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D'une part, presque tous s'en servent pour distinguer un <em>type de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les hommes vivent en société. Or, lorsqu'il s'agit de le définir, cet espace familier, dans lequel s'inscrivent toutes leurs pratiques – individuelles ou collectives –, et toutes leurs représentations, révèle une opacité inattendue.. L'analyse sociologique construit des niveaux de réalité sociale, des systèmes de relations : ordre du politique, de l'économique, du religieux ou, p..." title="Article : SOCIÉTÉ" href="/encyclopedie/societe/">société</a></em>parmi d'autres, un mode d' <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'idée est ancienne : la société humaine fonctionne non comme une machine ou un automate composé de pièces mécaniques, mais comme un corps organisé ou, plus généralement, comme une « organisation ». L'analogie, cependant, serait trompeuse, et conduirait aux métaphores de l'organisme, si ethnologues et sociologues n'élaboraient des instruments d'analyse pour leur usage spéc..." title="Article : ORGANISATION SOCIALE" href="/encyclopedie/organisation-sociale/">organisation sociale</a> spécifique qu'ils comparent à d'autres (« bandes », « États », etc.). Ce point cependant ne fait pas l'unanimité parmi eux par suite de l'imprécision des critères sélectionnés pour définir et isoler ces divers types de société. Mais le désaccord est encore plus profond à propos du second usage du terme « tribu », lorsqu'il désigne un <em>stade de</em><em> l'évolution </em>de la société humaine. Le lien entre ces deux usages est d'ailleurs très clair puisque, dans la perspective des évolutionnistes, chaque stade d'évolution est caractérisé par un type spécifique d'organisation sociale. La majorité des anthropologues se refusent toutefois à conclure de l'existence d'un mode d'organisation sociale à l'existence d'un stade nécessaire de l'évolution de l'humanité et contestent même la possibilité théorique d'une analyse scientifique de l'évolution des sociétés humaines (E. R. Leach), ou dénient tout intérêt à se préoccuper de leur histoire. C'est le cas, à l'exception notable d'Evans-Pritchard ou de Raymond Firth, de la plupart des anthropologues qui se réclament du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L' intuition fondatrice du fonctionnalisme emprunte aux travaux anthropologiques et sociologiques classiques qui, à la fin du xix e siècle, se sont souvent laissé séduire par l'analogie organiciste. De ce point de vue, la société est plus que la somme des parties qui la composent. Comme dans un corps vivant, chaque segment (la famille, l'école...) remplit un rôle précis et contri..." title="Article : FONCTIONNALISME" href="/encyclopedie/fonctionnalisme/">fonctionnalisme</a> ou d'un certain <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le structuralisme n'est pas une école de pensée facilement identifiable. À la fin des années 1950, la référence au concept de structure est générale dans le champ des sciences humaines , et trois colloques aux titres évocateurs attestent à la fois de cette généralisation de la notion, de sa dispersion... et de son imprécision : en 1959, Sens et usages du terme structure (R. B..." title="Article : STRUCTURALISME" href="/encyclopedie/structuralisme/">structuralisme</a>. En outre, même parmi ceux qui défendent le projet de construire une théorie scientifique de l'évolution sociale, certains, comme Herbert Lewis, ne considèrent pas le mode d'organisation tribale de la société comme un stade nécessaire et général de cette évolution, et d'autres, comme Morton Fried, vont plus loin encore, et y voient à la fois l'effet secondaire de l'apparition de sociétés étatiques et un véritable cul-de-sac de l'évolution de l'humanité.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH996023" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Enfants-soldats au Soudan" href="/media/enfants-soldats-au-soudan-ph996023/"><img id="PH996023" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/8/csm_ph996023_04659ed033.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Enfants-soldats au Soudan - crédits : John Downing/ Getty Images" data-description="Des enfants en armes dans la guérilla menée contre les troupes gouvernementales, au Sud-Soudan, en 1971." data-copyright="John Downing/ Getty Images" width="800" height="528" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Enfants-soldats au Soudan </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> John Downing/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>En définitive, bien que le terme « tribu » envahisse littéralement les écrits et les discours des anthropologues et ne semble pas situé dans les zones des combats théoriques les plus âpres de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La relative jeunesse d'une discipline qui ne se comprend qu'au travers des conditions de son avènement, de ses hésitations, de ses multiples cheminements rend malaisé de définir en quelques lignes l'anthropologie, son objet, ses méthodes et son histoire. Par ailleurs, le succès que connaît cette science – et que marque à l'évidence la dimension anthropologique dont sont affectées tout..." title="Article : ANTHROPOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/anthropologie/">anthropologie</a>, depuis une décennie le doute, l'inquiétude, la critique et parfois le refus déclaré ont peu à peu fait leur apparition à son propos, jusqu'à la crise ouverte actuelle. Neiva, à la suite de Leach, crie à la « scandaleuse imprécision du concept », Julian Steward, évolutionniste lui-même, incite à la plus grande prudence devant ce qu'il appelle un concept « fourre-tout » et d'autres, comme Swartz, Turner, Toden, choisissent de l'ignorer systématiquement bien qu'ils explorent un domaine, l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'anthropologie politique poursuit un projet fort ancien orientant déjà la réflexion d' Aristote dans sa Politique : la définition de l'homme en tant qu'être « naturellement » politique. Elle apparaît, sous sa forme moderne, comme une discipline de constitution tardive ; elle délimite alors un domaine d'étude au sein de l' anthropologie sociale ou de l'ethnologie. Elle ..." title="Article : ANTHROPOLOGIE POLITIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/anthropologie-politique/">anthropologie politique</a>, au sein duquel le concept de tribu jouait traditionnellement le rôle de maître mot. À ces critiques d'ordre théorique s'ajoutent un malaise et de violentes attaques contre l'usage idéologique de ce concept sous la forme dérivée et cousine de celui de « tribalisme ». L'existence d'organisations tribales en Afrique, en Amérique, en Océanie, en Asie semble en effet responsable des difficultés que rencontrent de jeunes États-nations dans leur développement économique et politique, et dans la conquête de leur indépendance. L'existence de vestiges plus ou moins vivaces d'organisations tribales précoloniales fournirait les raisons d'événements aussi dramatiques que la guerre du Biafra, la révolte des Mau-Mau, la dissidence des Touaregs ou des tribus « animistes » du sud du Soudan, la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Longtemps hantée par le déclin et la chute de l'Empire romain d'Occident, la réflexion sur la décadence est solidaire d'une méditation sur l'Histoire dans laquelle elle s'inscrit. Elle l'est également de spéculations sur le destin des civilisations dont le devenir est souvent interprété à partir d'un modèle unique qui se résout en une métaphore organiciste : les individus vieill..." title="Article : DÉCADENCE" href="/encyclopedie/decadence/">décadence</a> des Indiens d'Amérique du Sud.</p><p>L'enjeu ici, comme l'a montré Jomo Kenyatta (<em>Au pied du mont Kenya</em>), n'est pas seulement d'interpréter le monde, mais d'agir sur ses contradictions, de le transformer à partir d'une analyse exacte. 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<a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="S180941_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="GODELIER, Maurice"><a title="Auteur : Maurice GODELIER" rel="author" href="/auteurs/maurice-godelier/"><strong>Maurice GODELIER</strong></a> : directeur d'études de classe exceptionnelle à l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : TRIBU" href="/carte-mentale/tribu/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yS180941_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sociologie" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/"> Sociologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sociologie: généralités" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/sociologie-generalites/"> Sociologie: généralités </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Structure sociale" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/sociologie-generalites/structure-sociale/"> Structure sociale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Stratification sociale"> <a title="Classification : Stratification sociale" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/sociologie-generalites/structure-sociale/stratification-sociale/"> Stratification sociale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yS180941_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996023" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Enfants-soldats au Soudan" href="/media/enfants-soldats-au-soudan-ph996023/"> <img id="PH996023" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/8/csm_ph996023_04659ed033.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Enfants-soldats au Soudan - crédits : John Downing/ Getty Images" data-description="Des enfants en armes dans la guérilla menée contre les troupes gouvernementales, au Sud-Soudan, en 1971." data-copyright="John Downing/ Getty Images" width="800" height="528" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Enfants-soldats au Soudan </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> John Downing/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V220955" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Société lignagère : organisation politique territoriale et parenté" href="/media/societe-lignagere-organisation-politique-territoriale-et-parente-v220955/"> <img id="V220955" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/a/csm_v220955_4243a8fa2b.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Société lignagère : organisation politique territoriale et parenté - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Schéma des rapports entre les relations de parenté et l'organisation politique et territoriale au sein d'une société lignagère segmentaire (d'après Paul Bohannan, « The Migration and Expansion of the Tiv », in « Africa », vol. II, 1954)" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1760" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Société lignagère : organisation politique territoriale et parenté </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V220956" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Chefferie polynésienne : organisation politique territoriale et parenté" href="/media/chefferie-polynesienne-organisation-politique-territoriale-et-parente-v220956/"> <img id="V220956" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/4/csm_v220956_0e773882ab.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Chefferie polynésienne : organisation politique territoriale et parenté - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Schéma des rapports entre les relations de parenté et l'organisation politique et territoriale au sein d'une chefferie polynésienne (d'après Marshall Sahlins, « Tribesmen »)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1940" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Chefferie polynésienne : organisation politique territoriale et parenté </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yS180941_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/amerindiens-amerique-du-nord/#c15799"> <span class="rg">AMÉRINDIENS - </span><span class="rm">Amérique du Nord</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie-Pierre BOUSQUET</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> et <span rel="author">Roger RENAUD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 380 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AM&Eacute;RINDIENS - Am&eacute;rique du Nord" href="/encyclopedie/amerindiens-amerique-du-nord/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Indien des Grandes Plaines - crédits : S. Bachlakov/ Shutterstock.com" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/9/csm_ph160277_ee6c5db203.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Le territoire n'est propriété ni des membres ni même de la tribu, il a sa propre vérité ; les Indiens n'ont pas disputé aux Européens le droit de s'installer, les ont même aidés. Le territoire est chair de la tribu, il la crée. En vivant avec ce qui l'entoure, en être autonome et responsable, l'être... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/beloutches-baloutches/"> <span class="rg">BÉLOUTCHES </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">BALOUTCHES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Charles BLANC</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">646 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> On trouve des Béloutches (appelés aussi Baloutches) au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Pakistan est né de la volonté des musulmans de l' Inde britannique d'obtenir un « État séparé ». La création de celui-ci a été réclamée dans les dernières années d'existence de l'Empire des Indes par la Ligue musulmane de Mohammed Ali Jinnah, qui avait reçu des encouragements de la puissance colonisatrice, dans le cadre d'une politique qui consistait à « diviser po..." title="Article : PAKISTAN" href="/encyclopedie/pakistan/">Pakistan</a>, en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dépourvu d'accès à la mer, l'Afghanistan est entouré au nord par le Turkménistan , l' Ouzbékistan et le Tadjikistan ; à l'ouest par l'Iran ; au sud et à l'est par le Pakistan ; au nord-est, le corridor de Wakhan est limitrophe du Xinjiang chinois.. L'Afghanistan est plus grand que la France (652 000 km 2 ) mais sa population, estimée entre 25 et 30 millions d'habitants au milieu..." title="Article : AFGHANISTAN" href="/encyclopedie/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a>, en Iran, dans les républiques d'Asie centrale, en Inde et dans les émirats du golfe arabo-persique. C'est au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Vaste région montagneuse semi-désertique, le Béloutchistan (ou Baloutchistan ou Bālutchestān) est partagé entre l'Iran et le Pākistān et comprend, au moins sur le plan ethno-linguistique, une partie de l'Afghānistān méridional. Il est formé de chaînes, parallèles à la côte du golfe d'Oman, qui rendent difficile l'accès vers l'intérieur du pays et sa mise en valeur. Morcelées et ..." title="Article : BÉLOUTCHISTAN ou BALOUTCHISTAN" href="/encyclopedie/beloutchistan-baloutchistan/">Béloutchistan</a> pakistanais et iranien que vivent les plus importantes communautés béloutches....</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/clan/#c15799"> <span class="rg">CLAN</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jacques MAQUET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 074 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CLAN" href="/encyclopedie/clan/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Totem indien - crédits : Giulio Paletta/ Education Images/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/b/csm_ph040070_845bfb886c.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Legroupe le plus large fondé sur la descendance unilinéaire est la tribu. L'ancêtre tribal se situe aussi dans un passé brumeux, à la fois proche des origines de l'humanité (l'ancêtre tribal est un dieu, ou est descendu du ciel) et antérieur de peu aux ancêtres claniques (qui sont souvent ses enfants... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/columbia-fleuve/#c15799"> <span class="rg">COLUMBIA, </span><em class="it">fleuve</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Liza PIPER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 952 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...primaire ou à vocation touristique comme Revelstoke et Trail. Le fleuve traverse les territoires traditionnels de nombreux groupes autochtones, y compris les tribus Yakama, Warm Springs, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Petite tribu d'Indiens de la région des hauts plateaux au nord-ouest des États-Unis, du groupe linguistique Shahaptin, les Umatilla vivaient sur les rives de la rivière Columbia, dans des villages temporaires dont la taille pouvait varier d'une région à l'autre. À la saison de la pêche, ils quittaient ces villages pour aller vivre dans des campements près des rivières à saumon, car ce po..." title="Article : UMATILLA" href="/encyclopedie/umatilla/">Umatilla</a>, Nez Perce, Cœur d'Alene, Spokane, Kalispel et Kootenai, les tribus confédérées de la réserve de Colville et les... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/tribu/"> Afficher les 18 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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