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id="toc-Iron_Age_and_Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hellenistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hasmonean_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasmonean_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hasmonean period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasmonean_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Late Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Byzantine period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Muslim_and_Crusader_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Muslim_and_Crusader_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Early Muslim and Crusader periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslim_and_Crusader_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayyubid_and_Mamluk_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayyubid_and_Mamluk_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Ayyubid and Mamluk periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayyubid_and_Mamluk_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Ottoman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>British administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Israeli_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Israeli_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Modern Israeli period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Israeli_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subregions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subregions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Subregions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subregions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Galilee</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galil%C3%A4a" title="Galiläa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Galiläa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galil%C4%93a" title="Galilēa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Galilēa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="الجليل (منطقة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجليل (منطقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܓܠܝܠܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܠܝܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A7%D5%A1" title="Կալիլէա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կալիլէա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalileya" title="Qalileya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qalileya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="الجلیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الجلیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2" title="গালীল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গালীল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Галілея – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галілея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Галілея – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галілея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Галилея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Галилея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galil%C3%A6a" title="Galilæa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Galilæa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galil%C3%A4a" title="Galiläa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Galiläa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαλιλαία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλιλαία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(regiono)" title="Galileo (regiono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Galileo (regiono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جلیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جلیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galil%C3%A9e_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Galilée (région) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Galilée (région)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghail%C3%ADl" title="An Ghailíl – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghailíl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%9E%98%EC%95%84" title="갈릴래아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈릴래아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A1_(%D4%BB%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC)" title="Գալիլեա (Իսրայել) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գալիլեա (Իսրայել)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileja" title="Galileja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Galileja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%ADlea" title="Galílea – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Galílea" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C" title="הגליל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגליל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="გალილეა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გალილეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileja" title="Galileja – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Galileja" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilaya" title="Galilaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Galilaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel%C3%AEle" title="Celîle – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Celîle" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galil" title="Galil – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Galil" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilaea" title="Galilaea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Galilaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileja" title="Galileja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Galileja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galil%C4%97ja" title="Galilėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galilėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Галилеја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Галилеја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea_(faritra)" title="Galilea (faritra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Galilea (faritra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഗലീലിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗലീലിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2)" title="गॅलिली (इस्रायल) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गॅलिली (इस्रायल)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="გალილეა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გალილეა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84" title="الجليل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجليل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Galilee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Галил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Галил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea_(streek)" title="Galilea (streek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Galilea (streek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A4" title="ガリラヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガリラヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galil%C3%A8a" title="Galilèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Galilèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileya" title="Galileya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Galileya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="الجلیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الجلیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galil%C3%A4a" title="Galiläa – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Galiläa" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileia" title="Galileia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Galileia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileea" title="Galileea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Galileea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Галилея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галилея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Galilee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileja" title="Galileja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Galileja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جەلیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەلیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Галилеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Галилеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileja" title="Galileja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Galileja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileen" title="Galileen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Galileen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="கலிலேயா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலிலேயா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="กาลิลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาลิลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celile" title="Celile – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Celile" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Галілея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галілея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="گلیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Galilea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E5%88%A9" title="加利利 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加利利" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E5%88%A9" title="加利利 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加利利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E5%88%A9" title="加利利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加利利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83241#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Galilee&params=32.76_N_35.53_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°46′N</span> <span class="longitude">35°32′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.76°N 35.53°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.76; 35.53</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected."><img alt="Page extended-confirmed-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in northern Israel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Galilee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Galilee (disambiguation)">Galilee (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Galilee_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lower_Galilee_map.svg/300px-Lower_Galilee_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lower_Galilee_map.svg/450px-Lower_Galilee_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lower_Galilee_map.svg/600px-Lower_Galilee_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Galilee region</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Galilee</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַגָּלִיל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hagGālīl</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Galilaea</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجليل</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Jalīl</i></span>) is a region located in northern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> consisting of two parts: the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הגליל העליון</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ha-Galil ha-Elyon</i></span>; <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجليل الأعلى</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Jalīl al-Aʿlā</i></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee" title="Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גליל תחתון</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Galil Taḫton</i></span>; <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجليل الأسفل</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Jalīl al-Asfal</i></span>). </p><p><i>Galilee</i> encompasses the area north of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mount_Gilboa" title="Mount Gilboa">Mount Gilboa</a> ridge and south of the east-west section of the <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani River</a>. It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">Israeli coastal plain</a> and the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> with <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> in the west, to the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> to the east; and from the Litani in the north plus a piece bordering on the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)" title="Dan (ancient city)">Dan</a> at the base of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a> in the northeast, to Mount Carmel and Mount Gilboa in the south. </p><p>It includes the plains of the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an_Valley" title="Beit She'an Valley">Beit She'an Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The region's Hebrew name is <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">גָּלִיל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">gālíl</i></span>, meaning 'district' or 'circle'.<sup id="cite_ref-Placenames_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Placenames-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hebrew form used in <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_9" title="Isaiah 9">Isaiah 8:23</a> (Isaiah 9:1 in the Christian <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>) is in the <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct state</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">גְּלִיל הַגּוֹיִם</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">gəlil haggóyim</i></span> "Galilee of the nations", which refers to <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentiles</a> who settled there at the time the book was written, either by their own volition or as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_policy_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Placenames_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Placenames-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borders_and_geography">Borders and geography</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lemon_Orchard_in_the_Galilee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lemon_Orchard_in_the_Galilee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/250px-Lemon_Orchard_in_the_Galilee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lemon_Orchard_in_the_Galilee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/375px-Lemon_Orchard_in_the_Galilee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lemon_Orchard_in_the_Galilee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/500px-Lemon_Orchard_in_the_Galilee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The borders of Galilee, split into <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee" title="Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a>, were described by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Zange_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zange-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> encompass about the Galilees, which are two, and called the Upper Galilee and the Lower. They are bounded toward the sun-setting, with the borders of the territory belonging to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Phoenicia" title="Ptolemais in Phoenicia">Ptolemais</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Carmel</a>; which mountain had formerly belonged to the Galileans, but now belonged to the Tyrians; to which mountain adjoins <a href="/wiki/Jaba%27,_Haifa" title="Jaba', Haifa">Gaba</a>, which is called the City of Horsemen, because those horsemen that were dismissed by Herod the king dwelt therein; they are bounded on the south with <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Scythopolis</a>, as far as the <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">river Jordan</a>; on the east with <a href="/wiki/Hippos_(Golan_Heights)" title="Hippos (Golan Heights)">Hippeae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadaris</a>, and also with Ganlonitis, and the borders of the kingdom of Agrippa; its northern parts are bounded by Tyre, and the country of the Tyrians. As for that Galilee which is called the Lower, it extends in length from <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cabul" title="Cabul">Zabulon</a>, and of the maritime places Ptolemais is its neighbor; its breadth is from the village called <a href="/wiki/Xaloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Xaloth">Xaloth</a>, which lies in the great plain, as far as <a href="/wiki/Bersabe" title="Bersabe">Bersabe</a>, from which beginning also is taken the breadth of the Upper Galilee, as far as the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">village Baca</a>, which divides the land of the Tyrians from it; its length is also from <a href="/wiki/Marus,_Safad" title="Marus, Safad">Meloth</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thella" title="Thella">Thella</a>, a village near to Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_Cave_Israel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rainbow_Cave_Israel.JPG/250px-Rainbow_Cave_Israel.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rainbow_Cave_Israel.JPG/500px-Rainbow_Cave_Israel.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keshet_Cave" title="Keshet Cave">Keshet Cave</a> (Rainbow Cave or Cave of the Arch), a <a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">natural arch</a> on the ridge north of <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Betzet" title="Nahal Betzet">Nahal Betzet</a>, Galilee</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of Galilee consists of rocky terrain, at heights of between 500 and 700 m. Several high mountains are in the region, including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meron" title="Mount Meron">Mount Meron</a>, which have relatively low temperatures and high rainfall. As a result of this climate, <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> thrive in the region. At the same time, many birds annually migrate from colder climates to Africa and back through the <a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula</a>–Jordan corridor. The streams and waterfalls, the latter mainly in Upper Galilee, along with vast fields of greenery and colourful wildflowers, as well as numerous towns of <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> importance, make the region a popular <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Israel" title="Tourism in Israel">tourist destination</a>. </p><p>Due to its high rainfall 900–1,200 millimetres (35–47 in), mild temperatures and high mountains (Mount Meron's elevation is 1,000–1,208 m), the upper Galilee region contains some distinctive flora and fauna: prickly juniper (<i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_oxycedrus" title="Juniperus oxycedrus">Juniperus oxycedrus</a></i>), Lebanese cedar (<i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus_libani" title="Cedrus libani">Cedrus libani</a></i>), which grows in a small grove on Mount Meron, <a href="/wiki/Cyclamen" title="Cyclamen">cyclamens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">paeonias</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_ponticum" title="Rhododendron ponticum">Rhododendron ponticum</a></i> which sometimes appears on Meron. </p><p>Western Galilee (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">גליל מערבי</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Galil Ma'aravi</i></span>) is a modern term referring to the western part of the Upper Galilee and its shore, and usually also the northwestern part of the Lower Galilee, mostly overlapping with Acre sub-district. <a href="/wiki/Galilee_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee Panhandle">Galilee Panhandle</a> is a common term referring to the "panhandle" in the east that extends to the north, where Lebanon is to the west, and includes <a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naftali_Mountains" title="Naftali Mountains">Ramot Naftali mountains</a> of the Upper Galilee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age_and_Hebrew_Bible">Iron Age and Hebrew Bible</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Galilee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg/250px-Ancient_Galilee.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg/330px-Ancient_Galilee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg/340px-Ancient_Galilee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>A map of Galilee, c. <span class="nowrap">50 CE</span></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, Galilee was named by the Israelites and was the tribal region of Naphthali and Dan, at times overlapping the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Asher" title="Tribe of Asher">Tribe of Asher</a>'s land.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Galilee is just referred to as "Naphthali". </p><p><a href="/wiki/1_Kings_9" title="1 Kings 9">1 Kings 9</a> states that <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> rewarded his Phoenician ally, <a href="/wiki/King_Hiram_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hiram I">King Hiram I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, with twenty cities in the land of Galilee, which would then have been either settled by foreigners during and after the reign of Hiram or by those who had been forcibly deported there by later conquerors such as the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. Hiram, to reciprocate previous gifts given to <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, accepted the upland plain among the Naftali Mountains and renamed it "the land of <a href="/wiki/Cabul" title="Cabul">Cabul</a>" for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-Phoenicia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phoenicia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Iron Age II, Galilee was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">fell to the Assyrians</a>. Archaeological survey conducted by Zvi Gal in Lower Galilee indicates that the area became deserted following the Assyrian conquest in the 8th century and remained so for several centuries; the local Israelite population <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">was carried off to Assyria</a> after 732 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yardenna Alexandre discovered minor short-lived Israelite settlements in the Naḥal Ẓippori basin, which were built by survivors of the Assyrian conquest. Elsewhere, Galilee was depopulated.<sup id="cite_ref-Atiqot98_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atiqot98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But there is evidence of Assyrian presence, based on artefacts in <a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Skinner_113–125_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skinner_113–125-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Schmid_(theologian)" title="Konrad Schmid (theologian)">Konrad Schmid</a> and Jens Schroter believe it was likely that Assyrians settled in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period">Hellenistic period</h3></div> <p>Up until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> and before the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean</a> conquest, the Galilee was sparsely populated, with the majority of its inhabitants concentrated in large fortified centers on the edges of the western and central valleys. Based on archeological evidence from <a href="/wiki/Tel_Anafa" title="Tel Anafa">Tel Anafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedesh" title="Kedesh">Kedesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ash-Shuhada" title="Ash-Shuhada">ash-Shuhara</a>, the Upper Galilee was then home to a <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">pagan</a> population with close ties to the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Leibner2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibner2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hasmonean_period">Hasmonean period</h3></div> <p>During the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom of Judea</a>, much of the Galilee region was conquered and annexed by the first Hasmonean king <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> (104–103 BCE). Following the Hasmonean conquest, there was a significant Jewish influx into the area. Sites including <a href="/wiki/Yodfat" title="Yodfat">Yodfat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meiron" title="Meiron">Meiron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikhin" title="Shikhin">Shikhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kanna" title="Kafr Kanna">Qana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bersabe" title="Bersabe">Bersabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selamin" title="Selamin">Zalmon</a>, Mimlah, <a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Migdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbel" title="Arbel">Arbel</a>, Kefar Hittaya, and Beth Ma'on have archeological-chronological evidence for this settlement wave.<sup id="cite_ref-Leibner2009_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibner2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almog_IL5_Yodfat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Almog_IL5_Yodfat.jpg/220px-Almog_IL5_Yodfat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Almog_IL5_Yodfat.jpg/330px-Almog_IL5_Yodfat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Almog_IL5_Yodfat.jpg/440px-Almog_IL5_Yodfat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The hill where ancient <a href="/wiki/Yodfat" title="Yodfat">Yodfat</a> stood</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who based his account on <a href="/wiki/Timagenes" title="Timagenes">Timagenes of Alexandria</a>, claimed that Aristobulus I had forcibly converted the <a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Itureans</a> to Judaism while annexing a portion of their territory. Schürer believed this information to be accurate and came to the conclusion that the "Jewish" Galilee of Jesus' day was actually inhabited by the offspring of those same Iturean converts. Other scholars have suggested that the Itureans underwent a voluntary conversion to Judaism in the Upper Galilee, or at the very least in the Eastern Upper Galilee. However, archeological information does not support either proposal, as Iturean material culture has been identified clearly in the northern Golan Heights and Mount Hermon, and not in the Galilee, and it is clear that this area remained outside Hasmonean borders.<sup id="cite_ref-Leibner2009_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibner2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3></div> <p>In the early Roman period, Galilee was predominantly Jewish. Archaeological evidence from multiple sites reveals Jewish customs, including the use of <a href="/wiki/Stone_vessels_in_ancient_Judaea" title="Stone vessels in ancient Judaea">limestone vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">ritual baths</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">purity</a>, and secondary burial practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant wave of Jewish settlement arrived in the region following the Roman conquest of 63 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Leibner2009_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibner2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large towns such as <a href="/wiki/Kafr_%27Inan" title="Kafr 'Inan">Kefar Hananya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farradiyya" title="Farradiyya">Parod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravid" title="Ravid">Ravid</a>, Mashkaneh, Sabban, and <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> were established by the end of the first century BCE or the start of the first century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Leibner2009_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibner2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the first century CE, the Galilee was dotted with small towns and villages. While Josephus writes there were 204 small towns, modern scholars consider this an exaggeration. </p><p>Galilee's economy under Roman rule thrived on a combination of agriculture, fishing, and specialized crafts. Excavations in villages like Nazareth have revealed extensive agricultural infrastructure, including numerous olive presses and granaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a> was extensively grown in parts of Upper Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many towns and villages, particularly those around the Sea of Galilee benefited from both fertile land and a thriving fishing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tarichaea" title="Tarichaea">Tarichaea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>), salted, dried, and pickled fish were significant export goods.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galilee also had specialized production centers.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shikhin" title="Shikhin">Shihin</a>, near Sepphoris, produced most of the region's storage jars. <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Hananya" title="Kfar Hananya">Kefar Hananya</a> in Upper Galilee manufactured various tableware forms, supplying markets across Galilee, the Golan Heights, the Decapolis, coastal areas, and the Beth Shean Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josephus describes the Jewish population of Galilee as being nationalist and hostile to Jewish city-dwellers, making them the first target for the Romans during the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish-Roman wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bargil_Pixner" title="Bargil Pixner">Bargil Pixner</a> believes they descended from a <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic</a> Jewish clan from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skinner_113–125_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skinner_113–125-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But according to archaeological and literary evidence, upper and lower Galilee were 'very much in constant touch with the gentile, Greek-speaking cities that surrounded them.' Many Galileans were bilingual and made daily contacts with Jerusalem and gentiles around the Roman territory.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Markus Cromhout states that while Galileans, Judeans and diasporic Judeans were all Jewish, the Galileans had their unique social, political and economic matrix. In terms of ethnicity, Galileans were ethnic Judeans, which generally saw themselves also as Israelites, but could be also identified with localized characteristics, such as Sepphorean.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue that Galileans and Judeans were distinct people groups. Outsiders generally conflated them due to Hellenistic-Roman culture, which grouped all diverse groups in Palestine and their related diasporas as "Judean".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herod_Antipas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Herod_Antipas.jpg/220px-Herod_Antipas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Herod_Antipas.jpg/330px-Herod_Antipas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Herod_Antipas.jpg/440px-Herod_Antipas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>As a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client ruler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">tetrarch of Galilee</a> from 4 BCE–39 CE, was permitted to mint his own coinage (<i>shown above</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>In 4 BCE, a rebel named Judah plundered Galilee's largest city, <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>. According to Josephus, the Syrian governor <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a> responded by sacking Sepphoris and selling the population into slavery, but the region's archaeology lacks evidence of such destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers1999_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers1999-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Casey2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> that same year, his son <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">tetrarch of Galilee</a> by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. Galilee remained a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> and Antipas paid tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in exchange for Roman protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans did not station troops in Galilee, but threatened to retaliate against anyone who attacked it. As long as he continued to pay tribute, Antipas was permitted to govern however he wished<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was permitted to mint his own coinage. Antipas was relatively observant of Jewish laws and customs. Although his palace was decorated with animal carvings, which many Jews regarded as a transgression against the law prohibiting idols, his coins bore only agricultural designs, which his subjects deemed acceptable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In general, Antipas was a capable ruler. Josephus does not record any instance of his use of force to put down an uprising and he had a long, prosperous reign. However, many Jews probably resented him as not sufficiently devout.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antipas rebuilt the city of Sepphoris,<sup id="cite_ref-Casey2010_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in either 18 CE or 19 CE, he founded the new city of <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>. These two cities became Galilee's largest cultural centers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the main centers of Greco-Roman influence, but were still predominantly Jewish. A massive gap existed between the rich and poor,<sup id="cite_ref-Casey2010_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but lack of uprisings suggest that taxes were not exorbitantly high and that most Galileans did not feel their livelihoods were being threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late in his reign, Antipas married his half-niece <a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a>, who was already married to one of her other uncles. His wife, whom he divorced, fled to her father <a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas</a>, an Arab king, who invaded Galilee and defeated Antipas's troops before withdrawing. Both Josephus and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> record that the itinerant preacher <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> criticized Antipas over his marriage, and Antipas consequently had him <a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Beheading of John the Baptist">imprisoned and then beheaded</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In around 39 CE, at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a>, Antipas went to Rome to request that he be elevated from the status of tetrarch to the status of king. The Romans found him guilty of storing arms, so he was removed from power and exiled, ending his forty-three-year reign. During the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Revolt</a> (66–73 CE), a Jewish mob destroyed Herod Antipas's palace.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, Galilee under Antipas's rule was marked by significant demographic instability. Diseases like malaria were rampant, internal migration between urban and rural areas were frequent and women generally gave birth at young ages while married to older men. Birth control, including <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a>, was not practiced. Many young men, especially marginal villagers, migrated to urban areas to find wives or alternatively, employment. Finding wives was presumed to be competitive since widows often refused to marry past the age of 30 compared to widowers. According to Jonathan L. Reed, this can provide insight on the tropes of New Testament literature, such as miraculous healings and the itinerant lifestyle of Jesus and his disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 66 CE, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Jewish Revolt</a>, Josephus was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government" title="Judean provisional government">Jerusalem provisional government</a> to command Galilee. The region experienced internal conflicts among cities such as Sepphoris and Tiberias, with factions opposing Josephus's authority and warring for control. Sepphoris and other strong cities attempted to remain neutral by maintaining alliances with Rome. Despite opposition, Josephus managed to secure internal peace and fortified nineteen cities in preparation for the Roman invasion; nearly half of them were uncovered by archaeologists. In 67 CE, the Roman army, led by general <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, arrived in Acre. Josephus's account, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>, details the Roman <a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">campaign in Galilee</a>, starting with the siege and capture of Gabara, followed by Jotapata (where Josephus was captured), and continuing with Tiberias, Taricheae, Gamala, Tabor, and ending in Gischala. While not all of Galilee was devastated, the conquered cities were razed, and many inhabitants were sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petri_Fischzug_Raffael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Petri_Fischzug_Raffael.jpg/330px-Petri_Fischzug_Raffael.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Petri_Fischzug_Raffael.jpg/500px-Petri_Fischzug_Raffael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Petri_Fischzug_Raffael.jpg/520px-Petri_Fischzug_Raffael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Jesus and the <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_catch_of_fish" title="Miraculous catch of fish">miraculous catch of fish</a>, in the Sea of Galilee. Many people in Roman-era Galilee were fishermen.<sup id="cite_ref-Casey2010_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casey2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Roman_period">Late Roman period</h3></div> <p>Judaism reached its political and cultural zenith in the Galilee during the late second and early third century CE. According to rabbinic sources, <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a>'s political leadership was at its strongest in relation to the Jewish community in <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, the Diaspora, and the Roman Authorities during this time. Judah's redaction of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> at this time period represented the peak of intense cultural activity. Archaeological surveys in the Galilee have revealed that the region experienced its height of thriving settlement during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Leibner2009_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibner2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to medieval Hebrew legend, <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimon bar Yochai</a>, one of the most famed of all the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">tannaim</a>, wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></i> while living in Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_period">Byzantine period</h3></div> <p>After the completion of the Mishnah, which marked the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">tannaitic</a> era, came the period of the <i><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">amoraim</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, the principal work of the amoraim in Palestine, is primarily discussions and interpretations of the Mishnah, and according to academic research, most of it was edited in <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>. The vast majority of the <i>amoraim</i> named there, as well as the majority of the settlements or place names referenced, were Galileans.<sup id="cite_ref-Leibner2009_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibner2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the fourth century, the Jerusalem Talmud's compilation and editing processes abruptly came to a halt, as Talmudic scholar Yaacov Sussmann put it: "The development of the Jerusalem Talmud seems to have abruptly ceased, as if severed by a sharp and sudden blade".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leibner2009_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibner2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demographically, during the fourth century the entire region witnessed a significant population decrease, resulting in the abandonment of several notable settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-Leibner2009_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibner2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In approximately 320 CE, Christian bishop <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a> reported that all the major cities and villages in Galilee were entirely Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period, however, Galilee's Jewish population experienced a decline, while Christian settlement grew. Archaeological data indicates that in the third and fourth centuries, several Jewish sites were abandoned, and some Christian villages were established on or near these deserted locations. Certain settlements, such as <a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kanna" title="Kafr Kanna">Kafr Kanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daburiyya" title="Daburiyya">Daburiyya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iksal" title="Iksal">Iksal</a>, which were materially Jewish during the Roman period, were now predominantly inhabited by Christians or had a significant Christian population. Safrai and Liebner argue that the decline of the Jewish population and the expansion of the Christian population in the region were separate events that happened at different times. Throughout this period, religious segregation between Christian and Jewish villages endured, with few exceptions like <a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, due to their sanctity in Christian tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Leibner2009_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibner2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leibner has proposed tying the end of the Palestinian Amoraic period, the impact of historical occurrences like the <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization of the Roman Empire</a> and of Palestine, the apparent cessation of activities of at least some of the <a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash"><i>batei midrash</i></a> and the transformation of the Galilee from a densely populated Jewish area to a collection of communities surrounded by non-Jewish areas to this demographic crisis. He assumed that Christian population in Galilee was not composed of Jews who converted to Christianity. This is supported by the fact that trustworthy historical records, which mention Jewish conversion to Christianity in Byzantine Palestine, refer to individual cases rather than entire villages, unlike the records from the western part of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Leibner2009_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leibner2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Galilee retained a Jewish majority until at least the seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, this area experienced a decline in population due to raids by nomadic groups and insufficient protection from the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Muslim_and_Crusader_periods">Early Muslim and Crusader periods</h3></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> in the 630s, the Galilee formed part of <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a> (the military district of Jordan), itself part of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Bilad al-Sham</a> (Islamic Syria). Its major towns were Tiberias the capital of the district, <a href="/wiki/Qadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadas">Qadas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beisan">Beisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffuriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffuriya">Saffuriya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kabul,_Israel" title="Kabul, Israel">Kabul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LeStrange_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeStrange-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early Islamic period, Galilee underwent a process of <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Islamization</a>, similar to other areas in the region. Under <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> rule, Islamic rule was gradually consolidated in newly conquered territories, and some Muslims settled in the villages, establishing residency there.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, under <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> rule, geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Ya%27qubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ya'qubi">al-Ya'qubi</a> (d. 891), who referred to the region as <i>'Jabal al-Jalil'</i>, noted that its inhabitants were Arabs from the <a href="/wiki/Amila" title="Amila">Amila</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Islamization process in which began with the settlement of nomadic tribes. Michael Ehrlich suggests that during the Early Islamic period, the majority of people in the Western Galilee and Lower Galilee likely converted to Islam, while in the Eastern Galilee, the Islamization process continued for a more extended period, lasting until the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Moshe Gil, Jews in rural Galilean areas frequently succeeded in upholding community life during and for decades after the Umayyad period. He comes to the conclusion that several Galilean Jewish communities "retained their ancient character".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a> conquered the region in the 10th century; a breakaway sect, venerating the Fatimid caliph <a href="/wiki/Hakim_(title)" title="Hakim (title)">al-Hakim</a>, formed the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> religion, centered in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> and partially in the Galilee. During the <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">Crusades</a>, Galilee was organized into the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galilee" title="Principality of Galilee">Principality of Galilee</a>, one of the most important Crusader seigneuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Moshe Gil, during the periods of <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> rule, the rural Jewish population of Galilee experienced a gradual decline and flight. He supports his argument by referring to 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> documents related to transactions in <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> and other areas in central Palestine, where Jews claimed to have ancestral ties to places like <a href="/wiki/Jish" title="Jish">Gush Halav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalton,_Israel" title="Dalton, Israel">Dalton</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ammuqa" title="Ammuqa">'Amuqa</a>, suggesting that Jewish flight from Galilee occurred during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayyubid_and_Mamluk_periods">Ayyubid and Mamluk periods</h3></div> <p>Sunni Muslims began to immigrate to <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> and its surroundings starting in the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> period, and in particular during the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> period. These immigrants included <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi preachers</a> who were crucial in converting the locals to Islam in Safed's rural area. Jewish immigrants did, however, come to the area in waves, during the period of the destruction of Tyre and Acre in 1291 and particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Jewish expulsion from Spain</a> in 1492. These immigrants, who included scholars and other urban elites, turned the Jewish community from a rural community into an urban hub which exerted its influence well beyond the regional boundaries of Upper Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safed_view_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Safed_view_02.JPG/200px-Safed_view_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Safed_view_02.JPG/300px-Safed_view_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Safed_view_02.JPG/400px-Safed_view_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Safed</figcaption></figure> <p>During Early Ottoman era, the Galilee was governed as the <a href="/wiki/Safad_Sanjak" class="mw-redirect" title="Safad Sanjak">Safad Sanjak</a>, initially part of the larger administrative unit of <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus Eyalet</a> (1549–1660) and later as part of <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon Eyalet</a> (1660–1864). During the 18th century, the administrative division of Galilee was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Acre_Sanjak" title="Acre Sanjak">Acre Sanjak</a>, and the Eyalet itself became centered in Acre, factually becoming the Acre Eyalet between 1775 and 1841. </p><p>The Jewish population of Galilee increased significantly following <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">their expulsion from Spain</a> and welcome from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The community for a time made <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> an international center of cloth weaving and manufacturing, as well as a key site for Jewish learning.<sup id="cite_ref-jafi_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jafi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it remains one of Judaism's <a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">four holy cities</a> and a center for <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">kabbalah</a>. </p><p>In the mid-17th century Galilee and Mount Lebanon became the scene of the <a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze power struggle (1658–67)">Druze power struggle</a>, which came in parallel with much destruction in the region and decline of major cities. </p><p>In the mid-18th century, Galilee was caught up in a struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Zahir_al-Umar" title="Zahir al-Umar">Zahir al-Umar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> authorities who were centred in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Zahir ruled Galilee for 25 years until Ottoman loyalist <a href="/wiki/Jezzar_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezzar Pasha">Jezzar Pasha</a> conquered the region in 1775. </p><p>In 1831, the Galilee, a part of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>, switched hands from Ottomans to <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> until 1840. During this period, aggressive social and politic policies were introduced, which led to a violent <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Peasant_Revolt_(1834%E2%80%9335)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35)">1834 Arab revolt</a>. In the process of this revolt the Jewish community of <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> was greatly reduced, in the event of <a href="/wiki/Safed_Plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Safed Plunder">Safed Plunder</a> by the rebels. The Arab rebels were subsequently defeated by the Egyptian troops, though in 1838, the Druze of Galilee led another <a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1838 Druze rebellion">uprising</a>. In 1834 and <a href="/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee earthquake of 1837">1837</a>, major earthquakes leveled most of the towns, resulting in great loss of life. </p><p>Following the 1864 <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms in the Ottoman Empire, the Galilee remained within <a href="/wiki/Acre_Sanjak" title="Acre Sanjak">Acre Sanjak</a>, but was transferred from <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon Eyalet</a> to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria Vilayet</a> and shortly, from 1888, became administered from <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut Vilayet</a>. </p><p>In 1866, Galilee's first hospital, <a href="/wiki/The_Nazareth_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nazareth Hospital">the Nazareth Hospital</a>, was founded under the leadership of American-Armenian missionary Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kaloost_Vartan" title="Kaloost Vartan">Kaloost Vartan</a>, assisted by German missionary <a href="/wiki/John_Zeller" title="John Zeller">John Zeller</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_Vilayet,_Ottoman_Empire_(1900).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Beirut_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg/250px-Beirut_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Beirut_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg/330px-Beirut_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Beirut_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg/500px-Beirut_Vilayet%2C_Ottoman_Empire_%281900%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption>The territory of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut Vilayet</a>, encompassing the Galilee</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century, Galilee remained part of <a href="/wiki/Acre_Sanjak" title="Acre Sanjak">Acre Sanjak</a> of Ottoman Syria. It was administered as the southernmost territory of the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut Vilayet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_administration">British administration</h3></div> <p>Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a>, it came under British rule, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a>. Shortly after, in 1920, the region was included in the British Mandate territory, officially a part of Mandatory Palestine from 1923. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Israeli_period">Modern Israeli period</h3></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab–Israeli war">1948 Arab–Israeli war</a>, nearly the whole of Galilee came under Israel's control. A large portion of the population fled or was forced to leave, leaving dozens of entire villages empty; however, a large <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Israeli Arab</a> community remained based in and near the cities of Nazareth, <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamra" title="Tamra">Tamra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a>, due to some extent to a successful rapprochement with the Druze. The <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> were sometimes shelled by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian army">Syrian army</a>'s artillery until Israel seized Western <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> in the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. </p><p>During the 1970s and the early 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">launched multiple attacks</a> on towns and villages of the Upper and Western Galilee from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. This came in parallel to the general destabilization of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a>, which became a scene of fierce sectarian fighting which deteriorated into the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>. On the course of the war, Israel initiated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Litani" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Litani">Operation Litani</a> (1979) and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Peace_For_Galilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Peace For Galilee">Operation Peace For Galilee</a> (1982) with the stated objectives of destroying the PLO infrastructure in Lebanon, protecting the citizens of the Galilee and supporting allied Christian Lebanese militias. Israel took over much of southern Lebanon in support of Christian Lebanese militias until 1985, when it withdrew to a <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_southern_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon">narrow security buffer zone</a>. </p><p>From 1985 to 2000, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, and earlier <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">engaged</a> the <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a> supported by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>, sometimes shelling <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a> communities with <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha</a> rockets. In May 2000, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Israeli prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a> unilaterally withdrew IDF troops from southern Lebanon, maintaining a security force on the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Line (Lebanon)">Israeli side of the international border</a> recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. The move brought a collapse to the <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a> and takeover of Southern Lebanon by Hezbollah. However, despite Israeli withdrawal, clashes between Hezbollah and Israel continued along the border, and UN observers condemned both for their attacks. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2006_Israel-Lebanon_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict">2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict</a> was characterized by round-the-clock Katyusha rocket attacks (with a greatly extended range) by Hezbollah on the whole of Galilee, with long-range, ground-launched missiles hitting as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharon Plain">Sharon Plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a> below the Sea of Galilee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinneret-moshava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kinneret-moshava.jpg/250px-Kinneret-moshava.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kinneret-moshava.jpg/500px-Kinneret-moshava.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Moshava" title="Moshava">Moshava</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinneret,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinneret, Israel">Kinneret</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GalilSchoolSign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GalilSchoolSign.jpg/200px-GalilSchoolSign.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GalilSchoolSign.jpg/300px-GalilSchoolSign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GalilSchoolSign.jpg/400px-GalilSchoolSign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>A sign in front of the <a href="/wiki/Galil_Jewish%E2%80%93Arab_School" title="Galil Jewish–Arab School">Galil Jewish–Arab School</a>, a joint Arab-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary school</a> in the Galilee</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006, there were 1.2 million residents in Galilee, of whom 47% were Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-OferP_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OferP-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a> has attempted to <a href="/wiki/Judaization_of_the_Galilee" title="Judaization of the Galilee">increase the Jewish population</a> in this area,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the non-Jewish population also has a high growth rate.<sup id="cite_ref-OferP_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OferP-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest cities in the region are Acre, Nahariya, Nazareth, Safed, <a href="/wiki/Karmiel" title="Karmiel">Karmiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaghur,_Israel" title="Shaghur, Israel">Shaghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">Afula</a>, and Tiberias.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port city of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> serves as a commercial center for the whole region. </p><p>Because of its hilly terrain, most of the people in the Galilee live in small villages connected by relatively few roads.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A railroad runs south from <a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean coast</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley_railway" title="Jezreel Valley railway">fork to the east</a> was opened in 2016. The main sources of livelihood throughout the area are agriculture and tourism. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">Industrial parks</a> are being developed, bringing further employment opportunities to the local population which includes many recent immigrants. The Israeli government is contributing funding to the private initiative, the Galilee Finance Facility, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Milken_Institute" title="Milken Institute">Milken Institute</a> and Koret Economic Development Fund.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Galilee is home to a large <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab</a> population,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a Muslim majority and two smaller populations, of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Druze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a>, of comparable sizes. Both Israeli Druze and Christians have their majorities in the Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable minorities are the Bedouin, the <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians</a>. </p><p>The north-central portion of the Galilee is also known as Central Galilee, stretching from the border with <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> to the northern edge of the Jezreel Valley. It includes the cities of Nazareth and Sakhnin, has an Arab majority of 75%, with most of the Jewish population living in hilltop cities like <a href="/wiki/Upper_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Nazareth">Upper Nazareth</a>. The northern half of the central Lower Galilee, surrounding <a href="/wiki/Karmiel" title="Karmiel">Karmiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a>, is known as the "Heart of the Galilee". </p><p>The eastern Galilee is nearly 100% Jewish. This part includes the <a href="/wiki/Finger_of_the_Galilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger of the Galilee">Finger of the Galilee</a>, the Jordan River Valley, and the shores the Sea of Galilee, and contains two of Judaism's <a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Four Holy Cities</a>. </p><p>The southern part of the Galilee, including Jezreel Valley, and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gilboa" title="Mount Gilboa">Gilboa</a> region are nearly 100% Jewish, with a few small Arab villages near the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> border. About 80% of the population of the Western Galilee is Jewish, all the way up to the Lebanese border. Jews form a small majority in the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a>, with a significant minority Arab population, mainly Druze and Christians. </p><p>As of 2011, the Galilee is attracting significant internal migration of <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Jews</a>, who are increasingly moving to the Galilee and Negev as an answer to rising housing prices in central Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-ynet_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ynet-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Israel" title="Tourism in Israel">Tourism in Israel</a></div> <p>Galilee is a popular destination for domestic and foreign tourists who enjoy its scenic, recreational, and gastronomic offerings. The Galilee attracts many <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrims</a>, as many of the <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">miracles of Jesus</a> occurred, according to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, on the shores of the Sea of Galilee—including <a href="/wiki/Jesus_walks_on_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus walks on water">his walking on water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">calming the storm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">feeding five thousand people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tabgha" title="Tabgha">Tabgha</a>. Numerous sites of <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> importance are located in the Galilee, such as <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a>, Jezreel Valley, Mount Tabor, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horns_of_Hattin" title="Horns of Hattin">Horns of Hattin</a>, and more. </p><p>A popular hiking trail known as the <i>yam leyam</i>, or sea-to-sea, starts hikers at the Mediterranean. They then hike through the Galilee mountains, Tabor, Neria, and Meron, until their final destination, the Kinneret (Sea of Galilee). </p><p>In April 2011, Israel unveiled the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Trail" title="Jesus Trail">Jesus Trail</a>, a 40-mile (60-km) <a href="/wiki/Hiking_trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiking trail">hiking trail</a> in the Galilee for Christian pilgrims. The trail includes a network of footpaths, roads, and bicycle paths linking sites central to the lives of Jesus and his disciples, including <a href="/wiki/Tabgha" title="Tabgha">Tabgha</a>, the traditional site of Jesus's miracle of the loaves and fishes, and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Beatitudes" title="Mount of Beatitudes">Mount of Beatitudes</a>, where he delivered his Sermon on the Mount. It ends at <a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a> on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, where Jesus espoused his teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berg_Tabor_BW_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Berg_Tabor_BW_2.JPG/220px-Berg_Tabor_BW_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Berg_Tabor_BW_2.JPG/330px-Berg_Tabor_BW_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Berg_Tabor_BW_2.JPG/440px-Berg_Tabor_BW_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="2390" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Church of the Transfiguration">Church of the Transfiguration</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many kibbutzim and <a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">moshav</a> families operate <i>Zimmerim</i>, from the Yiddish word for 'room', צימער, from 'Zimmer' in German, with the Hebrew ending for plural, -im; the local term for a <a href="/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast" title="Bed and breakfast">Bed and breakfast</a>. Numerous festivals are held throughout the year, especially in the autumn and spring holiday seasons. These include the Acre (Acco) Festival of Alternative Theater,<sup id="cite_ref-accofestival_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accofestival-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the olive harvest festival, music festivals featuring Anglo-American folk, <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a>, Renaissance, and <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karmiel_Dance_Festival" title="Karmiel Dance Festival">Karmiel Dance Festival</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2></div> <p>The cuisine of the Galilee is very diverse. The meals are lighter than in the central and southern regions. Dairy products are heavily consumed, especially the Safed cheese that originated in the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a>. Herbs like thyme, mint, parsley, basil, and rosemary are very common with everything, including dips, meat, fish, stews and cheese. In the eastern part of the Galilee, there is freshwater fish as much as meat, especially the <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a> that lives in the Sea of Galilee, Jordan river, and other streams in the region. </p><p>Fish is filled with thyme and grilled with rosemary to flavor, or stuffed with oregano leaves, then topped with parsley and served with lemon to squash. This technique exists in other parts of the country including the coasts of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. A specialty of the region is a baked Tilapia flavored with celery, mint and a lot of lemon juice. Baked fish with tahini is also common in Tiberias. The coastal Galileans prefer to replace the tahini with yogurt and add <a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">sumac</a> on top. </p><p>The Galilee is famous for its olives, pomegranates, wine and especially its <a href="/wiki/Labneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Labneh">Labneh</a> w'<a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a> which is served with pita bread, meat stews with wine, pomegranates and herbs such as akub, parsley, <a href="/wiki/Malva" title="Malva">khalmit</a>, mint, fennel, etc. are common. Galilean <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">kubba</a> is usually flavored with cumin, cinnamon, cardamom, concentrated <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_juice" title="Pomegranate juice">pomegranate juice</a>, onion, parsley and pine nuts and served as meze with tahini dip. </p><p>Kebabs are made almost in the same way, with sumac replacing cardamom and with carob sometimes replacing the pomegranate juice. Because of its climate, beef has become more popular than lamb, although both are still eaten there. Dates are popular in the tropical climate of the Eastern Galilee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subregions">Subregions</h2></div> <p>The definition of Galilee varies depending on the period, author, and point of view (geological, geographical, administrative). Ancient Galilee consisted in broad terms of the Upper and Lower Galilee. Today the northwestern part of the Upper Galilee is in Southern Lebanon, with the rest being in Israel. The Israeli Galilee is often divided into these subregions, which often overlap: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a> extends from the Beit HaKerem Valley northwards into southern Lebanon. Its eastern border is the <a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a> and the Sea of Galilee separating it from the Golan Heights. To the west it reaches to the Coastal Plain which separates it from the Mediterranean.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee" title="Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a> covers the area north of the Valleys (<a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harod_Valley" title="Harod Valley">Harod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beth_Shean_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Shean Valley">Beth Shean Valley</a>) and south of the <a href="/wiki/Beit_HaKerem_Valley" title="Beit HaKerem Valley">Beit HaKerem Valley</a>. Its borders to the east on the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a>. It contains the Arab city of <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> and the village of <a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a>.</li> <li>The "<a href="/wiki/Galilee_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee Panhandle">Galilee Panhandle</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אצבע הגליל</span>, <i>Etzba HaGalil</i>, lit. "Finger of Galilee") is a <a href="/wiki/Salient_(geography)" title="Salient (geography)">panhandle</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Hulah_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulah Valley">Hulah Valley</a>, squeezed between the Lebanese border and the Golan Heights; it contains the towns of <a href="/wiki/Metulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Metulla">Metulla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qiryat_Shemona" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiryat Shemona">Qiryat Shemona</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dan_River_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan River (Israel)">Dan</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Hermon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Hermon">Banias</a> rivers.</li></ul> <p>The following subregions are sometimes regarded, from different points of view, as distinct from the Galilee, for instance the entire Jordan Valley including the Sea of Galilee and its continuation to the south as one geological and geographical unit, and the Jezreel, Harod, and Beit She'an valleys as "the northern valleys". </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Korazim_Plateau" title="Korazim Plateau">Korazim Plateau</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> and its valley</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a> from the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee down to Beit She'an</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, including in its eastern part, the Harod Valley, which stretches between <a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">Afula</a> and the Beit She'an Valley</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an_Valley" title="Beit She'an Valley">Beit She'an Valley</a> at the junction of the Jordan Valley and the extended Jezreel Valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gilboa" title="Mount Gilboa">Mount Gilboa</a></li> <li>The <b>Western Galilee</b> is a modern Israeli term, which in its minimal definition refers to the coastal plain just west of the Upper Galilee, also known as Plain of Asher or Plain of the Galilee, which stretches from north of Acre to <a href="/wiki/Rosh_HaNikra_(kibbutz)" title="Rosh HaNikra (kibbutz)">Rosh HaNikra</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Line (Lebanon)">Israel-Lebanon border</a>, and in the common broad definition adds the western part of Upper Galilee, and usually the northwestern part of Lower Galilee as well, corresponding more or less to Acre sub-district or the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Har_Ari_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Har_Ari_panorama.jpg/800px-Har_Ari_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Har_Ari_panorama.jpg/1200px-Har_Ari_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Har_Ari_panorama.jpg/1600px-Har_Ari_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4586" data-file-height="1039" /></a><figcaption>A panorama from <a href="/wiki/Har_HaAri" title="Har HaAri">Ari Mountain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilboa_123PAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gilboa_123PAN.jpg/960px-Gilboa_123PAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gilboa_123PAN.jpg/1200px-Gilboa_123PAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gilboa_123PAN.jpg/1600px-Gilboa_123PAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3937" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>A panorama of the <a href="/wiki/Harod_Valley" title="Harod Valley">Harod Valley</a>, the eastern extension of the Jezreel Valley</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean" title="Galilean">Galilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District (Israel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenig_Memorandum" title="Koenig Memorandum">Koenig Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuzat_Naftali" title="Ahuzat Naftali">Ahuzat Naftali</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/galilee">"Galilee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charlton_T._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlton T. Lewis">Charlton T. Lewis</a> and Charles Short, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i>, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1879), <i>s.v. Galilaea</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Placenames-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Placenames_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Placenames_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoom2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Room" title="Adrian Room">Room, Adrian</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&pg=PA138"><i>Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites</i></a> (2nd, revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-2248-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Martin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_N56Rnsm1DUC&pg=PA84"><i>Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in Ancient Galilee: A Region in Transition</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 84–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149044-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149044-6"><bdi>978-3-16-149044-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Identity+in+Ancient+Galilee%3A+A+Region+in+Transition&rft.pages=84-&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149044-6&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Zangenberg&rft.au=Harold+W.+Attridge&rft.au=Dale+B.+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_N56Rnsm1DUC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0526.tlg004.perseus-eng1:3.35">J. BJ 3.35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JVL_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/tribemap.html">"Map of the Twelve Tribes of Israel | Jewish Virtual Library"</a>. jewishvirtuallibrary.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mohr Siebeck. pp. <span class="nowrap">321–</span>324, <span class="nowrap">362–</span>371, <span class="nowrap">396–</span>400, <span class="nowrap">414–</span>416. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F43969">20.500.12657/43969</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-151460-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-151460-9"><bdi>978-3-16-151460-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settlement+and+History+in+Hellenistic%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Galilee%3A+An+Archaeological+Survey+of+the+Eastern+Galilee&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E324%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E362-%3C%2Fspan%3E371%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E396-%3C%2Fspan%3E400%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E414-%3C%2Fspan%3E416&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F43969&rft.isbn=978-3-16-151460-9&rft.aulast=Leibner&rft.aufirst=Uzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F43969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanceyPorter2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chancey, Mark Alan; Porter, Adam Lowry (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/3210829">"The Archaeology of Roman Palestine"</a>. <i>Near Eastern Archaeology</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210829">10.2307/3210829</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2076">1094-2076</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210829">3210829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Roman+Palestine&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=180&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1094-2076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210829%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210829&rft.aulast=Chancey&rft.aufirst=Mark+Alan&rft.au=Porter%2C+Adam+Lowry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F3210829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2006" class="citation cs2">Schwartz, Seth (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/political-social-and-economic-life-in-the-land-of-israel-66c-235/9B8F740CD3C91D2600B977B8A5EA2A09">"Political, social, and economic life in the Land of Israel, 66–c. 235"</a>, <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</i>, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521772488.003">10.1017/chol9780521772488.003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-31</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+4%3A+The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.atitle=Political%2C+social%2C+and+economic+life+in+the+Land+of+Israel%2C+66%E2%80%93c.+235&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521772488.003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-judaism%2Fpolitical-social-and-economic-life-in-the-land-of-israel-66c-235%2F9B8F740CD3C91D2600B977B8A5EA2A09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2016" class="citation journal cs1">Charlesworth, Scott D. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0142064X15621650">"The Use of Greek in Early Roman Galilee: The Inscriptional Evidence Re-examined"</a>. <i>Journal for the Study of the New Testament</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">356–</span>395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064X15621650">10.1177/0142064X15621650</a> – via SageJournals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Greek+in+Early+Roman+Galilee%3A+The+Inscriptional+Evidence+Re-examined&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E356-%3C%2Fspan%3E395&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142064X15621650&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=Scott+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1177%2F0142064X15621650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCromhout2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cromhout, Markus (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0259-94222008000300008#:~:text=To%20reiterate%3A%20Galileans%20were%20not,statement%20against%20Judean%20ethnic%20identity">"Were the Galileans "religious Jews" or "ethnic Judeans?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>HTS Theological Studies</i>. <b>64</b> (3) – via Scielo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HTS+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Were+the+Galileans+%22religious+Jews%22+or+%22ethnic+Judeans%3F%22&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cromhout&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.za%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0259-94222008000300008%23%3A~%3Atext%3DTo%2520reiterate%253A%2520Galileans%2520were%2520not%2Cstatement%2520against%2520Judean%2520ethnic%2520identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliott2007" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27314057">"Jesus the Israelite Was Neither a 'Jew' Nor a 'Christian': On Correcting Misleading Nomenclature"</a>. <i>Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476869007079741">10.1177/1476869007079741</a> – via Academia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Jesus+the+Israelite+Was+Neither+a+%27Jew%27+Nor+a+%27Christian%27%3A+On+Correcting+Misleading+Nomenclature&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1476869007079741&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27314057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders1993-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders1993_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1993). <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i>. London, New York, Ringwood, Australia, Toronto, Ontario, and Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014499-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014499-4"><bdi>978-0-14-014499-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.place=London%2C+New+York%2C+Ringwood%2C+Australia%2C+Toronto%2C+Ontario%2C+and+Auckland%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014499-4&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyers1999-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers1999_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric M. Meyers,'Sepphoris on the Eve of the Great Revolt (67–68 C.E.): Archaeology and Josephus,' in Eric M. Meyers,<i>Galilee Through the Centuries: Confluence of Cultures,</i> Eisenbrauns, 1999 pp.109ff., p. 114: (Josephus, Ant. 17.271–87; War 2.56–69).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casey2010-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casey2010_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Casey, Maurice</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC&q=The+area+surrounding+Nazareth+was+fertile&pg=PA194"><i>Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching</i></a>. New York City, New York and London, England: T & T Clark. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXK0auknD0YC%26q%3DThe%2Barea%2Bsurrounding%2BNazareth%2Bwas%2Bfertile%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#6:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 6:17–29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReed2010" class="citation journal cs1">Reed, Jonathan L. 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Statistical Abstract of Israel (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021023753/http://cbs.gov.il/shnaton64/st02_13.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Statistical+Abstract+of+Israel&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fshnaton64%2Fst02_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsrael_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics2002" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225719/http://www.cbs.gov.il/statistical/arabju.pdf">The Arab Population in Israel</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Statistilite. Vol. 27. sec. 23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/statistical/arabju.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Population+in+Israel&rft.series=Statistilite&rft.pages=sec.+23&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fstatistical%2Farabju.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ynet-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ynet_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeteresburg2011" class="citation news cs1">Peteresburg, Ofer (23 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4031115,00.html">"Haredim 'taking over'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Ynetnews</i>. Israel Business, ynetnews.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Haredim+%27taking+over%27&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft.aulast=Peteresburg&rft.aufirst=Ofer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4031115%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Estrin,_Canadian_Press2011" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Estrin, Canadian Press (April 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313005012/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/israel-unveils-hiking-trail-galilee-christian-pilgrims-20110415-093756-814.html">"Israel unveils hiking trail in Galilee for Christian pilgrims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.news.yahoo.com/israel-unveils-hiking-trail-galilee-christian-pilgrims-20110415-093756-814.html">the original</a> on 2013-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=Israel+unveils+hiking+trail+in+Galilee+for+Christian+pilgrims&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft.au=Daniel+Estrin%2C+Canadian+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.news.yahoo.com%2Fisrael-unveils-hiking-trail-galilee-christian-pilgrims-20110415-093756-814.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-accofestival-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-accofestival_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702144740/http://www.accofestival.co.il/home_eng.html">"Acco Festival"</a>. accofestival.co.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accofestival.co.il/home_eng.html">the original</a> on 2015-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acco+Festival&rft.pub=accofestival.co.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accofestival.co.il%2Fhome_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEaston1897" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_George_Easton" title="Matthew George Easton">Easton, Matthew George</a> (1897). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary_(1897)/Galilee" class="extiw" title="s:Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Galilee">Galilee</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Easton's Bible Dictionary">Easton's Bible Dictionary</a></i> (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Galilee&rft.btitle=Easton%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.edition=New+and+revised&rft.pub=T.+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGalilee" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Aviam, M., "Galilee: The Hellenistic to Byzantine Periods," in <i>The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land</i>, vol. 2 (4 vols) (Jerusalem: IES / Carta), 1993, 452–58.</li> <li>Meyers, Eric M. (ed), <i>Galilee through the Centuries: Confluence of Cultures</i> (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1999) (Duke Judaic Studies 1).</li> <li>Chancey, A.M., <i>Myth of a Gentile Galilee: The Population of Galilee and New Testament Studies</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) (Society of New Testament Monograph Series 118).</li> <li>Aviam, M., "First-century Jewish Galilee: An archaeological perspective," in Edwards, D.R. (ed.), <i>Religion and Society in Roman Palestine: Old Questions, New Approaches</i> (New York / London: Routledge, 2004), 7–27.</li> <li>Aviam, M., <i>Jews, Pagans and Christians in the Galilee</i> (Rochester NY: University of Rochester Press, 2004) (Land of Galilee 1).</li> <li>Chancey, Mark A., <i>Greco-Roman Culture and the Galilee of Jesus</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) (Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series, 134).</li> <li>Freyne, Sean, "Galilee and Judea in the First Century," in Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young (eds), <i>Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1. Origins to Constantine</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) (Cambridge History of Christianity), 163–94.</li> <li>Zangenberg, Jürgen, Harold W. Attridge and Dale B. Martin (eds), <i>Religion, Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Galilee: A Region in Transition</i> (Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2007) (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 210).</li> <li>Fiensy, David A., "Population, Architecture, and Economy in Lower Galilean Villages and Towns in the First Century AD: A Brief Survey," in John D. Wineland, Mark Ziese, James Riley Estep Jr. (eds), <i>My Father's World: Celebrating the Life of Reuben G. Bullard</i> (Eugene (OR), Wipf & Stock, 2011), 101–19.</li> <li>Safrai, Shmuel, "The Jewish Cultural Nature of Galilee in the First Century" The New Testament and Christian–Jewish Dialogue: Studies in Honor of David Flusser, Immanuel 24/25 (1990): 147–86; electronically published on jerusalemperspective.com.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text 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title="Kiryat Shmona">Kiryat Shmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot-Tarshiha" title="Ma'alot-Tarshiha">Ma'alot-Tarshiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_HaEmek" title="Migdal HaEmek">Migdal HaEmek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nof_HaGalil" title="Nof HaGalil">Nof HaGalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamra" title="Tamra">Tamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokneam_Illit" title="Yokneam Illit">Yokneam Illit</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_District_in_Israel_(%2Bdisputed_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg/50px-Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg/75px-Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg/100px-Northern_District_in_Israel_%28%2Bdisputed_hatched%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_council_(Israel)" title="Local council (Israel)">Local councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Snan" title="Abu Snan">Abu Snan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Arraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmat_Tab%27un" title="Basmat Tab'un">Basmat Tab'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitegen">Beitegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%27ina" title="Bi'ina">Bi'ina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_al-Maksur" title="Bir al-Maksur">Bir al-Maksur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%27eine_Nujeidat" title="Bu'eine Nujeidat">Bu'eine Nujeidat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daburiyya" title="Daburiyya">Daburiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Asad" title="Deir al-Asad">Deir al-Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Hanna" title="Deir Hanna">Deir Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilabun" title="Eilabun">Eilabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Mahil" title="Ein Mahil">Ein Mahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fassuta" title="Fassuta">Fassuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurfeish" title="Hurfeish">Hurfeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatzor_HaGlilit" title="Hatzor HaGlilit">Hatzor HaGlilit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27billin" title="I'billin">I'billin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iksal" title="Iksal">Iksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilut" title="Ilut">Ilut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeidi-Makr" title="Jadeidi-Makr">Jadeidi-Makr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jish" title="Jish">Jish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julis" title="Julis">Julis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre" title="Ka'abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre">Ka'abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul,_Israel" title="Kabul, Israel">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kanna" title="Kafr Kanna">Kafr Kanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Manda" title="Kafr Manda">Kafr Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukab_Abu_al-Hija" title="Kaukab Abu al-Hija">Kaukab Abu al-Hija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Kama" title="Kfar Kama">Kfar Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Tavor" title="Kfar Tavor">Kfar Tavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Vradim" title="Kfar Vradim">Kfar Vradim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisra-Sumei" title="Kisra-Sumei">Kisra-Sumei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majd_al-Krum" title="Majd al-Krum">Majd al-Krum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad,_Israel" title="Mashhad, Israel">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazra%27a" title="Mazra'a">Mazra'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metula" title="Metula">Metula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal,_Israel" title="Migdal, Israel">Migdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27ilya" title="Mi'ilya">Mi'ilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahf" title="Nahf">Nahf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramat_Yishai" title="Ramat Yishai">Ramat Yishai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reineh" title="Reineh">Reineh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Pinna" title="Rosh Pinna">Rosh Pinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajur" title="Sajur">Sajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ab,_Israel" title="Sha'ab, Israel">Sha'ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomi,_Israel" title="Shlomi, Israel">Shlomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli%E2%80%93Umm_al-Ghanam" title="Shibli–Umm al-Ghanam">Shibli–Umm al-Ghanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba-Zangariyye" title="Tuba-Zangariyye">Tuba-Zangariyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur%27an" title="Tur'an">Tur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yafa_an-Naseriyye" title="Yafa an-Naseriyye">Yafa an-Naseriyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanuh-Jat" title="Yanuh-Jat">Yanuh-Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarka" title="Yarka">Yarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavne%27el" title="Yavne'el">Yavne'el</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesud_HaMa%27ala" title="Yesud HaMa'ala">Yesud HaMa'ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzir" title="Zarzir">Zarzir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buq%27ata" title="Buq'ata">Buq'ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Qiniyye" title="Ein Qiniyye">Ein Qiniyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghajar" title="Ghajar">Ghajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ade" title="Mas'ade">Mas'ade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzrin" title="Katzrin">Katzrin</a> (Israeli settlement)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(Israel)" title="Regional council (Israel)">Regional councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Batuf_Regional_Council" title="Al-Batuf Regional Council">Al-Batuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emek_HaMaayanot_Regional_Council" title="Emek HaMaayanot Regional Council">Beit She'an Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_al-Marj_Regional_Council" title="Bustan al-Marj Regional Council">Bustan al-Marj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emek_HaYarden_Regional_Council" title="Emek HaYarden Regional Council">Northern Jordan Valley (Emek HaYarden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilboa_Regional_Council" title="Gilboa Regional Council">Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley_Regional_Council" title="Jezreel Valley Regional Council">Jezreel Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee_Regional_Council" title="Lower Galilee Regional Council">Lower Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Yosef_Regional_Council" title="Ma'ale Yosef Regional Council">Ma'ale Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateh_Asher_Regional_Council" title="Mateh Asher Regional Council">Mateh Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megiddo_Regional_Council" title="Megiddo Regional Council">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merom_HaGalil_Regional_Council" title="Merom HaGalil Regional Council">Merom HaGalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevo%27ot_HaHermon_Regional_Council" title="Mevo'ot HaHermon Regional Council">Mevo'ot HaHermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misgav_Regional_Council" title="Misgav Regional Council">Misgav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee_Regional_Council" title="Upper Galilee Regional Council">Upper Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Regional_Council" title="Golan Regional Council">Golan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83241#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1600" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83241#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1600" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83241#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172712077">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1239899/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Galilee (Israel)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85052797">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12062522v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12062522v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Galilea"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge601703&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX456910">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555546305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678145">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028881605">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Galilee&params=32.76_N_35.53_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°46′N</span> <span class="longitude">35°32′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.76°N 35.53°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.76; 35.53</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galilee&oldid=1280427163">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galilee&oldid=1280427163</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Galilee" title="Category:Galilee">Galilee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_of_Israel" 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