1863; the publication mixed science with literature and art in an attempt to reach an audience outside of the scientific community, similar to <i>Popular Science Review</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar6_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These similar journals all ultimately failed. The <i>Popular Science Review</i> survived longest, lasting 20 years and ending its publication in 1881; <i>Recreative Science</i> ceased publication as the <i>Student and Intellectual Observer</i> in 1871. The <i>Quarterly Journal</i>, after undergoing a number of editorial changes, ceased publication in 1885. <i>The Reader</i> terminated in 1867, and finally, <i>Scientific Opinion</i> lasted a mere 2 years, until June 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar7_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nature_cover,_November_4,_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg/170px-Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg/255px-Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg/340px-Nature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption>First title page, 4 November 1869</figcaption></figure> <p>Not long after the conclusion of <i>The Reader</i>, a former editor, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a>, decided to create a new scientific journal titled <i>Nature</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-B248_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B248-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking its name from a line by <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>: "To the solid ground of nature trusts the Mind that builds for aye".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First owned and published by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macmillan_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Macmillan (publisher)">Alexander Macmillan</a>, <i>Nature</i> was similar to its predecessors in its attempt to "provide cultivated readers with an accessible forum for reading about advances in scientific knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-B248_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B248-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Janet Browne has proposed that "far more than any other science journal of the period, <i>Nature</i> was conceived, born, and raised to serve polemic purpose."<sup id="cite_ref-B248_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B248-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the early editions of <i>Nature</i> consisted of articles written by members of a group that called itself the <a href="/wiki/X_Club" title="X Club">X Club</a>, a group of scientists known for having liberal, progressive, and somewhat controversial scientific beliefs for their time.<sup id="cite_ref-B248_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B248-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initiated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a>, the group consisted of such important scientists as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a>, along with another five scientists and mathematicians; these scientists were all avid supporters of <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwin's theory of evolution</a> as <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common descent</a>, a theory which, during the latter half of the 19th century, received a great deal of criticism among more conservative groups of scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps it was in part its scientific liberality that made <i>Nature</i> a longer-lasting success than its predecessors. <a href="/wiki/John_Maddox" title="John Maddox">John Maddox</a>, editor of <i>Nature</i> from 1966 to 1973 and from 1980 to 1995, suggested at a celebratory dinner for the journal's centennial edition that perhaps it was the journalistic qualities of Nature that drew readers in; "journalism" Maddox states, "is a way of creating a sense of community among people who would otherwise be isolated from each other. This is what Lockyer's journal did from the start."<sup id="cite_ref-Dinner_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinner-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Maddox mentions that the financial backing of the journal in its first years by the Macmillan family also allowed the journal to flourish and develop more freely than scientific journals before it.<sup id="cite_ref-Dinner_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinner-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Editors">Editors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Editors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a>, the founder of <i>Nature</i>, was a professor at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a>. He was succeeded as editor in 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Gregory,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Gregory, 1st Baronet">Sir Richard Gregory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPG_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory helped to establish <i>Nature</i> in the international scientific community. His obituary by the Royal Society stated: "Gregory was always very interested in the international contacts of science, and in the columns of <i>Nature</i> he always gave generous space to accounts of the activities of the International Scientific Unions."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the years 1945 to 1973, editorship of <i>Nature</i> changed three times, first in 1945 to A. J. V. Gale and <a href="/wiki/L._J._F._Brimble" title="L. J. F. Brimble">L. J. F. Brimble</a> (who in 1958 became the sole editor), then to <a href="/wiki/John_Maddox" title="John Maddox">John Maddox</a> in 1965, and finally to <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_%27Dai%27_Davies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David 'Dai' Davies (page does not exist)">David Davies</a> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-NPG_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Maddox returned as editor and retained his position until 1995. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Campbell_(scientist)" title="Philip Campbell (scientist)">Philip Campbell</a> became Editor-in-chief of all <i>Nature</i> publications until 2018. <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Skipper" title="Magdalena Skipper">Magdalena Skipper</a> has since become Editor-in-chief.<sup id="cite_ref-NPG_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_and_development">Expansion and development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expansion and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970, <i>Nature</i> first opened its Washington office; other branches opened in New York in 1985, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in 1987, Paris in 1989, San Francisco in 2001, Boston in 2004, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> in 2005. In 1971, under <a href="/wiki/John_Maddox" title="John Maddox">John Maddox</a>'s editorship, the journal split into <i>Nature Physical Sciences</i> (published on Mondays), <i>Nature New Biology</i> (published on Wednesdays), and <i>Nature</i> (published on Fridays). In 1974, Maddox was no longer editor, and the journals were merged into <i>Nature</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the 1980s, the journal underwent a great deal of expansion, launching over ten new journals. These new journals comprise Nature Research, which was created in 1999 under the name Nature Publishing Group and includes <i>Nature</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nature_Research_journals" title="List of Nature Research journals">Nature Research Journals</a>, Stockton Press Specialist Journals and Macmillan Reference (renamed NPG Reference). In 1996, <i>Nature</i> created its own website<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1999 Nature Publishing Group began its series of <i>Nature Reviews</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPG_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some articles and papers are available for free on the Nature website, while others require the purchase of premium access to the site. As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <i>Nature</i> claimed an online readership of about 3 million unique readers per month.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 October 2008, <i>Nature</i> endorsed an American presidential candidate for the first time when it supported <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> during his campaign in <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">America's 2008 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2012, an <a href="/wiki/Nature_Arabic_Edition" title="Nature Arabic Edition">Arabic edition</a> of the magazine was launched in partnership with <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology</a>. As of the time it was released, it had about 10,000 subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-NatureME_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatureME-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 December 2014, <i>Nature</i> announced that it would allow its subscribers and a group of selected media outlets to share links allowing free, "read-only" access to content from its journals. These articles are presented using the <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> system <a href="/wiki/ReadCube" title="ReadCube">ReadCube</a> (which is funded by the Macmillan subsidiary Digital Science), and does not allow readers to download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute the content. While it does, to an extent, provide free online access to articles, it is not a true <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> scheme due to its restrictions on re-use and distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-wired-naturefreeview_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-naturefreeview-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-npgreadonly_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-npgreadonly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 January 2015, details of a proposed merger with Springer Science+Business Media were announced.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2015 it came under the umbrella of <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>, by the merger of <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" title="Holtzbrinck Publishing Group">Holtzbrinck Publishing Group</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature Publishing Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Education" title="Macmillan Education">Macmillan Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2011, the journal has published <a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_10" title="Nature's 10">Nature's 10</a> "people who mattered" during the year, as part of their annual review.<sup id="cite_ref-n10_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n10-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n102011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n102011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_in_Nature">Publication in <i>Nature</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publication in Nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nature_citations_per_article,_2013-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nature_citations_per_article%2C_2013-2015.jpg/220px-Nature_citations_per_article%2C_2013-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nature_citations_per_article%2C_2013-2015.jpg/330px-Nature_citations_per_article%2C_2013-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Nature_citations_per_article%2C_2013-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Skewed curve of citations per article in 2015 to <i>Nature</i> articles from 2013 to 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, another academic journal, being published in <i>Nature</i> has been known to carry a certain level of prestige in academia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, empirical papers are often highly cited, which can lead to promotions, grant funding, and attention from the mainstream media. Because of these <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a> effects, competition among scientists to publish in high-level journals like <i>Nature</i> and its closest competitor, <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, can be very fierce. <i>Nature</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a>, a measure of how many citations a journal generates in other works, was 42.778 in 2019 (as measured by <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Scientific_Information" title="Institute for Scientific Information">Thomson ISI</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-WoS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as with many journals, most papers receive far fewer citations than the impact factor would indicate.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Nature</i>'s journal impact factor carries a long tail.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that some high-prestige journals including <i>Nature</i> "publish significantly substandard structures", and overall "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".<sup id="cite_ref-Brembs2018_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brembs2018-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with most other professional scientific journals, papers undergo an initial screening by the editor, followed by <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> (in which other scientists, chosen by the editor for expertise with the subject matter but who have no connection to the research under review, will read and critique articles), before publication. In the case of <i>Nature</i>, they are only sent for review if it is decided that they deal with a topical subject and are sufficiently ground-breaking in that particular field. As a consequence, the majority of submitted papers are rejected without review. </p><p>According to <i>Nature</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s original <a href="/wiki/Mission_statement" title="Mission statement">mission statement</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is intended, FIRST, to place before the general public the grand results of Scientific Work and Scientific Discovery; and to urge the claims of Science to a more general recognition in Education and in Daily Life; and, SECONDLY, to aid Scientific men themselves, by giving early information of all advances made in any branch of Natural knowledge throughout the world, and by affording them an opportunity of discussing the various Scientific questions which arise from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-nature1869_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature1869-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This was later<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (September 2023)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> revised to: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>First, to serve scientists through prompt publication of significant advances in any branch of science, and to provide a forum for the reporting and discussion of news and issues concerning science. Second, to ensure that the results of science are rapidly disseminated to the public throughout the world, in a fashion that conveys their significance for knowledge, culture and daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-nature2000_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2000-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmark_papers">Landmark papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Landmark papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the most significant scientific breakthroughs in modern history have been first published in <i>Nature</i>. The following is a selection of scientific breakthroughs published in <i>Nature</i>, all of which had far-reaching consequences, and the citation for the article in which they were published. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wave_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave nature">Wave nature</a> of particles</b> (<a href="/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment" title="Davisson–Germer experiment">Davisson–Germer experiment</a>) — <small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Davisson" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Davisson">C. Davisson</a> and <a href="/wiki/L._H._Germer" class="mw-redirect" title="L. H. Germer">L. H. Germer</a> (1927). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Scattering_of_Electrons_by_a_Single_Crystal_of_Nickel.pdf">"The scattering of electrons by a single crystal of nickel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>119</b> (2998): 558–560. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927Natur.119..558D">1927Natur.119..558D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F119558a0">10.1038/119558a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4104602">4104602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+scattering+of+electrons+by+a+single+crystal+of+nickel&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2998&rft.pages=558-560&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4104602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F119558a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1927Natur.119..558D&rft.au=C.+Davisson+and+L.+H.+Germer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AThe_Scattering_of_Electrons_by_a_Single_Crystal_of_Nickel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></small></li> <li><b>The <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a></b> — <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Chadwick" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Chadwick">J. Chadwick</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F129312a0">"Possible existence of a neutron"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>129</b> (3252): 312. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932Natur.129Q.312C">1932Natur.129Q.312C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F129312a0">10.1038/129312a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4076465">4076465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Possible+existence+of+a+neutron&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3252&rft.pages=312&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4076465%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F129312a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932Natur.129Q.312C&rft.au=J.+Chadwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F129312a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a></b> — <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._Meitner" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Meitner">L. Meitner</a> and <a href="/wiki/O._R._Frisch" class="mw-redirect" title="O. R. Frisch">O. R. Frisch</a> (1939). "Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: a new type of nuclear reaction". <i>Nature</i>. <b>143</b> (3615): 239–240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939Natur.143..239M">1939Natur.143..239M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F143239a0">10.1038/143239a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4113262">4113262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Disintegration+of+uranium+by+neutrons%3A+a+new+type+of+nuclear+reaction&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=3615&rft.pages=239-240&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4113262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F143239a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1939Natur.143..239M&rft.au=L.+Meitner+and+O.+R.+Frisch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></small></li> <li><b>The structure of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></b> — <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. D. Watson">J. D. Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/F._H._C._Crick" class="mw-redirect" title="F. H. C. Crick">F. H. C. Crick</a> (1953). <a href="/wiki/Molecular_structure_of_Nucleic_Acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids">"Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>171</b> (4356): 737–738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W">1953Natur.171..737W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0">10.1038/171737a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054692">13054692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4253007">4253007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+structure+of+Nucleic+Acids%3A+A+structure+for+deoxyribose+nucleic+acid&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=737-738&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171737a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4253007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054692&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..737W&rft.au=J.+D.+Watson+and+F.+H.+C.+Crick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></small></li> <li><b>First molecular <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> structure</b> (<a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a>) — <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">J. C. Kendrew; G. Bodo; H. M. Dintzis; R. G. Parrish; H. Wyckoff; D. C. Phillips (1958). "A three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by X-ray analysis". <i>Nature</i>. <b>181</b> (4610): 662–666. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.181..662K">1958Natur.181..662K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F181662a0">10.1038/181662a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13517261">13517261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4162786">4162786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+three-dimensional+model+of+the+myoglobin+molecule+obtained+by+X-ray+analysis&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=4610&rft.pages=662-666&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F181662a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4162786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13517261&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958Natur.181..662K&rft.au=J.+C.+Kendrew&rft.au=G.+Bodo&rft.au=H.+M.+Dintzis&rft.au=R.+G.+Parrish&rft.au=H.+Wyckoff&rft.au=D.+C.+Phillips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></b> — <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Tuzo_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Tuzo Wilson">J. Tuzo Wilson</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F211676a0">"Did the Atlantic close and then re-open?"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>211</b> (5050): 676–681. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966Natur.211..676W">1966Natur.211..676W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F211676a0">10.1038/211676a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4226266">4226266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Did+the+Atlantic+close+and+then+re-open%3F&rft.volume=211&rft.issue=5050&rft.pages=676-681&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4226266%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F211676a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966Natur.211..676W&rft.au=J.+Tuzo+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F211676a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pulsars" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsars">Pulsars</a></b> — <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish, A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Bell, S. J.</a>; Pilkington, J. D. H.; Scott, P. F.; Collins, R. A. (1968). "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source". <i>Nature</i>. <b>217</b> (5130): 709–713. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Natur.217..709H">1968Natur.217..709H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F217709a0">10.1038/217709a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4277613">4277613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Observation+of+a+Rapidly+Pulsating+Radio+Source&rft.volume=217&rft.issue=5130&rft.pages=709-713&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4277613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F217709a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968Natur.217..709H&rft.aulast=Hewish&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Bell%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Pilkington%2C+J.+D.+H.&rft.au=Scott%2C+P.+F.&rft.au=Collins%2C+R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></small></li> <li><b>The <a href="/wiki/Ozone_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone hole">ozone hole</a></b> — <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Farman" title="Joe Farman">J. C. Farman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_G._Gardiner_(meteorologist)" title="Brian G. Gardiner (meteorologist)">B. G. Gardiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Shanklin" title="Jon Shanklin">J. D. Shanklin</a> (1985). "Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction". <i>Nature</i>. <b>315</b> (6016): 207–210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Natur.315..207F">1985Natur.315..207F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F315207a0">10.1038/315207a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4346468">4346468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Large+losses+of+total+ozone+in+Antarctica+reveal+seasonal+ClOx%2FNOx+interaction&rft.volume=315&rft.issue=6016&rft.pages=207-210&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4346468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F315207a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Natur.315..207F&rft.au=J.+C.+Farman%2C+B.+G.+Gardiner+and+J.+D.+Shanklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></small></li> <li><b>First <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloning</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Dolly_the_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolly the sheep">Dolly the sheep</a>) — <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Wilmut" title="Ian Wilmut">Wilmut, I.</a>; Schnieke, A. E.; McWhir, J.; Kind, A. J.; <a href="/wiki/Keith_Campbell_(biologist)" title="Keith Campbell (biologist)">Campbell, K. H. S.</a> (1997). "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells". <i>Nature</i>. <b>385</b> (6619): 810–813. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.385..810W">1997Natur.385..810W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F385810a0">10.1038/385810a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9039911">9039911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4260518">4260518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Viable+offspring+derived+from+fetal+and+adult+mammalian+cells&rft.volume=385&rft.issue=6619&rft.pages=810-813&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F385810a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4260518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9039911&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Natur.385..810W&rft.aulast=Wilmut&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Schnieke%2C+A.+E.&rft.au=McWhir%2C+J.&rft.au=Kind%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+K.+H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></small></li> <li><b>The <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a></b> — <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35057062">"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>409</b> (6822): 860–921. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409..860L">2001Natur.409..860L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35057062">10.1038/35057062</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F62798">2027.42/62798</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11237011">11237011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Initial+sequencing+and+analysis+of+the+human+genome&rft.volume=409&rft.issue=6822&rft.pages=860-921&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F62798&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11237011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35057062&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.409..860L&rft.au=International+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F35057062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, <i>Nature</i> published an editorial entitled "Removing Statues of Historical figures risks whitewashing history: Science must acknowledge mistakes as it marks its past". The article commented on the placement and maintenance of statues honouring scientists with known unethical, abusive and torturous histories. Specifically, the editorial called on examples of <a href="/wiki/J._Marion_Sims" title="J. Marion Sims">J. Marion Sims</a>, the 'Father of gynecology' who experimented on African American female slaves who were unable to give informed consent, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parran_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Parran Jr.">Thomas Parran Jr.</a> who oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment">Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment</a>. The editorial as written made the case that removing such statues, and erasing names, runs the risk of "whitewashing history", and stated "Instead of removing painful reminders, perhaps these should be supplemented". The article caused a large outcry and was quickly modified by Nature.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article was largely seen as offensive, inappropriate, and by many, racist. <i>Nature</i> acknowledged that the article as originally written was "offensive and poorly worded" and published selected letters of response.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The editorial came just weeks after hundreds of white supremacists marched in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Unite the Right Rally">Unite the Right rally</a> to oppose the removal of <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Monument_(Charlottesville,_Virginia)" title="Robert E. Lee Monument (Charlottesville, Virginia)">a statue of Robert E. Lee</a>, setting off violence in the streets and killing a young woman. When Nature posted a link to the editorial on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, the thread quickly exploded with criticisms. In response, several scientists called for a boycott.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 September 2017, the editorial was updated and edited by Philip Campbell, the editor of the journal.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a> won a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for research initially rejected by <i>Nature</i> and published only after Lauterbur appealed against the rejection, <i>Nature</i> acknowledged more of its own missteps in rejecting papers in an editorial titled, "Coping with Peer Rejection": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]here are unarguable <i>faux pas</i> in our history. These include the rejection of <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cherenkov_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Čherenkov radiation">Cherenkov radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">meson</a>, work on <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a>, and the initial rejection (but eventual acceptance) of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">black-hole radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In June 1988, after nearly a year of guided scrutiny from its editors, <i>Nature</i> published a controversial and seemingly anomalous paper detailing <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benveniste" title="Jacques Benveniste">Jacques Benveniste</a> and his team's work studying <a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">water memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper concluded that less than a single molecule of <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> diluted in water could trigger an immune response in human <a href="/wiki/Basophils" class="mw-redirect" title="Basophils">basophils</a>, defying the physical <a href="/wiki/Law_of_mass_action" title="Law of mass action">law of mass action</a>. The paper excited substantial media attention in Paris, chiefly because their research sought funding from <a href="/wiki/Homeopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeopathic">homeopathic</a> medicine companies. Public inquiry prompted <i>Nature</i> to mandate an extensive and stringent experimental <a href="/wiki/Replication_(statistics)" title="Replication (statistics)">replication</a> in Benveniste's lab, through which his team's results were refuted.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before publishing one of its most famous discoveries, <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>'s 1953 <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid" title="Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid">paper</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of DNA">structure of DNA</a>, <i>Nature</i> did not send the paper out for peer review. <a href="/wiki/John_Maddox" title="John Maddox">John Maddox</a>, <i>Nature</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s editor, stated: "the Watson and Crick paper was not peer-reviewed by <i>Nature</i> ... the paper could not have been refereed: its correctness is self-evident. No referee working in the field ... could have kept his mouth shut once he saw the structure".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An earlier error occurred when <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> submitted his breakthrough paper on the weak <a href="/wiki/Fermi%27s_interaction" title="Fermi's interaction">interaction theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>. <i>Nature</i> rejected the paper because it was considered too remote from reality.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermi's paper was published by <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a></i> in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The journal apologised for its initial coverage of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in which it linked China and Wuhan with the outbreak, which may have led to racist attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retractions">Retractions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Retractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2000 to 2001, a series of five fraudulent papers by <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6n_scandal" title="Schön scandal">Jan Hendrik Schön</a> was published in <i>Nature</i>. The papers, about <a href="/wiki/Semiconductors" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductors">semiconductors</a>, were revealed to contain falsified data and other scientific fraud. In 2003, <i>Nature</i> retracted the papers. The Schön scandal was not limited to <i>Nature</i>; other prominent journals, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, also retracted papers by Schön.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, a paper titled "<a href="/wiki/Cell_potency" title="Cell potency">Pluripotency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell" title="Mesenchymal stem cell">mesenchymal stem cells</a> derived from adult marrow," published in 2002, was <a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">retracted</a> due to concerns raised regarding some of the panels shown in a figure, making it the most-cited retracted paper ever.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_fiction">Science fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Science fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, <i>Nature</i> began publishing <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> short stories. The brief "<a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">vignettes</a>" are printed in a series called "Futures". The <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">stories</a> appeared in 1999 and 2000, again in 2005 and 2006, and have appeared weekly since July 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-futures_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-futures-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sister publication <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Physics" title="Nature Physics">Nature Physics</a></i> also printed stories in 2007 and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-FuturesPhysics_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FuturesPhysics-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, <i>Nature</i> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/European_Science_Fiction_Society" title="European Science Fiction Society">European Science Fiction Society</a>'s Best Publisher award for the "Futures" series.<sup id="cite_ref-ESFSAward_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESFSAward-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hundred of the <i>Nature</i> stories between 1999 and 2006 were published as the collection <i>Futures from Nature</i> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-FuturesCollection_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FuturesCollection-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another collection, <i>Futures from Nature 2</i>, was published in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nature_Materials_Nov_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nature_Materials_Nov_2008.jpg/170px-Nature_Materials_Nov_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nature_Materials_Nov_2008.jpg/255px-Nature_Materials_Nov_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nature_Materials_Nov_2008.jpg/340px-Nature_Materials_Nov_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Materials" title="Nature Materials">Nature Materials</a>,</i> a specialized journal from <a href="/wiki/Nature_Portfolio" title="Nature Portfolio">Nature Portfolio</a>, 2018</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Nature</i> is edited and published in the United Kingdom by a division of the international <a href="/wiki/Scientific_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific publishing">scientific publishing</a> company <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a> that publishes academic journals, <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>, online databases, and services in science and medicine. <i>Nature</i> has offices in London, New York City, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Portfolio" title="Nature Portfolio">Nature Portfolio</a> also publishes other specialized journals including <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Neuroscience" title="Nature Neuroscience">Nature Neuroscience</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Biotechnology" title="Nature Biotechnology">Nature Biotechnology</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Methods" title="Nature Methods">Nature Methods</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Clinical_Practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Clinical Practice">Nature Clinical Practice</a></i> series of journals, <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Structural_%26_Molecular_Biology" title="Nature Structural & Molecular Biology">Nature Structural & Molecular Biology</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Chemistry" title="Nature Chemistry">Nature Chemistry</a></i>, and the <i>Nature Reviews</i> series of journals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2005, each issue of <i>Nature</i> has been accompanied by a <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Podcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Podcast">Nature Podcast</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> featuring highlights from the issue and interviews with the articles' authors and the journalists covering the research. It is presented by Kerri Smith and features interviews with scientists on the latest research, as well as news reports from <i>Nature</i>'s editors and journalists. The Nature Podcast was founded – and the first 100 episodes were produced and presented – by clinician and virologist <a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith,_The_Naked_Scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Smith, The Naked Scientist">Chris Smith</a> of Cambridge and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Scientists" title="The Naked Scientists">The Naked Scientists</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nature Portfolio actively supports the self-archiving process and in 2002 was one of the first publishers to allow authors to post their contributions on their personal websites, by requesting an exclusive licence to publish, rather than requiring authors to transfer copyright. In December 2007, Nature Publishing Group introduced the Creative Commons attribution-non-commercial-share alike unported licence for those articles in Nature journals that are publishing the primary sequence of an organism's genome for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, a collection of articles from <i>Nature</i> was edited by John S. Partington under the title <i>H. G. Wells in Nature, 1893–1946: A Reception Reader</i> and published by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications_journals">Communications journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Communications journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nature also publishes a number of journals in different disciplines, all prefixed with "Communications", which complement their other journals. These include:<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Communications Biology</i></li> <li><i>Communications Chemistry</i></li> <li><i>Communications Earth & Environment</i></li> <li><i>Communications Engineering</i></li> <li><i>Communications Materials</i></li> <li><i>Communications Medicine</i></li> <li><i>Communications Physics</i></li> <li><i>Communications Psychology</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WoS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WoS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WoS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Nature". <a href="/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports" title="Journal Citation Reports"><i>2023 Journal Citation Reports</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> (Science ed.). <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarivate Analytics">Clarivate Analytics</a>. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nature&rft.btitle=2023+Journal+Citation+Reports&rft.series=Web+of+Science&rft.edition=Science&rft.pub=Clarivate+Analytics&rft.date=2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1869" class="citation journal cs1">Huxley, T. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-06-university-minnesota-retracts-stem-cells.html">the original</a> on 7 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Minnesota+retracts+pioneering+studies+in+stem+cells%2C+Alzheimer%27s+disease&rft.date=2024-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicalxpress.com%2Fnews%2F2024-06-university-minnesota-retracts-stem-cells.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangJahagirdarReinhardtSchwartz2024" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, Yuehua; Jahagirdar, Balkrishna N.; Reinhardt, R. Lee; Schwartz, Robert E.; Keene, C. Dirk; Ortiz-Gonzalez, Xilma R.; Reyes, Morayma; Lenvik, Todd; Lund, Troy; Blackstad, Mark; Du, Jingbo; Aldrich, Sara; Lisberg, Aaron; Low, Walter C.; Largaespada, David A. (June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07653-0">"Retraction Note: Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>630</b> (8018): 1020. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Natur.630.1020J">2024Natur.630.1020J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07653-0">10.1038/s41586-024-07653-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38886620">38886620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Retraction+Note%3A+Pluripotency+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+adult+marrow&rft.volume=630&rft.issue=8018&rft.pages=1020&rft.date=2024-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07653-0&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38886620&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Natur.630.1020J&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Yuehua&rft.au=Jahagirdar%2C+Balkrishna+N.&rft.au=Reinhardt%2C+R.+Lee&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Keene%2C+C.+Dirk&rft.au=Ortiz-Gonzalez%2C+Xilma+R.&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Morayma&rft.au=Lenvik%2C+Todd&rft.au=Lund%2C+Troy&rft.au=Blackstad%2C+Mark&rft.au=Du%2C+Jingbo&rft.au=Aldrich%2C+Sara&rft.au=Lisberg%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Low%2C+Walter+C.&rft.au=Largaespada%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41586-024-07653-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangJahagirdarReinhardtSchwartz2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, Yuehua; Jahagirdar, Balkrishna N.; Reinhardt, R. Lee; Schwartz, Robert E.; Keene, C. Dirk; Ortiz-Gonzalez, Xilma R.; Reyes, Morayma; Lenvik, Todd; Lund, Troy; Blackstad, Mark; Du, Jingbo; Aldrich, Sara; Lisberg, Aaron; Low, Walter C.; Largaespada, David A. (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature00870">"Retracted Article: Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>418</b> (6893): 41–49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.418...41J">2002Natur.418...41J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature00870">10.1038/nature00870</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12077603">12077603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Retracted+Article%3A+Pluripotency+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+adult+marrow&rft.volume=418&rft.issue=6893&rft.pages=41-49&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature00870&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12077603&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.418...41J&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Yuehua&rft.au=Jahagirdar%2C+Balkrishna+N.&rft.au=Reinhardt%2C+R.+Lee&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Keene%2C+C.+Dirk&rft.au=Ortiz-Gonzalez%2C+Xilma+R.&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Morayma&rft.au=Lenvik%2C+Todd&rft.au=Lund%2C+Troy&rft.au=Blackstad%2C+Mark&rft.au=Du%2C+Jingbo&rft.au=Aldrich%2C+Sara&rft.au=Lisberg%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Low%2C+Walter+C.&rft.au=Largaespada%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature00870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color: #555;"> (Retracted, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07653-0">10.1038/s41586-024-07653-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38886620">38886620</a>,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retractionwatch.com/2024/06/18/nature-retracts-highly-cited-2002-paper-that-claimed-adult-stem-cells-could-become-any-type-of-cell/"><i>Retraction Watch</i></a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-futures-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-futures_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nature/articles?type=futures">"Futures"</a>. <i>Nature</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Futures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Farticles%3Ftype%3Dfutures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FuturesPhysics-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FuturesPhysics_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nphys/archive/categ_fut_012008.html">"Futures Archive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Physics" title="Nature Physics">Nature Physics</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+Physics&rft.atitle=Futures+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnphys%2Farchive%2Fcateg_fut_012008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESFSAward-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESFSAward_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Science_Fiction_Society2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/European_Science_Fiction_Society" title="European Science Fiction Society">European Science Fiction Society</a> (21 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716140006/http://www.esfs.info/esfs-awards-2000.html#2005">"The ESFS Awards, Eurocon 2005: Glasgow – Scotland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esfs.info/esfs-awards-2000.html#2005">the original</a> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ESFS+Awards%2C+Eurocon+2005%3A+Glasgow+%E2%80%93+Scotland&rft.date=2013-05-21&rft.au=European+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esfs.info%2Fesfs-awards-2000.html%232005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FuturesCollection-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FuturesCollection_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Gee2008" class="citation book cs1">Henry Gee, ed. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futuresfromnatur0000unse"><i>Futures from Nature: 100 Speculative fictions from the pages of the leading science journal</i></a></span>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1805-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1805-3"><bdi>978-0-7653-1805-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>With stories from: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Bear" title="Greg Bear">Greg Bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Benford" title="Gregory Benford">Gregory Benford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Morton_(science_writer)" title="Oliver Morton (science writer)">Oliver Morton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_R._MacLeod" title="Ian R. MacLeod">Ian R. MacLeod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Rucker" title="Rudy Rucker">Rudy Rucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Egan" title="Greg Egan">Greg Egan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(author)" title="Stephen Baxter (author)">Stephen Baxter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrington_J._Bayley" title="Barrington J. Bayley">Barrington J. Bayley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Brian Stableford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kress" title="Nancy Kress">Nancy Kress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vonda_McIntyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vonda McIntyre">Vonda McIntyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_M._Ford" title="John M. Ford">John M. Ford</a> and eighty more.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Futures+from+Nature%3A+100+Speculative+fictions+from+the+pages+of+the+leading+science+journal&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Tor+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7653-1805-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffuturesfromnatur0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Gee, Colin Sullivan, ed. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi?652217"><i>Nature Futures 2</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618205121/http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi?652217">Archived</a> 18 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Tor Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-7998-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-7998-0">978-1-4668-7998-0</a>. With stories from: <a href="/wiki/Madeline_Ashby" title="Madeline Ashby">Madeline Ashby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neal_Asher" title="Neal Asher">Neal Asher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Benford" title="Gregory Benford">Gregory Benford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Brown_(writer)" title="Eric Brown (writer)">Eric Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Watson_(author)" title="Ian Watson (author)">Ian Watson</a> and more</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/siteindex">"Journals A-Z"</a>. <i>Nature Portfolio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+Portfolio&rft.atitle=Journals+A-Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fsiteindex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/podcast/archive.html">"Archive: Nature Podcast"</a>. <i>Nature</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Archive%3A+Nature+Podcast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fpodcast%2Farchive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguli2006" class="citation web cs1">Ganguli, Ishani (1 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-scientist.com/uncategorized/a-science-podcaster-bares-all-47514">"A science podcaster bares all"</a>. <i>The Scientist Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scientist+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+science+podcaster+bares+all&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft.aulast=Ganguli&rft.aufirst=Ishani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-scientist.com%2Funcategorized%2Fa-science-podcaster-bares-all-47514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail1864.html">"Interview with Timo Hannay, director of web publishing for Nature Publishing Group"</a>. <i>Jon Udell's Interviews with Innovators</i>. 5 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jon+Udell%27s+Interviews+with+Innovators&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Timo+Hannay%2C+director+of+web+publishing+for+Nature+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itconversations.com%2Fshows%2Fdetail1864.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartington,_John_S.2008" class="citation book cs1">Partington, John S. (2008). <i>H. G. Wells in Nature, 1893–1946: A Reception Reader</i>. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3631571101" title="Special:BookSources/978-3631571101"><bdi>978-3631571101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H.+G.+Wells+in+Nature%2C+1893%E2%80%931946%3A+A+Reception+Reader&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3631571101&rft.au=Partington%2C+John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nature-portfolio/about/communications-journals">"Communications journals"</a>. <i>Nature Portfolio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+Portfolio&rft.atitle=Communications+journals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature-portfolio%2Fabout%2Fcommunications-journals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2016" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Melinda (2016). <i>Making Nature: The History of a Scientific Journal</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226261454" title="Special:BookSources/9780226261454"><bdi>9780226261454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Nature%3A+The+History+of+a+Scientific+Journal&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780226261454&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton1996" class="citation journal cs1">Barton, R. (1996). "Just Before Nature: The Purposes of Science and the Purposes of Popularization in Some English Popular Science Journals of the 1860s". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Science" title="Annals of Science">Annals of Science</a></i>. <b>55</b> (1): 1–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033799800200101">10.1080/00033799800200101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11619805">11619805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=Just+Before+Nature%3A+The+Purposes+of+Science+and+the+Purposes+of+Popularization+in+Some+English+Popular+Science+Journals+of+the+1860s&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033799800200101&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11619805&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2002" class="citation book cs1">Browne, J. (2002). <i>Charles Darwin: The Power of Place</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691114392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691114392"><bdi>978-0691114392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+The+Power+of+Place&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0691114392&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANature+%28journal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_(journal)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Communication and Humanities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Zambrano" title="María Zambrano">María Zambrano</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a></li> <li>1983: <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> newspaper</li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Claudio_S%C3%A1nchez-Albornoz" title="Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz">Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Globo" title="Grupo Globo">Grupo Globo</a></li> <li>1987: <i><a href="/wiki/El_Espectador" title="El Espectador">El Espectador</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)" title="El Tiempo (Colombia)">El Tiempo</a></i> newspapers</li> <li>1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horacio_S%C3%A1enz_Guerrero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horacio Sáenz Guerrero (page does not exist)">Horacio Sáenz Guerrero</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_La%C3%ADn_Entralgo" title="Pedro Laín Entralgo">Pedro Laín Entralgo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fondo_de_Cultura_Econ%C3%B3mica" title="Fondo de Cultura Económica">Fondo de Cultura Económica</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Central_American_University,_San_Salvador" title="Central American University, San Salvador">José Simeón Cañas Central American University</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Anson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis María Anson (page does not exist)">Luis María Anson</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Garc%C3%ADa_G%C3%B3mez" title="Emilio García Gómez">Emilio García Gómez</a></li> <li>1993: <i><a href="/wiki/Vuelta_(magazine)" title="Vuelta (magazine)">Vuelta</a></i> magazine by Octavio Paz</li> <li>1994: Spanish <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missions</a> in Rwanda and Burundi</li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/EFE" title="EFE">EFE Agency</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Luis_L%C3%B3pez_Aranguren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Luis López Aranguren (page does not exist)">José Luis López Aranguren</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Indro_Montanelli" title="Indro Montanelli">Indro Montanelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Julián Marías">Julián Marías</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Mohn" title="Reinhard Mohn">Reinhard Mohn</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Caro_and_Cuervo_Institute" title="Caro and Cuervo Institute">Caro and Cuervo Institute</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/George_Steiner" title="George Steiner">George Steiner</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski" title="Ryszard Kapuściński">Ryszard Kapuściński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Daniel" title="Jean Daniel">Jean Daniel</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Alliance française">Alliance française</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri_Society" title="Dante Alighieri Society">Società Dante Alighieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Instituto Camões">Instituto Camões</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></li> <li>2007: <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nature</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> journals</li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Touraine" title="Alain Touraine">Alain Touraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz" title="Annie Leibovitz">Annie Leibovitz</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Quino" title="Quino">Quino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Communication_and_Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Lled%C3%B3" title="Emilio Lledó">Emilio Lledó Íñigo</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/James_Nachtwey" title="James Nachtwey">James Nachtwey</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Les_Luthiers" title="Les Luthiers">Les Luthiers</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Alma_Guillermoprieto" title="Alma Guillermoprieto">Alma Guillermoprieto</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_International_Book_Fair" title="Guadalajara International Book Fair">Guadalajara International Book Fair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay_Festival" title="Hay Festival">Hay Festival of Literature & Arts</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Michnik" title="Adam Michnik">Adam Michnik</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Nuccio_Ordine" title="Nuccio Ordine">Nuccio Ordine</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Marjane_Satrapi" title="Marjane Satrapi">Marjane Satrapi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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