CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Stock certificate - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e37c890f-ff06-476c-a8fc-ee85116cc941","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Stock_certificate","wgTitle":"Stock certificate","wgCurRevisionId":1220024176,"wgRevisionId":1220024176,"wgArticleId":5810609,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2023","Articles needing additional references from December 2009","All articles needing additional references","Commons link is locally defined","Stock market","Corporate law","Securities (finance)","Legal documents"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Stock_certificate","wgRelevantArticleId":5810609, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q855349","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled": false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg/1200px-Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1768"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg/800px-Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1179"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg/640px-Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="943"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Stock certificate - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_certificate"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_certificate"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Stock_certificate rootpage-Stock_certificate skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stock+certificate" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stock+certificate" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stock+certificate" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stock+certificate" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_characterization_of_a_stock_certificate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_characterization_of_a_stock_certificate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legal characterization of a stock certificate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_characterization_of_a_stock_certificate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stock certificate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%85" title="شهادة السهم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شهادة السهم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%85" title="برگه سهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برگه سهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B6%8C_(%EC%83%81%EB%B2%95)" title="주권 (상법) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주권 (상법)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="स्टॉक प्रमाणपत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टॉक प्रमाणपत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificaat_van_aandeel" title="Certificaat van aandeel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Certificaat van aandeel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%AA%E5%88%B8" title="株券 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="株券" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osakekirja" title="Osakekirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osakekirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Акціонерний сертифікат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акціонерний сертифікат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%9D_c%E1%BB%95_phi%E1%BA%BFu" title="Tờ cổ phiếu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tờ cổ phiếu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q855349#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stock_certificate" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Stock_certificate" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stock_certificate"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stock_certificate"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Stock_certificate" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Stock_certificate" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&oldid=1220024176" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Stock_certificate&id=1220024176&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStock_certificate"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStock_certificate"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Stock_certificate&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stock_certificates" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q855349" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal document that certifies legal interest</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Stock_certificate" title="Special:EditPage/Stock certificate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Stock+certificate%22">"Stock certificate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Stock+certificate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Stock+certificate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Stock+certificate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Stock+certificate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Stock+certificate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial markets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Looking up at a computerized stocks-value board at the Philippine Stock Exchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg/200px-Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg/300px-Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg/400px-Philippine-stock-market-board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Public market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)" title="Exchange (organized market)">Exchange</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">Securities</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Bond_market" title="Bond market">Bond market</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bond_valuation" title="Bond valuation">Bond valuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_bond" title="Corporate bond">Corporate bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_income" title="Fixed income">Fixed income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_bond" title="Government bond">Government bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-yield_debt" title="High-yield debt">High-yield debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_bond" title="Municipal bond">Municipal bond</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Securitization" title="Securitization">Securitization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">Stock market</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_stock" title="Common stock">Common stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_stock" title="Growth stock">Growth stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_stock" title="Preferred stock">Preferred stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_share" title="Registered share">Registered share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">Shareholder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockbroker" title="Stockbroker">Stockbroker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stock certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watered_stock" title="Watered stock">Watered stock</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Other markets</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Derivatives_market" title="Derivatives market">Derivatives</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Credit_derivative" title="Credit derivative">Credit derivative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">Futures exchange</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_security" title="Hybrid security">Hybrid security</a>)</li></ul></div> </div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">Foreign exchange</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">Exchange rate</a>)</li></ul></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund" title="Exchange-traded fund">ETF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_market" title="Money market">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">Mutual fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">Reinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_product" title="Structured product">Structured product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Swap (finance)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Alternative_investment" title="Alternative investment">Alternative investment</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">Private equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_credit" title="Private credit">Private credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leveraged_buyout" title="Leveraged buyout">Leveraged buyout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_capital" title="Growth capital">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_equity_secondary_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Private equity secondary market">Secondaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company" title="Special-purpose acquisition company">SPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carried_Interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Carried Interest">Carried Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverage_(finance)" title="Leverage (finance)">Leveraged finance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_(finance)" title="Over-the-counter (finance)">Over-the-counter (off-exchange)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forward_contract" title="Forward contract">Forwards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">Options</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spot_market" title="Spot market">Spot market</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Swaps</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Trader_(finance)" title="Trader (finance)">Trading</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_participants" title="Financial market participants">Participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">Clearing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banks and banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_(stock_market_speculator)" title="Bull (stock market speculator)">Bulls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_trend#Bear_market)" title="Market trend">Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversification_(finance)" title="Diversification (finance)">Diversification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Sustainable finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fintech" title="Fintech">Fintech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">Investment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_trend" title="Market trend">Market trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_attack" title="Speculative attack">Speculative attack</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Financial_markets" title="Template:Financial markets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_markets" title="Template talk:Financial markets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_markets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Financial markets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg/260px-Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg/390px-Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg/520px-Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="3507" /></a><figcaption>Certificate for a share in <i><a href="/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal" title="Kennet and Avon Canal">Kennet and Avon Canal</a> Navigation</i>, Great Britain, 1808</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Company_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Company (law)">corporate law</a>, a <b>stock certificate</b> (also known as <b>certificate of stock</b> or <b>share certificate</b>) is a legal document that certifies the legal interest (a bundle of several legal rights) of <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> of a specific number of <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> (or, under Article 8 of the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> in the United States, a securities entitlement or pro rata share of a fungible bulk) or <a href="/wiki/Share_capital" title="Share capital">stock</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A stock certificate is a legal document that certifies the legal interest (a bundle of several legal rights) of <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> of a specific number of <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> (or, under Article 8 of the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a>, a securities entitlement or pro rata share of a fungible bulk) or <a href="/wiki/Share_capital" title="Share capital">stock</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first such instruments were used in the Netherlands by 1606, and in the United States by the year 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, certificates may have been required to evidence entitlement to <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividends</a>, with a receipt for the payment being endorsed on the back; and the original certificate may have been required to be provided to effect the transfer of the shareholding. </p><p>In the United States (to a limited extent) and other countries, electronic registration is supplanting the stock certificate for beneficial owners (though depositories holding for them may themselves hold certificates), with companies at times no longer being required to issue paper certificates.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States over 420 of the 7,000-plus publicly traded securities, 6%, do not issue paper certificates to beneficial owners.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volumes of share transfer on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>, for example, increased over time; in 1938 daily volume was 1 million shares, and in 1954 it reached 2 million shares.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States' <a href="/wiki/Central_securities_depository" title="Central securities depository">central securities depository</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Depository_Trust_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Depository Trust Company">DTC</a>, in 2011 held 1.6 million paper stock certificates, and has promoted efforts to eliminate paper stock certificates, a process called <a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(securities)" title="Dematerialization (securities)">dematerialization</a>—which has been a goal in the industry since at least the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, water from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a> flooded a vault at the DTC, damaging over $1 billion in stock and bond certificates.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries around the world have adopted similar initiatives, with some countries setting deadlines for statutory dematerialization.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brokers may charge up to $500 for issuing a paper certificate, though some charge zero (e.g., <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>) or only a modest fee, and this fee can be avoided by either holding shares in <a href="/wiki/Street_name_securities" title="Street name securities">street name</a> (in the United States street name securities are securities held, usually in paper certificate form, by a partnership of a financial institution (such as a broker or bank or central securities depository), where the beneficial owner only receives a statement, similar to a bank account statement) or registering shares directly with the <a href="/wiki/Stock_transfer_agent" title="Stock transfer agent">stock transfer agent</a> and having them issue the certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another alternative to both paper and electronic registration is the use of paper-equivalent electronic stock certificates. Forty-seven states have enacted legislation equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Electronic_Transactions_Act" title="Uniform Electronic Transactions Act">Uniform Electronic Transactions Act</a>, which formalizes equivalency for <a href="/wiki/Electronic_signature" title="Electronic signature">electronic signatures</a> "in writing" requirements. This, together with the enactment of legislation permitting the use of "<a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a>" signatures on certificates (such as in §158 of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">Delaware General Corporation Law</a>), has given rise to <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">software as a service</a> technology<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for private companies to create, issue and manage paper-equivalent electronic stock certificates. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, starting in 1990 share certificates have been largely abolished for shares traded on the stock exchange, people using electronic shares instead (which are either registered in the share owner's name or in the share owner's broker's name). Share certificates may exist in Sweden, but only if the shares are not listed on any stock exchange in Sweden. </p><p>Sometimes a shareholder with a stock certificate can give a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_voting" title="Proxy voting">proxy</a> to another person to allow them to vote the shares in question. Similarly, a shareholder without a share certificate may often give a proxy to another person to allow them to vote the shares in question. Voting rights are defined by the corporation's charter and corporate law. </p><p>Stock certificates are generally divided into two forms: registered stock certificates and <a href="/wiki/Bearer_stock_certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearer stock certificate">bearer stock certificates</a>. A registered stock certificate is normally only evidence of title, and a record of the true holders of the shares will appear in the stockholder's register of the corporation. </p><p>A bearer stock certificate, as its name implies is a <a href="/wiki/Bearer_instrument" title="Bearer instrument">bearer instrument</a>, and physical possession of the certificate entitles the holder to exercise all legal rights associated with the stock.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bearer stock certificates are becoming uncommon: they were popular in <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">offshore jurisdictions</a> for their perceived confidentiality,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a useful way to transfer beneficial title to assets (held by the corporation) without payment of <a href="/wiki/Stamp_duty" title="Stamp duty">stamp duty</a>, post-issuance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International initiatives have curbed the use of bearer stock certificates in offshore jurisdictions, and tend to be available only in onshore financial centres, although they are rarely seen in practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_characterization_of_a_stock_certificate">Legal characterization of a stock certificate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal characterization of a stock certificate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A stock certificate represents a legal proprietary interest in the common stock (in the sense of the general fund) or assets of the issuer corporation. The certificate evidences a <a href="/wiki/Chose_in_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Chose in action">chose in action</a> against the issuer to collect dividends and usually to influence the issuer through voting pursuant to the issuer's <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bylaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Bylaws">bylaws</a>, which are often implied or incorporated by reference as terms on the face of the certificate. </p><p>Stockholder rights are subject to the solvency requirements of issuer's general creditors and to any terms and conditions validly placed upon the face of the stock certificate which are part of the total agreement between the particular stockholder and the issuer. </p><p>Stock certificates are transferred as negotiable or quasi-negotiable instruments by indorsement and delivery, and issuer charters typically require that transfers must be registered with the issuer (usually via the issuer's transfer agent) in order for the transferee to join as a member of the corporation. Registration of transfer is a type of <a href="/wiki/Novation" title="Novation">novation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearer_bond" title="Bearer bond">Bearer bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearer_instrument" title="Bearer instrument">Bearer instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripophily" title="Scripophily">Scripophily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamps_of_the_United_States" title="Revenue stamps of the United States">Stock certificates franked with revenue tax stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(securities)" title="Dematerialization (securities)">Dematerialization (securities)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_holding_system" title="Direct holding system">Direct holding system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VOC_aandeel_9_september_1606.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the oldest known stock certificates, issued by the VOC-chamber of Enkhuizen, dated 9 September 1606"><img alt="One of the oldest known stock certificates, issued by the VOC-chamber of Enkhuizen, dated 9 September 1606" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/VOC_aandeel_9_september_1606.jpg/165px-VOC_aandeel_9_september_1606.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/VOC_aandeel_9_september_1606.jpg/248px-VOC_aandeel_9_september_1606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/VOC_aandeel_9_september_1606.jpg/330px-VOC_aandeel_9_september_1606.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="1329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the oldest known stock certificates, issued by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a>-chamber of <a href="/wiki/Enkhuizen" title="Enkhuizen">Enkhuizen</a>, dated 9 September 1606</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_%26_Red_River_Land_Co._1835_UTA_(stock_certificate).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colorado & Red River Land Co., 1835"><img alt="Colorado & Red River Land Co., 1835" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Colorado_%26_Red_River_Land_Co._1835_UTA_%28stock_certificate%29.jpg/165px-Colorado_%26_Red_River_Land_Co._1835_UTA_%28stock_certificate%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Colorado_%26_Red_River_Land_Co._1835_UTA_%28stock_certificate%29.jpg/247px-Colorado_%26_Red_River_Land_Co._1835_UTA_%28stock_certificate%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Colorado_%26_Red_River_Land_Co._1835_UTA_%28stock_certificate%29.jpg/329px-Colorado_%26_Red_River_Land_Co._1835_UTA_%28stock_certificate%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colorado & Red River Land Co., 1835</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Jersey_Midland_Railway_Co_1872.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="New Jersey Midland Railway Co., 1872"><img alt="New Jersey Midland Railway Co., 1872" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_Jersey_Midland_Railway_Co_1872.JPG/176px-New_Jersey_Midland_Railway_Co_1872.JPG" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_Jersey_Midland_Railway_Co_1872.JPG/263px-New_Jersey_Midland_Railway_Co_1872.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_Jersey_Midland_Railway_Co_1872.JPG/351px-New_Jersey_Midland_Railway_Co_1872.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3111" data-file-height="2129" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New Jersey Midland Railway Co., 1872</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Argonaut_Oil_%26_Mining_Co_stock_1900_and_rev_stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stock certificate, 1900, franked with Revenue tax stamps (upper left)"><img alt="Stock certificate, 1900, franked with Revenue tax stamps (upper left)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Argonaut_Oil_%26_Mining_Co_stock_1900_and_rev_stamps.jpg/152px-Argonaut_Oil_%26_Mining_Co_stock_1900_and_rev_stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Argonaut_Oil_%26_Mining_Co_stock_1900_and_rev_stamps.jpg/228px-Argonaut_Oil_%26_Mining_Co_stock_1900_and_rev_stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Argonaut_Oil_%26_Mining_Co_stock_1900_and_rev_stamps.jpg/304px-Argonaut_Oil_%26_Mining_Co_stock_1900_and_rev_stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="802" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stock certificate, 1900, <a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">franked</a> with <a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamps_of_the_United_States" title="Revenue stamps of the United States">Revenue tax stamps</a> (upper left)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stock_Certificate_for_$50_issued_to_A.J._Rogers,_Arlington_College_teacher_(10009372).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arlington College stock certificate, 1900"><img alt="Arlington College stock certificate, 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Stock_Certificate_for_%2450_issued_to_A.J._Rogers%2C_Arlington_College_teacher_%2810009372%29.jpg/151px-Stock_Certificate_for_%2450_issued_to_A.J._Rogers%2C_Arlington_College_teacher_%2810009372%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Stock_Certificate_for_%2450_issued_to_A.J._Rogers%2C_Arlington_College_teacher_%2810009372%29.jpg/226px-Stock_Certificate_for_%2450_issued_to_A.J._Rogers%2C_Arlington_College_teacher_%2810009372%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Stock_Certificate_for_%2450_issued_to_A.J._Rogers%2C_Arlington_College_teacher_%2810009372%29.jpg/301px-Stock_Certificate_for_%2450_issued_to_A.J._Rogers%2C_Arlington_College_teacher_%2810009372%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1817" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_College_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington College (Texas)">Arlington College</a> stock certificate, 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B%26O_RR_common_stock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stock certificate, 1903"><img alt="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stock certificate, 1903" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/B%26O_RR_common_stock.jpg/184px-B%26O_RR_common_stock.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/B%26O_RR_common_stock.jpg/275px-B%26O_RR_common_stock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/B%26O_RR_common_stock.jpg/367px-B%26O_RR_common_stock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> stock certificate, 1903</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:O._K._Giant_Battery_Corp_stock_certificate_-_DPLA_-_1ce9e6325597df2a16bda689fa94e757_(page_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="O. K. Giant Battery Corporation certificate"><img alt="O. K. Giant Battery Corporation certificate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/O._K._Giant_Battery_Corp_stock_certificate_-_DPLA_-_1ce9e6325597df2a16bda689fa94e757_%28page_2%29.jpg/170px-O._K._Giant_Battery_Corp_stock_certificate_-_DPLA_-_1ce9e6325597df2a16bda689fa94e757_%28page_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/O._K._Giant_Battery_Corp_stock_certificate_-_DPLA_-_1ce9e6325597df2a16bda689fa94e757_%28page_2%29.jpg/255px-O._K._Giant_Battery_Corp_stock_certificate_-_DPLA_-_1ce9e6325597df2a16bda689fa94e757_%28page_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/O._K._Giant_Battery_Corp_stock_certificate_-_DPLA_-_1ce9e6325597df2a16bda689fa94e757_%28page_2%29.jpg/340px-O._K._Giant_Battery_Corp_stock_certificate_-_DPLA_-_1ce9e6325597df2a16bda689fa94e757_%28page_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4964" data-file-height="3509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">O. K. Giant Battery Corporation certificate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stock_certificate_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Société des Papiers Keller Dorian certificate"><img alt="Société des Papiers Keller Dorian certificate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Stock_certificate_2.jpg/163px-Stock_certificate_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Stock_certificate_2.jpg/244px-Stock_certificate_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Stock_certificate_2.jpg/325px-Stock_certificate_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Société des Papiers Keller Dorian certificate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_Hall_Association_1909.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stock certificate of the Swiss Hall Association, 1909"><img alt="Stock certificate of the Swiss Hall Association, 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Swiss_Hall_Association_1909.JPG/127px-Swiss_Hall_Association_1909.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Swiss_Hall_Association_1909.JPG/191px-Swiss_Hall_Association_1909.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Swiss_Hall_Association_1909.JPG/255px-Swiss_Hall_Association_1909.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3105" data-file-height="2924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stock certificate of the Swiss Hall Association, 1909</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GYmAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22stock+certificate%22+paper+-kit&pg=PA2257"><i>Study of the Securities Industry: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, First [and Second] Session[s]</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+of+the+Securities+Industry%3A+Hearings%2C+Ninety-second+Congress%2C+First+%26%2391%3Band+Second%26%2393%3B+Session%26%2391%3Bs%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GYmAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522stock%2Bcertificate%2522%2Bpaper%2B-kit%26pg%3DPA2257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelton1965" class="citation journal cs1">Shelton, John P. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/abs/first-printed-share-certificate-an-important-link-in-financial-history/5D4A69CA3052AC6252FE86C0C5BC6D67">"The First Printed Share Certificate: An Important Link in Financial History"</a>. <i>Business History Review</i>. <b>39</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">391–</span>402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3112147">10.2307/3112147</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3112147">3112147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155627649">155627649</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+First+Printed+Share+Certificate%3A+An+Important+Link+in+Financial+History&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155627649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3112147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3112147&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fbusiness-history-review%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Ffirst-printed-share-certificate-an-important-link-in-financial-history%2F5D4A69CA3052AC6252FE86C0C5BC6D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2015" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Todd (25 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capshare.com/blog/why-private-companies-dont-need-to-issue-stock-certificates/">"Why Private Companies Don't Need To Issue Stock Certificates"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Private+Companies+Don%27t+Need+To+Issue+Stock+Certificates&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capshare.com%2Fblog%2Fwhy-private-companies-dont-need-to-issue-stock-certificates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QPJbEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22stock+certificate%22+paper+-kit&pg=PT357"><i>Business Organizations for Paralegal</i></a>. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. 31 January 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781543826913" title="Special:BookSources/9781543826913"><bdi>9781543826913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Organizations+for+Paralegal&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Law+%26+Business&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft.isbn=9781543826913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQPJbEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522stock%2Bcertificate%2522%2Bpaper%2B-kit%26pg%3DPT357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrantz2010" class="citation web cs1">Krantz, Matt (25 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/markets/2010-05-25-certificates19_ST_N.htm">"Electronic records are replacing paper stock certificates"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Electronic+records+are+replacing+paper+stock+certificates&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft.aulast=Krantz&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Fmarkets%2F2010-05-25-certificates19_ST_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvE1AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22stock+certificate%22+paper+-kit&pg=PA1335"><i>Hearings, Reports and Prints of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearings%2C+Reports+and+Prints+of+the+House+Committee+on+Interstate+and+Foreign+Commerce&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvE1AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3D%2522stock%2Bcertificate%2522%2Bpaper%2B-kit%26pg%3DPA1335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNGcAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22stock+certificate%22+paper+-kit&pg=PA146"><i>Records and Information Management</i></a>. American Library Association. 30 April 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555709105" title="Special:BookSources/9781555709105"><bdi>9781555709105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+and+Information+Management&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft.isbn=9781555709105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNGcAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522stock%2Bcertificate%2522%2Bpaper%2B-kit%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/markets/2010-05-25-certificates19_ST_N.htm">"Electronic records are replacing paper stock certificates"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Electronic+records+are+replacing+paper+stock+certificates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Fmarkets%2F2010-05-25-certificates19_ST_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtcc.com/news/2013/march/12/full_dematerialization.aspx/">"DTCC Proposes Steps to Move Ahead on Full Dematerialization of Physical Securities"</a>. 12 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DTCC+Proposes+Steps+to+Move+Ahead+on+Full+Dematerialization+of+Physical+Securities&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtcc.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fmarch%2F12%2Ffull_dematerialization.aspx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/financial-markets/docs/certainty/background/30_8_5_martinez-calcerrada_en.pdf/">"Note on Statutory Dematerialisation Across the European Union"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Note+on+Statutory+Dematerialisation+Across+the+European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Finternal_market%2Ffinancial-markets%2Fdocs%2Fcertainty%2Fbackground%2F30_8_5_martinez-calcerrada_en.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrantz2010" class="citation web cs1">Krantz, Matt (10 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/columnist/krantz/2010-05-25-paper-stock-certificates_N.htm">"Free paper stock certificates? It's possible but does take work"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Free+paper+stock+certificates%3F+It%27s+possible+but+does+take+work&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.aulast=Krantz&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Fperfi%2Fcolumnist%2Fkrantz%2F2010-05-25-paper-stock-certificates_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoizos2013" class="citation web cs1">Loizos, Connie (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pehub.com/2013/03/06/cofounded-manu-kumar-eshares-aims-finally-digitize-stock-options-certificates/">"Cofounded by Manu Kumar, eShares Aims to (Finally) Digitize Stock and Options Certificates"</a>. PeHUB<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cofounded+by+Manu+Kumar%2C+eShares+Aims+to+%28Finally%29+Digitize+Stock+and+Options+Certificates&rft.pub=PeHUB&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.aulast=Loizos&rft.aufirst=Connie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pehub.com%2F2013%2F03%2F06%2Fcofounded-manu-kumar-eshares-aims-finally-digitize-stock-options-certificates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/panama-papers-bearer-shares-1.3525434">"Panama Papers reveal billions hidden in anonymous paper shares"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panama+Papers+reveal+billions+hidden+in+anonymous+paper+shares&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fpanama-papers-bearer-shares-1.3525434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/hmrc-internal-manuals/stamp-taxes-shares-manual/stsm041110">"STSM041110 – Exemptions and reliefs: exemptions: sales of Bearer securities – general – HMRC internal manual"</a>. <i>Gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=STSM041110+%E2%80%93+Exemptions+and+reliefs%3A+exemptions%3A+sales+of+Bearer+securities+%E2%80%93+general+%E2%80%93+HMRC+internal+manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fhmrc-internal-manuals%2Fstamp-taxes-shares-manual%2Fstsm041110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrle1921" class="citation journal cs1">Ehrle, Clarence G. (January 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol5/iss2/6">"The Uniform Stock Transfer Act"</a>. <i>Marquette Law Review</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marquette+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Uniform+Stock+Transfer+Act&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91&rft.date=1921-01&rft.aulast=Ehrle&rft.aufirst=Clarence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.marquette.edu%2Fmulr%2Fvol5%2Fiss2%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+certificate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stock_certificates" class="extiw" title="commons:Stock certificates"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Stock certificates</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox386" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855349#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10630793">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&oldid=1220024176">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&oldid=1220024176</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stock_market" title="Category:Stock market">Stock market</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corporate_law" title="Category:Corporate law">Corporate law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Securities_(finance)" title="Category:Securities (finance)">Securities (finance)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_documents" title="Category:Legal documents">Legal documents</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2009" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2009">Articles needing additional references from December 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons link is locally defined">Commons link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 April 2024, at 10:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_certificate&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stock certificate</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>9 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-55fd9d4764-twbr5","wgBackendResponseTime":135,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.462","walltime":"0.582","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1323,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":57202,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1433,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":91891,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 525.755 1 -total"," 30.01% 157.777 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.23% 106.353 1 Template:Financial_markets"," 19.85% 104.345 1 Template:Sidebar"," 16.31% 85.771 4 Template:Cite_book"," 14.98% 78.773 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.63% 61.168 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 11.18% 58.762 1 Template:Ambox"," 8.59% 45.141 1 Template:Authority_control"," 8.30% 43.648 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.305","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6449440,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-6f7954f7b5-svhtm","timestamp":"20250211201739","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Stock certificate","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stock_certificate","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q855349","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q855349","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-07-03T12:20:56Z","dateModified":"2024-04-21T10:25:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0e\/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal_Navigation_1808.jpg","headline":"legal document certifying ownership of company shares"}</script> </body> </html>