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id="toc-In_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Iranian_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Iranian_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>In the Iranian world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Iranian_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_early_Hellenistic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_early_Hellenistic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>In the early Hellenistic world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_early_Hellenistic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Roman_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Roman_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>In the Roman world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Roman_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_symbol_of_liberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_symbol_of_liberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>As a symbol of liberty</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_a_symbol_of_liberty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As a symbol of liberty subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_a_symbol_of_liberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_Phrygian_to_liberty_cap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Phrygian_to_liberty_cap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>From Phrygian to liberty cap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Phrygian_to_liberty_cap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France's_bonnet_rouge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France's_bonnet_rouge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>France's <i>bonnet rouge</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France's_bonnet_rouge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_revolutionary_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_revolutionary_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>In revolutionary France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_revolutionary_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>During the Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>In modern France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Revolutionary_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Revolutionary_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>In Revolutionary America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Revolutionary_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Latin_America_and_Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Latin_America_and_Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>In Latin America and Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Latin_America_and_Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Russian sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phrygian cap</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قبعة فريجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قبعة فريجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigiya_papa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Frigiya papağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frigiya papağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Фрыгійскі каўпак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыгійскі каўпак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фригийска шапка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фригийска шапка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barret_frigi" title="Barret frigi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Barret frigi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygick%C3%A1_%C4%8Dapka" title="Frygická čapka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frygická čapka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappellu_frisgiu" title="Cappellu frisgiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cappellu frisgiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygische_M%C3%BCtze" title="Phrygische Mütze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phrygische Mütze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BC%C3%BCgia_m%C3%BCts" title="Früügia müts – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Früügia müts" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φρυγικός σκούφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρυγικός σκούφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorro_frigio" title="Gorro frigio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gorro frigio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friga_%C4%89apo" title="Friga ĉapo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Friga ĉapo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigiar_txano" title="Frigiar txano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frigiar txano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="کلاه فریگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلاه فریگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnet_phrygien" title="Bonnet phrygien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bonnet phrygien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrete_frixio" title="Barrete frixio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Barrete frixio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EA%B8%B0%EC%95%84_%EB%AA%A8%EC%9E%90" title="프리기아 모자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리기아 모자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Փռյուգյան գլխարկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փռյուգյան գլխարկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigijska_kapa" title="Frigijska kapa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frigijska kapa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topi_Frigia" title="Topi Frigia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Topi Frigia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berretto_frigio" title="Berretto frigio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Berretto frigio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מצנפת פריגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצנפת פריגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="ფრიგიული ჩაჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრიგიული ჩაჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygische_mutsj" title="Frygische mutsj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Frygische mutsj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%ADgiai_sapka" title="Frígiai sapka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frígiai sapka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Фригиска капа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фригиска капа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygische_muts" title="Frygische muts – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frygische muts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E5%B8%BD" title="フリジア帽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリジア帽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygisk_lue" title="Frygisk lue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frygisk lue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygisk_hue" title="Frygisk hue – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frygisk hue" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="فرائیگین ٹوپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرائیگین ٹوپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czapka_frygijska" title="Czapka frygijska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czapka frygijska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrete_fr%C3%ADgio" title="Barrete frígio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barrete frígio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonet%C4%83_frigian%C4%83" title="Bonetă frigiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bonetă frigiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Фригийский колпак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фригийский колпак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phrygian cap" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BDgick%C3%A1_%C4%8Diapka" title="Frýgická čiapka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frýgická čiapka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Фригијска капа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фригијска капа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigijska_kapa" title="Frigijska kapa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Frigijska kapa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryygialaismyssy" title="Fryygialaismyssy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fryygialaismyssy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frygisk_m%C3%B6ssa" title="Frygisk mössa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frygisk mössa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frig_ba%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Frig başlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frig başlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Фригійський ковпак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фригійський ковпак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Soft conical cap with the top pulled forward</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Liberty Cap headgear. For more terms with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Liberty_cap_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Liberty cap (disambiguation)">Liberty cap (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the headgear. For the medical term, see <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap_(anatomy)" title="Phrygian cap (anatomy)">Phrygian cap (anatomy)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_prisoner,_Ma_1383_(194).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seated_prisoner%2C_Ma_1383_%28194%29.jpg/220px-Seated_prisoner%2C_Ma_1383_%28194%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seated_prisoner%2C_Ma_1383_%28194%29.jpg/330px-Seated_prisoner%2C_Ma_1383_%28194%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seated_prisoner%2C_Ma_1383_%28194%29.jpg/440px-Seated_prisoner%2C_Ma_1383_%28194%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a> prisoner with <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygian</a> cap, Roman statue from the 2nd century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Phrygian cap</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6a\/En-us-Phrygian.oga\/En-us-Phrygian.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Phrygian.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/En-us-Phrygian.oga/En-us-Phrygian.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Phrygian.oga" title="File:En-us-Phrygian.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FRIJ</span>-(ee)-ən</i></a>), also known as <b>Thracian cap</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>liberty cap</b>, is a soft <a href="/wiki/Pointed_hat" title="Pointed hat">conical</a> <a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">cap</a> with the apex bent over, associated in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> with several peoples in Eastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and Asia. The Phrygian cap was worn by <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a> after whom it's named.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known depiction of the Phrygian cap is from <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. </p><p>Although Phrygian caps did not originally function as liberty caps, they came to signify freedom and the pursuit of liberty first in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and then in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Jacobinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobinism">Jacobinism</a> (in which context it has been also called a <b>Jacobin cap</b>). The original cap of liberty was the Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">pileus</a></i>, the felt cap of emancipated slaves of ancient Rome, which was an attribute of <a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a>, the Roman goddess of liberty. In the 16th century, the Roman iconography of liberty was revived in emblem books and numismatic handbooks where the figure of Libertas is usually depicted with a <i>pileus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most extensive use of headgear as a symbol of freedom in the first two centuries after the revival of the Roman iconography was made in the Netherlands, where the cap of liberty was adopted in the form of a contemporary hat.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, the traditional liberty cap was widely used in English prints, and from 1789 also in French prints; by the early 1790s, it was regularly used in the Phrygian form. </p><p>It is used in the coat of arms of certain republics or of republican state institutions in the place where otherwise a crown would be used (in the heraldry of monarchies). It thus came to be identified as a symbol of republican government. A number of national personifications, in particular France's <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a>, are commonly depicted wearing the Phrygian cap. Scientists pointed to the cultural and historical relationship of the Phrygian cap with the <a href="/wiki/Kurkhars" title="Kurkhars">kurkhars</a>—the national female headdress of the <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESemyonov1959_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESemyonov1959-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protagonists of the Belgian comic series <a href="/wiki/The_Smurfs" title="The Smurfs"><i>The Smurfs</i></a> wear white phrygian caps. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_antiquity">In antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Iranian_world">In the Iranian world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the Iranian world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParthianInChains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ParthianInChains.jpg/147px-ParthianInChains.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ParthianInChains.jpg/220px-ParthianInChains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ParthianInChains.jpg/293px-ParthianInChains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> (right) wearing a Phrygian cap, 203 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>What came to be labelled as the Phrygian cap was originally used by several Iranian peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>. From the reports of the ancient Greeks, it appears that the Iranian variant also was a soft headdress and called a <i>tiara</i>. </p><p>The Greeks identified one variant with their eastern neighbors and labeled it the "Phrygian cap", although it was actually worn by nearly all Iranian tribes, from the <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Cappadocians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>Katpatuka</i>) in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a> (OPers. <i>Sakā</i>) in the northeast. This and other variants can be observed in the reliefs at Persepolis. All seem to have been made of soft material with long flaps over the ears and the neck, but the form of the top varies. The famous "upright (<i>orthē</i>) tiara" was worn by the king. Members of the Median upper class wore high, crested tiaras.<sup id="cite_ref-iranicacrown_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicacrown-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_early_Hellenistic_world">In the early Hellenistic world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the early Hellenistic world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Attis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg/137px-Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg/206px-Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg/274px-Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_Ganymede_Louvre_Ma535.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ganymede" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bust_Ganymede_Louvre_Ma535.jpg/127px-Bust_Ganymede_Louvre_Ma535.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bust_Ganymede_Louvre_Ma535.jpg/191px-Bust_Ganymede_Louvre_Ma535.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bust_Ganymede_Louvre_Ma535.jpg/254px-Bust_Ganymede_Louvre_Ma535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Paris of Troy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg/135px-Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg/203px-Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg/270px-Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris of Troy</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mithras_tauroctony_Louvre_Ma3441b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mithras, Sol Invictus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mithras_tauroctony_Louvre_Ma3441b.jpg/129px-Mithras_tauroctony_Louvre_Ma3441b.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mithras_tauroctony_Louvre_Ma3441b.jpg/194px-Mithras_tauroctony_Louvre_Ma3441b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mithras_tauroctony_Louvre_Ma3441b.jpg/258px-Mithras_tauroctony_Louvre_Ma3441b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1618" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mithras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithras">Mithras</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>By the 4th century BC (early <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>), the Phrygian cap was associated with <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygian</a> <a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a>, the consort of <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>, the cult of which had by then become hellenized. The cap appears in depictions of the mythological kings <a href="/wiki/King_Midas" class="mw-redirect" title="King Midas">Midas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus of Thrace</a>, the legendary bard <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> and other Thraco-Phrygians portrayed in Greek <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">vase-paintings</a> and sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such images predate the earliest surviving literary references to the cap.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Orpheus_mosaic_6551.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Orpheus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Orpheus_mosaic_6551.jpg/132px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Orpheus_mosaic_6551.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Orpheus_mosaic_6551.jpg/198px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Orpheus_mosaic_6551.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Orpheus_mosaic_6551.jpg/264px-Antakya_Archaeological_Museum_Orpheus_mosaic_6551.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mosaic_Museum_Hunting_Amazons_mosaic_5180.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Penthesilea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Urfa_Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mosaic_Museum_Hunting_Amazons_mosaic_5180.jpg/132px-Urfa_Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mosaic_Museum_Hunting_Amazons_mosaic_5180.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Urfa_Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mosaic_Museum_Hunting_Amazons_mosaic_5180.jpg/198px-Urfa_Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mosaic_Museum_Hunting_Amazons_mosaic_5180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Urfa_Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mosaic_Museum_Hunting_Amazons_mosaic_5180.jpg/264px-Urfa_Haleplibah%C3%A7e_Mosaic_Museum_Hunting_Amazons_mosaic_5180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rhesus of Thrace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg/130px-Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg/195px-Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg/260px-Rhesos_MNA_Naples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2140" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus</a> (Top-Left)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Thracian Horseman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak.jpg/134px-Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak.jpg/201px-Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak.jpg/268px-Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> Horseman</div></div></div></div></div> <p>By extension, the Phrygian cap also came to be applied to several other non-Greek-speaking peoples ("<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>" in the classical sense). Most notable of these extended senses of "Phrygian" were the <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojans</a> and other western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> peoples, who in Greek perception were synonymous with the Phrygians, and whose heroes <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a> were all regularly depicted with a Phrygian cap. Other Greek earthenware of antiquity also depict <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> and so-called "Scythian" archers with Phrygian caps. Although these are military depictions, the headgear is distinguished from "<a href="/wiki/Phrygian_helmet" title="Phrygian helmet">Phrygian helmets</a>" by long ear flaps, and the figures are also identified as "barbarians" by their trousers. The headgear also appears in 2nd-century BC <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanagra_figurine" title="Tanagra figurine">Tanagra figurines</a> of an effeminate <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a>, and in various 1st-century BC statuary of the <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a>, in eastern Anatolia. Greek representations of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracians</a> also regularly appear with Phrygian caps, most notably <a href="/wiki/Bendis" title="Bendis">Bendis</a>, the Thracian goddess of the Moon and the hunt, and <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, a legendary Thracian poet and musician.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the Phrygian cap was of wool or soft leather, in pre-Hellenistic times the Greeks had already developed a military helmet that had a similarly characteristic flipped-over tip. These so-called "<a href="/wiki/Phrygian_helmet" title="Phrygian helmet">Phrygian helmets</a>" (named in modern times after the cap) were usually of bronze and in prominent use in Thrace, Dacia, Magna Graecia, and the rest of the Hellenistic world from the 5th century BC up to Roman times. Due to their superficial similarity, the cap and helmet are often difficult to distinguish in Greek art (especially in <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure</a> earthenware) unless the headgear is identified as a soft flexible cap by long earflaps or a long neck flap. Also confusingly similar are the depictions of the helmets used by cavalry and light infantry (<i>cf.</i> <a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltasts</a> of Thrace and <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a>), whose headgear – aside from the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Alopekis" title="Alopekis">alopekis</a></i> caps of fox skin – also included stiff leather helmets in imitation of the bronze ones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Roman_world">In the Roman world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the Roman world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daker1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daker1.jpg/220px-Daker1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daker1.jpg/330px-Daker1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Daker1.jpg/440px-Daker1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="5568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a> sculpture with Phrygian Cap</figcaption></figure> <p>The Greek concept passed to the Romans in its extended sense, and thus encompassed not only to Phrygians or Trojans (which the Romans also generally associated with the term "Phrygian"), but also the other near-neighbours of the Greeks. On <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, which commemorated <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's epic wars</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> (101–102 and 105–106 AD), the Phrygian cap adorns the heads of Dacian warriors. The prisoner, accompanying Trajan in the monumental, three meter tall statue of Trajan in the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea</a>, is wearing a Phrygian cap. Parthians appear with Phrygian caps in the 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a>, which commemorates Roman victories over the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. Likewise with Phrygians caps, but for <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, appear in 2nd-century friezes built into the 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Phrygian cap reappears in figures related to the first to fourth century religion of <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>-centric <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Roman mystery cult</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#cultus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion"><i>cultus</i></a>) projected itself with <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster#In_classical_antiquity" title="Zoroaster">pseudo-Oriental</a> trappings (known as <i>perserie</i> in scholarship) in order to distinguish itself from both traditional Roman religion and from the other mystery cults. In the artwork of the cult (e.g. in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Tauroctony" title="Tauroctony">tauroctony</a>" <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult images</a>), the figures of the god Mithras as well as those of his helpers <a href="/wiki/Cautes_and_Cautopates" title="Cautes and Cautopates">Cautes and Cautopates</a> are routinely depicted with a Phrygian cap. The function of the Phrygian cap in the cult are unknown, but it is conventionally identified as an accessory of its <i>perserie</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christian</a> art (and continuing well into the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>) build on the same Greco-Roman perceptions of (Pseudo-)<a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> and his "<a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a>" as experts in the arts of astrology and <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, and routinely depict the "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">three wise men</a>" (that follow <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">a <i>star</i></a>) with Phrygian caps.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption"><b>Representations of Phrygian Caps from Antiquity</b></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_statue_of_Artemis_Bendis_MET_GR368_74.51.2477.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendis, Thracian goddess of the moon and the hunt, wearing a Phrygian cap. Limestone Statue, c. 350 BC."><img alt="Bendis, Thracian goddess of the moon and the hunt, wearing a Phrygian cap. Limestone Statue, c. 350 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Limestone_statue_of_Artemis_Bendis_MET_GR368_74.51.2477.jpg/118px-Limestone_statue_of_Artemis_Bendis_MET_GR368_74.51.2477.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Limestone_statue_of_Artemis_Bendis_MET_GR368_74.51.2477.jpg/177px-Limestone_statue_of_Artemis_Bendis_MET_GR368_74.51.2477.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Limestone_statue_of_Artemis_Bendis_MET_GR368_74.51.2477.jpg/236px-Limestone_statue_of_Artemis_Bendis_MET_GR368_74.51.2477.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bendis" title="Bendis">Bendis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> goddess of the moon and the hunt, wearing a Phrygian cap. Limestone Statue, c. 350 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paris of Troy wearing a Phrygian cap. Marble, Roman artwork from the Hadrianic period (117–138 AD)."><img alt="Paris of Troy wearing a Phrygian cap. Marble, Roman artwork from the Hadrianic period (117–138 AD)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg/180px-Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg/270px-Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg/360px-Judgement_Paris_Altemps_Inv8563_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris of Troy</a> wearing a Phrygian cap. Marble, Roman artwork from the <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrianic</a> period (117–138 AD).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniature_of_the_Trojan_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Trojans accept the Trojan Horse - Aeneid manuscript, 4th-century."><img alt="The Trojans accept the Trojan Horse - Aeneid manuscript, 4th-century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Miniature_of_the_Trojan_Horse.jpg/180px-Miniature_of_the_Trojan_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Miniature_of_the_Trojan_Horse.jpg/270px-Miniature_of_the_Trojan_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Miniature_of_the_Trojan_Horse.jpg/360px-Miniature_of_the_Trojan_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span data-darkreader-inline-color="">The</span> <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojans</a> <span data-darkreader-inline-color="">accept the</span> <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a> <span data-darkreader-inline-color="">-</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">manuscript</a>,</i> <span data-darkreader-inline-color="">4th-century.</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC00355_-_Orfeo_(epoca_romana)_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Thracian musician Orpheus surrounded by animals. Ancient Roman floor mosaic from Sicily."><img alt="The Thracian musician Orpheus surrounded by animals. Ancient Roman floor mosaic from Sicily." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg/170px-DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg/254px-DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg/339px-DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> surrounded by animals. Ancient Roman floor mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attis_Altieri_Chiaramonti_Inv1656.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman sculpture of Attis, the consort of the Phrygian goddess Cybele wearing a Phrygian cap and performing a cult dance."><img alt="Roman sculpture of Attis, the consort of the Phrygian goddess Cybele wearing a Phrygian cap and performing a cult dance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Attis_Altieri_Chiaramonti_Inv1656.jpg/119px-Attis_Altieri_Chiaramonti_Inv1656.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Attis_Altieri_Chiaramonti_Inv1656.jpg/178px-Attis_Altieri_Chiaramonti_Inv1656.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Attis_Altieri_Chiaramonti_Inv1656.jpg/237px-Attis_Altieri_Chiaramonti_Inv1656.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a>, the consort of the Phrygian goddess <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> wearing a Phrygian cap and performing a cult dance.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_History_Museum,_Sofia,_Bulgaria_20090405_048.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze Helmet design widely used by the Thracians, 4th century BC."><img alt="Bronze Helmet design widely used by the Thracians, 4th century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_048.JPG/120px-National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_048.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_048.JPG/180px-National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_048.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_048.JPG/240px-National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_048.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_helmet" title="Phrygian helmet">Helmet design</a> widely used by the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, 4th century BC. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Myst%C3%A8re_Mithra_-2022-05-22_-_11-03-39_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Mithra_-_6314.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpted head of Mithras, Sol Invictus, 1st century AD."><img alt="Sculpted head of Mithras, Sol Invictus, 1st century AD." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Le_Myst%C3%A8re_Mithra_-2022-05-22_-_11-03-39_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Mithra_-_6314.jpg/130px-Le_Myst%C3%A8re_Mithra_-2022-05-22_-_11-03-39_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Mithra_-_6314.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Le_Myst%C3%A8re_Mithra_-2022-05-22_-_11-03-39_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Mithra_-_6314.jpg/194px-Le_Myst%C3%A8re_Mithra_-2022-05-22_-_11-03-39_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Mithra_-_6314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Le_Myst%C3%A8re_Mithra_-2022-05-22_-_11-03-39_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Mithra_-_6314.jpg/259px-Le_Myst%C3%A8re_Mithra_-2022-05-22_-_11-03-39_-_T%C3%AAte_de_Mithra_-_6314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3547" data-file-height="4924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpted head of <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>, 1st century AD.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Nemrut_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of Antiochus I Theos (r. 70 - 30 BC), Armenian-Macedonian ruler of the Commagene kingdom, Mount Nemrut, Turkey."><img alt="Head of Antiochus I Theos (r. 70 - 30 BC), Armenian-Macedonian ruler of the Commagene kingdom, Mount Nemrut, Turkey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mount_Nemrut_%284%29.jpg/180px-Mount_Nemrut_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mount_Nemrut_%284%29.jpg/270px-Mount_Nemrut_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mount_Nemrut_%284%29.jpg/360px-Mount_Nemrut_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus I of Commagene">Antiochus I Theos</a> (r. 70 - 30 BC), Armenian-Macedonian ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nemrut" title="Mount Nemrut">Mount Nemrut</a>, Turkey.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orontes_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mysian Golden Coin with the image of Orontes I, predecessor of Antiochus I Theos, 4th century BC."><img alt="Mysian Golden Coin with the image of Orontes I, predecessor of Antiochus I Theos, 4th century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Orontes_I.jpg/180px-Orontes_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Orontes_I.jpg/270px-Orontes_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Orontes_I.jpg/360px-Orontes_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mysians" title="Mysians">Mysian</a> Golden Coin with the image of <a href="/wiki/Orontes_I" title="Orontes I">Orontes I</a>, predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus I of Commagene">Antiochus I Theos</a>, 4th century BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Antiquities_in_the_Museum_August_Kestner_339.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Gnathia-style ceramic vessel with lion-head spouts from ancient Magna Graecia (Apulia, Italy), depicting a blond winged youth with a Phrygian cap, by the "Toledo" painter, c. 300 BC."><img alt="A Gnathia-style ceramic vessel with lion-head spouts from ancient Magna Graecia (Apulia, Italy), depicting a blond winged youth with a Phrygian cap, by the "Toledo" painter, c. 300 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greek_Antiquities_in_the_Museum_August_Kestner_339.JPG/134px-Greek_Antiquities_in_the_Museum_August_Kestner_339.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greek_Antiquities_in_the_Museum_August_Kestner_339.JPG/201px-Greek_Antiquities_in_the_Museum_August_Kestner_339.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greek_Antiquities_in_the_Museum_August_Kestner_339.JPG/268px-Greek_Antiquities_in_the_Museum_August_Kestner_339.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Gnathia_vases" title="Gnathia vases">Gnathia-style</a> ceramic vessel with lion-head spouts from ancient <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, Italy), depicting a <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blond</a> winged youth with a Phrygian cap, by <a href="/wiki/Apulian_vase_painting" title="Apulian vase painting">the "Toledo" painter</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magi_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The biblical "three wise men" with Phrygian caps to identify them as "orientals". 6th-century, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy."><img alt="The biblical "three wise men" with Phrygian caps to identify them as "orientals". 6th-century, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/180px-Magi_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/270px-Magi_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/360px-Magi_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The biblical "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">three wise men</a>" with Phrygian caps to identify them as "orientals". 6th-century, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naqsh-e_Rostam_II,_register_view_(3160636781).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naqsh-e Rostam II rock relief, attributed to the Sasanian king Bahram II, 3rd century AD."><img alt="Naqsh-e Rostam II rock relief, attributed to the Sasanian king Bahram II, 3rd century AD." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Naqsh-e_Rostam_II%2C_register_view_%283160636781%29.jpg/180px-Naqsh-e_Rostam_II%2C_register_view_%283160636781%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Naqsh-e_Rostam_II%2C_register_view_%283160636781%29.jpg/270px-Naqsh-e_Rostam_II%2C_register_view_%283160636781%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Naqsh-e_Rostam_II%2C_register_view_%283160636781%29.jpg/360px-Naqsh-e_Rostam_II%2C_register_view_%283160636781%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naqsh-e Rostam II rock relief, attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a>, 3rd century AD.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_symbol_of_liberty">As a symbol of liberty<span class="anchor" id="bonnet_rouge"></span><span class="anchor" id="liberty_cap"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As a symbol of liberty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg/170px-Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg/255px-Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg/340px-Leo_Belgicus_Philipp_von_Zesen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Maiden" title="Dutch Maiden">Dutch Maiden</a> carries her cap of liberty on a pole, and it is not of the Phrygian form. 1660</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Phrygian_to_liberty_cap">From Phrygian to liberty cap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From Phrygian to liberty cap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late <a href="/wiki/Republican_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Rome">Republican Rome</a>, a soft felt cap called the <i><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">pileus</a></i> served as a symbol of freemen (i.e. non-slaves) and was symbolically given to slaves upon <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a>, thereby granting them not only their personal liberty, but also <i>libertas –</i> freedom as citizens, with the right to vote (if male). Following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassination of Julius Caesar</a> in 44 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a> and his co-conspirators instrumentalized this symbolism of the <i>pileus</i> to signify the end of Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictatorship</a> and a return to the (Roman) republican system.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These Roman associations of the <i>pileus</i> with liberty and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> were carried forward to the 18th century, until when the pileus was confused with the Phrygian cap, then becoming a symbol of those values in the wake of Medieval Italian uses of the Phrygian cap, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YK_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YK-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Venice, the Phrygian cap was used by the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Doge</a> instead of a crown as a symbol of Republican liberty, from the Middle Ages until 1797. The symbol of Libertas as a female figure holding the Phrygian cap upon a spear appeared in the 1500’s in the Apotheosis of Venice, a major painting by Paolo Veronese in the Ducal palace, iconography that would later be reused in French and American art and coinage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France's_bonnet_rouge"><span id="France.27s_bonnet_rouge"></span>France's <i>bonnet rouge</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France's bonnet rouge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution#Liberty_cap" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution § Liberty cap</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France,_1793_(NYPL_b14896507-1237371)_(Vinkhuijzen_collection_of_military_uniforms)_Cropped._Zur_Geschichte_der_Kost%C3%BCme._M%C3%BCnchener_Bilderbogen._Mitglieder_der_Kommune._(1793%E2%80%931794.)_French_revolution_sans-culottes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/France%2C_1793_%28NYPL_b14896507-1237371%29_%28Vinkhuijzen_collection_of_military_uniforms%29_Cropped._Zur_Geschichte_der_Kost%C3%BCme._M%C3%BCnchener_Bilderbogen._Mitglieder_der_Kommune._%281793%E2%80%931794.%29_French_revolution_sans-culottes.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/France%2C_1793_%28NYPL_b14896507-1237371%29_%28Vinkhuijzen_collection_of_military_uniforms%29_Cropped._Zur_Geschichte_der_Kost%C3%BCme._M%C3%BCnchener_Bilderbogen._Mitglieder_der_Kommune._%281793%E2%80%931794.%29_French_revolution_sans-culottes.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/France%2C_1793_%28NYPL_b14896507-1237371%29_%28Vinkhuijzen_collection_of_military_uniforms%29_Cropped._Zur_Geschichte_der_Kost%C3%BCme._M%C3%BCnchener_Bilderbogen._Mitglieder_der_Kommune._%281793%E2%80%931794.%29_French_revolution_sans-culottes.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2762" data-file-height="3382" /></a><figcaption>French revolutionaries wearing <i>bonnets rouges</i> and <i>tricolor</i> <a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">cockades</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GillrayBritannia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GillrayBritannia.jpg/220px-GillrayBritannia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GillrayBritannia.jpg/330px-GillrayBritannia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GillrayBritannia.jpg/440px-GillrayBritannia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>In this 1793 cartoon by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a>, who was deeply hostile to the French Revolution, a Phrygian cap substitutes for <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> atop the dangerous "Rock of Democracy", as <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>'s boat (the <i>Constitution</i>) navigates <a href="/wiki/Between_Scylla_and_Charybdis" title="Between Scylla and Charybdis">between Scylla's rock and Charybdis</a>, the "Whirlpool of Arbitrary-Power", pursued by Scylla's "dogs": <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Sheridan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a>, depicted as <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_revolutionary_France">In revolutionary France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In revolutionary France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1675, the anti-tax and anti-nobility <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_papier_timbr%C3%A9" title="Revolt of the papier timbré">Stamp-Paper revolt</a> erupted in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and north-western France, where it became known as the <i>bonnets rouges</i> uprising after the blue or red caps worn by the insurgents. Although the insurgents are not known to have preferred any particular style of cap, the name and color stuck as a symbol of revolt against the nobility and establishment. <a href="/wiki/Robespierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Robespierre">Robespierre</a> would later object to the color, but was ignored. </p><p>The use of a Phrygian-style cap as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolutionary France</a> is first documented in May 1790, at a festival in <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> adorning a statue representing the nation, and at <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, on a lance carried by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this day the national allegory of France, <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a>, is shown wearing a red Phrygian cap.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By wearing the <i>bonnet rouge</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a></i> ("without silk breeches"), the Parisian working class made their revolutionary ardor and plebeian solidarity immediately recognizable. By mid-1791, these mocking fashion statements included the <i>bonnet rouge</i> as Parisian hairstyle, proclaimed by the Marquis de Villette (12 July 1791) as "the civic crown of the free man and French regeneration." On 15 July 1792, seeking to suppress the frivolity, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_Kellermann" class="mw-redirect" title="François Christophe Kellermann">François Christophe Kellermann</a>, 1st Duc de Valmy, published an essay in which the Duke sought to establish the <i>bonnet rouge</i> as a sacred symbol that could only be worn by those with merit. The symbolic hairstyle became a rallying point and a way to mock the elaborate wigs of the aristocrats and the red caps of the bishops. On 6 November 1793, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Commune (French Revolution)">Paris city council</a> declared it the official hairstyle of all its members. </p><p>The <i>bonnet rouge</i> on a spear was proposed as a component of the national seal on 22 September 1792 during the third session of the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a>. Following a suggestion by Gaan Coulon, the Convention decreed that convicts would not be permitted to wear the red cap, as it was consecrated as the badge of citizenship and freedom. In 1792, when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> was induced to sign a constitution, popular prints of the king were doctored to show him wearing the <i>bonnet rouge</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bust of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> was crowned with the red bonnet of liberty after a performance of his <i><a href="/wiki/Brutus_(tragedy)" title="Brutus (tragedy)">Brutus</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a> in March 1792. </p><p>During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> (September 1793 – July 1794), the cap was adopted defensively even by those who might be denounced as moderates or aristocrats and were especially keen to advertise their adherence to the new regime. The caps were often knitted by women known as <i><a href="/wiki/Tricoteuse" title="Tricoteuse">tricoteuses</a></i>, who sat beside the <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> during public executions in Paris and supposedly continued knitting in between executions.<sup id="cite_ref-CMc_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The spire of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> was crowned with a <i>bonnet rouge</i> in order to prevent it from being torn down in 1794. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="During_the_Restoration">During the Restoration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: During the Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1814, the <i><a href="/wiki/Acte_de_d%C3%A9ch%C3%A9ance_de_l%27Empereur" title="Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur">Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur</a></i> decision formally deposed the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Bonapartes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">restored the Bourbon</a> regime, who in turn proscribed the <i>bonnet rouge</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a> celebrations. The symbols reappeared briefly in March–July 1815 during "<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Napoleon's Hundred Days</a>", but were immediately suppressed again following the second restoration of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> on 8 July 1815. </p><p>The symbols resurfaced again during the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830, after which they were reinstated by the liberal <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a>, and the revolutionary symbols—anthem, holiday, and <i>bonnet rouge</i>—became "constituent parts of a national heritage consecrated by the state and embraced by the public."<sup id="cite_ref-Nord_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nord-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_modern_France">In modern France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In modern France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px #cccccc solid; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; float:right; clear:right; margin:0.3em 0 0.3em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="width:226px;padding:2px;">20 <a href="/wiki/Centime" title="Centime">centimes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a> on obverse </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0px; border: 1px #cccccc solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20_Centimes_(France).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/20_Centimes_%28France%29.jpg/230px-20_Centimes_%28France%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/20_Centimes_%28France%29.jpg/345px-20_Centimes_%28France%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/20_Centimes_%28France%29.jpg/460px-20_Centimes_%28France%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:111px;padding:2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b>Obverse</b>: Marianne wearing the Phrygian cap of liberty. </td> <td style="width:111px;padding:2px 1px 2px 2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b>Reverse</b>: Face value and French motto: "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span>". </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:226px;font-size: 85%; padding:2px; line-height: 1.5em;">This coin was minted from 1962 to 2001. </td></tr></tbody></table><p>The republican associations with the <i>bonnet rouge</i> were adopted as the <a href="/wiki/File:Le_Bonnet_Rouge_c._1914.jpg" title="File:Le Bonnet Rouge c. 1914.jpg">name and emblem</a> of a French satirical republican and anarchist periodical published between 1913 and 1922 by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Almereyda" title="Miguel Almereyda">Miguel Almereyda</a> that targeted the <a href="/wiki/Action_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Action française">Action française</a>, a royalist, counter-revolutionary movement on the extreme right. </p><p>The anti-tax associations with the <i>bonnet rouge</i> were revived in October 2013, when a French tax-protest movement called the <i><a href="/wiki/Bonnets_Rouges" title="Bonnets Rouges">Bonnets Rouges</a></i> used the red revolution-era Phrygian cap as a protest symbol. By means of large demonstrations and direct action, which included the destruction of many highway tax portals, the movement successfully forced the French government to rescind the tax. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_Kingdom">In the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 18th century, the cap was often used in English political prints as an attribute of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (goddess)">Liberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Blackburn, England, on 5 July 1819, female reformers such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_Kitchen_(reformer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice Kitchen (reformer) (page does not exist)">Alice Kitchen</a> attended their first reform meeting and presented the chair John Knight with a "most beautiful Cap of Liberty, made of scarlet silk or satin, lined with green, with a serpentined gold lace, terminating with a rich gold tassel.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Revolutionary_America">In Revolutionary America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In Revolutionary America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/255px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/340px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>A Phrygian cap on the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the U.S. Senate</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libertas_Americana_silver_medallion_1783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Libertas_Americana_silver_medallion_1783.jpg/220px-Libertas_Americana_silver_medallion_1783.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Libertas_Americana_silver_medallion_1783.jpg/330px-Libertas_Americana_silver_medallion_1783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Libertas_Americana_silver_medallion_1783.jpg/440px-Libertas_Americana_silver_medallion_1783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The 1783 <a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a> medal, initiated and designed by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, honors the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and depicts the goddess of Liberty carrying a Phrygian cap</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years just prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, Americans copied or emulated some of those prints in an attempt to visually defend their "<a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">rights as Englishmen</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the symbol of republicanism and anti-monarchical sentiment appeared in the United States as the headgear of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EMF_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who in turn was visualized as a goddess-like female national personification of the United States and of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (goddess)">Liberty</a> herself. The cap reappears in association with Columbia in the early years of the republic, for example, on the obverse of the 1785 <i>Immune Columbia</i> pattern coin, which shows the goddess with a helmet seated on a globe holding in a right hand a furled U.S. flag topped by the liberty cap.<sup id="cite_ref-EMF_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1793, U.S. coinage frequently showed Columbia/Liberty wearing the cap. The anti-federalist movement likewise instrumentalized the figure, as in a cartoon from 1796 in which Columbia is overwhelmed by a huge American eagle holding a <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Pole">Liberty Pole</a> under its wings.<sup id="cite_ref-EMF_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cap's last appearance on circulating coinage was the <a href="/wiki/Walking_Liberty_Half_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking Liberty Half Dollar">Walking Liberty Half Dollar</a>, which was minted through 1947 (and reused on the current <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Silver_Eagle" title="American Silver Eagle">American Silver Eagle</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> has, since 1778, used a "<a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Army_Seal_and_Emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Army Seal and Emblem">War Office Seal</a>" in which the motto "This We'll Defend" is displayed directly over a Phrygian cap on an upturned <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>. It also appears on the state flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_West_Virginia" title="Flag of West Virginia">West Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_and_seal_of_Idaho" title="Flag and seal of Idaho">Idaho</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as part of their official seals), <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of New York (state)">New York</a>, as well as the official seal of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, the state of <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Iowa" title="Seal of Iowa">Iowa</a>, the state of <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_North_Carolina" title="Seal of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (as well as the arms of its <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Senate" title="North Carolina Senate">Senate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and on the reverse side of both the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Pennsylvania" title="Seal of Pennsylvania">Seal of Pennsylvania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of Virginia">Seal of Virginia</a>. </p><p>In 1854, when sculptor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crawford_(sculptor)" title="Thomas Crawford (sculptor)">Thomas Crawford</a> was preparing models for sculpture for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, then-Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> insisted that a Phrygian cap not be included on a <i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i>, on the grounds that "American liberty is original and not the liberty of the freed slave". The cap was not included in the final bronze version that is now in the building.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Latin_America_and_Haiti">In Latin America and Haiti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In Latin America and Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">anti-colonial revolutions in Latin America</a> were heavily inspired by the imagery and slogans of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolutions</a>. As a result, the cap has appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms">coats of arms</a> of many Latin American nations. The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti">coat of arms of Haiti</a> includes a Phrygian cap to commemorate that country's <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">foundation by rebellious slaves</a>. </p><p>The cap had also been displayed on certain Mexican coins (most notably the old 8-<a href="/wiki/Mexican_real" title="Mexican real">reales</a> coin) through the late 19th century into the mid-20th century. Today, it is featured on the <a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms">coats of arms</a> or <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flags</a> of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Republica Dominicana, Cuba, El Salvador, Haiti, Nicaragua and Paraguay. </p><p><b>The Phrygian cap in Latin American and Haitian coats of arms and flags</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina" title="Coat of arms of Argentina">Coat of arms of Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia" title="Coat of arms of Bolivia">Coat of arms of Bolivia</a>, featured on the <a href="/wiki/State_flag" title="State flag">state flag</a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bolivia" title="Flag of Bolivia">of Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia" title="Coat of arms of Colombia">Coat of arms of Colombia</a>, featured on the <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">naval ensign</a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Colombia" title="Flag of Colombia">of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba" title="Coat of arms of Cuba">Coat of arms of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador" title="Coat of arms of El Salvador">Coat of arms of El Salvador</a>, featured on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_El_Salvador" title="Flag of El Salvador">flag of El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti">Coat of arms of Haiti</a>, featured on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti" title="Flag of Haiti">flag of Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua" title="Coat of arms of Nicaragua">Coat of arms of Nicaragua</a>, featured on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nicaragua" title="Flag of Nicaragua">flag of Nicaragua</a></li> <li>Reverse side of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay" title="Coat of arms of Paraguay">coat of arms of Paraguay</a>, featured on the <a href="/wiki/Flags_whose_reverse_differs_from_the_obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags whose reverse differs from the obverse">reverse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Paraguay" title="Flag of Paraguay">flag of Paraguay</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of Haiti includes a Phrygian cap on top of a palm tree, commemorating that country's foundation in a slave revolt."><img alt="The coat of arms of Haiti includes a Phrygian cap on top of a palm tree, commemorating that country's foundation in a slave revolt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/270px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/360px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti">coat of arms of Haiti</a> includes a Phrygian cap on top of a palm tree, commemorating that country's foundation in a <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">slave revolt</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of Argentina includes a Phrygian cap atop a pike being held by two clasping hands, as a symbol of national unity and the willingness to fight for freedom."><img alt="The coat of arms of Argentina includes a Phrygian cap atop a pike being held by two clasping hands, as a symbol of national unity and the willingness to fight for freedom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg/127px-Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg/191px-Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg/254px-Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina" title="Coat of arms of Argentina">coat of arms of Argentina</a> includes a Phrygian cap atop a <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pike</a> being held by two clasping hands, as a symbol of national unity and the willingness to fight for freedom.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of Colombia includes a Phrygian cap as a symbol of liberty and freedom."><img alt="The coat of arms of Colombia includes a Phrygian cap as a symbol of liberty and freedom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/177px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="177" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/266px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg/354px-Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia" title="Coat of arms of Colombia">coat of arms of Colombia</a> includes a Phrygian cap as a symbol of liberty and freedom.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover nochecker"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magi_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the Byzantine Empire, Phrygia lay in Anatolia to the east of Constantinople, however, in this late 6th-century mosaic from the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy, which was erected by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel, during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis). This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to "Christ the Redeemer"(which was part of the Eastern Empire at that time), the Three Magi wear Phrygian caps as their Getic forefathers did, in order to identify them as generic "Zoroastrians"."><img alt="In the Byzantine Empire, Phrygia lay in Anatolia to the east of Constantinople, however, in this late 6th-century mosaic from the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy, which was erected by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel, during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis). This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to "Christ the Redeemer"(which was part of the Eastern Empire at that time), the Three Magi wear Phrygian caps as their Getic forefathers did, in order to identify them as generic "Zoroastrians"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/239px-Magi_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/358px-Magi_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magi_%281%29.jpg/477px-Magi_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px"><div class="gallerytext">In the <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantine Empire</a>, Phrygia lay in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to the east of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, however, in this late 6th-century mosaic from the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy, which was erected by the Ostrogothic king <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> as his palace chapel, during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis). This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to "Christ the Redeemer"(which was part of the Eastern Empire at that time), the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Magi</a> wear Phrygian caps as their <a href="/wiki/Getic" class="mw-redirect" title="Getic">Getic</a> forefathers did, in order to identify them as generic "<a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a>".</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The god Mithras being born from the rock, naked but for the Phrygian cap on his head (Marble, 180-192 AD. From the area of S. Stefano Rotondo, Rome)."><img alt="The god Mithras being born from the rock, naked but for the Phrygian cap on his head (Marble, 180-192 AD. From the area of S. Stefano Rotondo, Rome)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg/90px-Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg/135px-Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg/180px-Mithras_petra_genetrix_Terme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 40px"><div class="gallerytext">The god <a href="/wiki/Mithras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithras">Mithras</a> being born from the rock, naked but for the Phrygian cap on his head (Marble, 180-192 AD. From the area of S. Stefano Rotondo, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>).</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_le_dernier3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tinted etching of Louis XVI of France, 1792, with a Phrygian cap."><img alt="Tinted etching of Louis XVI of France, 1792, with a Phrygian cap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louis_le_dernier3.jpg/123px-Louis_le_dernier3.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louis_le_dernier3.jpg/184px-Louis_le_dernier3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louis_le_dernier3.jpg/246px-Louis_le_dernier3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="3315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 62px"><div class="gallerytext">Tinted etching of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI of France</a>, 1792, with a Phrygian cap.</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_all%C3%A9gorique_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_by_Antoine-Jean_Gros.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Allegory of the first French Republic by Antoine-Jean Gros, depicting a Phrygian cap."><img alt="Allegory of the first French Republic by Antoine-Jean Gros, depicting a Phrygian cap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Figure_all%C3%A9gorique_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_by_Antoine-Jean_Gros.png/142px-Figure_all%C3%A9gorique_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_by_Antoine-Jean_Gros.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Figure_all%C3%A9gorique_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_by_Antoine-Jean_Gros.png/213px-Figure_all%C3%A9gorique_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_by_Antoine-Jean_Gros.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Figure_all%C3%A9gorique_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_by_Antoine-Jean_Gros.png/284px-Figure_all%C3%A9gorique_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_by_Antoine-Jean_Gros.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 75px"><div class="gallerytext"><i>Allegory of the first French Republic</i> by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a>, depicting a Phrygian cap.</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 67.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 65.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marianne_-_symbol_of_French_Republic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anonymous bust of Marianne, with the Phrygian cap (Palais du Luxembourg, Paris)."><img alt="Anonymous bust of Marianne, with the Phrygian cap (Palais du Luxembourg, Paris)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Marianne_-_symbol_of_French_Republic.jpg/98px-Marianne_-_symbol_of_French_Republic.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Marianne_-_symbol_of_French_Republic.jpg/148px-Marianne_-_symbol_of_French_Republic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Marianne_-_symbol_of_French_Republic.jpg/197px-Marianne_-_symbol_of_French_Republic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1749" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 46px"><div class="gallerytext">Anonymous bust of <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a>, with the Phrygian cap (<a href="/wiki/Palais_du_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais du Luxembourg">Palais du Luxembourg</a>, Paris).</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sansculottes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French revolutionaries wearing bonnets rouges and tricolor cockades."><img alt="French revolutionaries wearing bonnets rouges and tricolor cockades." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sansculottes.jpg/135px-Sansculottes.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sansculottes.jpg/202px-Sansculottes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sansculottes.jpg/270px-Sansculottes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 70px"><div class="gallerytext">French revolutionaries wearing <i>bonnets rouges</i> and <i>tricolor</i> <a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">cockades</a>.</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 89.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 87.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EndOfSlaveTrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mezzotint commemorating the passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807 by the British government, which abolished the slave trade. Britannia is seen with a Phrygian cap at the top a pole she wields."><img alt="A mezzotint commemorating the passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807 by the British government, which abolished the slave trade. Britannia is seen with a Phrygian cap at the top a pole she wields." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/EndOfSlaveTrade.jpg/131px-EndOfSlaveTrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/EndOfSlaveTrade.jpg/196px-EndOfSlaveTrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/EndOfSlaveTrade.jpg/261px-EndOfSlaveTrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 68px"><div class="gallerytext">A mezzotint commemorating the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act 1807</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolished</a> the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> is seen with a Phrygian cap at the top a pole she wields.</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbia wearing a Phrygian cap, personification of the United States (World War I patriotic poster)."><img alt="Columbia wearing a Phrygian cap, personification of the United States (World War I patriotic poster)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg/129px-ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg/194px-ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg/259px-ColumbiaStahrArtwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 66px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia (name)">Columbia</a> wearing a Phrygian cap, personification of the United States (World War I patriotic poster).</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 63.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 61.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodrigues-republica-mab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Efígie da República (Effigy of the Republic), national personification of Brazil, wearing a Phrygian cap."><img alt="Efígie da República (Effigy of the Republic), national personification of Brazil, wearing a Phrygian cap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rodrigues-republica-mab.jpg/92px-Rodrigues-republica-mab.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rodrigues-republica-mab.jpg/138px-Rodrigues-republica-mab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rodrigues-republica-mab.jpg/185px-Rodrigues-republica-mab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 42px"><div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></i> (Effigy of the Republic), national personification of Brazil, wearing a Phrygian cap.</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandiera_del_Secondo_Reggimento_d%27Usseri_della_Prima_Repubblica_Cisalpina_(dal_10.6.1798_al_27.4.1799).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Second Regiment of the Usseri, Cisalpine Republic, 1798"><img alt="Flag of the Second Regiment of the Usseri, Cisalpine Republic, 1798" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandiera_del_Secondo_Reggimento_d%27Usseri_della_Prima_Repubblica_Cisalpina_%28dal_10.6.1798_al_27.4.1799%29.png/183px-Bandiera_del_Secondo_Reggimento_d%27Usseri_della_Prima_Repubblica_Cisalpina_%28dal_10.6.1798_al_27.4.1799%29.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandiera_del_Secondo_Reggimento_d%27Usseri_della_Prima_Repubblica_Cisalpina_%28dal_10.6.1798_al_27.4.1799%29.png/275px-Bandiera_del_Secondo_Reggimento_d%27Usseri_della_Prima_Repubblica_Cisalpina_%28dal_10.6.1798_al_27.4.1799%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bandiera_del_Secondo_Reggimento_d%27Usseri_della_Prima_Repubblica_Cisalpina_%28dal_10.6.1798_al_27.4.1799%29.png/366px-Bandiera_del_Secondo_Reggimento_d%27Usseri_della_Prima_Repubblica_Cisalpina_%28dal_10.6.1798_al_27.4.1799%29.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 102px"><div class="gallerytext">Flag of the Second Regiment of the Usseri, <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a>, 1798</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_Primera_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola,_por_Tom%C3%A1s_Padr%C3%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allegory of the Spanish Republic wearing the Phrygian cap, 1873"><img alt="Allegory of the Spanish Republic wearing the Phrygian cap, 1873" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_Primera_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola%2C_por_Tom%C3%A1s_Padr%C3%B3.jpg/133px-Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_Primera_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola%2C_por_Tom%C3%A1s_Padr%C3%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_Primera_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola%2C_por_Tom%C3%A1s_Padr%C3%B3.jpg/199px-Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_Primera_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola%2C_por_Tom%C3%A1s_Padr%C3%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_Primera_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola%2C_por_Tom%C3%A1s_Padr%C3%B3.jpg/266px-Alegor%C3%ADa_de_la_Primera_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola%2C_por_Tom%C3%A1s_Padr%C3%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 69px"><div class="gallerytext">Allegory of the Spanish Republic wearing the Phrygian cap, 1873</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_seal_of_Iowa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Seal of Iowa showing a red liberty cap at the top of the soldier's flagstaff. The 1847 written description did not specify that the soldier has to wear the cap; thus he is commonly depicted with a Civil War-era cavalry hat."><img alt="The Seal of Iowa showing a red liberty cap at the top of the soldier's flagstaff. The 1847 written description did not specify that the soldier has to wear the cap; thus he is commonly depicted with a Civil War-era cavalry hat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/State_seal_of_Iowa.svg/179px-State_seal_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/State_seal_of_Iowa.svg/268px-State_seal_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/State_seal_of_Iowa.svg/358px-State_seal_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 100px"><div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Iowa" title="Seal of Iowa">Seal of Iowa</a> showing a red liberty cap at the top of the soldier's flagstaff. The 1847 written description did not specify that the soldier has to wear the cap; thus he is commonly depicted with a <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>-era cavalry hat.</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Seal of Hawaii showing goddess Liberty wears a red liberty cap."><img alt="The Seal of Hawaii showing goddess Liberty wears a red liberty cap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg/270px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg/360px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 100px"><div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Hawaii" title="Seal of Hawaii">Seal of Hawaii</a> showing goddess Liberty wears a red liberty cap.</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 76px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_America_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columbia holding up a Phrygian cap on an advertisement for the clipper ship Young America"><img alt="Columbia holding up a Phrygian cap on an advertisement for the clipper ship Young America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Young_America_1.jpg/114px-Young_America_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Young_America_1.jpg/171px-Young_America_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Young_America_1.jpg/228px-Young_America_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 56px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia (name)">Columbia</a> holding up a Phrygian cap on an advertisement for the <a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">clipper</a> ship <i><a href="/wiki/Young_America_(clipper)" title="Young America (clipper)">Young America</a></i></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1868_dollar_obv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seated Liberty dollar, with Phrygian cap on a pole (1868)"><img alt="Seated Liberty dollar, with Phrygian cap on a pole (1868)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/1868_dollar_obv.jpg/180px-1868_dollar_obv.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/1868_dollar_obv.jpg/270px-1868_dollar_obv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/1868_dollar_obv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 100px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seated_Liberty_dollar" title="Seated Liberty dollar">Seated Liberty dollar</a>, with Phrygian cap on a pole (1868)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PRT008.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Allegory of the Portuguese Republic on a coin, wearing the Phrygian cap"><img alt="Allegory of the Portuguese Republic on a coin, wearing the Phrygian cap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/PRT008.JPG/359px-PRT008.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/PRT008.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 220px"><div class="gallerytext">Allegory of the Portuguese Republic on a coin, wearing the Phrygian cap</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 89.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 87.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:61_Cabeza_de_Camille_Claudel_con_gorro_frigio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of Camille Claudel, 1884, by Auguste Rodin, portrays sculptor Camille Claudel wearing a Phrygian cap."><img alt="Head of Camille Claudel, 1884, by Auguste Rodin, portrays sculptor Camille Claudel wearing a Phrygian cap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/61_Cabeza_de_Camille_Claudel_con_gorro_frigio.jpg/131px-61_Cabeza_de_Camille_Claudel_con_gorro_frigio.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/61_Cabeza_de_Camille_Claudel_con_gorro_frigio.jpg/196px-61_Cabeza_de_Camille_Claudel_con_gorro_frigio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/61_Cabeza_de_Camille_Claudel_con_gorro_frigio.jpg/262px-61_Cabeza_de_Camille_Claudel_con_gorro_frigio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 68px"><div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Head_of_Camille_Claudel" title="Head of Camille Claudel">Head of Camille Claudel</a></i>, 1884, by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a>, portrays sculptor <a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Camille Claudel</a> wearing a Phrygian cap.</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Emmet_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag raised by Robert Emmet during the Irish rebellion of 1803"><img alt="Flag raised by Robert Emmet during the Irish rebellion of 1803" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Robert_Emmet_flag.svg/221px-Robert_Emmet_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Robert_Emmet_flag.svg/331px-Robert_Emmet_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Robert_Emmet_flag.svg/442px-Robert_Emmet_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 128px"><div class="gallerytext">Flag raised by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Robert Emmet</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">Irish rebellion of 1803</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old flag of the Argentine Confederation, that used four Phrygian caps: one in each corner."><img alt="Old flag of the Argentine Confederation, that used four Phrygian caps: one in each corner." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg/280px-Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg/420px-Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg/560px-Flag_of_the_Argentine_Confederation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 167px"><div class="gallerytext">Old flag of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a>, that used four Phrygian caps: one in each corner.</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay_(reverse).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse side of Coat of arms of Paraguay"><img alt="Reverse side of Coat of arms of Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay_%28reverse%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay_%28reverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay_%28reverse%29.svg/270px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay_%28reverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay_%28reverse%29.svg/360px-Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay_%28reverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 100px"><div class="gallerytext">Reverse side of <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay" title="Coat of arms of Paraguay">Coat of arms of Paraguay</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Cuba."><img alt="Coat of arms of Cuba." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/320px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 87px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba" title="Coat of arms of Cuba">Coat of arms of Cuba</a>.</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Argentina"><img alt="Coat of arms of Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg/127px-Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg/191px-Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg/254px-Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 65px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina" title="Coat of arms of Argentina">Coat of arms of Argentina</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of El Salvador"><img alt="Coat of arms of El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/189px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="126" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/284px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/378px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 106px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador" title="Coat of arms of El Salvador">Coat of arms of El Salvador</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Nicaragua"><img alt="Coat of arms of Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/270px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/360px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 100px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua" title="Coat of arms of Nicaragua">Coat of arms of Nicaragua</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bras%C3%A3o_de_Santa_Catarina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Santa Catarina State, Brazil"><img alt="Coat of arms of Santa Catarina State, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bras%C3%A3o_de_Santa_Catarina.svg/159px-Bras%C3%A3o_de_Santa_Catarina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bras%C3%A3o_de_Santa_Catarina.svg/238px-Bras%C3%A3o_de_Santa_Catarina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bras%C3%A3o_de_Santa_Catarina.svg/318px-Bras%C3%A3o_de_Santa_Catarina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 86px"><div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina State</a>, Brazil</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bras%C3%A3o_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Rio de Janeiro, with the Phrygian cap attached to an armillary sphere"><img alt="Coat of arms of Rio de Janeiro, with the Phrygian cap attached to an armillary sphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bras%C3%A3o_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.svg/180px-Bras%C3%A3o_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bras%C3%A3o_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.svg/270px-Bras%C3%A3o_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bras%C3%A3o_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.svg/360px-Bras%C3%A3o_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 100px"><div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, with the Phrygian cap attached to an <a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary sphere</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bras%C3%A3o_do_Acre.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Acre State, Brazil"><img alt="Coat of arms of Acre State, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bras%C3%A3o_do_Acre.svg/183px-Bras%C3%A3o_do_Acre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bras%C3%A3o_do_Acre.svg/275px-Bras%C3%A3o_do_Acre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bras%C3%A3o_do_Acre.svg/366px-Bras%C3%A3o_do_Acre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 102px"><div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre State</a>, Brazil</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bras%C3%A3o_de_Macei%C3%B3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Maceió, Brazil"><img alt="Coat of arms of Maceió, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bras%C3%A3o_de_Macei%C3%B3.svg/159px-Bras%C3%A3o_de_Macei%C3%B3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bras%C3%A3o_de_Macei%C3%B3.svg/238px-Bras%C3%A3o_de_Macei%C3%B3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bras%C3%A3o_de_Macei%C3%B3.svg/318px-Bras%C3%A3o_de_Macei%C3%B3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 86px"><div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Macei%C3%B3" title="Maceió">Maceió</a>, Brazil</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nueva_Esparta_State.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela"><img alt="Coat of arms of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_arms_of_Nueva_Esparta_State.svg/149px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nueva_Esparta_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_arms_of_Nueva_Esparta_State.svg/224px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nueva_Esparta_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_arms_of_Nueva_Esparta_State.svg/299px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nueva_Esparta_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 80px"><div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a>, Venezuela</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 105.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 103.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Gu%C3%A1rico.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Guárico, Venezuela"><img alt="Coat of arms of Guárico, Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_Gu%C3%A1rico.svg/155px-Escudo_de_Gu%C3%A1rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_Gu%C3%A1rico.svg/233px-Escudo_de_Gu%C3%A1rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escudo_de_Gu%C3%A1rico.svg/311px-Escudo_de_Gu%C3%A1rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 84px"><div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico" title="Guárico">Guárico</a>, Venezuela</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Swiss_Party_of_Labour.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the Swiss Party of Labour, a Phrygian cap with a Swiss cross on it."><img alt="Logo of the Swiss Party of Labour, a Phrygian cap with a Swiss cross on it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Logo_of_the_Swiss_Party_of_Labour.svg/183px-Logo_of_the_Swiss_Party_of_Labour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Logo_of_the_Swiss_Party_of_Labour.svg/275px-Logo_of_the_Swiss_Party_of_Labour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Logo_of_the_Swiss_Party_of_Labour.svg/366px-Logo_of_the_Swiss_Party_of_Labour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 102px"><div class="gallerytext">Logo of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Party_of_Labour" title="Swiss Party of Labour">Swiss Party of Labour</a>, a Phrygian cap with a <a href="/wiki/Swiss_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss cross">Swiss cross</a> on it.</div> </div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Belgian comic franchise <a href="/wiki/The_Smurfs" title="The Smurfs">The Smurfs</a>, the eponymous Smurfs are typically depicted wearing Phrygian-like caps.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Announced in November 2022, the official mascots of Paris 2024 <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">Olympic</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Paralympics" title="2024 Summer Paralympics">Paralympic Games</a>, named <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phryges" class="mw-redirect" title="The Phryges">The Phryges</a></i>, were based on the cap.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hats_and_headgear" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hats and headgear">List of hats and headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashlyk" title="Bashlyk">Bashlyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolah_namadi" title="Kolah namadi">Kolah namadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointed_hat#Iron_Age" title="Pointed hat">Pointed hat of Iron Age Eurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)" title="Balaclava (clothing)">Balaclava (clothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barretina" title="Barretina">Barretina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">Bonnet (headgear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubeen" title="Caubeen">Caubeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chullo" title="Chullo">Chullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus (hat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_semilanceata" title="Psilocybe semilanceata">Liberty cap</a> – a species of fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae, native to Europe the cap of which bears a close resemblance to the Phrygian cap and from which it takes its name.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_pole" title="Liberty pole">Liberty pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_cap" title="Monmouth cap">Monmouth cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Smurfs" title="The Smurfs">The Smurfs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsiafaki, Despoina. "Ancient Thrace and the Thracians through Athenian eyes." <i>Thracia</i> 21 (2016): 261-282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/">Herodotus</a>, 6.45 and 7.73, "Thus fared the fleet; and meanwhile Mardonios and the land-army while encamping in Macedonia were attacked in the night by the <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Brygian</a> <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, and many of them were slain by the Brygians and Mardonios himself was wounded."; "Now the <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a>, as the Macedonians say, used to be called <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Brigians</a> during the time that they were natives of Europe and dwelt with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>; but after they had changed into Asia, with their country they changed also their name and were called Phrygians. The Armenians were armed just like the Phrygians, being settlers from the Phrygians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html">Strabo</a>, 7.3.2, "Now the Greeks used to suppose that the Getae were Thracians; and the Getae lived on either side the Ister, as did also the Mysi, these also being Thracians and identical with the people who are now called Moesi; from these Mysi sprang also the Mysi who now live between the Lydians and the Phrygians and Trojans. And the Phrygians themselves are <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Brigians</a>, a Thracian tribe, as are also the <a href="/wiki/Mygdon_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Mygdon of Thrace">Mygdonians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebricians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maedi" title="Maedi">Medobithynians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bithyni" title="Bithyni">Bithynians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Thyni" title="Thyni">Thynians</a>, and, I think, also the <a href="/wiki/Mariandyni" title="Mariandyni">Mariandynians</a>. These peoples, to be sure, have all utterly quitted Europe, but the Mysi have remained there. And <a href="/wiki/Poseidonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidonius">Poseidonius</a> seems to me to be correct in his conjecture that <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> designates the Mysi in Europe (I mean those in Thrace) when he says, "But back he turned his shining eyes, and looked far away towards the land of the horse-tending Thracians, and of the Mysi, hand-to‑hand fighters" for surely, if one should take Homer to mean the Mysi in Asia, the statement would not hang together."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Phrygian-cap">"Phrygian cap | Definition, History, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Phrygian+cap+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FPhrygian-cap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Wrigley, "Transformations of a revolutionary emblem: The Liberty Cap in the French Revolution, <i>French History</i> <b>11</b>(2) 1997, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carol Louise Janson, "The Birth of Dutch Liberty. Origins of the Pictorial Imagery", Diss. phil. University of Minnesota 1982 (microfilm), p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ibd. p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESemyonov1959-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESemyonov1959_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSemyonov1959">Semyonov 1959</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranicacrown-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranicacrown_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmeyer1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Calmeyer, Peter (15 December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/crown-i">"CROWN i. In the Median and Achaemenid periods"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CROWN+i.+In+the+Median+and+Achaemenid+periods&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=1993-12-15&rft.aulast=Calmeyer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcrown-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn E. Roller, "The Legend of Midas", <i>Classical Antiquity,</i> <b>2</b>.2 (October 1983:299–313) p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppell1872" class="citation book cs1">Appell, Johann Wilhelm (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eN-fAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA29"><i>Monuments of Early Christian Art: Sculptures and Catacomb Paintings : Illustrative Notes, Collected in Order to Promote the Reproduction of Remains of Art Belonging to the Early Centuries of the Christian Era</i></a>. G. E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode. pp. 15–17, 22, 27–29, 54–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+of+Early+Christian+Art%3A+Sculptures+and+Catacomb+Paintings+%3A+Illustrative+Notes%2C+Collected+in+Order+to+Promote+the+Reproduction+of+Remains+of+Art+Belonging+to+the+Early+Centuries+of+the+Christian+Era&rft.pages=15-17%2C+22%2C+27-29%2C+54-55&rft.pub=G.+E.+Eyre+and+W.+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Appell&rft.aufirst=Johann+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeN-fAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Appian, Civil Wars 2:119: "The murderers wished to make a speech in the Senate, but as nobody remained there they wrapped their togas around their left arms to serve as shields, and, with swords still reeking with blood, ran, crying out that they had slain a king and tyrant. One of them bore a cap on the end of a spear as a symbol of freedom, and exhorted the people to restore the government of their fathers and recall the memory of the elder Brutus and of those who took the oath together against ancient kings."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YK-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YK_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorshak1987" class="citation cs2">Korshak, Yvonne (1987), "The Liberty Cap as a Revolutionary Symbol in America and France", <i>Smithsonian Studies in American Art</i>, <b>1</b> (2): 52–69, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F424051">10.1086/424051</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Studies+in+American+Art&rft.atitle=The+Liberty+Cap+as+a+Revolutionary+Symbol+in+America+and+France&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=52-69&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F424051&rft.aulast=Korshak&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/94509857/">"Britannia between Scylla & Charybdis. or..."</a> <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Britannia+between+Scylla+%26+Charybdis.+or...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F94509857%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Mathiez, <i>Les Origines des cultures révolutionnaires, 1789–1792</i> (Paris 1904:34).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Wrigley, "Transformations of a revolutionary emblem: The Liberty Cap in the French Revolution, <i>French History</i> <b>11</b>(2) 1997:131–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Harris, "The Red Cap of Liberty: A Study of Dress Worn by French Revolutionary Partisans 1789-94" <i>Eighteenth-Century Studies</i> <b>14</b>.3 (Spring 1981:283–312), fig. 1. Most of the details that follow are drawn from here.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMc-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMc_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarden1995" class="citation cs2">Harden, J. David (1995), "Liberty caps and liberty trees", <i>Past and Present</i> (146): 66–102, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F146.1.66">10.1093/past/146.1.66</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Liberty+caps+and+liberty+trees&rft.issue=146&rft.pages=66-102&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F146.1.66&rft.aulast=Harden&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nord-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nord_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_G._Nord1995" class="citation book cs1">Philip G. Nord (1995). <i>The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France</i>. President & Fellows of Harvard College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Moment%3A+Struggles+for+Democracy+in+Nineteenth-Century+France&rft.pub=President+%26+Fellows+of+Harvard+College&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Philip+G.+Nord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeiler2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zeiler, Frank (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/11157"><i>Visuelle Rechtsverteidigung im Nordamerikakonflikt. Ein Beitrag zur Rezeption der englischen Freiheits- und Verfassungssymbolik in nordamerikanischen Druckgraphiken der Jahre 1765–1783, Signa Ivris, Vol. 13 (2014), pp. 315-346</i></a> (in German). Vol. 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6094%2FUNIFR%2F11157">10.6094/UNIFR/11157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783941226326" title="Special:BookSources/9783941226326"><bdi>9783941226326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visuelle+Rechtsverteidigung+im+Nordamerikakonflikt.+Ein+Beitrag+zur+Rezeption+der+englischen+Freiheits-+und+Verfassungssymbolik+in+nordamerikanischen+Druckgraphiken+der+Jahre+1765%E2%80%931783%2C+Signa+Ivris%2C+Vol.+13+%282014%29%2C+pp.+315-346&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6094%2FUNIFR%2F11157&rft.isbn=9783941226326&rft.aulast=Zeiler&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreidok.uni-freiburg.de%2Fdata%2F11157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchener2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kitchener, Caitlin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1754-0208.12778">"Sisters of the Earth: The Landscapes, Radical Identities and Performances of Female Reformers in 1819"</a>. <i>Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 77–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1754-0208.12778">10.1111/1754-0208.12778</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-0208">1754-0208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246984311">246984311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Eighteenth-Century+Studies&rft.atitle=Sisters+of+the+Earth%3A+The+Landscapes%2C+Radical+Identities+and+Performances+of+Female+Reformers+in+1819&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-93&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246984311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1754-0208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1754-0208.12778&rft.aulast=Kitchener&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2F1754-0208.12778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMF-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMF_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMF_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMF_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClung_Fleming1968" class="citation cs2">McClung Fleming, E. (1968), "Symbols of the United States: From Indian Queen to Uncle Sam", <i>Frontiers of American Culture</i>, Purdue Research Foundation, pp. 1–25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symbols+of+the+United+States%3A+From+Indian+Queen+to+Uncle+Sam&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+American+Culture&rft.pages=1-25&rft.pub=Purdue+Research+Foundation&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=McClung+Fleming&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span>, at pp. 12, 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/idaho/state-seal/seal-idaho">"Seal of Idaho"</a>. <i>State Symbols USA</i>. 12 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Symbols+USA&rft.atitle=Seal+of+Idaho&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatesymbolsusa.org%2Fsymbol-official-item%2Fidaho%2Fstate-seal%2Fseal-idaho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Senate of North Carolina", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/newsletter/2006"><i>College of Arms Newsletter, No. 8 (March 2006)</i></a>, London: <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Senate+of+North+Carolina&rft.btitle=College+of+Arms+Newsletter%2C+No.+8+%28March+2006%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=College+of+Arms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.college-of-arms.gov.uk%2Fnews-grants%2Fnewsletter%2F2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gale, Robert L. (1964), <i>Thomas Crawford: American Sculptor</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTzvetkova2017" class="citation book cs1">Tzvetkova, Juliana (12 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk83DwAAQBAJ"><i>Pop Culture in Europe</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4466-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4466-9"><bdi>978-1-4408-4466-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Culture+in+Europe&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4466-9&rft.aulast=Tzvetkova&rft.aufirst=Juliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZk83DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/news/new-paris-2024-olympic-paralympic-mascots-revealed">"Meet Olympic Phryge and Paralympic Phryge: The story of the Paris 2024 mascots"</a>. 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+Olympic+Phryge+and+Paralympic+Phryge%3A+The+story+of+the+Paris+2024+mascots&rft.date=2022-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnew-paris-2024-olympic-paralympic-mascots-revealed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_sources">Russian sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Russian sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemyonov1959" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Semyonov, L. P. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghalghay.com/2009/11/22/frigia-2/">"Фригийские мотивы в древней ингушской культуре"</a> [Phrygian motifs in ancient Ingush culture]. <i>Izv. ChINIIIYAL</i> (in Russian). <b>1</b>. <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>: ChI kn. izd-vo: 197–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Izv.+ChINIIIYAL&rft.atitle=%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=197-219&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Semyonov&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghalghay.com%2F2009%2F11%2F22%2Ffrigia-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhrygian+cap" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_cap&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External 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aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Template:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Template talk:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Bald eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Grant_(tree)" title="General Grant (tree)">General Grant (tree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Creed" title="American Creed">American Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty (<i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mottos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">In God We Trust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum" title="Novus ordo seclorum">Novus ordo seclorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful" title="America the Beautiful">America the Beautiful</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Columbia,_the_Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean">Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Stars_and_Stripes_Forever" title="The Stars and Stripes Forever">The Stars and Stripes Forever</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Chief" title="Hail to the Chief">Hail to the Chief</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_(My_Country,_%27Tis_of_Thee)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)">America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_America" title="God Bless America">God Bless America</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Army_Goes_Rolling_Along" title="The Army Goes Rolling Along">The Army Goes Rolling Along</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh" title="Anchors Aweigh">Anchors Aweigh</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marines%27_Hymn" title="Marines' Hymn">Marines' Hymn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">Semper Fidelis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Air_Force_(song)" title="The U.S. Air Force (song)">The Air Force Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Paratus_(march)" title="Semper Paratus (march)">Semper Paratus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Supra_(march)" title="Semper Supra (march)">Semper Supra</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/National_Emblem" title="National Emblem">National Emblem March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post_(march)" title="The Washington Post (march)">The Washington Post March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You%27re_a_Grand_Old_Flag" title="You're a Grand Old Flag">You're a Grand Old Flag</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Land_Is_Your_Land" title="This Land Is Your Land">This Land Is Your Land</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom" title="Battle Cry of Freedom">Battle Cry of Freedom</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hats_and_caps" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hats" title="Template:Hats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hats" title="Template talk:Hats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hats_and_caps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">Hats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">caps</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_hat_styles" title="List of hat styles">List of hat styles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartwheel_hat" title="Cartwheel hat">Cartwheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloche_hat" title="Cloche hat">Cloche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_hat" title="Cocktail hat">Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll_hat" title="Doll hat">Doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draped_turban" title="Draped turban">Draped turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_hat" title="Eugénie hat">Eugénie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascinator" title="Fascinator">Fascinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_hat" title="Half hat">Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_hat" title="Halo hat">Halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_cap" title="Juliet cap">Juliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hat" title="Mushroom hat">Mushroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lampshade_hat" title="Lampshade hat">lampshade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_hat" title="Picture hat">Picture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peach_basket_hat" title="Peach basket hat">peach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_hat" title="Pillbox hat">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_cap" title="Tam cap">Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">Top</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_hat" title="Opera hat">opera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homburg_hat" title="Homburg hat">Homburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat" title="Anthony Eden hat">Anthony Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boater" title="Boater">Boater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">Bowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buntal_hat" title="Buntal hat">Buntal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage-tree_hat" title="Cabbage-tree hat">Cabbage-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chupalla" title="Chupalla">Chupalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trilby" title="Trilby">trilby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">Flat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppola_cap" title="Coppola cap">coppola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsboy_cap" title="Newsboy cap">newsboy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_hat" title="Panama hat">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_pie_hat" title="Pork pie hat">Pork pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideawake_hat" title="Wideawake hat">Wideawake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">Uniforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviator_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator hat">Aviator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearskin" title="Bearskin">Bearskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-boy_hat" title="Bell-boy hat">Bell-boy hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicorne" title="Bicorne">Bicorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cap" title="Black cap">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boonie_hat" title="Boonie hat">Boonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budenovka" title="Budenovka">Budenovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)" title="Busby (military headdress)">Busby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_hat" title="Campaign hat">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_comforter" title="Cap comforter">Cap comforter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappello_Alpino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappello Alpino">Cappello Alpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_d%27Afrique" title="Casquette d'Afrique">Casquette d'Afrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubeen" title="Caubeen">Caubeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Stetson" title="Cavalry Stetson">Cavalry Stetson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czapka" title="Czapka">Czapka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_hat" title="Doctoral hat">Doctoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_bonnet" title="Feather bonnet">Feather bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_cap" title="Forage cap">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karvalakki" title="Karvalakki">karvalakki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap" title="Fur wedge cap">Fur wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardee_hat" title="Hardee hat">Hardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeep_cap" title="Jeep cap">Jeep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepi" title="Kepi">Kepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazepynka" title="Mazepynka">Mazepynka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse%27s_cap" title="Nurse's cap">Nurse's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance" title="Cap of maintenance">Maintenance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chapeau" title="Chapeau">Chapeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_beret" title="Military beret">Military beret</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniform_beret" title="Uniform beret">Uniform beret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_beret" title="Black beret">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_beret" title="Blue beret">blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_beret" title="Green beret">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroon_beret" title="Maroon beret">maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_beret" title="Red beret">red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_beret" title="Tan beret">tan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_cap" title="Patrol cap">Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaked_cap" title="Peaked cap">Peaked</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">mariner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_cap" title="Sailor cap">sailor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_hat" title="Printer's hat">Printer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogatywka" title="Rogatywka">Rogatywka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shako" title="Shako">Shako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_cap" title="Side cap">Side</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titovka_(cap)" title="Titovka (cap)">titovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglavka" title="Triglavka">triglavka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_cap" title="Ski cap">Ski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slouch_hat" title="Slouch hat">Slouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sou%27wester" title="Sou'wester">Sou'wester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_cap" title="Student cap">Student</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faluche" title="Faluche">faluche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_academic_cap" title="Square academic cap">Square academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricorne" title="Tricorne">Tricorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_cover" title="Utility cover">Utility cover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_clothing" title="Christian clothing">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">Biretta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">Canterbury</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">Camauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capirote" title="Capirote">Capirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappello_romano" title="Cappello romano">Cappello romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capuchon" title="Capuchon">Capuchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christening_cap" title="Christening cap">Christening cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galero" title="Galero">Galero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women" title="Head covering for Christian women">Head covering for Christian women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_bonnet" title="Easter bonnet">Easter bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantilla" title="Mantilla">mantilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimple" title="Wimple">wimple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">papal tiara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_hat" title="Pilgrim's hat">Pilgrim's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army_bonnet" title="Salvation Army bonnet">Salvation Army bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovel_hat" title="Shovel hat">Shovel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klobuk" title="Klobuk">Klobuk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epanokalimavkion" title="Epanokalimavkion">epanokalimavkion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimavkion" title="Kalimavkion">kalimavkion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koukoulion" title="Koukoulion">koukoulion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skufia" title="Skufia">Skufia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashket" title="Kashket">Kashket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolpik" title="Kolpik">Kolpik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spodik" title="Spodik">Spodik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtreimel" title="Shtreimel">Shtreimel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_hat" title="Animal hat">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_cap" title="Ascot cap">Ascot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barretina" title="Barretina">Barretina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)" title="Beanie (seamed cap)">Beanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobble_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobble hat">Bobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_(hat)" title="Breton (hat)">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_hat" title="Bucket hat">Bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_cap" title="Chilote cap">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boss_of_the_Plains" title="Boss of the Plains">Boss of the Plains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_hat" title="Fruit hat">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knit_cap" title="Knit cap">Knit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_cap" title="Monmouth cap">Monmouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_hat" title="Party hat">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower_cap" title="Shower cap">Shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_foil_hat" title="Tin foil hat">Tin foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_hat" title="Umbrella hat">Umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopee_cap" title="Whoopee cap">Whoopee</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_cap" title="Cricket cap">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggy_green" title="Baggy green">baggy green</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaclava_(clothing)" title="Balaclava (clothing)">Balaclava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facekini" title="Facekini">facekini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_cap" title="Baseball cap">Baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trucker_hat" title="Trucker hat">trucker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_clip_hat" title="Bicycle clip hat">Bicycle clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette" title="Casquette">Casquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerstalker" title="Deerstalker">Deerstalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jockey%27s_cap" title="Jockey's cap">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounteere_cap" title="Mounteere cap">Mounteere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_cap" title="Rally cap">Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_visor" title="Sports visor">Sports visor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_eyeshade" title="Green eyeshade">green eyeshade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap" title="Stormy Kromer cap">Stormy Kromer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_cap" title="Swim cap">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attifet" title="Attifet">Attifet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(headdress)" title="Apex (headdress)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_hat" title="Beaver hat">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat" title="Bergère hat">Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir_cap" title="Boudoir cap">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyar_hat" title="Boyar hat">Boyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycocket" title="Bycocket">Bycocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capotain" title="Capotain">Capotain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_hat" title="Cavalier hat">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_scuttle_bonnet" title="Coal scuttle bonnet">Coal scuttle bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Varden_(costume)" title="Dolly Varden (costume)">Dolly Varden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunce_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunce cap">Dunce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontange" title="Fontange">Fontange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hood" title="French hood">French hood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennin" title="Hennin">Hennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">Kausia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik" title="Kokoshnik">Kokoshnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_cap" title="Miner's cap">Miner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobcap" title="Mobcap">Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_hat" title="Pamela hat">Pamela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poke_bonnet" title="Poke bonnet">Poke bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap" title="Baby bumper headguard cap">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toque" title="Toque">Toque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hat" title="Witch hat">Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap" title="Gediminas' Cap">Gediminas' Cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakhchin" title="Arakhchin">Arakhchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_conical_hat" title="Asian conical hat">Asian conical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aso_Oke_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aso Oke hat">Aso Oke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_military_fur_wedge_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian military fur wedge cap">Astrakhan (hat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayam_(cap)" title="Ayam (cap)">Ayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_bonnet" title="Balmoral bonnet">Balmoral bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-boy_hat" title="Bell-boy hat">Bell-boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beonggeoji" title="Beonggeoji">Beonggeoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadgaunle_Topi" title="Bhadgaunle Topi">Bhadgaunle Topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birke_topi" title="Birke topi">Birke topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blangkon" title="Blangkon">Blangkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_bonnet_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue bonnet (hat)">Blue bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapan" title="Chapan">Chapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chullo" title="Chullo">Chullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured_hat" title="Coloured hat">Coloured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">Coonskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_hat" title="Cork hat">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_topi" title="Dhaka topi">Dhaka topi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppa" title="Doppa">Doppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cap" title="Dutch cap">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_dome" title="Energy dome">Energy dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Fez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Winds_hat" title="Four Winds hat">Four Winds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujin_(headgear)" title="Fujin (headgear)">Fujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulani_hat" title="Fulani hat">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futou" title="Futou">Futou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(hat)" title="Gat (hat)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glengarry" title="Glengarry">Glengarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_tail-cap" title="Icelandic tail-cap">Icelandic tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaapi" title="Jaapi">Jaapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongjagwan" title="Jeongjagwan">Jeongjagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobawi" title="Jobawi">Jobawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpak" title="Kalpak">Kalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakul (hat)">Karakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasa_(hat)" title="Kasa (hat)">Kasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashket" title="Kashket">Kashket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofia_(hat)" title="Kofia (hat)">Kofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">Kufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuma_(cap)" title="Kuma (cap)">Kuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbadeh" title="Labbadeh">Labbadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lika_cap" title="Lika cap">Lika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahai" title="Malahai">Malahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cap" title="Montenegrin cap">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montera_picona" title="Montera picona">Montera picona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooskappe" title="Mooskappe">Mooskappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambawi" title="Nambawi">Nambawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3n_quai_thao" class="mw-redirect" title="Nón quai thao">Nón quai thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochipok" title="Ochipok">Ochipok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paag" title="Paag">Paag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_hat" title="Pahlavi hat">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakol" title="Pakol">Pakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papakha" title="Papakha">Papakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashteen_hat" title="Pashteen hat">Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungcha" title="Pungcha">Pungcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastacap" title="Rastacap">Rastacap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da" title="Šajkača">Šajkača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salako" title="Salako">Salako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakot" title="Salakot">Salakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_bird" title="Senufo bird">Senufo bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyade" title="Shyade">Shyade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik_cap" title="Šibenik cap">Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero" title="Sombrero">Sombrero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_cala%C3%B1%C3%A9s" title="Sombrero calañés">sombrero calañés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordovan_hat" title="Cordovan hat">sombrero cordobés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite" title="Sombrero de catite">sombrero de catite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sombrero_vueltiao" title="Sombrero vueltiao">sombrero vueltiao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_official_headwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Song official headwear">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Kromer_cap" title="Stormy Kromer cap">Stormy Kromer cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_hat" title="Straw hat">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubara" title="Šubara">Šubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_hat" title="Sun hat">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_o%27_shanter_(cap)" title="Tam o' shanter (cap)">Tam o' shanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggeon" title="Tanggeon">Tanggeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">Tantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembel_hat" title="Tembel hat">Tembel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)" title="Tokin (headwear)">Tokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topor_(headgear)" title="Topor (headgear)">Topor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunokakushi" title="Tsunokakushi">Tsunokakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubeteika" title="Tubeteika">Tubeteika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuque" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuque">Tuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_hat" title="Tyrolean hat">Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upe" title="Upe">Upe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushanka" title="Ushanka">Ushanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanggwan" title="Yanggwan">Yanggwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wrapped<br />headwear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolnik" title="Apostolnik">Apostolnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashlyk" title="Bashlyk">Bashlyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birrus" title="Birrus">Birrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshiya" title="Boshiya">Boshiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">Burqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caul_(headgear)" title="Caul (headgear)">Caul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">Chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaperon_(headgear)" title="Chaperon (headgear)">Chaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-rag" class="mw-redirect" title="Do-rag">Do-rag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumalla" title="Dumalla">Dumalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_turban" title="Hejazi turban">Emamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7onnella" title="Għonnella">Għonnella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gook_(headgear)" title="Gook (headgear)">Gook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugel" title="Gugel">Gugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulle" title="Gulle">Gulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect" title="Haredi burqa sect">Haredi burqa sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogeon" title="Hogeon">Hogeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jang-ot" title="Jang-ot">Jang-ot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n" title="Khăn vấn">Khăn vấn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_peta" title="Mysore peta">Mysore peta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">Niqāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagri_(turban)" title="Pagri (turban)">Pagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranja" title="Paranja">Paranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheta" title="Pheta">Pheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puneri_Pagadi" title="Puneri Pagadi">Puneri Pagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roach_(headdress)" title="Roach (headdress)">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)">Snood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudra_(headdress)" title="Sudra (headdress)">Sudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tichel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichel">Tichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">Tudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">Veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashmak" title="Yashmak">Yashmak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hat parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette" title="Aigrette">Aigrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_brim" title="Hat brim">Brim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_brim" title="Bumper brim">Bumper brim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_cord" title="Campaign cord">Campaign cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointoise" title="Cointoise">Cointoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamsbart" title="Gamsbart">Gamsbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackle" title="Hackle">Hackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lappet" title="Lappet">Lappet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_(feather)" title="Plume (feather)">Plume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpech" title="Sarpech">Sarpech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visor" title="Visor">Visor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">Cockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_box" title="Hat box">Hat box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatpin" title="Hatpin">Hatpin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_clothing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_clothing" title="Template:Historical clothing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_clothing" title="Template talk:Historical clothing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_clothing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical clothing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_clothing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Historical clothing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body-length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolla" title="Abolla">Abolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)" title="Banyan (clothing)">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)" title="Brunswick (clothing)">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Court uniform and dress in the Empire of Japan">Court dress (Empire of Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frock" title="Frock">Frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">Frock coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justacorps" title="Justacorps">Justacorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paenula" title="Paenula">Paenula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">Stola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">Tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xout_lao" title="Xout lao">Xout lao</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clothes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/150px-Clothes.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/225px-Clothes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/300px-Clothes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Top_(clothing)" title="Top (clothing)">Tops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_(clothing)" title="Basque (clothing)">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedgown" title="Bedgown">Bedgown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodice" title="Bodice">Bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peascod_belly" title="Peascod belly">Peascod belly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poet_shirt" title="Poet shirt">Poet shirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbai" title="Sbai">Sbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_pat" title="Suea pat">Suea pat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">Trousers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braccae" title="Braccae">Braccae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Breeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben" title="Sompot Chong Kben">Sompot Chong Kben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culottes" title="Culottes">Culottes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_pants" title="Harem pants">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)" title="Knickerbockers (clothing)">Knickerbockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_pushers" title="Pedal pushers">Pedal pushers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saragüells (page does not exist)">Saragüells</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells" class="extiw" title="ca:Saragüells">ca</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">Skirts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobble_skirt" title="Hobble skirt">Hobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poodle_skirt" title="Poodle skirt">Poodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)" title="Safeguard (costume)">Safeguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompot">Sompot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">Sinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(clothing)" title="Train (clothing)">Train</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dresses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bliaut" title="Bliaut">Bliaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-bodied_gown" title="Close-bodied gown">Close-bodied gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante_dress" title="Debutante dress">Debutante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">Gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtle" title="Kirtle">Kirtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)" title="Mantua (clothing)">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)" title="Polonaise (clothing)">Polonaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_de_cour" title="Robe de cour">Robe de cour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack-back_gown" title="Sack-back gown">Sack-back gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_dress" title="Sailor dress">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_gown" title="Tea gown">Tea gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu" title="Zaju chuishao fu">Zaju chuishao fu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_outerwear" title="List of outerwear">Outerwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capote_(garment)" title="Capote (garment)">Capote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_coat" title="Car coat">Car coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraco" title="Caraco">Caraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_cloak" title="Cardinal cloak">Cardinal cloak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)" title="Chamail (clothing)">Chamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">Cloak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinsale_cloak" title="Kinsale cloak">Kinsale cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolman" title="Dolman">Dolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duster_(clothing)" title="Duster (clothing)">Duster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatcoat" title="Greatcoat">Greatcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houppelande" title="Houppelande">Houppelande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness_cape" title="Inverness cape">Inverness cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin" title="Jerkin">Jerkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandys" title="Kandys">Kandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket" title="Mackinaw jacket">Mackinaw jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadiri" title="Nadiri">Nadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_jacket" title="Norfolk jacket">Norfolk jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-frock_coat" title="Over-frock coat">Overfrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo" title="Pañuelo">Pañuelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palla_(garment)" title="Palla (garment)">Palla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)" title="Pallium (Roman cloak)">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelisse" title="Pelisse">Pelisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">Poncho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadbelly" title="Shadbelly">Shadbelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">Shawl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galway_shawl" title="Galway shawl">Galway shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullu_shawl" title="Kullu shawl">Kullu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smock-frock" title="Smock-frock">Smock-frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)" title="Spencer (clothing)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surcoat" title="Surcoat">Surcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtout" title="Surtout">Surtout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_coat" title="Ulster coat">Ulster coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visite" title="Visite">Visite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witzchoura" title="Witzchoura">Witzchoura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Undergarment" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergarment">Underwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_(clothing)" title="Basque (clothing)">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustle" title="Bustle">Bustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausses" title="Chausses">Chausses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemise" title="Chemise">Chemise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codpiece" title="Codpiece">Codpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corselet" title="Corselet">Corselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">Corset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist_cincher" title="Waist cincher">Waist cincher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickey_(garment)" title="Dickey (garment)">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter" title="Garter">Garter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoop_skirt" title="Hoop skirt">Hoop skirt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crinoline" title="Crinoline">Crinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farthingale" title="Farthingale">Farthingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)" title="Pannier (clothing)">Pannier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_(clothing)" title="Hose (clothing)">Hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_bodice" title="Liberty bodice">Liberty bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">Loincloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_drawers" title="Open drawers">Open drawers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantalettes" title="Pantalettes">Pantalettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat" title="Petticoat">Petticoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peignoir" title="Peignoir">Peignoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettipants" title="Pettipants">Pettipants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_suit" title="Union suit">Union suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm" title="Yếm">Yếm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">Headwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat" title="Anthony Eden hat">Anthony Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(headdress)" title="Apex (headdress)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakhchin" title="Arakhchin">Arakhchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attifet" title="Attifet">Attifet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviator_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator hat">Aviator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m" title="Ba tầm">Ba tầm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat" title="Bergère hat">Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat" title="Blessed sword and hat">Blessed hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capotain" title="Capotain">Capotain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubeen" title="Caubeen">Caubeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_hat" title="Cavalier hat">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">Coonskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunce_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunce cap">Dunce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)" title="Fillet (clothing)">Fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hood" title="French hood">French hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontange" title="Fontange">Fontange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futou" title="Futou">Futou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable_hood" title="Gable hood">Gable hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennin" title="Hennin">Hennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongjagwan" title="Jeongjagwan">Jeongjagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">Kausia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik" title="Kokoshnik">Kokoshnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llawt%27u" title="Llawt'u">Llawt'u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahai" title="Malahai">Malahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matron%27s_badge" title="Matron's badge">Matron's badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_cap" title="Miner's cap">Miner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobcap" title="Mobcap">Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_cap" title="Monmouth cap">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooskappe" title="Mooskappe">Mooskappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoring_hood" title="Motoring hood">Motoring hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounteere_Cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounteere Cap">Mounteere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)" title="Nightcap (garment)">Nightcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochipok" title="Ochipok">Ochipok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_hat" title="Pahlavi hat">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_hat" title="Printer's hat">Printer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap" title="Baby bumper headguard cap">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakot" title="Salakot">Salakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)">Snood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephane_(headdress)" title="Stephane (headdress)">Stephane (headdress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainia_(costume)" title="Tainia (costume)">Tainia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)" title="Taranga (clothing)">Taranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Wig" title="Welsh Wig">Welsh Wig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimple" title="Wimple">Wimple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">Footwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buskin" title="Buskin">Buskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcei" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcei">Calcei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligae" title="Caligae">Caligae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbatina" title="Carbatina">Carbatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_footwear" title="Hanfu footwear">Chinese styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopine" title="Chopine">Chopines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duckbill_shoe" title="Duckbill shoe">Duckbills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_sandals" title="Episcopal sandals">Episcopal sandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_(boot)" title="Hessian (boot)">Hessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus shoes">Lotus shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes" title="Manchu platform shoes">Manchu platform shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampootie" title="Pampootie">Pampooties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patten_(shoe)" title="Patten (shoe)">Pattens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigache" title="Pigache">Pigaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poulaine" title="Poulaine">Poulaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socci" class="mw-redirect" title="Socci">Socci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes" title="Tiger-head shoes">Tiger-head shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnshoe" title="Turnshoe">Turnshoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_tie" title="Ascot tie">Ascot tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">Belt hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointoise" title="Cointoise">Cointoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cravat_(early)" title="Cravat (early)">Cravat (early)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin" title="Hairpin">Hairpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatpin" title="Hatpin">Hatpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)" title="Jabot (neckwear)">Jabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pussy_bow" title="Pussy bow">Lavallière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)" title="Muff (handwarmer)">Muff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oes" title="Oes">Oes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partlet" title="Partlet">Partlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfumed_gloves" title="Perfumed gloves">Perfumed gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)" title="Ruff (clothing)">Ruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_buckle" title="Shoe buckle">Shoe buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visard" title="Visard">Visard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/28px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/42px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/56px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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