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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trăsături_comune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Trăsături comune</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trăsături_comune-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trăsături comune subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trăsături_comune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fonetică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonetică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Fonetică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonetică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evoluții_ale_vocalelor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evoluții_ale_vocalelor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Evoluții ale vocalelor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evoluții_ale_vocalelor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evoluții_ale_consoanelor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evoluții_ale_consoanelor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Evoluții ale consoanelor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evoluții_ale_consoanelor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accentuarea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accentuarea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Accentuarea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accentuarea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Morfologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sintaxă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintaxă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sintaxă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sintaxă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Lexic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deosebiri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deosebiri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Deosebiri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deosebiri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surse_bibliografice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surse_bibliografice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Surse bibliografice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surse_bibliografice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Limbi romanice orientale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 41 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_romances_orientals" title="Luengas romances orientals – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas romances orientals" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات رومانسية شرقية – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات رومانسية شرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_balcorromances" title="Llingües balcorromances – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües balcorromances" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دوغو رومان دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوغو رومان دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_balcorom%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües balcoromàniques – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües balcoromàniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanorom%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Balkanorománské jazyky – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Balkanorománské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanromanische_Sprachen" title="Balkanromanische Sprachen – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Balkanromanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dzajt%C5%A1noromaniske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Pódzajtšnoromaniske rěcy – sorabă de jos" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódzajtšnoromaniske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="sorabă de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ανατολικές ρομανικές γλώσσες – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανατολικές ρομανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Eastern Romance languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanlatinida_lingvaro" title="Balkanlatinida lingvaro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balkanlatinida lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_romances_orientales" title="Lenguas romances orientales – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas romances orientales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaromaani_keeled" title="Idaromaani keeled – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Idaromaani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های رومی شرقی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های رومی شرقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4romaaniset_kielet" title="Itäromaaniset kielet – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itäromaaniset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_romanes_orientales" title="Langues romanes orientales – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues romanes orientales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastromaanske_talen" title="Eastromaanske talen – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eastromaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_rom%C3%A1nicas_orientais" title="Linguas románicas orientais – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas románicas orientais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dnoromanski_jezici" title="Istočnoromanski jezici – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istočnoromanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchodoromaniske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Wuchodoromaniske rěče – sorabă de sus" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wuchodoromaniske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="sorabă de sus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keleti_%C3%BAjlatin_nyelvek" title="Keleti újlatin nyelvek – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keleti újlatin nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Roman_Timur" title="Rumpun bahasa Roman Timur – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Roman Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkano-Latinida_linguaro" title="Balkano-Latinida linguaro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Balkano-Latinida linguaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_romanze_orientali" title="Lingue romanze orientali – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue romanze orientali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="東ロマンス語 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東ロマンス語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%B6%80_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%9D%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="동부 로망스어군 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동부 로망스어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Romanicae_orientales" title="Linguae Romanicae orientales – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Romanicae orientales" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_roman%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Rytų romanų kalbos – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytų romanų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_r%C3%B4mana_atsinanana" title="Fiteny rômana atsinanana – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny rômana atsinanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Источноромански јазици – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Источноромански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanromaanse_talen" title="Balkanromaanse talen – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Balkanromaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_wschodnioroma%C5%84skie" title="Języki wschodnioromańskie – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki wschodnioromańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_rom%C3%A2nicas_orientais" title="Línguas românicas orientais – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas românicas orientais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Балкано-романские языки – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Балкано-романские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eastern Romance languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Источноромански језици – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Источноромански језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கிழக்கு உரோமானிய மொழிகள் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிழக்கு உரோமானிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" 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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eastern_Romance_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q147576" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirecționat de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbile_romanice_de_est&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbile romanice de est">Limbile romanice de est</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Dias.Roman-Est.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dias.Roman-Est.png/350px-Dias.Roman-Est.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Dias.Roman-Est.png 1.5x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Harta peninsulei Balcanice cu regiunile locuite la începutul <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XXI-lea" title="Secolul al XXI-lea">secolului al XXI-lea</a> de vorbitorii limbilor romanice de est (<a href="/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba română">româna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limba_arom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba aromână">aromâna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limba_meglenorom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba meglenoromână">meglenoromâna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limba_istrorom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba istroromână">istroromâna</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Evolution_of_the_Eastern_Romance_languages_and_of_the_Wallachian_territories_from_6th_century_to_the_16th_century_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Evolution_of_the_Eastern_Romance_languages_and_of_the_Wallachian_territories_from_6th_century_to_the_16th_century_AD.jpg/350px-Evolution_of_the_Eastern_Romance_languages_and_of_the_Wallachian_territories_from_6th_century_to_the_16th_century_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="888" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Evolution_of_the_Eastern_Romance_languages_and_of_the_Wallachian_territories_from_6th_century_to_the_16th_century_AD.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Evoluția istorică a limbilor romanice de est după majoritatea autorilor.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Limbile romanice orientale</b> sau <b>estice</b> formează o grupă de limbi în cadrul subfamiliei <a href="/wiki/Limbi_romanice" title="Limbi romanice">limbilor romanice</a> care, la rândul ei, face parte din familia <a href="/wiki/Limbi_indo-europene" title="Limbi indo-europene">limbilor indo-europene</a>. Acestei grupe îi aparțin <a href="/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba română">limba română</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limba_arom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba aromână">limba aromână</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limba_meglenorom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba meglenoromână">limba meglenoromână</a> și <a href="/wiki/Limba_istrorom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba istroromână">limba istroromână</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Majoritatea lingviștilor români<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consideră că acestea nu sunt limbi aparte, ci <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialecte</a> ale limbii române, cel vorbit în spațiul carpato-danubiano-pontic fiind denumit dialectul dacoromân. </p><p>Limbile romanice de est s-au desprins dintr-o limbă comună, numită de lingviști <a href="/wiki/Limba_protorom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba protoromână">protoromână</a>, aproximativ în secolele <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_X-lea" title="Secolul al X-lea">X</a>-<a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XIII-lea" title="Secolul al XIII-lea">XIII</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trăsături_comune"><span id="Tr.C4.83s.C4.83turi_comune"></span>Trăsături comune</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Trăsături comune" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Trăsături comune"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asemănările dintre limbile romanice de est constau în primul rând în profunzimea din evoluția <a href="/wiki/Fonetic%C4%83" title="Fonetică">fonetică</a>, în <a href="/wiki/Gramatic%C4%83" title="Gramatică">structura gramaticală</a> și în <a href="/wiki/Lexic" title="Lexic">lexicul</a> fundamental. </p><p>Există nu numai trăsături comune moștenite din <a href="/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83" title="Limba latină">limba latină</a>, ci și inovații comune, din perioada <a href="/wiki/Limba_protorom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba protoromână">protoromânei</a>, dar și ulterioare, paralele, de exemplu desinența <i>-m</i> de la <a href="/wiki/Timp_(gramatic%C4%83)#Trecutul" title="Timp (gramatică)">imperfect</a> <a href="/wiki/Persoan%C4%83_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Persoană (gramatică)">persoana</a> I <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Număr (gramatică)">singular</a> și <a href="/wiki/Palatalizare" title="Palatalizare">palatalizarea</a> <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_labial%C4%83" title="Consoană labială">consoanelor labiale</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Există mai multe asemănări între cele trei limbi romanice de est sud-<a href="/wiki/Dun%C4%83re" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunăre">dunărene</a> decât între acestea și română. Dintre <a href="/wiki/Grai" title="Grai">graiurile</a> acesteia, cele din vest seamănă mai mult cu limbile sud-dunărene decât celelalte graiuri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonetică"><span id="Fonetic.C4.83"></span>Fonetică</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fonetică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Fonetică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evoluții_ale_vocalelor"><span id="Evolu.C8.9Bii_ale_vocalelor"></span>Evoluții ale vocalelor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Evoluții ale vocalelor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Evoluții ale vocalelor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vocal%C4%83" title="Vocală">Vocalele</a> latinești au evoluat în general asemănător în limbile romanice de est. Ordinea limbilor în care se dau exemplele este latină, română, aromână, meglenoromână, istroromână<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul><li>confuzie între [u] și [uː]<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> > [u]:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>LŬPUS</small> ></td> <td>lup</td> <td>lup, lúpŭ<sup id="cite_ref-cunia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>lup</td> <td>lup </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>GŪLA</small> ></td> <td>gură</td> <td>gurã</td> <td>gură</td> <td>gurę, ɣura<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jeian_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>confuzie între [i] și [eː] > [e]:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>LIGŌ</small> ></td> <td>leg</td> <td>leg</td> <td>leg</td> <td>leg </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>TRĒS</small> ></td> <td>trei</td> <td>trei</td> <td>trei̯</td> <td>trei̯ </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftongarea</a> lui [e] accentuat > [je]:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>FĔRRUM</small> ></td> <td>fier</td> <td>her, hĭerŭ<sup id="cite_ref-cunia_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>i̯er</td> <td>fl'er </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>diftongarea lui [i] accentuat (> <b>ea</b>), evoluția sa la <a href="/wiki/Vocal%C4%83_semideschis%C4%83_anterioar%C4%83_nerotunjit%C4%83" title="Vocală semideschisă anterioară nerotunjită">[ε]</a> în istroromână:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>LIGAT</small> ></td> <td>leagă</td> <td>leagã</td> <td>leagă</td> <td>lęgę </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>diftongarea lui [o] accentuat (> <b>oa</b>), cu excepția istroromânei, în care a rămas <b>o</b>:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>NOCTEM</small> ></td> <td>noapte</td> <td>noapti, noapte<sup id="cite_ref-dial_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>noapti </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deschidere_vocalic%C4%83" title="Deschidere vocalică">închiderea</a> vocalelor urmate de [n] intervocalic:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>[a] > <a href="/wiki/Vocal%C4%83_mijlocie_central%C4%83" title="Vocală mijlocie centrală">[ǝ]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocal%C4%83_%C3%AEnchis%C4%83_central%C4%83_nerotunjit%C4%83" title="Vocală închisă centrală nerotunjită">[ɨ]</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Vocal%C4%83_semideschis%C4%83_posterioar%C4%83_rotunjit%C4%83" title="Vocală semideschisă posterioară rotunjită">[ɔ]</a></td> <td><small>LĀNA</small> ></td> <td>lână</td> <td>lãnã</td> <td>lǫnă</td> <td>lârę, lâra<sup id="cite_ref-jeian_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[e] > [i]</td> <td><small>VENIT</small> ></td> <td>vine</td> <td>yini, vinji<sup id="cite_ref-dial_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>vini</td> <td>vire </td></tr> <tr> <td>[o] > [u]</td> <td><small>BONUS</small> ></td> <td>bun</td> <td>bun, búnŭ<sup id="cite_ref-cunia_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>bun</td> <td>bur </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>închiderea vocalelor pretonice<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>[a] > [ə]<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><small>CADĒRE</small> ></td> <td>cădere</td> <td>cãdeari, cãdeare</td> <td>cădeari </td></tr> <tr> <td>[o] > [u]</td> <td><small>DOMINICA</small> ></td> <td>duminică</td> <td>duminicã</td> <td>duminică</td> <td>dumirekę, dumireca<sup id="cite_ref-jeian_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>închiderea vocalelor neaccentuate finale:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>[a] > [ə], în istroromână [ε]</td> <td><small>CASA</small> ></td> <td>casă</td> <td>casã</td> <td>casă</td> <td>cåsę<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[o] > [u]</td> <td><small>AFFLŌ</small></td> <td>aflu</td> <td>aflu</td> <td>aflu</td> <td>åflu </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>[i] neaccentuat final > [<sup>j</sup>]<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, în română, <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_sonant%C4%83_palatal%C4%83" title="Consoană sonantă palatală">[j]</a> <a href="/wiki/Semivocal%C4%83" title="Semivocală">semivocalic</a> în aromână, căderea sa în meglenoromână și în istroromână:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>LUPI</small> ></td> <td>lupi [lup<sup>j</sup>]</td> <td>lúchĭ<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>lup</td> <td>lup </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>căderea lui [u] neaccentuat final, în afară de unele dialecte aromâne, în care a evoluat în <b>ŭ</b> (semivocalic).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>LUPUS</small> ></td> <td>lup</td> <td>lup, lúpŭ<sup id="cite_ref-cunia_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>lup</td> <td>lup </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evoluții_ale_consoanelor"><span id="Evolu.C8.9Bii_ale_consoanelor"></span>Evoluții ale consoanelor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Evoluții ale consoanelor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Evoluții ale consoanelor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83" title="Consoană">Consoanele</a> și grupurile de consoane din latină au cunoscut următoarele evoluții: </p> <ul><li>păstrarea <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_oclusiv%C4%83" title="Consoană oclusivă">consoanelor oclusive</a> <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_surd%C4%83" title="Consoană surdă">surde</a> intervocalice:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>[k]</td> <td><small>FOCUS</small> ></td> <td>foc</td> <td>foc, fócŭ<sup id="cite_ref-cunia_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>foc</td> <td>foc </td></tr> <tr> <td>[p]</td> <td>*<small>CAPUM</small><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ></td> <td>cap</td> <td>cap, cápŭ<sup id="cite_ref-cunia_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>cap</td> <td>cåp </td></tr> <tr> <td>[t]</td> <td><small>TOTUS</small> ></td> <td>tot</td> <td>tot, tótŭ<sup id="cite_ref-cunia_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>tot</td> <td>tot </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>păstrarea lui [s] intervocalic:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>CASA</small> ></td> <td>casă</td> <td>casã</td> <td>casă</td> <td>cåsę, cåsa<sup id="cite_ref-jeian_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>căderea lui [b] și [v] intervocalice:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>CABALLUS</small> ></td> <td>cal</td> <td>cal, cálŭ</td> <td>cał</td> <td>cå </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>OVIS</small> ></td> <td>oaie</td> <td>oai, oae<sup id="cite_ref-dial_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>u̯ai̯e</td> <td>oi̭e </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><ul><li>excepție comună:</li></ul></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>HABĒRE</small> ></td> <td>avere</td> <td>aveari, aveare<sup id="cite_ref-dial_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>veari</td> <td>(a)vę<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotacism" title="Rotacism">rotacismul</a> lui [l] intervocalic:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>MOLA</small> ></td> <td>moară</td> <td>moarã</td> <td>moară</td> <td>morę </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>evoluția lui [ll] intervocalic:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>[ll] > <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_sonant%C4%83_labiovelar%C4%83" title="Consoană sonantă labiovelară">[w]</a>, în istroromână [v]</td> <td><small>STĒLLA</small> ></td> <td>stea(uă)</td> <td>steauã</td> <td>steau̯ă</td> <td>stę(vu) </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ll] > [l]</td> <td><small>CALLIS</small> ></td> <td>cale</td> <td>cali, cale<sup id="cite_ref-dial_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>cali</td> <td>cåle </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>palatalizarea și africatizarea<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oclusivelor <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_velar%C4%83" title="Consoană velară">velare</a> și <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_dental%C4%83" title="Consoană dentală">dentale</a> înaintea lui [e] sau [i]:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>[k] > <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_africat%C4%83_postalveolar%C4%83_surd%C4%83" title="Consoană africată postalveolară surdă">[t͡ʃ]</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_africat%C4%83_alveolar%C4%83_surd%C4%83" title="Consoană africată alveolară surdă">[t͡s]</a></td> <td><small>CAELUM</small> ></td> <td>cer</td> <td>tser</td> <td>tser</td> <td>čer, țer<sup id="cite_ref-susnjevica_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susnjevica-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[t] > [t͡ʃ] sau [t͡s]</td> <td>*<small>FETIOLUS</small> ></td> <td>fecior</td> <td>ficior, ficĭórŭ<sup id="cite_ref-cunia_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>fitšor</td> <td>fečor, fețor<sup id="cite_ref-susnjevica_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susnjevica-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[t] + [ia] sau [iu] neaccentuat > [t͡s]</td> <td><small>TITIA</small> ></td> <td>țâță</td> <td>tsãtsã</td> <td>tsǫtsă</td> <td>tița<sup id="cite_ref-jeian_2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeian_2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[g] > <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_africat%C4%83_postalveolar%C4%83_sonor%C4%83" title="Consoană africată postalveolară sonoră">[d͡ʒ]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_africat%C4%83_alveolar%C4%83_sonor%C4%83" title="Consoană africată alveolară sonoră">[d͡z]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_fricativ%C4%83_postalveolar%C4%83_sonor%C4%83" title="Consoană fricativă postalveolară sonoră">[ʒ]</a> sau [z]</td> <td><small>GENUC(U)LUM</small> ></td> <td>genunchi</td> <td>dzinuclju</td> <td>zinucl'u</td> <td>žeruŋclʼu, zeruŋcl'u<sup id="cite_ref-susnjevica_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susnjevica-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[d] > [ʒ], [g<sup>j</sup>] sau [z]</td> <td><small>DEOSUM</small> sau <small>DIOSUM</small> ></td> <td>jos</td> <td>nghios, nghĭósŭ<sup id="cite_ref-cunia_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>jos</td> <td>žos, zos<sup id="cite_ref-susnjevica_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susnjevica-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>evoluția lui [kʷ] și [gʷ] + [e] sau [i] la fel ca a lui [k] și [g]:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>[kw] + [e] sau [i] > [t͡ʃ] sau [t͡s]</td> <td><small>CINQUE</small> ></td> <td>cinci</td> <td>tsintsi</td> <td>tsints</td> <td>činč, ținț<sup id="cite_ref-susnjevica_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susnjevica-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[gw] + [e] sau [i] > [d͡ʒ], [d͡z], [ʒ] sau [z]</td> <td><small>SANGUEM</small> ></td> <td>sânge</td> <td>sãndzi, sãndze<sup id="cite_ref-dial_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>sǫnzi</td> <td>sânže, sânze<sup id="cite_ref-susnjevica_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susnjevica-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>[kʷ] + [a] > [p]:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>AQUA</small> ></td> <td>apă</td> <td>apã</td> <td>apu, apă</td> <td>åpę, åpa<sup id="cite_ref-jeian_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>[gʷ] + [a] > [b]:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>LINGUA</small> ></td> <td>limbă</td> <td>limbã</td> <td>limbă</td> <td>limbę, limba<sup id="cite_ref-jeian_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeian-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>păstrarea grupurilor [bl], [pl] și [fl]:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>*<small>BLASTEMŌ</small> ></td> <td>blestem</td> <td>blastim</td> <td>blastim</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>PLĒNUS</small> ></td> <td>plin</td> <td>mplin</td> <td>ạmplin</td> <td>plir </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>INFLĀRE</small> ></td> <td>umflare</td> <td>umflari, umflare<sup id="cite_ref-dial_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>anflari, amflari<sup id="cite_ref-dial_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>âmflå<sup id="cite_ref-jeian_2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeian_2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>palatalizarea lui [l] (> <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_sonant%C4%83_lateral%C4%83_palatal%C4%83" title="Consoană sonantă laterală palatală">[ʎ]</a>) în grupurile [kl] și [gl], căderea sa în română:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>CLĀMŌ</small> ></td> <td>chem</td> <td>acljem, acljĭémŭ<sup id="cite_ref-cunia_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>cl'em</td> <td>cl'em </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<small>GLEMUS</small> ></td> <td>ghem</td> <td>gljem, glĭémŭ<sup id="cite_ref-cunia_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>gl'em</td> <td>gl'ęm </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>[gn] > [mn]:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>LIGNUM</small> ></td> <td>lemn</td> <td>lemnu</td> <td>lemn</td> <td>lemân<sup id="cite_ref-jeian_2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeian_2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>[ks] > [ps]:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>COXA</small> ></td> <td>coapsă</td> <td>coapsã </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>[kt] > [pt]:</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><small>LACTEM</small> ></td> <td>lapte</td> <td>lapti, lapte<sup id="cite_ref-dial_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dial-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>lapti</td> <td>låpte </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metatez%C4%83" title="Metateză">metateza</a> lui [j] precedat de <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_bilabial%C4%83" title="Consoană bilabială">labială</a> (în unele variante [j] > [ʎ]):</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>*<small>CUBIUM</small> ></td> <td>cuib</td> <td>cuibu</td> <td>cui̯b</td> <td>cul'ib, cui̯ib<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, col'ub<sup id="cite_ref-jeian_2_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeian_2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accentuarea">Accentuarea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Accentuarea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Accentuarea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Accent" title="Accent">Accentuarea</a> este liberă și are rol <a href="/wiki/Fonologie" title="Fonologie">fonologic</a>: <i>cântă</i> ['kɨntə] (<a href="/wiki/Indicativ" title="Indicativ">indicativ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timp_(gramatic%C4%83)#Prezentul" title="Timp (gramatică)">prezent</a>) vs. [kɨn'tə] (<a href="/wiki/Perfect_simplu" title="Perfect simplu">perfect simplu</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morfologie">Morfologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Morfologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Morfologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În sistemul <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(gramatic%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morfologie (gramatică)">morfologic</a> al limbilor romanice de est se observă următoarele trăsături comune: </p> <ul><li>păstrarea <a href="/wiki/Gen_gramatical" title="Gen gramatical">genului</a> <a href="/wiki/Gen_gramatical" title="Gen gramatical">neutru</a>, dar reorganizat, devenit la singular identic cu <a href="/wiki/Gen_gramatical" title="Gen gramatical">masculinul</a> și la <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Număr (gramatică)">plural</a> cu femininul;</li> <li>formarea pluralului la <a href="/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv">substantive</a> și <a href="/wiki/Adjectiv" title="Adjectiv">adjective</a>: <a href="/wiki/Desinen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Desinență">desinențele</a> <i>-e</i> și <i>-le</i> la feminin, <i>-i</i> la masculin, <i>-uri</i> la neutru;</li> <li>păstrarea desinenței <i>-e</i> de <a href="/wiki/Genitiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitiv">genitiv</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dativ" class="mw-redirect" title="Dativ">dativ</a> la feminin singular și de <a href="/wiki/Vocativ" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocativ">vocativ</a> la masculin singular;</li> <li>alternanțe vocalice<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și cumul de mărci;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articol_hot%C4%83r%C3%A2t" title="Articol hotărât">articolul hotărât</a> postpus și <a href="/wiki/Declinare" title="Declinare">declinarea</a> articulată;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articol_demonstrativ" title="Articol demonstrativ">articolul demonstrativ</a> (<i>cel, cea, cei, cele</i>) și <a href="/wiki/Articol_posesiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Articol posesiv">articolul posesiv-genitival</a> (<i>al, a, ai, ale</i>);</li> <li>formarea <a href="/wiki/Grad_de_compara%C8%9Bie" title="Grad de comparație">comparativului</a> cu <i>mai</i>;</li> <li>formarea <a href="/wiki/Numeral_cardinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Numeral cardinal">numeralelor cardinale</a> 11 – 19 cu <i>spre</i>: <i>doisprezece</i>;</li> <li>formarea <a href="/wiki/Numeral_ordinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Numeral ordinal">numeralului ordinal</a> din articolul posesiv-genitival + numeral cardinal articulat: <i>al doilea</i>;</li> <li>declinarea <a href="/wiki/Pronume_personal" title="Pronume personal">pronumelor personale</a>: de exemplu, formele accentuate de <a href="/wiki/Acuzativ" class="mw-redirect" title="Acuzativ">acuzativ</a> din *<small>MENE</small>, *<small>TENE</small>;</li> <li>desinența de feminin și neutru plural <i>-le</i> la <a href="/wiki/Pronume_posesiv" title="Pronume posesiv">pronumele posesive</a>: <i>mele</i>, <i>tale</i>, <i>sale</i>;</li> <li>păstrarea celor patru conjugări din latină;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctiv" title="Conjunctiv">conjunctivul</a> cu <i>să</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbe</a> cu <a href="/wiki/Afix" title="Afix">sufix</a> la indicativ prezent și la conjunctiv prezent, la conjugarea I (<i>-ez</i>) și la conjugarea a IV-a (<i>-esc</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_compus" title="Perfect compus">perfectul compus</a> cu <a href="/wiki/Verb_auxiliar" title="Verb auxiliar">verbul auxiliar</a> <i>a avea</i> la toate verbele;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timp_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Timp (gramatică)">viitorul</a> cu verbul auxiliar <i>a vrea</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatez%C4%83_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Diateză (gramatică)">diateza</a> reflexivă cu valoare pasivă;</li> <li>formele <i>am</i> (persoana I singular) și <i>are</i> (persoana a III-a singular) ale verbului <i>a avea</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sintaxă"><span id="Sintax.C4.83"></span>Sintaxă</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sintaxă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Sintaxă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Și structurile <a href="/wiki/Sintax%C4%83" title="Sintaxă">sintactice</a> ale limbilor romanice de est au trăsături comune, unele tuturor, altele nu tuturor: </p> <ul><li>restrângerea folosirii <a href="/wiki/Infinitiv" title="Infinitiv">infinitivului</a> și înlocuirea sa cu conjunctivul în <a href="/wiki/Propozi%C8%9Bie" class="mw-disambig" title="Propoziție">propozițiile</a> subordonate având același <a href="/wiki/Subiect" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Subiect">subiect</a> ca propoziția regentă (<i>Vreau să plec</i>, <i>Am venit ca să rămân</i>), cu excepția istroromânei: <i>Vreț âl ântrebå?</i> „Vreți să-l întrebați?”, <i>Męre lucrå</i> „Merge să lucreze”<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>posibilitatea de a nu exprima subiectul prin pronume personal, ci de a-l include, a-l exprima prin desinența <a href="/wiki/Predicat" title="Predicat">predicatului</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundan%C8%9B%C4%83_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Redundanță (lingvistică)">redundanța</a> în exprimarea <a href="/wiki/Complement_direct" title="Complement direct">complementului direct</a> și <a href="/wiki/Complement_indirect" title="Complement indirect">indirect</a> prin substantive nume proprii și comune de persoane, dublarea sa cu forma neaccentuată a pronumelui personal corespunzător (<i>O iubește pe Maria</i>, <i>Îi arată directorului dosarul</i>), cu excepția istroromânei, în care în lipsa unui context adecvat există risc de confuzie: <i>Bovu ântręba åsiru</i> „Boul îl întreabă pe măgar” sau „Măgarul îl întreabă pe bou”<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic%C4%83" title="Topică">topica</a> părților de propoziție relativ liberă, în istroromână foarte liberă;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordan%C8%9Ba_timpurilor" title="Concordanța timpurilor">concordanța timpurilor</a> relativ liberă.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexic">Lexic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lexic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Lexic"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lexicul limbilor romanice de est este mai diferit de la o limbă la alta decât structurile lor gramaticale, din cauza surselor de împrumuturi care nu le sunt comune tuturor. Trăsături comune: </p> <ul><li>unele cuvinte latine păstrate numai în limbile romanice de est: <small>A(D)STERNO</small> > <i>aștern</i>, <small>LINGULA</small> > <i>lingură</i>;</li> <li>unele sensuri specifice ale unor cuvinte latine păstrate numai în aceste limbi: <small>ANIMA</small> > <i>inimă</i>, <small>TENER</small> > <i>tânăr</i>;</li> <li>unele cuvinte latine absente numai din limbile romanice de est și înlocuite cu altele, tot latine sau nelatine: <small>GRANDIS</small> înlocuit cu <small>MARE</small> (latinesc), <small>PLORO</small> înlocuit cu <small>PLANGO</small> (latinesc) > <i>plâng</i>, <small>CENTUM</small> înlocuit cu <i>sută</i> (cuvânt de origine <a href="/wiki/Limbi_slave" title="Limbi slave">slavă</a> sau de substrat) exceptând limba aromân<i>ă (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tsentu#Aromanian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tsentu">tsentu</a>)</i>;</li> <li>cuvinte comune presupuse a proveni din <a href="/wiki/Substrat_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Substrat (lingvistică)">substratul</a> <a href="/wiki/Traci" title="Traci">traco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Daci" class="mw-redirect" title="Daci">dac</a>: <i>baci, cătun, copac, moș, sâmbure, țap</i>;</li> <li>cuvinte și <a href="/wiki/Afix" title="Afix">afixe</a> lexicale comune de origine slavă: <i>babă, coasă, nevastă, a plăti, slab</i>, <a href="/wiki/Afix" title="Afix">prefixul</a> <i>ne-</i>, <a href="/wiki/Afix" title="Afix">sufixul</a> <i>-iță</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deosebiri">Deosebiri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Deosebiri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Deosebiri"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Înțelegerea reciprocă dintre limbile romanice de est este numai parțială. Aceasta se datorează în primul rând izolării îndelungate dintre ele. Numai aromâna și meglenoromâna sunt relativ apropiate una de alta. Prin urmare, limbile romanice de est au suferit influențe străine diferite, mai ales în ceea ce privește lexicul: influență <a href="/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83" title="Limba greacă">neogreacă</a> și <a href="/wiki/Limba_albanez%C4%83" title="Limba albaneză">albaneză</a> asupra aromânei, <a href="/wiki/Limba_macedonean%C4%83" title="Limba macedoneană">macedoneană</a> asupra meglenoromânei, <a href="/wiki/Limba_croat%C4%83" title="Limba croată">croată</a> asupra istroromânei, cultă latino-romanică asupra românei. </p><p>Despre deosebiri mai pe larg, vezi articolele <a href="/wiki/Limba_arom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba aromână">Limba aromână</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limba_meglenorom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba meglenoromână">Limba meglenoromână</a> și <a href="/wiki/Limba_istrorom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba istroromână">Limba istroromână</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Lingviști care le consideră limbi aparte: <a href="/wiki/George_Giuglea" title="George Giuglea">George Giuglea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Graur" title="Alexandru Graur">Alexandru Graur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_Coteanu" title="Ion Coteanu">Ion Coteanu</a>, cf. Sala 1989, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid_Densu%C8%99ianu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovid Densușianu">Ovid Densușianu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sextil_Pu%C8%99cariu" title="Sextil Pușcariu">Sextil Pușcariu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Rosetti" title="Alexandru Rosetti">Alexandru Rosetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Capidan" title="Theodor Capidan">Theodor Capidan</a> etc., precum și <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Weigand" title="Gustav Weigand">Gustav Weigand</a>, cf. Sala 1989, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sala 1989, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Schimbarea locului de articulare a <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_bilabial%C4%83" title="Consoană bilabială">consoanelor bilabiale</a> și <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_labiodental%C4%83" title="Consoană labiodentală">labiodentale</a> la locul unde se articulează <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_palatal%C4%83" title="Consoană palatală">consoanele palatale</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Exemplele provin din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dexonline.ro">DEX online</a>, Cunia 2010, Capidan 1935, Kovačec 2010 și Sala 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Semnul ː marchează o vocală lungă.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cunia-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cunia_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cunia_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cunia_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cunia_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cunia_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cunia_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cunia_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cunia_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cunia_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cunia_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cunia_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Variante în dialecte diferite. Pentru varianta a doua, transcrierea fonetică a lui Cunia 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Pentru scrierea aromânei aplicăm alfabetul adoptat la Simpozionul de standardizare a scrierii aromânești, ținut la <a href="/wiki/Bitolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitolia">Bitolia</a> în august <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a> și transcrierea fonetică a lui Cunia 2010, pentru meglenoromână folosim notația lui Capidan 1935, iar pentru istroromână – grafia lui Kovačec 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeian-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeian_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeian_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeian_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeian_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeian_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeian_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Prima variantă în graiurile din sud, a doua în cel din <a href="/wiki/Jei%C4%83n" title="Jeiăn">Jeiăn</a>. În acesta, forma nearticulată se termină în <i>-a</i>, ca și cea cu articol hotărât.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dial-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dial_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dial_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dial_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dial_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dial_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dial_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dial_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dial_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dial_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Variante dialectale.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dinaintea vocalei accentuate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">În afara istroromânei.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Numai în graiurile din sud, în cel din Jeiăn fiind [a]: <i>cåsa</i> (formă nearticulată, care se confundă cu cea articulată).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">[j] abia perceptibil, numit și șoptit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Cu transcrierea fonetică a lui Cunia 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Cu asterisc se marchează cuvintele neatestate și reconstituite de lingviști.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">În istroromână nu s-a păstrat infinitivul lung.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Schimbarea modului de articulare a unor consoane astfel, încât devine ca cel al <a href="/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_africat%C4%83" title="Consoană africată">africatelor</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-susnjevica-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-susnjevica_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susnjevica_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susnjevica_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susnjevica_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susnjevica_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susnjevica_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">În graiul din <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0u%C5%A1njevica" class="mw-redirect" title="Šušnjevica">Šušnjevica</a>, <b>ț</b> în loc de <b>č</b> și <b>z</b> în loc de <b>ž</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeian_2-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeian_2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeian_2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeian_2_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeian_2_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">În graiul din Jeiăn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">În graiul din Šušnjevica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Schimbarea naturii unor vocale în cursul flexiunii (<a href="/wiki/Declinare" title="Declinare">declinării</a> și <a href="/wiki/Conjugare" title="Conjugare">conjugării</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kovačec 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Narumov 2001, p. 669.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surse_bibliografice">Surse bibliografice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Surse bibliografice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Surse bibliografice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Capidan, Theodor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.scribd.com/document/73277978/Theodor-Capidan-Meglenoromanii-in-3-volume-1925-1934"><i>Meglenoromânii</i></a><i>, vol. III, Dicționar meglenoromân</i>], București, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, Imprimeria Națională, Depozitul General Cartea Românească, 1935 (accesat la 31 august 2018)</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba aromână">rup</span> Cunia, Tiberius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/15475589/Tiberius-CuniaDictsiunar-a-Limbljei-Armneasc"><i>Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã</i></a>, Editura Cartea Aromãnã, 2010 (accesat la 31 august 2018)</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba croată">hr</span> Kovačec, August, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vlaski-zejanski.com/hr/rjecnik">Vlaško/Žejansko/Istrorumunjsko – hrvatski rječnik</a> (Dicționar vlăhesc/jeiănesc/istroromân-croat), 2010, varianta online a <i>Istrorumunjsko-Hrvatski Rječnik (s gramatikom i tekstovima)</i> [Dicționar istroromân-croat (cu o gramatică și texte)], <a href="/wiki/Pola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pola">Pola</a>, Znanstvena udruga Mediteran, 1998 (accesat la 31 august 2018)</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba rusă">ru</span> Narumov, B. P., Истрорумынский язык/диалект (Limba istroromână/dialectul istroromân), I. I. Celâșeva, B. P. Narumov, O. I. Romanova (coord.),<i> Языки мира. Романские языки</i> (Limbile lumii. Limbile romanice), Moscova, Akademia, 2001, pp. 656-671, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/587444016X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-87444-016-X</a></li> <li>Sala, Marius (coord.), <i>Enciclopedia limbilor romanice</i>, București, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1989, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9732900431" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 973-29-0043-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_limbi" title="Listă de limbi">Listă de limbi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familii_de_limbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Familii de limbi">Familii de limbi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbi_indo-europene" title="Limbi indo-europene">Limbi indo-europene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbi_romanice" title="Limbi romanice">Limbi romanice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lista_Swadesh_a_limbilor_romanice_de_est" title="Lista Swadesh a limbilor romanice de est">Lista Swadesh a limbilor romanice de est</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Limbi" title="Portal:Limbi">Portal Limbi </a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&oldid=15100143">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbi_romanice_orientale&oldid=15100143</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Limbi_romanice_de_est" title="Categorie:Limbi romanice de est">Limbi romanice de est</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorii ascunse: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_cu_note_pe_2_coloane" title="Categorie:Pagini cu note pe 2 coloane">Pagini cu note pe 2 coloane</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_ce_folosesc_leg%C4%83turi_automate_c%C4%83tre_ISBN" title="Categorie:Pagini ce folosesc legături automate către ISBN">Pagini ce folosesc legături automate către ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 12 septembrie 2022, ora 19:13.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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