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class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Konsul+%28Rome%29" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Konsul+%28Rome%29" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Konsul+%28Rome%29" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Konsul+%28Rome%29" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Onder_die_Republiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onder_die_Republiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Onder die Republiek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onder_die_Republiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consul_suffectus_(vervangingskonsul)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consul_suffectus_(vervangingskonsul)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span><i>Consul suffectus</i> (vervangingskonsul)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consul_suffectus_(vervangingskonsul)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tydens_die_Ryk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tydens_die_Ryk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tydens die Ryk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tydens_die_Ryk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magte_en_verantwoordelikhede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magte_en_verantwoordelikhede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Magte en verantwoordelikhede</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Magte_en_verantwoordelikhede-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Magte en verantwoordelikhede subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Magte_en_verantwoordelikhede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republikeinse_pligte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republikeinse_pligte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Republikeinse pligte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republikeinse_pligte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siviele_sfeer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siviele_sfeer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Siviele sfeer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siviele_sfeer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militêre_sfeer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militêre_sfeer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Militêre sfeer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militêre_sfeer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bekamping_van_magsmisbruik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bekamping_van_magsmisbruik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Bekamping van magsmisbruik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bekamping_van_magsmisbruik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goewerneurskap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goewerneurskap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Goewerneurskap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goewerneurskap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aanstelling_van_die_diktator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aanstelling_van_die_diktator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Aanstelling van die diktator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aanstelling_van_die_diktator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keiserlike_pligte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keiserlike_pligte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Keiserlike pligte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keiserlike_pligte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsulêre_datering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsulêre_datering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Konsulêre datering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsulêre_datering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Konsul (Rome)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 69 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulat" title="Consulat – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Consulat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%84_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9)" title="قنصل (روما القديمة) – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قنصل (روما القديمة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3nsul_romanu" title="Cónsul romanu – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cónsul romanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_konsulu" title="Roma konsulu – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roma konsulu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB_(%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC)" title="Консул (Старажытны Рым) – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Консул (Старажытны Рым)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB_(%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC)" title="Консул (Древен Рим) – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Консул (Древен Рим)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsul" title="Konsul – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Konsul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzul" title="Konzul – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konzul" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2nsol_rom%C3%A0" title="Cònsol romà – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cònsol romà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%BD_konzul" title="Římský konzul – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Římský konzul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conswl_Rhufeinig" title="Conswl Rhufeinig – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Conswl Rhufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul" title="Consul – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Consul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsulat_(R%C3%B6misches_Reich)" title="Konsulat (Römisches Reich) – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konsulat (Römisches Reich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsul_(Roma)" title="Konsul (Roma) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Konsul (Roma)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A1%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B7)" title="Ύπατος (Αρχαία Ρώμη) – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύπατος (Αρχαία Ρώμη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Roman consul" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsulo_(romia_historio)" title="Konsulo (romia historio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konsulo (romia historio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3nsul_romano" title="Cónsul romano – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cónsul romano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsul_(Vana-Rooma)" title="Konsul (Vana-Rooma) – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konsul (Vana-Rooma)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromako_kontsul" title="Erromako kontsul – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromako kontsul" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="کنسول روم – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنسول روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsuli_(Rooma)" title="Konsuli (Rooma) – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konsuli (Rooma)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(Rome_antique)" title="Consul (Rome antique) – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consul (Rome antique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsul" title="Konsul – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konsul" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3nsul_romano" title="Cónsul romano – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cónsul romano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C_(%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="קונסול (רומא העתיקה) – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונסול (רומא העתיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimski_konzul" title="Rimski konzul – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rimski konzul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul" title="Consul – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Consul" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Կոնսուլ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնսուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul" title="Consul – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Consul" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsul_Romawi" title="Konsul Romawi – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsul Romawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsulo_(Roma)" title="Konsulo (Roma) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konsulo (Roma)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_(storia_romana)" title="Console (storia romana) – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Console (storia romana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="執政官 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="執政官" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კონსული – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%91%EC%A0%95%EA%B4%80" title="집정관 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="집정관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kons%C3%BBl" title="Konsûl – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Konsûl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul" title="Consul – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consul" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsulas_(Roma)" title="Konsulas (Roma) – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konsulas (Roma)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsuls_(Roma)" title="Konsuls (Roma) – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konsuls (Roma)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Римски конзул – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римски конзул" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB_(%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC)" title="Консул (Эртний Ром) – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Консул (Эртний Ром)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun_konsul" title="Tribun konsul – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tribun konsul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsel_(Rom)" title="Kunsel (Rom) – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kunsel (Rom)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(Rome)" title="Consul (Rome) – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Consul (Rome)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romersk_konsul" title="Romersk konsul – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romersk konsul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romersk_konsul" title="Romersk konsul – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romersk konsul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2nsol_(Roma)" title="Cònsol (Roma) – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cònsol (Roma)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsul_rzymski" title="Konsul rzymski – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konsul rzymski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="رومی کونسل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومی کونسل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4nsul_(Roma_Antiga)" title="Cônsul (Roma Antiga) – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cônsul (Roma Antiga)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul" title="Consul – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB_(%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC)" title="Консул (Древний Рим) – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Консул (Древний Рим)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzul" title="Konzul – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konzul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="රෝමානු කොන්සල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෝමානු කොන්සල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roman consul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzul_(starovek%C3%BD_R%C3%ADm)" title="Konzul (staroveký Rím) – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konzul (staroveký Rím)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimski_konzul" title="Rimski konzul – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimski konzul" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Конзул (магистрат) – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конзул (магистрат)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsul_(Rom)" title="Konsul (Rom) – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konsul (Rom)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kons%C3%BCl_(Roma)" title="Konsül (Roma) – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konsül (Roma)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsul" title="Konsul – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Konsul" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Консул Стародавнього Риму – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Консул Стародавнього Риму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="رومی کونسل – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومی کونسل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsul" title="Konsul – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konsul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_ch%E1%BA%A5p_ch%C3%ADnh" title="Quan chấp chính – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quan chấp chính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsul" title="Konsul – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Konsul" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="罗马执政官 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗马执政官" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="罗马执政官 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗马执政官" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40779#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Konsul_(Rome)" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Konsul_(Rome)" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Konsul_(Rome)"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Konsul_(Rome)"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Konsul_(Rome)" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Konsul_(Rome)" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&oldid=2710888" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Konsul_%28Rome%29&id=2710888&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKonsul_%28Rome%29"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKonsul_%28Rome%29"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Konsul+%28Rome%29"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Konsul_%28Rome%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_consuls" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link 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href="/w/index.php?title=Politieke_amp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politieke amp (bladsy bestaan nie)">politieke amptenaar</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Republiek" title="Romeinse Republiek">Romeinse Republiek</a>. </p><p>Elke jaar, is twee konsuls saam verkies, om ‘n eenjaartermyn te dien. Aan elke konsul is ‘n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veto (bladsy bestaan nie)">vetoreg</a> oor sy kollega toegeken, en die twee amptenare het mekaar maandeliks afgewissel. Die konsuls sou egter na die vestiging van die Ryk, slegs nominale verteenwoordigers van Rome se republikeinse erfenis word, en sou baie min mag en gesag oorhou, met die keiser wat oppergesag gehandhaaf het. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onder_die_Republiek">Onder die Republiek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Onder die Republiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Onder die Republiek"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ná die legendariese omverwerping van die laaste <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruskerse_beskawing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etruskerse beskawing (bladsy bestaan nie)">Etruskerkoning</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a> en die beëindiging van die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Koninkryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeinse Koninkryk">Romeinse Koninkryk</a>, is meeste van die bevoegdhede en gesag van die koning oënskynlik na die nuut-ingestelde konsulskap oorgedra. Oorspronklik is die konsuls <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praetor (bladsy bestaan nie)">praetors</a> (of "leiers") genoem, verwysend na hul pligte as die leidende militêre aanvoerders. In 305 v.C. is die naam van die amp egter verander na konsul; in <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> beteken <i>consulere</i> naamlik "om te konsulteer". Die Romeine het geglo dat die konsulamp na die tradisionele stigting van die Republiek in 509 v.C. terugdateer kon word, maar in werklikheid was daar in die 5de eeu v.C. nie ‘n deurlopende opeenvolging van konsuls nie. Konsuls het uitgebreide bevoegdhede gehad in vredestyd (administratief, wetgewend en regsprekend), en was in oorlogstyd dikwels die hoogste militêre aanvoerders. Hul bykomende godsdienstige pligte het sekere regte ingesluit, wat as aanduiding van hul formele belang, slegs deur die hoogste staatsamptenare uitgevoer kon word. Konsuls moes ook met <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">wiggelary</a> bedrewe wees, ‘n vereiste gebruik voordat weermagte te velde aangevoer kon word. </p><p>Elke jaar is twee konsuls verkies wat saam opgetree het, elk met ‘n vetoreg oor die ander se aksies, ‘n gewone magistraatsmaatreël. Vermoedelik was oorspronklik slegs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrisi%C3%ABr_(antieke_Rome)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrisiër (antieke Rome) (bladsy bestaan nie)">patrisiërs</a> vir die konsulskap verkiesbaar. Konsuls is verkies deur die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitia_Centuriata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comitia Centuriata (bladsy bestaan nie)">Comitia Centuriata</a>, waarvan die stemsamestelling sedert hul stigting ‘n aristokratiese vooroordeel bevat het, wat met verloop van jare toegeneem het.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Haal_bronne_aan" title="Wikipedia:Haal bronne aan"><span title="hierdie bewering benodig verwysings na betroubare bronne" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>verwysing benodig</i>]</span></a></sup> Nietemin het hulle net formeel hul magte aanvaar ná die ratifisering van hul verkiesing in die ouer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitia_Curiata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comitia Curiata (bladsy bestaan nie)">Comitia Curiata</a>, wat konsuls hul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperium (bladsy bestaan nie)">imperium</a> gegun het deur die uitvoering van ‘n wet, die "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_curiata_de_imperio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex curiata de imperio (bladsy bestaan nie)">lex curiata de imperio</a>". </p><p>Tradisie sou dit hê dat die konsulskap aanvanklik net vir die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrisi%C3%ABrs_(antieke_Rome)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrisiërs (antieke Rome) (bladsy bestaan nie)">patrisiaat</a> beskore was, en dat die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebejers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plebejers (bladsy bestaan nie)">plebejers</a> eers in 367 v.C. die reg sou verkry om vir die hoogste amp te staan, toe die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_Licinia_Sextia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex Licinia Sextia (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lex Licinia Sextia</a> bepaal het dat minstens een konsul in elke jaar 'n plebejer moes wees. Die eerste plebejerse konsul, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Sextius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Sextius (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lucius Sextius</a>, is sodoende in die volgende jaar verkies. Moderne historici het die tradisionele verslag van plebejerse emansipasie tydens die vroeë Republiek egter bevraagteken (sien <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konflik_van_die_Ordes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konflik van die Ordes (bladsy bestaan nie)">Konflik van die Ordes</a>), deur byvoorbeeld op te merk dat sowat dertig persent van die konsuls wat Sextius voorafgegaan het, plebejerse eerder as patrisiërname gehad het. Moontlik is die oorgelewerde kronologie onakkuraat, maar dit wil tog voorkom of een van die eerste konsuls, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a>, van ‘n plebejerse familie afkomstig was.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ‘n Verdere moontlikheid is dat tydens die 5de-eeuse sosiale omwentelinge, die amp van konsul mettertyd deur ‘n patrisiër-elite gemonopoliseer is.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In oorlogstyd was militêre aanleg en reputasie die vernaamste bevoegdhede vir konsulskap, maar te alle tye was die keuse polities gelaai. Met verloop van tyd het die konsulskap die ooglopende einddoel geword van die <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i>, die voorgehoue opeenvolging van ampte vir die ambisieuse Romein. Na <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> die <i>cursus</i> wetlik gestruktureer het, was die minimum ouderdom vir konsulbenoeming effektief 41 jaar. </p><p>Beginnend by die laat-Republiek, het ‘n (voormalige) konsul na voltooiing van sy konsulêre jaar, gewoonlik ‘n lonende termyn vervul as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prokonsul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prokonsul (bladsy bestaan nie)">prokonsul</a>, die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeinse_goewerneur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeinse goewerneur (bladsy bestaan nie)">Romeinse goewerneur</a> van een van die (senatoriale) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeinse_provinsies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeinse provinsies (bladsy bestaan nie)">provinsies</a>. Die mees algemeengekose provinsie vir die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prokonsul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prokonsul (bladsy bestaan nie)">prokonsulskap</a> was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Cisalpinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallia Cisalpinia (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cisalpynse Gallië</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consul_suffectus_(vervangingskonsul)"><span id="Consul_suffectus_.28vervangingskonsul.29"></span><i>Consul suffectus</i> (vervangingskonsul)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Consul suffectus (vervangingskonsul)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Consul suffectus (vervangingskonsul)"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As ‘n konsul tydens sy termyn oorlede is (nie buitengewoon vir konsuls aan die gevegsfronte nie), of van sy amp onthef is, sou ‘n ander verkies word om die oorblywende termyn te voltooi as <i><b>consul suffectus</b></i>, of vervangingskonsul. </p><p>Toe <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinsipaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinsipaat (bladsy bestaan nie)">Prinsipaat</a> tot stand gebring het, het hy die politieke aard van die konsulaat verander, deur dit van meeste militêre gesag te ontdaan. Alhoewel steeds ‘n groot eer — inderdaad die konstitusionele staatshoof, en gevolglik <a href="/wiki/Eponiem" title="Eponiem">eponiem</a> — en ‘n voorvereiste vir ander ampte, sou vele konsuls tydens die jaar bedank sodat ander manne hul termyn as suffekte kon voltooi. Dié wat die amp op 1 Januarie beklee het, bekend as die <i><b>consules ordinarii</b></i> (enkelvoud, <i><b>consul ordinarius</b></i>), het die eer gehad om hul name met daardie jaar te vereenselwig. Gevolglik, weens die aantal posontruimings, sou omtrent die helfte van die mans in die rang van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praetor (bladsy bestaan nie)">praetor</a>, ook die konsulskap behaal. Soms sou ook die vervangingskonsul bedank, en ‘n tweede vervangingskulsul sou aangestel word. Hierdie praktyk het onder <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> hoogty gevier, toe in die jaar 190 n.C., vyf-en-twintig mans die konsulskap beklee het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tydens_die_Ryk">Tydens die Ryk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Tydens die Ryk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Tydens die Ryk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG/200px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG/300px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG/400px-Flavius_Anastasius_Probus_01b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavius_Anastasius_(Romeinse_konsul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flavius Anastasius (Romeinse konsul) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Flavius Anastasius Paulus Probus Sabinianus Pompeius</a> (konsul 517 n.C.) in konsulêre kledy, met septer en die <i>mappa</i>, ‘n doek vir die afsit van ‘n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdewaresies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdewaresies (bladsy bestaan nie)">perdewaresies</a> by die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perderenbaan_van_Konstantinopel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perderenbaan van Konstantinopel (bladsy bestaan nie)">perderenbaan</a>. Ivoorpaneel van sy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul%C3%AAre_diptiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsulêre diptiek (bladsy bestaan nie)">konsulêre diptiek</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Keisers het dikwels hulself, hul mentors of familieverwante aangestel as konsuls, selfs sonder aansiens van die ouderdomsvereistes. Byvoorbeeld is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(keiser)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honorius (keiser) (bladsy bestaan nie)">keiser Honorius</a> die konsulskap by geboorte toegeken. <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> meld dat <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> beoog het om sy perd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incitatus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Incitatus</a> konsul te maak, maar hy is om die lewe gebring voor hy dit kon uitvoer. </p><p>Aanvaarding van die konsulskap was ‘n groot eer en die amp was die toonbeeld van die steeds republikeinse konstitusie. In ‘n blykbare poging om hul formele legitimiteit aan te dui, het die afgesplinterde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galliese_Ryk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galliese Ryk (bladsy bestaan nie)">Galliese Ryk</a> in hul bestaanstyd hul eie konsulpare aangewys (260–274 n.C.). Die lys van konsuls van hierdie staat is egter onvolledig, en berus op inskripsies en munte. </p><p>Een van die hervorminge van <a href="/wiki/Konstantyn_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantyn I">Konstantyn I</a> (regeer 306–337 n.C.) was om een van die konsuls aan die stad <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> toe te wys, en die ánder aan <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Konstantinopel</a>. Daarom het, toe die Romeinse Ryk met die dood van <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> (regeer 379–395) in twee helftes verdeel is, die keiser van elke helfte die reg verkry om een van die konsuls aan te stel—alhoewel een keiser tog sy kollega om verskillende redes vergun het om beide konsuls aan te stel. Die konsulskap, ontdaan van enige werklike mag, was steeds ‘n groot eer, maar die gebruiklike vieringe – bowenal die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdewaresies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdewaresies (bladsy bestaan nie)">perdewaresies</a> – het uiteindelik aansienlike uitgawes meegebring, wat slegs binne enkele burgers se vermoë was, dermate dat die uitgawes deels deur die staat befonds moes word.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB527_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB527-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In die 6de eeu is die konsulskap toenemend spaarsamig toegeken, totdat dit onder <a href="/wiki/Justinianus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinianus I">Justinianus I</a> (regeer 527–565) vakant gelaat is: die westelike konsulskap het is in 534 n.C. afgeskaf, met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decius_Paulinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decius Paulinus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Decius Paulinus</a> as die laaste ampsbekleër, en die konsulskap van die Ooste in 541 n.C., met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anicius_Faustus_Albinus_Basilius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius (bladsy bestaan nie)">Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasti_consulares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasti consulares (bladsy bestaan nie)">Konsulêre datering</a> is reeds mee weggedoen in 537 n.C., toe Justinianus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisantynse_kalender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisantynse kalender (bladsy bestaan nie)">datering</a> volgens keiserlike bewindsjaar ingevoer het, benewens die 15-jaar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiksie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiksie (bladsy bestaan nie)">indiksie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die benoeming tot konsulskap het deel van die rite van uitroeping van ‘n nuwe keiser geword vanaf <a href="/wiki/Justinianus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinianus II">Justinianus II</a> (regeer 565–578), en word die laaste keer betuig deur die proklamasie van die toekomstige <a href="/wiki/Konstans_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstans II">Konstans II</a> (regeer 641–668 n.C.) as konsul in 632 n.C..<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die amp het <i>de jure</i> oorleef tot die vroeë 9de eeu, toe Keiser <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_die_Wyse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo die Wyse (bladsy bestaan nie)">Leo die Wyse</a> (regeer 886–912 n.C.) dit finaal opgehef het met Novel 94. Teen daardie tyd is die Griekse titels vir konsul en ekskonsul, naamlik "<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypatos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypatos (bladsy bestaan nie)">hypatos</a></i>" en "<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apo_hypaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apo hypaton (bladsy bestaan nie)">apo hypaton</a></i>", getransformeer na betreklik beskeie eerbetonings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nietemin is die titel van Romeinse konsul deur die Pous aan <a href="/wiki/Karel_Martel" title="Karel Martel">Karel Martel</a> voorgehou in 739 n.C., wat dit egter geweier het.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magte_en_verantwoordelikhede">Magte en verantwoordelikhede</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Magte en verantwoordelikhede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Magte en verantwoordelikhede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republikeinse_pligte">Republikeinse pligte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Republikeinse pligte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Republikeinse pligte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na die verdrywing van die konings en die totstandbrenging van die Republiek, het al die magte van die konings oorgegaan na twee ampte, die konsuls en die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rex_Sacrorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rex Sacrorum (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rex Sacrorum</a>. Terwyl die Rex Sacrorum die koningsbevoegdheid as hoëpriester van die staat beërwe het, is die siviele en militêre verantwoordelikhede, bekend as die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperium (bladsy bestaan nie)">imperium</a>, aan die konsuls toegeken. Om egter die misbruik van koninklike mag hok te slaan, is die imperium gedeel deur twee konsuls, waarvan elk die ander se aksies kon veto. </p><p>Die konsuls is beklee met die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uitvoerende_gesag_(regering)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uitvoerende gesag (regering) (bladsy bestaan nie)">uitvoerende gesag</a> van die staat en was aan die hoof van die Republiek se regering. Aanvanklik het die konsuls oor uitgebreide uitvoerende en juridiese gesag beskik. Met die geleidelike ontplooiing van die Romeinse regstelsel egter, is sekere belangrike funksies van die konsulskap na nuwe amptenare gedelegeer. Sodoende is, in 443 v.C., die bevoegdheid om die <a href="/wiki/Sensus" title="Sensus">sensus</a> te onderneem, van die konsuls ontneem en toegeken aan die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor_(antieke_Rome)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensor (antieke Rome) (bladsy bestaan nie)">sensors</a>. Die tweede funksie om van die konsulskap ontneem te word, was hulle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juridiese_gesag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juridiese gesag (bladsy bestaan nie)">juridiese gesag</a>. Hul posisie as hoofregters is in 366 v.C. na die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praetor (bladsy bestaan nie)">praetors</a> oorgedra. Hieropvolgend sou die konsul slegs as regters optree in uitsonderlike kriminele sake, en dan onderhewig aan ‘n beroeping deur ‘n Senaatsdekreet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siviele_sfeer">Siviele sfeer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Siviele sfeer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Siviele sfeer"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gesag is merendeels tussen die siviele en militêre sfere verdeel. Solank die konsuls in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomerium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomerium (bladsy bestaan nie)">pomerium</a> (die stad Rome) was, was hulle aan die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regeringshoof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regeringshoof (bladsy bestaan nie)">hoof van die regering</a>, en al die ander magistrate, met die uitsondering van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribuun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribuun (bladsy bestaan nie)">tribune van die plebejers</a>, was aan hulle onderhorig, alhoewel in outonome ampte. Die interne werkinge van die republiek was onder die konsuls se superintendensie. Ten einde die konsuls se gesag in die uitvoering van wette te versterk, het hulle die reg tot dagvaarding en arres gehad, wat slegs beperk was deur die reg op appèl van hul oordele. Hierdie strafbevoegdheid was selfs op mindere magistrate van krag. </p><p>Onder hul uitvoerende funksies, was dit die konsuls se opgawe om die Senaatsdekrete en die wette van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeinse_vergadering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeinse vergadering (bladsy bestaan nie)">vergaderings</a> tot uitvoering te bring. Soms, in groot dringendheid, mog hulle selfs uit eie gesag en verantwoordelikheid optree. Die konsuls het ook fungeer as die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoofdiplomaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoofdiplomaat (bladsy bestaan nie)">hoofdiplomaat</a> van die Romeinse staat. Voor enige buitelandse ambassadeurs Senaatsittings kon betree, is hulle deur die konsuls ontvang. Die konsul sou die ambassadeurs aan die Senaat voorstel, en slegs hulle het onderhandelinge tussen die Senaat en buitelandse state gevoer. Die konsuls kon die Senaat saamroep, en het oor die vergaderings daarvan gepresideer. Elke konsul het vir ‘n maand as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voorsitter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voorsitter (bladsy bestaan nie)">president van die Senaat</a> gedien. Hulle kon ook enige van die drie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeinse_vergaderings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeinse vergaderings (bladsy bestaan nie)">Romeinse vergaderings</a> (Kuriaat, Kenturiaat en Stam) saamroep, en het daaroor gepresideer. Gevolglik het die konsuls die verkiesings van stapel gestuur en wetgewende maatreëls aan stemming onderwerp. Wanneer beide konsuls uitstedig was, is hulle siviele verpligtinge deur die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praetor (bladsy bestaan nie)">praetor</a> urbanus behartig. </p><p>Elke konsul is by elke publieke verskyning vergesel deur twaalf liktore, wat die luister van die amp versinnebeeld het, en ook as lyfwagte opgetree het. Elke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liktor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liktor (bladsy bestaan nie)">liktor</a> het ‘n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faskes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faskes (bladsy bestaan nie)">faskes</a> gedra, ‘n roedebundel wat om ‘n byl verbind was. Die roede was simbolies van mag en kastyding, en die byl van die volmag oor doodstraf. Binne die pomerium het die liktore die byl uit die faskes verwyder om aan te dui dat ‘n burger nie sonder verhoor terreggestel kon word nie. By betreding van die Comitia Centuriata, sou die liktore die faskes neersit as aanduiding dat die magte van die konsuls aan die mense (populus romanus) te danke was. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Militêre_sfeer"><span id="Milit.C3.AAre_sfeer"></span>Militêre sfeer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Militêre sfeer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Militêre sfeer"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buite die mure van Rome, was die magte van die konsuls veel meer omvangryk in hul rol as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoofaanvoerder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoofaanvoerder (bladsy bestaan nie)">hoofaanvoerders</a> van alle <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeinse_legioene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeinse legioene (bladsy bestaan nie)">Romeinse legioene</a>. Dit was in hierdie funksie wat die konsuls met volle imperium toegerus was. Wanneer die legioene volgens ‘n Senaatsdekreet opgekommandeer is, het die konsuls die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konskripsie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konskripsie (bladsy bestaan nie)">opname</a> in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campus_Martius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campus Martius (bladsy bestaan nie)">Campus Martius</a> oorsien. By opname in die weermag, moes alle soldate ‘n eed van getrouheid aan die konsuls aflê. Die konsuls het ook die revisie gedoen van die opgevorderde troepe wat deur Roomse vennote verleen is.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Binne die stad kon ‘n konsul ‘n burger straf en arresteer, maar het geen mag besit om ‘n terregstelling uit te voer nie. Op kampanjes egter, kon ‘n konsul strawwe na sy goeddunke uitvoer op enige soldaat, offisier, burger of vennoot. </p><p>Elke konsul het ‘n weermag aangevoer, gewoonlik twee legioene sterk, bygestaan deur militêre tribune en ‘n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaestor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaestor (bladsy bestaan nie)">quaestor</a> met finansiële pligte. In die uitsonderlike geval dat beide konsuls saam opmarsjeer het, het hulle die bevel daagliks afgewissel. ‘n Tipiese konsulêre weermag was sowat 20 000 manskappe sterk en het bestaan uit twee burger- en twee vennotelegioene. In die vroeë jare van die republiek, was Rome se vyande in sentraal-Italië geleë, sodat kampanjes enkele maande geduur het. Namate Rome se grensfronte uitgebrei is, in die 2de eeu v.C., het die kampanjes langduriger geword. Rome was ‘n krygsywerige gemeenskap, en was net selde nie in ‘n oorlog gewikkel nie.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gevolglik was van die konsul by ampsaanvaarding deur die Senaat en die Mense verwag om met sy weermag teen Rome se vyande op te ruk, en die Romeinse grensfront uit te brei. Sy soldate het verwagtings gekoester om ná hul kampanjes na hul tuistes terug te keer met buit. Indien die konsul ‘n volslae oorwinning behaal het, is hy deur sy troepe as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperator (bladsy bestaan nie)">imperator</a> gehuldig, en kon hom beroep op ‘n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeinse_triomftog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeinse triomftog (bladsy bestaan nie)">triomftog</a>. </p><p>Die konsul kon die kampanje na sy goeddunke aanvoer, en het oor onbeperkte magte beskik. Na die kampanje egter, kon hy vir vergrype vervolg word, soos byvoorbeeld die misbruik van die provinsies of verkwisting van publieke geld. Om sodanige rede is Scipio Africanus in 205 v.C. deur Cato aangekla. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bekamping_van_magsmisbruik">Bekamping van magsmisbruik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Bekamping van magsmisbruik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bekamping van magsmisbruik"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misbruik_van_mag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misbruik van mag (bladsy bestaan nie)">Misbruik van konsulêre mag</a> is voorkom deurdat aan elke konsul die reg gegee is om sy kollega te <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veto (bladsy bestaan nie)">veto</a>. Daarom kon die konsuls, met die uitsondering van daardie provinsies waar ‘n konsul as hoofaanvoerder oppergesag gehandhaaf het, slegs eenparig optree, of minstens nie teen mekaar se oortuigde wil nie. Teen die vonnis van een konsul, kon ‘n appèl voor sy kollega gebring word, wat indien dit sou geluk, die vonnis tersyde kon stel. Ten einde onnodige konflik te vermy, het slegs een konsul die ampspligte in ‘n betrokke maand vervul. Dit beteken nie dat die oorblywende konsul van gesag ontdaan was nie, maar het wel meegewerk dat die eerste konsul sonder direkte inmenging kon optree. In die daaropvolgende maand het die konsuls hul bevoegdhede afgewissel, en dit sou voortduur tot die einde van die konsulêre termyn. </p><p>Nog ‘n teenwig teen konsulêre vergrype was die sekerheid dat hulle na afloop van hul ampstermyne tot verantwoording geroep kon word vir die aksies daarin geneem. </p><p>Daar was benewens ook drie ander beperkings op konsulêre mag. Hul ampstermyn was kort (een jaar); hul pligte het volgens voorafbepaalde Senaatsvoorskrifte geskied; en hulle was nie onmiddellik na hul ampstermyne herverkiesbaar nie. Gewoonlik is ‘n dekadelange tussenpose tussen konsulskappe vereis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goewerneurskap">Goewerneurskap</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Goewerneurskap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Goewerneurskap"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeinse_goewerneur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeinse goewerneur (bladsy bestaan nie)">Romeinse goewerneur</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <p>Na ontruiming van hul amp, is die konsuls deur die Senaat aan ‘n provinsie toegewys om te administreer as goewerneur. Die aangewese provinsies vir elke konsul is deur loting bepaal en wel voor die einde van sy konsulskap. Deur omskakeling van sy konsulêre imperium na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistraat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promagistraat (bladsy bestaan nie)">prokonsulêre</a> imperium, sou die konsul ‘n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prokonsul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prokonsul (bladsy bestaan nie)">prokonsul</a> en goewerneur word van een (of verskeie) van Rome se vele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeinse_provinsies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeinse provinsies (bladsy bestaan nie)">provinsies</a>. As ‘n prokonsul, was sy imperium beperk tot slegs die aangewese provinsie, en nié die hele Republiek nie. Enige uitoefening van prokonsulêre imperium in enige ander provinsie was onwettig. Ook was ‘n prokonsul nie geoorloof om sy provinsie te verlaat voor sy termyn verstreke was, of voor die aankoms van sy opvolger nie. Uitsonderings is slegs as spesiale vergunnings van die Senaat toegestaan. Meeste termyne as goewerneur het tussen een en vyf jaar geduur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aanstelling_van_die_diktator">Aanstelling van die diktator</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Aanstelling van die diktator" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Aanstelling van die diktator"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In krisistye, gewoonlik wanneer Rome se grondgebied in onmiddellike gevaar verkeer het, is ‘n <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_diktator" title="Romeinse diktator">diktator</a> deur die konsuls aangestel vir ‘n periode van hoogstens ses maande, ná ‘n voorstel van die Senaat.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tydens die diktator se ampsbediening is die imperium van die konsuls opgeskort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keiserlike_pligte">Keiserlike pligte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Keiserlike pligte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Keiserlike pligte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nadat <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> die eerste <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romeinse_keiser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romeinse keiser (bladsy bestaan nie)">Romeinse keiser</a> geword het in 27 v.C., met die totstandbrenging van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinsipaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinsipaat (bladsy bestaan nie)">prinsipaat</a>, het die konsuls meeste van hul magte en verantwoordelikhede verloor onder die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse Ryk</a>. Alhoewel steeds amptelik die hoogste staatsamp, was hulle onder die keiser se deurslaggewende imperium bloot ‘n simbool van Rome se republikeinse erfenis. Een van die twee konsulêre benoemings is dikwels deur die keisers self waargeneem en sou eindelik slegs vir die keiser voorbehou word. Nietemin sou die keiserlike konsuls steeds oor die reg beskik om oor Senaatsittings te presideer, en dié reg na die welgevalle van die keiser.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Haal_bronne_aan" title="Wikipedia:Haal bronne aan"><span title="hierdie bewering benodig verwysings na betroubare bronne" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>verwysing benodig</i>]</span></a></sup> Hulle kon in buitengewone gevalle regsprekend optree, en het die spele in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circus_Maximus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circus Maximus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Circus Maximus</a> aangebied, asook alle publieke plegtighede ter ere van die keiser op hulle eie onkoste. Ná verstryking van hul ampte, het die eks-konsuls (prokonsuls) hul loopbaan voortgesit as bewindhouer oor een van die provinsies wat deur die Senaat geadministreer is. Hierin het hulle gewoonlik vir termyne van drie tot vyf jaar waargeneem.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Haal_bronne_aan" title="Wikipedia:Haal bronne aan"><span title="hierdie bewering benodig verwysings na betroubare bronne" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>verwysing benodig</i>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konsulêre_datering"><span id="Konsul.C3.AAre_datering"></span>Konsulêre datering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Konsulêre datering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Konsulêre datering"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die hoogste magistrate was eponiem, wat beteken dat elke jaar amptelik, soos ‘n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regeringsjaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regeringsjaar (bladsy bestaan nie)">regeringsjaar</a> in ‘n monargie, aangedui is deur die twee konsuls se name, alhoewel daar ook ‘n meer praktiese numeriese datering bestaan het, bekend as die <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita">ab urbe condita</a></i>, d.i. volgens die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Era (bladsy bestaan nie)">era</a> beginnende by die mitiese stigting van Rome. Byvoorbeeld het die jaar 59 v.C. van die moderne kalender onder die Romeine bekend gestaan as "die konsulskap van Caesar en Bibulus," aangesien die twee kollegas in die betrokke konsulskap <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">(Gaius) Julius Caesar</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Calpurnius_Bibulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus</a> was — ten spyte daarvan dat Caesar die konsulskap so deeglik oorheers het, dat grappenderwys daarna verwys is as "die konsulskap van Julius en Caesar".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Latyn word die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latynse_grammatika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latynse grammatika (bladsy bestaan nie)">ablatiewe absolute</a> konstruksie dikwels gebruik om die datum aan te dui, soos bv. "<i>M. Messalla et M. Pupio Pisone consulibus</i>," wat letterlik weergegee kan word as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger (bladsy bestaan nie)">Marcus Messalla</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Pupius_Piso_Frugi_Calpurnianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Marcus Pupius Piso</a> synde konsuls," soos Caesar dit ook stel in sy <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Bello_Gallico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Bello Gallico (bladsy bestaan nie)">De Bello Gallico</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_consuls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roman consuls">Konsul (Rome)</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3de uitgawe, Hornblower, S. en Spawforth, A. reds., sub voce Iunius Brutus, Lucius</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. J. Cornell – The beginnings of Rome, hoofstuk 10.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB527-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ODB527_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan, Alexander (red.) (1991), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>, Oxford University Press, p. 527, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-504652-6">978-0-19-504652-6</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BOxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=Alexander+%28red.%29&rft.au=Kazhdan%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander+%28red.%29&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B527&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Konsul_(Rome)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan, Alexander (red.) (1991), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 526–527, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-504652-6">978-0-19-504652-6</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BOxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=Alexander+%28red.%29&rft.au=Kazhdan%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander+%28red.%29&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B526%E2%80%93527&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Konsul_(Rome)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan, Alexander (red.) (1991), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>, Oxford University Press, p. 526, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-504652-6">978-0-19-504652-6</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BOxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=Alexander+%28red.%29&rft.au=Kazhdan%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander+%28red.%29&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B526&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Konsul_(Rome)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan, Alexander (red.) (1991), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 526, 963–964, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-504652-6">978-0-19-504652-6</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BOxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=Alexander+%28red.%29&rft.au=Kazhdan%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander+%28red.%29&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B526%2C+963%E2%80%93964&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Konsul_(Rome)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306080549/http://www.bartleby.com/67/407.html">"e. The Frankish Kingdom. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/67/407.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 6 Maart 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 Julie</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=e.+The+Frankish+Kingdom.+2001.+The+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F67%2F407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKonsul+%28Rome%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybios - Geskiednisse, boek VI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">War and society in the Roman World, red. Rich & Shipley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Keaveney, in <i>Sulla, the Last Republican</i> (Routledge, 1982, 2de oplaag 2005), p. 162ff <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=1DwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA168&dq=lucius+flaccus+six+months+Sulla+dictator+OR+dictatorship&lr=&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES#PPA162,M1">aanlyn</a>, behandel die aanstelling van ‘n diktator in die geval van <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Sulla</a>, in welke geval uitsonderings gemaak is.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius se Lewens van die Caesars - Julius Caesar hoofstuk XX</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&oldid=2710888">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konsul_(Rome)&oldid=2710888</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorieë</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Antieke_Rome" title="Kategorie:Antieke Rome">Antieke Rome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Titels" title="Kategorie:Titels">Titels</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteekte kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_stellings_wat_verwysings_ontbreek" title="Kategorie:Artikels met stellings wat verwysings ontbreek">Artikels met stellings wat verwysings ontbreek</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Die bladsy is laas op 1 November 2024 om 13:55 bygewerk.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Die teks is beskikbaar onder die lisensie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Erkenning-Insgelyks Deel</a>. 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