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class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ways to calculate electronegativity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ways_to_calculate_electronegativity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ways to calculate electronegativity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ways_to_calculate_electronegativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pauling_electronegativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauling_electronegativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pauling electronegativity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauling_electronegativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electropositivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electropositivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Electropositivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electropositivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegatiwiteit" title="Elektronegatiwiteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektronegatiwiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كهرسلبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كهرسلبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegatividat" title="Electronegatividat – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Electronegatividat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativid%C3%A1" title="Electronegatividá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electronegatividá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="তড়িৎ ঋণাত্মকতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তড়িৎ ঋণাত্মকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%AB%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Электр тиҫкәрелек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электр тиҫкәрелек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Электраадмоўнасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электраадмоўнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Електроотрицателност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електроотрицателност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativnost" title="Elektronegativnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektronegativnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativitat" title="Electronegativitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electronegativitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Электронегативлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электронегативлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativita" title="Elektronegativita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronegativita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegatifedd" title="Electronegatifedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Electronegatifedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativitet" title="Elektronegativitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronegativitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كهروسلبية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كهروسلبية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativit%C3%A4t" title="Elektronegativität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronegativität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegatiwita" title="Elektronegatiwita – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Elektronegatiwita" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegatiivsus" title="Elektronegatiivsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektronegatiivsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτραρνητικότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτραρνητικότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electronegativity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegatividad" title="Electronegatividad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electronegatividad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativeco" title="Elektronegativeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektronegativeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletronegativi%C3%A1" title="Eletronegativiá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Eletronegativiá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegatibotasun" title="Elektronegatibotasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektronegatibotasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="الکترونگاتیوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترونگاتیوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectron%C3%A9gativit%C3%A9" title="Électronégativité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électronégativité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictridhi%C3%BAltacht" title="Leictridhiúltacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictridhiúltacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegatividade" title="Electronegatividade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electronegatividade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%8C%EC%84%B1%EB%8F%84" title="전기 음성도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기 음성도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Էլեկտրաբացասականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրաբացասականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="विद्युत्-ऋणात्मकता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत्-ऋणात्मकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativnost" title="Elektronegativnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronegativnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektronegativitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettronegativit%C3%A0" title="Elettronegatività – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettronegatività" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אלקטרושליליות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרושליליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ವಿದ್ಯುದೃಣತ್ವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುದೃಣತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ელექტროუარყოფითობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტროუარყოფითობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Электртерістілік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электртерістілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektwonegativite" title="Elektwonegativite – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elektwonegativite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativit%C4%81te" title="Elektronegativitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektronegativitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroneigiamumas" title="Elektroneigiamumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektroneigiamumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletrunegativit%C3%A0" title="Eletrunegatività – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eletrunegatività" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativit%C3%A1s" title="Elektronegativitás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektronegativitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Електронегативност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електронегативност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A4" title="വിദ്യുത് ഋണത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിദ്യുത് ഋണത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelektronegatifan" title="Keelektronegatifan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keelektronegatifan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цахилгаан сөрөг чанар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан сөрөг чанар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အီလက်ထရောနစ် ဆွဲငင်အား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရောနစ် ဆွဲငင်အား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativiteit" title="Elektronegativiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronegativiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E9%99%B0%E6%80%A7%E5%BA%A6" title="電気陰性度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電気陰性度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativitet" title="Elektronegativitet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronegativitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativitet" title="Elektronegativitet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektronegativitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativitat" title="Electronegativitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electronegativitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrmanfiylik" title="Elektrmanfiylik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektrmanfiylik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="الیکٹرونیگیٹیوٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹرونیگیٹیوٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativit%C3%A4t" title="Elektronegativität – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektronegativität" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroujemno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Elektroujemność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektroujemność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletronegatividade" title="Eletronegatividade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletronegatividade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativitate" title="Electronegativitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electronegativitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Электроотрицательность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электроотрицательность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativiteti" title="Elektronegativiteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektronegativiteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativita" title="Elektronegativita – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektronegativita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativnost" title="Elektronegativnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronegativnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Електронегативност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електронегативност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativnost" title="Elektronegativnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronegativnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegatiivisuus" title="Elektronegatiivisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektronegatiivisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegativitet" title="Elektronegativitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektronegativitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="மின்னெதிர்த்தன்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னெதிர்த்தன்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5" title="อิเล็กโตรเนกาทิวิตี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิเล็กโตรเนกาทิวิตี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegatiflik" title="Elektronegatiflik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektronegatiflik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Електронегативність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронегативність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="برقی منفیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی منفیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_%C3%A2m_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n" title="Độ âm điện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Độ âm điện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegatibidad" title="Elektronegatibidad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elektronegatibidad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%87%E5%BA%A6" title="鲍林标度 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲍林标度" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%B2%A0%E5%BA%A6" title="電負度 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電負度" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Electronegativity</b>, symbol χ, is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical property</a> that says how well an <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> can attract <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> towards itself.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electronegativity of an atom is <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/influence" class="extiw" title="wikt:influence">influenced</a> by the atom's <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> and the distance between the atom's <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a> (the outermost electrons that take part in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical bonding">chemical bonding</a>) and its <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a>. It was first theorised by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> in 1932 as part of his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valence_bond_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valence bond theory (not yet started)">valence bond theory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-paulingJACS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulingJACS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is related to other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical properties</a>. Generally, electronegativity increases from the bottom-left to the upper-right of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>; this is known as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_trend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodic trend (not yet started)">periodic trend</a>. </p><p>There are many ways to calculate the electronegativity of an atom. The most common way of calculation is the one suggested by Linus Pauling, and it gives the relative <b>Pauling scale</b>. This scale gives elements <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity" title="Dimensionless quantity">dimensionless quantities</a> (values) between 0.7 and 3.98, with hydrogen being at 2.20. </p><p>The opposite of electronegativity is <b>electropositivity</b>; the measure of how well an atom gives away electrons. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ways_to_calculate_electronegativity">Ways to calculate electronegativity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Ways to calculate electronegativity" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ways to calculate electronegativity"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pauling_electronegativity">Pauling electronegativity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Pauling electronegativity" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Pauling electronegativity"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling</a> suggested the idea of electronegativity in 1932<sup id="cite_ref-paulingJACS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulingJACS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to explain why the strength of a covalent bond between two different atoms (A-B) is stronger than the <a href="/wiki/Average" title="Average">average</a> of the strengths of the <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> A-A and B-B. His <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valence_bond_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valence bond theory (not yet started)">valence bond theory</a> said that this stronger bond between different atoms is caused by the ionic effects to the bonding. </p><p>The difference between the electronegativity of atom A and atom B is </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi _{\rm {A}}-\chi _{\rm {B}}=({\rm {eV}})^{-1/2}{\sqrt {E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {AB}})-[E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {AA}})+E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {BB}})]/2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi _{\rm {A}}-\chi _{\rm {B}}=({\rm {eV}})^{-1/2}{\sqrt {E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {AB}})-[E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {AA}})+E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {BB}})]/2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a052f62dbffe5724cddbfe997ea4b35c06767cff" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:56.073ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi _{\rm {A}}-\chi _{\rm {B}}=({\rm {eV}})^{-1/2}{\sqrt {E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {AB}})-[E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {AA}})+E_{\rm {d}}({\rm {BB}})]/2}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>where the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bond_dissociation_energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bond dissociation energy (not yet started)">dissociation energies</a> (that is, the energy needed to break the bond between the atoms), <i>E</i><sub>d</sub>, of A-B, A-A and B-B bonds are given in <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Factor" class="mw-disambig" title="Factor">factor</a> (eV)<sup>-½</sup> is added to make sure the final answer <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless_quantity" title="Dimensionless quantity">has no unit</a>. With the above formula, we can calculate the difference in elecronegativity between <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> to be 0.73. (dissociation energies: H-Br, 3.79 eV; H-H, 4.52 eV; Br-Br, 2.00 eV) </p><p>The above equation only calculates the difference in electronegativity between two elements. To make a <a href="/wiki/Scale" class="mw-disambig" title="Scale">scale</a> from the equation, a reference point has to be chosen. Hydrogen was chosen as a reference point because it bonds covalently with many elements. Hydrogen's electronegativity was first fixed at 2.1,<sup id="cite_ref-paulingJACS_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulingJACS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was later changed to 2.20.<sup id="cite_ref-Allred_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allred-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another thing that need to be known to make an electronegativity scale is which element is more electronegative than the reference point, which is hydrogen. This is often done with the so-called "chemical <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/intuition" class="extiw" title="wikt:intuition">intuition</a>": in the above example, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">hydrogen bromide</a> (H-Br) dissolves in water and breaks into H<sup>+</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cation" title="Cation">cation</a> and Br<sup>-</sup> <a href="/wiki/Anion" title="Anion">anion</a>. So, it can be assumed that bromine is more electronegative than hydrogen. </p><p>To calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element, the data on the dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bonds created by the element is needed. In 1961, A. L. Allred improved Pauling's original data to include the <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamic</a> data that is much more available.<sup id="cite_ref-Allred_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allred-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "revised Pauling" electronegativity values are used more often. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electropositivity">Electropositivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Electropositivity" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Electropositivity"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Electropositivity</b> is a measure of an element's ability to donate <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a>, and form positive <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a>. </p><p>Mainly, this is an attribute of <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> have a single electron in their outer shell and it is easily lost. These metals have low <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-definition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-definition_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/E01990.html">Electronegativity.</a>", <i>IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulingJACS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-paulingJACS_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-paulingJACS_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-paulingJACS_2-2">2.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPauling,_L.1932" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling, L.</a> (1932). "The nature of the chemical bond. IV. The energy of single bonds and the relative electronegativity of atoms". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>54</b> (9): 3570–3582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01348a011">10.1021/ja01348a011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+the+chemical+bond.+IV.+The+energy+of+single+bonds+and+the+relative+electronegativity+of+atoms&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3570-3582&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01348a011&rft.au=Pauling%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AElectronegativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allred-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Allred_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Allred_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAllred_A.L._19611961" class="citation journal cs1">Allred A.L. 1961 (1961). 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(Archived 2009-10-31).</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&oldid=9549209">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronegativity&oldid=9549209</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_bonding" title="Category:Chemical bonding">Chemical bonding</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 17 May 2024, at 03:55.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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