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id="toc-Philosophy_and_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 God </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldly_Illusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldly_Illusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Worldly Illusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldly_Illusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeless_Truth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeless_Truth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Timeless Truth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeless_Truth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Liberation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_and_Devotion_(Miri_and_Piri)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_and_Devotion_(Miri_and_Piri)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Power and Devotion (Miri and Piri) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_and_Devotion_(Miri_and_Piri)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singing_and_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singing_and_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Singing and Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singing_and_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remembrance_of_the_Divine_Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remembrance_of_the_Divine_Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Remembrance of the Divine Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remembrance_of_the_Divine_Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_and_Action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_and_Action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Service and Action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_and_Action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justice_and_Equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice_and_Equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Justice and Equality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice_and_Equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ten_Gurus_and_Authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ten_Gurus_and_Authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Ten Gurus and Authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ten_Gurus_and_Authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Scripture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scripture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scripture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ādi_Granth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ādi_Granth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ādi Granth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ādi_Granth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guru_Granth_Sahib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guru_Granth_Sahib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Guru Granth Sahib </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guru_Granth_Sahib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Compilation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Language and script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Teachings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_guru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_guru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 As guru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_guru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_Hinduism_and_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_Hinduism_and_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Relation to Hinduism and Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_Hinduism_and_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dasam_Granth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dasam_Granth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Dasam Granth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dasam_Granth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarbloh_Granth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarbloh_Granth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Sarbloh Granth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarbloh_Granth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Janamsakhis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Janamsakhis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Janamsakhis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Janamsakhis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Observances </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observances subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sikh_festivals/events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_festivals/events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Sikh festivals/events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_festivals/events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremonies_and_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonies_and_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ceremonies and customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonies_and_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiation_and_the_Khalsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation_and_the_Khalsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Initiation and the Khalsa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation_and_the_Khalsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Historical influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Growth of Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_advancement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_advancement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Political advancement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_advancement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sikh_confederacy_and_the_rise_of_the_Khalsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_confederacy_and_the_rise_of_the_Khalsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Sikh confederacy and the rise of the Khalsa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_confederacy_and_the_rise_of_the_Khalsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singh_Sabha_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singh_Sabha_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Singh Sabha movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singh_Sabha_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Partition of India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khalistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khalistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Khalistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khalistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sikh people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sikh_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sikh people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sikh_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sikh_sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sikh sects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_castes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_castes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sikh castes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_castes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Sikh diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibitions_in_Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prohibitions in Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibitions_in_Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sikhism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" > 155 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismus" title="Sikhismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sikhismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="सिख धर्म – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सिख धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السيخية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السيخية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismo" title="Sikhismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sikhismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%AD_%D5%A5%D6%82_%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սիխ եւ Սիխիզմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սիխ եւ Սիխիզմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siquismo" title="Siquismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Siquismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="শিখ ধৰ্ম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শিখ ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismu" title="Sikhismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sikhismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96" title="सिख – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सिख" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADki_jerovia" title="Síki jerovia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Síki jerovia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siqhizm" title="Siqhizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siqhizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="سیخیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیخیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="শিখধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিখধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh-k%C3%A0u" title="Sikh-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sikh-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сикхизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сикхизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сікхізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сікхізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сыкхізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сыкхізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="सिख धर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिख धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Сикхизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сикхизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སིག་གི་ཆོས་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སིག་གི་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikizam" title="Sikizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sikizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhegezh" title="Sikhegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sikhegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сикх шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сикх шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihismo" title="Sihismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sihismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismus" title="Sikhismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sikhismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usikhi" title="Usikhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Usikhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciaeth" title="Siciaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siciaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سيخية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سيخية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismus" title="Sikhismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sikhismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%AC%DE%8B%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ސިކުންގެދީން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސިކުންގެދީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sikhism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σιχισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιχισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh%C3%AEsum" title="Sikhîsum – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sikhîsum" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijismo" title="Sijismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sijismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikismo" title="Sikismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sikismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijismu" title="Sijismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sijismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismo" title="Sikhismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sikhismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="آیین سیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیین سیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sikhism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisma" title="Sikhisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sikhisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisim" title="Sikhisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sikhisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%ADceachas_(reiligi%C3%BAn)" title="Suíceachas (reiligiún) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Suíceachas (reiligiún)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismo" title="Sikhismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sikhismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh-kau" title="Sikh-kau – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sikh-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%81%AC%EA%B5%90" title="시크교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시크교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sikh" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սիկհականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիկհականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="सिख धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिख धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhizam" title="Sikhizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sikhizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismo" title="Sikhismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sikhismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4" title="শিখ লিচেত – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="শিখ লিচেত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismo" title="Sikhismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sikhismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADkismi" title="Síkismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Síkismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismo" title="Sikhismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sikhismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="סיקיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיקיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%A9k%C9%A9sm%C9%A9" title="Sɩkɩsmɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɩkɩsmɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಸಿಖ್ ಧರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಖ್ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სიქიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიქიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%90%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="سِکھ مَت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سِکھ مَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сикхалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сикхалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalasinga" title="Kalasinga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kalasinga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikism" title="Sikism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sikism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEkh%C3%AEzm" title="Sîkhîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sîkhîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihizmo" title="Sihizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sihizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81" title="ສາສະໜາຊິກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາສະໜາຊິກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichismus" title="Sichismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sichismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisms" title="Sikhisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sikhisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhizmas" title="Sikhizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sikhizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicisme" title="Sicisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sicisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismo" title="Sikhismo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sikhismo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szikhizmus" title="Szikhizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szikhizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="सिख धर्म – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सिख धर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Сикизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сикизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikisma" title="Sikisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sikisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സിഖ് മതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിഖ് മതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="शीख धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शीख धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სიქიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიქიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="سيخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="သိခဘာသာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သိခဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیک دین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیک دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismo" title="Sikhismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sikhismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Сикхизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сикхизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဆစ်ခ်ဘာသာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆစ်ခ်ဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="सिख धर्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिख धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="सिख धर्म – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिख धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AF%E6%95%99" title="シク教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シク教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сикхизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сикхизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siikism" title="Siikism – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Siikism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismen" title="Sikhismen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sikhismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhizm" title="Sikhizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sikhizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="سکھ مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سکھ مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="သစ်ခ်ဘာႏသာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သစ်ခ်ဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سکيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سکيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siikizim" title="Siikizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Siikizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikime" title="Sikime – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sikime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sikhism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismus" title="Sikhismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sikhismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhizm" title="Sikhizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sikhizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siquismo" title="Siquismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Siquismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sikhism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihk%C3%A2pen" title="Sihkâpen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Sihkâpen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сікгізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сікгізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сикхизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сикхизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сикхизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сикхизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सिखमतम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सिखमतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="سکھ مت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سکھ مت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sikhism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikizmi" title="Sikizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sikizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="සික් ධර්මය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සික් ධර්මය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sikhism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="سک مت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سک مت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhizmus" title="Sikhizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sikhizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhizem" title="Sikhizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sikhizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siikhismi" title="Siikhismi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Siikhismi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سیکیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیکیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Сикизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сикизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikizam" title="Sikizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sikizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhil%C3%A4isyys" title="Sikhiläisyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sikhiläisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sikhism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismo" title="Sikhismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sikhismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சீக்கியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீக்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сикхчылык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сикхчылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BA" title="ၸၢဝ်းသိၵ်ႉၶ် – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၸၢဝ်းသိၵ်ႉၶ်" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="సిక్కుమతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిక్కుమతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%8C" title="ศาสนาซิกข์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาซิกข์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihizm" title="Sihizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sihizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сикхізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сикхізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="سکھ مت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سکھ مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhizm" title="Sikhizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sikhizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_gi%C3%A1o" title="Sikh giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sikh giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sikhism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjiisme" title="Sjiisme – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sjiisme" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismo" title="Sikhismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sikhismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99" title="锡克教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锡克教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="סיקהיזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סיקהיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99" title="錫克教 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="錫克教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sik%C4%97zmos" title="Sikėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sikėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99" title="锡克教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锡克教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sik" title="Sik – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhisme" title="Sikhisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Sikhisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Sikhism" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikxizm" title="Sikxizm – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sikxizm" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9316#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religion originating in Punjab, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the religion. For its adherents, see <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>. For the Indian state, see <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Sikhism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg/250px-Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg/375px-Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg/500px-Hamandir_Sahib_%28Golden_Temple%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, India. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy site">holiest site</a> of Sikhism.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian religion">Indian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Panj Takht</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Predominant religion in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a> (58%), and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">widespread worldwide</a> as minorities (<a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikh diaspora</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sant_Bhasha" title="Sant Bhasha">Sant Bhasha</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_bole" title="Khalsa bole">Khalsa bole</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a>, Amritsar, Punjab, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">15th–16th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Number of followers</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 25–30 million (individually referred to as <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, collectively referred to as Sikh Panth)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFC600; padding:0.2em; font-size:140%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sikhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda"><img alt="Khanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> Selected revered saints</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chakkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kalā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (Turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takhts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">General topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirgun_and_Sargun_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirgun and Sargun (Sikhism)">Nirgun and Sargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_of_Akal_Takht" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar of Akal Takht">Jathedar of Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)">Sikhism and other religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Jainism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sikhism (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsiːkɪzəm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SEEK-iz-əm</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> also known as Sikhi,<a href="#cite_note-8">[i]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Indian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian religion">Indian religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">philosophy</a><a href="#cite_note-:2a-9">[8]</a> that originated in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> around the end of the 15th century CE. It is one of the most recently founded <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">major religions</a> and among the largest in the world with about 25–30 million adherents, known as <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>. Sikhism developed from the spiritual teachings of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> (1469–1539), the faith's first <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, and the nine <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a> who succeeded him. The tenth guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> (1666–1708), named the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, which is the central religious scripture in Sikhism, as his successor. This brought the line of human gurus to a close. Sikhs regard the Guru Granth Sahib as the 11th and eternally living guru. The core beliefs and practices of Sikhism, articulated in the Guru Granth Sahib and other Sikh scriptures, include faith and meditation in the name of the one creator (<a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a>), the divine unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service to others (<a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">sevā</a>), striving for justice for the benefit and prosperity of all (<a href="/wiki/Sarbat_da_bhala" title="Sarbat da bhala">sarbat da bhala</a>), and honest conduct and livelihood. Following this standard, Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on absolute truth. As a consequence, Sikhs do not actively proselytize, although voluntary converts are generally accepted. Sikhism emphasizes meditation and remembrance as a means to feel God's presence (<a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">simran</a>), which can be expressed musically through <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a> or internally through <a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">naam japna</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'meditation on God's name'). Baptised Sikhs are obliged to wear the <a href="/wiki/Five_Ks" title="Five Ks">five Ks</a>, which are five articles of faith which physically distinguish Sikhs from non-Sikhs. Among these include the <a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)" title="Kesh (Sikhism)">kesh</a> (uncut hair). Most religious Sikh men thus do not cut their hair but rather <a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">wear a turban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[ii]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The definition of a Sikh, according to the <a href="/wiki/Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehat Maryada">Rehat Maryada</a>, the Sikh code of conduct, is any human being who faithfully believes in the following:<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"><li>One Immortal Being,</li><li>Ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak Sahib to Guru Gobind Singh Sahib,</li><li>The Guru Granth Sahib,</li><li>The utterances and teachings of the ten Gurus and,</li><li>The baptism bequeathed by the tenth Guru, and who does not owe allegiance to any other religion.</li></ol></div> </blockquote> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewels_of_the_Sikh_Faith.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jewels_of_the_Sikh_Faith.png/220px-Jewels_of_the_Sikh_Faith.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jewels_of_the_Sikh_Faith.png/330px-Jewels_of_the_Sikh_Faith.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jewels_of_the_Sikh_Faith.png/440px-Jewels_of_the_Sikh_Faith.png 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption>Prominent Sikh shrines: <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akaal Takht</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib" title="Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Panja_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Panja Sahib">Panja Sahib</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Nankana Sahib</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Dera_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Dera Sahib">Dera Sahib</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_Lodhi" title="Sultanpur Lodhi">Ber Sahib</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Kartarpur Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Baba_Nanak" title="Dera Baba Nanak">Dera Baba Nanak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Hemkund_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Hemkund Sahib">Hemkund Sahib</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Sis_Ganj_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib">Sis Ganj Sahib</a></li></ol></div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarn_Taran_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tarn_Taran_1.jpg/220px-Tarn_Taran_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tarn_Taran_1.jpg/330px-Tarn_Taran_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tarn_Taran_1.jpg/440px-Tarn_Taran_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_Sahib" title="Tarn Taran Sahib">Tarn Taran Sahib</a> – The World's Largest Sarovar (sacred pool)</figcaption></figure> The religion developed and evolved in times of <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution#Persecutions_of_Sikhs" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a>, gaining converts from both <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperor">Mughal emperors</a> of India tortured and executed two of the Sikh gurus—<a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> (1563–1605) and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> (1621–1675)—after <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion#Islam" title="Forced conversion">they refused to convert to Islam</a>. The persecution of the Sikhs triggered the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 as an order to protect the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">freedom of conscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a>, with members expressing the qualities of a <a href="/wiki/Sant_Sipahi" title="Sant Sipahi">sant-sipāhī</a> ("saint-soldier"). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in the alphabet of <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhī</a>, a script standardised by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a> out of <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā scripts</a> historically used in present-day Pakistan and <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013pxxi-13">[11]</a> Adherents of Sikhism are known as <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, meaning "students" or "disciples" of the guru. The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> word Sikhism derives from the Punjabi word for the religion Sikhi (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: ਸਿੱਖੀ Sikkhī, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[ˈsɪk.kʰiː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/84\/Sikkhi.ogg\/Sikkhi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sikkhi.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Sikkhi.ogg/Sikkhi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sikkhi.ogg" title="File:Sikkhi.ogg">ⓘ</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: ਸਿੱਖ, romanized: <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'disciple'),<a href="#cite_note-14">[iii]</a> which connotes the "temporal path of learning" and is rooted in the verb sikhana (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'to learn').<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p12-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> Some Sikhs oppose the exonym term Sikhism as they claim the word was coined <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">by the British colonists</a> rather than by Sikhs themselves, and they instead prefer the endonym Sikhi. They argue that an "-ism" connotes a fixed and immutable worldview which is not congruent with the internally fluid nature of the Sikh philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p4-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_teachings">Philosophy and teachings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy and teachings">edit</a>]</div> The basis of Sikhism lies in the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> and his successors.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> emphasize the congruence between spiritual development and everyday moral conduct. Its founder, Guru Nanak, summarized this perspective by saying, "Truth is the highest virtue, but higher still is truthful living."<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[17]</a>: 234  Sikhism lays emphasis on Ėk nūr te sab jag upjiā, 'From the one light, the entire universe welled up.'<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> Guru Nanak also emphasized his teachings to his disciples by giving them real-life examples. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God">God</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: God">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></div> Sikhism is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheistic</a> religion. Sikhs believe that there exists only one God and that God is simultaneously within everything and is all-encompassing. The oneness of God is reflected by the phrase <a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> In Sikhism, the word for God is <a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'wondrous teacher'). The Waheguru is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Nirankar" title="Nirankar">Nirankar</a> ("shapeless"), Akal ("timeless"), Karta Purakh ("<a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">the creator being</a>"), Akaal Purkh ("beyond time and death") and Agam Agochar ("<a href="/wiki/Divine_incomprehensibility" title="Divine incomprehensibility">incomprehensible</a> and invisible").<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> In a literal sense, God has no <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God_in_Sikhism" title="Gender of God in Sikhism">gender</a> in Sikhism, but, metaphorically, God is presented as masculine and God's power as feminine. For example, Guru Gobind Singh refers to God as his father and God's creative power as his mother. Similarly, another example is that the Guru Granth Sahib, the primary Sikh scripture, says that all humans are soul-brides who long to unite with their husband Lord.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> In addition, the gurus also wrote in the Guru Granth Sahib that there are many worlds on which the transcendental God has created life.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> The Sikh scripture begins with God as Ik Onkar (ੴ), the 'One Creator',<a href="#cite_note-singhaikonkar-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[17]</a>: 227  understood in the Sikh tradition as monotheistic unity of God.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Ik onkar (sometimes capitalized) is more loosely rendered 'the one supreme reality', 'the one creator', 'the all-pervading spirit', and other ways of expressing a diffused but unified and singular sense of God and creation.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a> goes from ik onkar until Nanak hosee bhee sach. The opening line of the Guru Granth Sahib and each subsequent <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">raga</a>, mentions ik onkar:<a href="#cite_note-pashauramulmantar2-30">[27]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ੴikk ōankār</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਸਤਿsat(i)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਨਾਮੁnām(u)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਕਰਤਾkaratā</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਪੁਰਖੁpurakh(u)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਨਿਰਭਉnirabha'u</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁniravair(u)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਅਕਾਲakāl(a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਮੂਰਤਿmūrat(i)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਅਜੂਨੀajūnī</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਸੈਭੰsaibhan</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਗੁਰgur(a)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥prasād(i)</div>{ੴ} ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥{ikk ōankār} sat(i) nām(u) karatā purakh(u) nirabha'u niravair(u) akāl(a) mūrat(i) ajūnī saibhan gur(a) prasād(i)"There is one supreme being, the eternal reality, the creator, without fear and devoid of enmity, immortal, never incarnated, self-existent, known by grace through the true guru."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (17th c.), p. 1</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldly_Illusion">Worldly Illusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Worldly Illusion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akalees_Emily_Eden_PDL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Akalees_Emily_Eden_PDL.jpg/170px-Akalees_Emily_Eden_PDL.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Akalees_Emily_Eden_PDL.jpg/255px-Akalees_Emily_Eden_PDL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Akalees_Emily_Eden_PDL.jpg/340px-Akalees_Emily_Eden_PDL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>A sketch made in 1844 by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Eden" title="Emily Eden">Emily Eden</a> of the "Akalees or Immortals". Digitized by the <a href="/wiki/Panjab_Digital_Library" title="Panjab Digital Library">Panjab Digital Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Māyā</a>, defined as a temporary illusion or "<a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">unreality</a>", is one of the core deviations from the pursuit of God and salvation: where worldly attractions give only illusory temporary satisfaction and pain that distracts from the process of the devotion of God. However, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Nanak</a> emphasized māyā as not a reference to the unreality of the world, but of its values. In Sikhism, the influences of <a href="/wiki/Ahankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahankar">ego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krodh" title="Krodh">anger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobh" title="Lobh">greed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moh" title="Moh">attachment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kam">lust</a>, known as the pānj chor ('<a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a>'), are believed to be particularly distracting and hurtful. Sikhs believe the world is currently in a state of <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a> ('age of darkness') because the world is led astray by the love of and attachment to māyā.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> The fate of people vulnerable to the five thieves is separation from God, and the situation may be remedied only after intensive and relentless devotion.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeless_Truth">Timeless Truth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timeless Truth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg/220px-Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg/330px-Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg/440px-Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a> Sikh at the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a>, also called the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.png/220px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.png/330px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.png/440px-Kattar_Dhal_Talwar.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>The original Sikh Symbol, or flag called the Nishan Sahib</figcaption></figure> According to Guru Nanak, the supreme purpose of human life is to reconnect with Akal ('The Timeless One'). However, <a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">egotism</a> is the biggest barrier in making this connection. Using the Guru's teaching remembrance of <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81m_Jap%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Nām Japō">nām</a> (the divine Name of the Lord)<a href="#cite_note-Pruthi_2004_204-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-NaamSimran-34">[31]</a> leads to the end of egotism. Guru Nanak designated the word Guru ('teacher')<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> to mean the voice of "the spirit": the source of knowledge and the guide to salvation.<a href="#cite_note-p254-36">[33]</a> As ik onkar is <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">universally immanent</a>, Guru is indistinguishable from Akal and are one and the same.<a href="#cite_note-singh2013-37">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberation">Liberation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liberation">edit</a>]</div> Guru Nanak's teachings are founded not on a final destination of heaven or hell, but on a spiritual union with the Akal, which results in <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jivanmukta" title="Jivanmukta">jivanmukti</a> ('enlightenment/liberation within one's lifetime'),<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> a concept also found in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grewal-39">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> makes it clear that human birth is obtained with great fortune, and therefore one needs to be able to make the most of this life.<a href="#cite_note-chahal2011-40">[37]</a> Sikhs accept <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> concepts found in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Reichberg2014p672-41">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> but do not necessarily infer a <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a> such as a state of "heaven" or "nirvana."<a href="#cite_note-chahal2011-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> Nevertheless, in Sikhism, both karma and liberation are "modified by the concept of God's grace" (nadar, mehar, kirpa, karam, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-Grewal-39">[36]</a> Guru Nanak states that "the body takes birth because of karma, but salvation is attained through grace."<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> To get closer to God, Sikhs: avoid the evils of maya; keep the everlasting truth in mind; practice <a href="/wiki/Shabad_(hymn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabad (hymn)">shabad</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a> (musical recitation of hymns); <a href="/wiki/Meditate" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditate">meditate</a> on <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81m_Jap%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Nām Japō">naam</a>; and serve humanity. Sikhs believe that being in the company of the <a href="/wiki/Satsang" title="Satsang">satsang</a> (association with sat, 'true', people) or sadh sangat is one of the key ways to achieve liberation from the cycles of reincarnation.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> community may be seen to correspond to <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">A.D. Smith's</a> definition of a politicized community, sharing common ancestry myths and historical memories of <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> and persecution under successive rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Shani_1–17-48">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_and_Devotion_(Miri_and_Piri)">Power and Devotion (Miri and Piri)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Power and Devotion (Miri and Piri)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miri_Piri" title="Miri Piri">Miri Piri</a></div> Miri Piri is a doctrine that has been practiced in Sikh religion since the seventeenth century. The doctrine of the "Mir" (social and political aspects of life) and the "Pir" (guides to spiritual aspect of life) was revealed by the first guru of Sikhism, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, but propounded by the sixth guru of Sikhism, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a>, on 12 June 1606.<a href="#cite_note-Marty-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-jas-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-grove-51">[46]</a> After the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">his father</a>, Guru Hargobind was elevated to the Guruship and fulfilled the prophecy that was given by the primal figure of Sikh, <a href="/wiki/Baba_Buddha" title="Baba Buddha">Baba Buddha</a>, that the guru will possess spiritual and temporal power. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> introduced the two swords of Miri and Piri symbolizing both worldly (social and political) and spiritual authority.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-jas-50">[45]</a> The two <a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">kirpan</a> of Miri and Piri are tied together with a <a href="/wiki/Khanda_(sword)" title="Khanda (sword)">khanda</a> in center, so the combination of both is considered supreme. This means that all action informed or arising out of the spiritual heart completes one's purpose and meaning in the world of action: <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jas-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, the first Sikh guru and the founder of Sikhism, was a <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> saint.<a href="#cite_note-richard-54">[49]</a> He taught that the most important form of worship is Bhakti (devotion to <a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Mayled2002-55">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a>, recommended the true religion as one of loving devotion to God.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> includes suggestions on how a Sikh should perform constant Bhakti.<a href="#cite_note-Mayled2002-55">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-sggs305306-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jhutti-Johal2011-59">[54]</a> Some scholars call Sikhism a Bhakti sect of Indian traditions,<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidlorenzen-61">[56]</a> adding that it emphasises "nirguni Bhakti", i.e. loving devotion to a divine without qualities or physical form.<a href="#cite_note-davidlorenzen-61">[56]</a>: 1–3 <a href="#cite_note-hardip-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> While Western scholarship generally places Sikhism as arising primarily within a Hindu Bhakti movement milieu while recognizing some <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi Islamic</a> influences,<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-65">[60]</a>: 3, 42–3  some Indian Sikh scholars disagree and state that Sikhism transcended the environment it emerged from. The basis of the latter analysis is that Bhakti traditions did not clearly disassociate from Vedic texts and their cosmologies and metaphysical worldview, while the Sikh tradition clearly did disassociate from the Vedic tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Singha-66">[61]</a> Several Sikh sects outside the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> region of India, such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, practice <a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">aarti</a> (the ceremonial use of lamps) during Bhakti observances in a Sikh <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> However, most Sikh gurdwaras forbid aarti during their Bhakti practices.<a href="#cite_note-:1-65">[60]</a>: 201  While emphasizing Bhakti, the Sikh gurus also taught that the spiritual life and secular householder life are intertwined, and not separate. This logically follows from the panentheistic nature of Sikh philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Kamala1-69">[64]</a> In Sikh worldview, the everyday world is part of the Infinite Reality, increased spiritual awareness leads to increased and vibrant participation in the everyday world.<a href="#cite_note-Nikky1-70">[65]</a> Guru Nanak described living an "active, creative, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" as being higher than the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> truth.<a href="#cite_note-Marwha1-71">[66]</a> The sixth guru, Guru Hargobind, after Guru Arjan's martyrdom, faced with oppression by the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, affirmed the philosophy that the political/temporal (Miri) and spiritual (Piri) realms are mutually coexistent.<a href="#cite_note-Marty1-72">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi1-73">[68]</a> According to the ninth Sikh guru, <a href="/wiki/Tegh_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegh Bahadur">Tegh Bahadur</a>, the ideal Sikh should have both <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> (power that resides in the temporal), and Bhakti (spiritual meditative qualities). This was developed into the concept of the "saint soldier" by the tenth Sikh guru, <a href="/wiki/Gobind_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobind Singh">Gobind Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi1-73">[68]</a> The concept of humanity as elaborated by Guru Nanak refines and negates the "monotheistic concept of self/God", declaring that "monotheism becomes almost redundant in the movement and crossings of love".<a href="#cite_note-Mandair1-74">[69]</a> Sikh gurus have taught that the human's goal is to end all dualities of "self and other, I and not-I", attain the "attendant balance of separation-fusion, self-other, action-inaction, attachment-detachment, in the course of daily life".<a href="#cite_note-Mandair1-74">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singing_and_Music">Singing and Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Singing and Music">edit</a>]</div> Sikhs refer to the hymns of the gurus as <a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Guru's word'). <a href="/wiki/Shabad_(hymn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabad (hymn)">Shabad</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a> is the singing of Gurbani. The entire verses of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> are written in a form of poetry and rhyme to be recited in thirty-one Ragas of the Classical Indian Music as specified. However, the exponents of these are rarely to be found amongst the Sikhs who are conversant with all the Ragas in the Guru Granth Sahib. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> started the Shabad Kirtan tradition and taught that listening to kirtan is a powerful way to achieve tranquility while meditating, and singing of the glories of the Supreme Timeless One (God) with devotion is the most effective way to come in communion with the Supreme Timeless One.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> The three morning prayers for Sikhs consist of Japji Sahib, Jaap Sahib, and Tav-Prasad Savaiye.<a href="#cite_note-diaspora-76">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Baptised Sikhs</a> (Amritdharis) rise early and meditate, then recite all the <a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a> of Nitnem, before breakfast. Five Banis consists of <a href="/wiki/Jap_Ji_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Jap Ji Sahib">Jap Ji Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaupai_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaupai Sahib">Chaupai Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anand_Sahib" title="Anand Sahib">Anand Sahib</a> and recitation of the banis <a href="/wiki/Paath" title="Paath">paath</a> is followed by <a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Sarbat_da_Bhala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbat da Bhala">Sarbat da Bhala</a> principle is taught by gurus which literally means blessings for everyone, blessings to humankind in good faith without discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-Kalsi_Chelsea-77">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cole_Sambhi-78">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teece_2004_4-79">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remembrance_of_the_Divine_Name">Remembrance of the Divine Name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Remembrance of the Divine Name">edit</a>]</div> A key practice by Sikhs is remembrance<a href="#cite_note-NaamSimran-34">[31]</a> of the Naam (divine name) Waheguru.<a href="#cite_note-Pruthi_2004_204-33">[30]</a> This contemplation is done through <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81m_Jap%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Nām Japō">Nām Japna</a> (repetition of the divine name) or <a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Naam Simran</a> (remembrance of the divine Name through recitation).<a href="#cite_note-NaamSimran-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> The verbal repetition of the name of God or a sacred syllable has been an ancient established practice in religious traditions in India, however, Sikhism developed Naam-simran as an important Bhakti practice.<a href="#cite_note-Dhillon1988-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> Guru Nanak's ideal is the total exposure of one's being to the divine Name and a total conforming to <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> or the "Divine Order". Nanak described the result of the disciplined application of nām simraṇ as a "growing towards and into God" through a gradual process of five stages. The last of these is <a href="/wiki/Sach_Khand" title="Sach Khand">Sach Khaṇḍ</a> (The Realm of Truth) – the final union of the spirit with God.<a href="#cite_note-p254-36">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_and_Action">Service and Action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Service and Action">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)#Seva_in_Sikhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Seva (Indian religions) § Seva in Sikhism</a></div> The Sikh gurus taught that by constantly remembering the divine name (<a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">naam simran</a>) and through selfless service (<a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">sēvā</a>) the devotee overcomes egotism (<a href="/wiki/Haumai" title="Haumai">Haumai</a>). This, it states, is the primary root of five evil impulses and the cycle of birth and death.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> Service in Sikhism takes three forms: Tan (physical service, i.e. labor), Man (mental service, such as dedicating your heart for service of others), and Dhan (material service, including financial support).<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> Sikhism stresses <a href="/wiki/Kirat_kar%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirat karō">kirat karō</a>, that is, "honest work". Sikh teachings also stress the concept of sharing, or <a href="/wiki/Va%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D_chakk%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaṇḍ chakkō">vaṇḍ chakkō</a>, giving to the needy for the benefit of the community.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justice_and_Equality">Justice and Equality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Justice and Equality">edit</a>]</div> Sikhism regards God as the true emperor, the king of all kings, the one who dispenses justice through the law of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, a retributive model and divine grace.<a href="#cite_note-Chanchreek_2007_142-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dugga_2001_33-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Justice-90">[85]</a> The term for justice in the Sikh tradition is Niāyā.<a href="#cite_note-Justice-90">[85]</a> It is related to the term dharam, which in Sikhism connotes 'moral order' and righteousness (derived, but distinct from the etymologically related Hindu concept of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Justice-90">[85]</a> According to the tenth Sikh guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, states Pashaura Singh (a professor of Sikh studies), "one must first try all the peaceful means of negotiation in the pursuit of justice" and if these fail then it is legitimate to "draw the sword in defense of righteousness".<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> Sikhism considers "an attack on dharam is an attack on justice, on righteousness, and on the moral order generally" and the dharam "must be defended at all costs".<a href="#cite_note-Mcleod-92">[87]</a> The divine name is its antidote for pain and vices. Forgiveness is taught as a virtue in Sikhism, yet it also teaches its faithful to shun those with evil intentions and to pick up the sword to fight injustice and religious persecution.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> Sikhism does not differentiate religious obligations by sex. God in Sikhism has no sex, and the Sikh scripture does not discriminate against women, nor bar them from any roles.<a href="#cite_note-McLeod2009p70-94">[89]</a> Women in Sikhism have been in positions of leadership, including leading in wars and issuing orders or <a href="/wiki/Hukamnama" title="Hukamnama">hukamnamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLeod2009p70-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ten_Gurus_and_Authority">Ten Gurus and Authority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ten Gurus and Authority">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Gurus_with_Bhai_Bala_and_Bhai_Mardana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sikh_Gurus_with_Bhai_Bala_and_Bhai_Mardana.jpg/170px-Sikh_Gurus_with_Bhai_Bala_and_Bhai_Mardana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sikh_Gurus_with_Bhai_Bala_and_Bhai_Mardana.jpg/255px-Sikh_Gurus_with_Bhai_Bala_and_Bhai_Mardana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sikh_Gurus_with_Bhai_Bala_and_Bhai_Mardana.jpg/340px-Sikh_Gurus_with_Bhai_Bala_and_Bhai_Mardana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>A rare <a href="/wiki/Tanjore_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore painting">Tanjore</a>-style painting from the late 19th century depicting the ten Sikh Gurus with <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Bala" title="Bhai Bala">Bhai Bala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mardana" title="Bhai Mardana">Bhai Mardana</a></figcaption></figure> The term "<a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> gurū, meaning teacher, enlightener, guide, or mentor. The traditions and philosophy of Sikhism were established by ten gurus from 1469 to 1708.<a href="#cite_note-Panjab_Publishers-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nesbitt2005_a-98">[93]</a> Each guru added to and reinforced the message taught by the previous, resulting in the creation of the Sikh religion. Guru Nanak was the first guru and appointed a disciple as successor. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> was the final guru in human form. Before his death, Guru Gobind Singh decreed in 1708, that the Gurū Granth Sāhib would be the final and perpetual guru of the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-granthfinalguru-99">[94]</a> Guru Nanak stated that his guru is God who is the same from the beginning of time to the end of time.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> Nanak said to be a God's slave and servant, but maintained that he was only a guide and teacher.<a href="#cite_note-ksingh116-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> Nanak stated that the human guru is mortal, who is to be respected and loved but not worshipped.<a href="#cite_note-ksingh116-101">[96]</a> When guru, or <a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">satguru</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the true guru') is used in Gurbani it is often referring to the highest expression of truthfulness.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a> succeeded Guru Nanak. Later, an important phase in the development of Sikhism came with the third successor, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a>. Guru Nanak's teachings emphasised the pursuit of salvation; Guru Amar Das began building a cohesive community of followers with initiatives such as sanctioning distinctive ceremonies for birth, marriage, and death. Amar Das also established the manji (comparable to a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>) system of clerical supervision.<a href="#cite_note-p254-36">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Akal_Takht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Interior_of_Akal_Takht.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Akal_Takht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Interior_of_Akal_Takht.jpg/330px-Interior_of_Akal_Takht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Interior_of_Akal_Takht.jpg/440px-Interior_of_Akal_Takht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></figcaption></figure>The Sikh gurus established a mechanism which allowed the Sikh religion to react as a community to changing circumstances. The sixth guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Gobind" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Har Gobind">Guru Hargobind</a>, was responsible for the creation of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> (throne of the timeless one), which serves as the supreme decision-making centre of Sikhism and sits opposite the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a>. The Akal Takht is located in the city of Amritsar. The leader is appointed by the Shiromani Gurdwara Pabandhak Committee (SPGC). The <a href="/wiki/Sarbat_Khalsa" title="Sarbat Khalsa">Sarbat Ḵẖālsā</a> (a representative portion of the Khalsa Panth) historically gathers at the Akal Takht on special festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> and when there is a need to discuss matters that affect the entire Sikh nation. A <a href="/wiki/Gurmata" title="Gurmata">gurmatā</a> (literally, 'guru's intention') is an order passed by the Sarbat Ḵẖālsā in the presence of the Gurū Granth Sāhib. A gurmatā may only be passed on a subject that affects the fundamental principles of Sikh religion; it is binding upon all Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SikhGurus-LifeSpans-GurushipSpans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph showing Life Spans and Guruship Spans of Sikh Gurus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SikhGurus-LifeSpans-GurushipSpans.jpg/800px-SikhGurus-LifeSpans-GurushipSpans.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="526" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/SikhGurus-LifeSpans-GurushipSpans.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Approximate Life Spans and Guruship Spans of the 10 Sikh Gurus</figcaption></figure> The word guru in Sikhism also refers to Akal Purkh (God), and God and guru can sometimes be synonymous in <a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a> (Sikh writings).<a href="#cite_note-Panjab_Publishers-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scripture">Scripture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scripture">edit</a>]</div> There is one primary scripture for the Sikhs: the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>. It is sometimes synonymously referred to as the Ādi Granth.<a href="#cite_note-shacklexvii-108">[103]</a> Chronologically, however, the Ādi Granth – literally, 'First Volume' – refers to the version of the scripture created by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> in 1604.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> The Guru Granth Sahib is the final expanded version of the scripture compiled by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shacklexvii-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> While the Guru Granth Sahib is an unquestioned scripture in Sikhism, another important religious text, the <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a>, does not enjoy universal consensus, but is considered a secondary scripture by many Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-shacklexvii-108">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ādi_Granth">Ādi Granth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ādi Granth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C4%80di_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ādi Granth">Ādi Granth</a></div> The Ādi Granth was compiled primarily by <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a> under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> between the years 1603 and 1604.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> It is written in the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhī</a> script, which is a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Laṇḍā">Laṇḍā</a> script used in the Punjab at that time.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> The Gurmukhī script was standardised by Guru Angad, the second guru of the Sikhs, for use in the Sikh scriptures and is thought to have been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81rad%C4%81_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāradā script">Śāradā</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">Devanāgarī</a> scripts. An authoritative scripture was created to protect the integrity of hymns and teachings of the Sikh gurus, and thirteen Hindu and two Muslim bhagats of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> sant tradition in medieval India.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> The thirteen Hindu bhagats whose teachings were entered into the text included <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Pipa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Beni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhikhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Dhanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jaidev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Parmanand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Sadhana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Sain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sur_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sur (poet)">Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Trilochan</a>, while the two Muslim bhagats were <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a> and Sufi saint <a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Farid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shapiro924-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> However, the bhagats in context often spoke of transcending their religious labels, Kabir often attributed to being a Muslim states in the Ādi Granth, "I am not Hindu nor Muslim."<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> The gurus following on this message taught that different methods of devotion are for the same infinite God.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guru_Granth_Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Guru Granth Sahib">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/170px-Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/255px-Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg/340px-Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>Gurū Granth Sāhib – the primary scripture of Sikhism</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></div> The Guru Granth Sahib is the holy scripture of the Sikhs and is regarded as the living guru. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compilation">Compilation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Compilation">edit</a>]</div> The Guru Granth Sahib started as a volume of Guru Nanak's poetic compositions. Prior to his death, he passed on his volume to the subsequent guru, Guru Angad. The final version of the Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> in 1678. It consists of the original Ādi Granth with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>'s hymns. The predominant bulk of Guru Granth Sahib consists of compositions by seven Sikh gurus: Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan, Guru Teg Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh. It also contains the traditions and teachings of thirteen <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Bhakti movement sants (saints) such as <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namdev</a> among others, and two <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> saints namely <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a> and the Sufi <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Farid">Sheikh Farid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p254-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-shapiro924-114">[109]</a> The text comprises 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Shabhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabhad">śabads</a> (line compositions),<a href="#cite_note-shacklexvii-108">[103]</a> which are poetically rendered and set to rhythmic ancient north Indian classical music.<a href="#cite_note-king359-120">[115]</a> The bulk of the scripture is classified into sixty <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">rāgas</a>, with each Granth rāga subdivided according to length and author. The hymns in the scripture are arranged primarily by the rāgas in which they are read.<a href="#cite_note-shacklexvii-108">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language_and_script">Language and script</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Language and script">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Har_Rai_-_Mool_Mantar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Guru_Har_Rai_-_Mool_Mantar.jpg/220px-Guru_Har_Rai_-_Mool_Mantar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Guru_Har_Rai_-_Mool_Mantar.jpg/330px-Guru_Har_Rai_-_Mool_Mantar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Guru_Har_Rai_-_Mool_Mantar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a>, showing the Ik Onkar at top</figcaption></figure> The main language used in the scripture is known as <a href="/wiki/Sant_Bhasha" title="Sant Bhasha">Sant Bhāṣā</a>, a language related to both <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> and used extensively across medieval northern India by proponents of popular devotional religion (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>).<a href="#cite_note-parrinderp259-121">[116]</a> The text is printed in <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurumukhi</a> script, believed to have been developed by Guru Angad.<a href="#cite_note-shacklexvii-108">[103]</a> The language shares the Indo-European roots found in numerous regional languages of India.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teachings">Teachings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Teachings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_musicians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sikh_musicians.jpg/170px-Sikh_musicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sikh_musicians.jpg/255px-Sikh_musicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sikh_musicians.jpg/340px-Sikh_musicians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>A group of <a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Sikh musicians</a> called Dhadi at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> complex</figcaption></figure> The vision in the Guru Granth Sahib, states Torkel Brekke, is a society based on divine justice without oppression of any kind.<a href="#cite_note-brekke673-123">[118]</a> <dl><dd>One God exists, truth by name, creative power, without fear, without enmity, timeless form, unborn, self-existent, by the guru's grace.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a></dd> <dd>(<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥, romanized: Ika ōaṅkāra sati nāmu karatā purakhu nirabha'u niravairu akāla mūrati ajūnī saibhaṅ gura prasādi)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_guru">As guru</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: As guru">edit</a>]</div> The tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh ji, named the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib as his successor, terminating the line of human gurus and making the scripture the literal embodiment of the eternal, impersonal guru, serving as the spiritual guide for Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-WH_McLeod_2014_page_17-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-William_James_2011_pages_241-242-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-granthfinalguru-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> The Guru Granth Sahib is installed in Sikh Gurdwara (temple); many Sikhs bow or prostrate before it on entering the temple. The Guru Granth Sahib is installed every morning and put to bed at night in many Gurdwaras.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> The Granth is revered as eternal <a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">gurbānī</a> and the spiritual authority.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> The copies of the Guru Granth Sahib are not regarded as material objects, but as living subjects which are alive. According to Myrvold, the Sikh scripture is treated with respect like a living person, in a manner similar to the Gospel in early Christian worship. Old copies of the Sikh scripture are not thrown away. Rather, funerary services are performed.<a href="#cite_note-Myrvold-130">[125]</a> In India, the Guru Granth Sahib is officially recognised by the Supreme Court of India as a judicial person which can receive donations and own land. Yet, some Sikhs also warn that, without true comprehension of the text, veneration for the text can lead to <a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">bibliolatry</a>, with the concrete form of the teachings becoming the object of worship instead of the teachings themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Myrvold-130">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relation_to_Hinduism_and_Islam">Relation to Hinduism and Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Relation to Hinduism and Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism and Hinduism">Sikhism and Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam and Sikhism</a></div> The Sikh scriptures use <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> terminology, with references to the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, and the names of gods and goddesses in Hindu bhakti movement traditions, such as Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Parvati, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Rama, Krishna, but not to worship.<a href="#cite_note-brekke673-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> It also refers to the spiritual concepts in Hinduism (<a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>) and the concept of God in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>) to assert that these are just "alternate names for the Almighty One".<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> While the Guru Granth Sahib acknowledges the Vedas, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> it does not imply a <a href="/wiki/Syncretic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic religion">syncretic</a> bridge between Hinduism and Islam,<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> but emphasises focusing on <a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">nitnem banis</a> like <a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japu</a> (repeating <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> of the divine Name of God – <a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a>), instead of practices such as praying by prostrating on the ground to God towards a <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">specific direction</a> by Muslims, or Hindu rituals such as wearing thread; the former being, though, a disciplinary aspect of worship, given <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a> (remembrance of Allah) is similarly emphasised in Islam.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dasam_Granth">Dasam Granth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dasam Granth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg/220px-Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg/330px-Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg/440px-Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3582" /></a><figcaption>The Dasam Granth is a Sikh scripture which contains texts attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, including his autobiography <a href="/wiki/Bachittar_Natak" title="Bachittar Natak">Bachittar Natak</a>. The major narrative in the text is on <a href="/wiki/Chaubis_Avtar" title="Chaubis Avtar">Chaubis Avtar</a> (24 <a href="/wiki/Avatars" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatars">Avatars</a> of Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, the Hindu warrior goddess <a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a> and a story of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bachittar_Natak" title="Bachittar Natak">Bachittar Natak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jdeol31-137">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></div> The Dasam Granth is a scripture of Sikhs which contains texts attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. Scholars, on the other hand, attribute the work to after the guru's death, being authored by an unknown poet. The Dasam Granth is important to a great number of Sikhs. However, it does not have the same authority as the Guru Granth Sahib. Some compositions of the Dasam Granth like <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amrit_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Savaiye">Amrit Savaiye</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Benti Chaupai</a> are part of the daily prayers (<a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a>) for Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> The first verse of the <a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">ardās</a> prayer is from <a href="/wiki/Chandi_di_Var" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandi di Var">Chandi di Var</a>. The Dasam Granth is largely versions of Hindu mythology from the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, secular stories from a variety of sources called Charitro Pakhyan – tales to protect careless men from perils of lust.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> Many versions of Dasam Granth exist, and the authenticity of the Dasam Granth has in modern times become one of the most debated topics within Sikhism. The <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Akali Nihangs</a> consider the Dasam and <a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a> as extensions of the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> The text played a significant role in Sikh history, but in modern times parts of the text have seen antipathy and discussion among Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-jdeol31-137">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarbloh_Granth">Sarbloh Granth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sarbloh Granth">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a> is a scripture containing 6,500 poetic stanzas traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. Scholars, on the other hand, attribute the work to after the guru's death, being authored by an unknown poet.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> This scripture contains, alongside various topics, the <a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Sikh Art and Laws of War</a>. This scripture is largely revered by Akali Nihangs with many non-Nihang Sikhs rejecting it as an authentic work of the 10th guru.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Harbans_Singh" title="Harbans Singh">Harbans Singh</a> the authenticity of the work is rejected on the grounds of its writing style and mastery of poetry not matching up with Guru Gobind Singh's Dasam Granth work. Also, the text makes mention of a work composed in 1719, much after the death of the Guru Gobind Singh.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._H._McLeod" title="W. H. McLeod">W. H. McLeod</a> dates the work to the late 18th century and believes it was authored by an unknown poet and was mistakenly attributed to the tenth guru.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Janamsakhis">Janamsakhis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Janamsakhis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis" title="Janamsakhis">Janamsakhis</a></div> The Janamsākhīs (literally birth stories), are writings which profess to be biographies of Guru Nanak. Although not scripture in the strictest sense, they provide a <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographic</a> look at Guru Nanak's life and the early start of Sikhism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observances">Observances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Observances">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Sikh culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg/220px-InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg/330px-InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg/440px-InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Darbar_Sahib_Hall" title="Darbar Sahib Hall">Darbar Sahib</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></figcaption></figure> Observant Sikhs adhere to long-standing practices and traditions to strengthen and express their faith. The daily recitation of the divine name of God, Waheguru, and from a memory of specific passages from the Guru Granth Sahib, like the Japu (or Japjī, literally chant) hymns is recommended immediately after rising and bathing. Baptised Sikhs recite the five-morning prayers, the evening and night prayer. Family customs include both reading passages from the scripture and attending the <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwara</a> (also gurduārā, meaning the doorway to God; sometimes transliterated as Gurudwara). There are many gurdwaras prominently constructed and maintained across India, as well as in almost every country where Sikhs reside. Gurdwaras are open to all, regardless of religion, background, caste, or race.<a href="#cite_note-brittanica-gurdwara-146">[141]</a> Worship in a gurdwara consists chiefly of the singing of passages from the scripture. Sikhs will commonly prostrate before the holy scripture when entering a gurdwara. The recitation of the eighteenth century <a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">ardās</a> is also customary for attending Sikhs. The ardās recalls past sufferings and glories of the community, invoking divine grace for all humanity.<a href="#cite_note-p260-147">[142]</a> The gurdwara is also the location for the historic Sikh practice of <a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</a> or the community meal. All gurdwaras are open to anyone of any faith for a free meal, which is always vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> People eat together, and the kitchen is maintained and serviced by Sikh community volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_festivals/events">Sikh festivals/events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sikh festivals/events">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a> chose festivals for celebration by Sikhs like <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a>, wherein he asked Sikhs to assemble and share the festivities as a community.<a href="#cite_note-ColeSambhi1995p135-150">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> Vaisakhi is one of the most important festivals of Sikhs, while other significant festivals commemorate the birth, lives of the gurus and Sikh martyrs. Historically, these festivals have been based on the moon calendar <a href="/wiki/Bikrami_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikrami calendar">Bikrami calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nesbittbc-152">[147]</a> In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/SGPC" class="mw-redirect" title="SGPC">SGPC</a>, the Sikh organisation in charge of upkeep of the historical gurdwaras of Punjab, adopted <a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanakshahi">Nanakshahi</a> calendar.<a href="#cite_note-nesbittbc-152">[147]</a> The new calendar is highly controversial among Sikhs and is not universally accepted. Sikh festivals include the following: <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:770px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuba_City_Nagar_Kirtan_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nagar Kirtan crowd listening to Kirtan at Yuba City, California"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Yuba_City_Nagar_Kirtan_2011.jpg/760px-Yuba_City_Nagar_Kirtan_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="760" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Yuba_City_Nagar_Kirtan_2011.jpg/1140px-Yuba_City_Nagar_Kirtan_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Yuba_City_Nagar_Kirtan_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="403" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuba_City_Nagar_Kirtan_2011.jpg" title="File:Yuba City Nagar Kirtan 2011.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Kirtan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Kirtan">Nagar Kirtan</a> crowd listening to <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yuba_City,_California" title="Yuba City, California">Yuba City, California</a></div></div></div> <ul><li>Band Chor Diwas has been another important Sikh festival in its history.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> In recent years, instead of Diwali, the post-2003 calendar released by SGPC has named it the <a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> is a tradition started by Guru Gobind Singh. It starts the day after Sikhs celebrate <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-McLeod2009p95-155">[150]</a> sometimes referred to as Hola.<a href="#cite_note-Roy2005p192-156">[151]</a> Guru Gobind Singh modified Holi with a three-day Hola Mohalla extension festival of martial arts. The extension started the day after the Holi festival in <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a>, where Sikh soldiers would train in mock battles, compete in horsemanship, athletics, archery and military exercises.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonies_and_customs">Ceremonies and customs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ceremonies and customs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_wedding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikh_wedding.jpg/220px-Sikh_wedding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikh_wedding.jpg/330px-Sikh_wedding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikh_wedding.jpg/440px-Sikh_wedding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sikh_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh wedding">Sikh wedding</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_funeral_procession._Mandi,_Himachel_Pradesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sikh_funeral_procession._Mandi%2C_Himachel_Pradesh.jpg/220px-Sikh_funeral_procession._Mandi%2C_Himachel_Pradesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sikh_funeral_procession._Mandi%2C_Himachel_Pradesh.jpg/330px-Sikh_funeral_procession._Mandi%2C_Himachel_Pradesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sikh_funeral_procession._Mandi%2C_Himachel_Pradesh.jpg/440px-Sikh_funeral_procession._Mandi%2C_Himachel_Pradesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sikh funeral procession, <a href="/wiki/Mandi,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Mandi, Himachal Pradesh">Mandi, Himachal Pradesh</a></figcaption></figure> Sikhs have also supported and helped develop major pilgrimage traditions to sacred sites such as Harmandir Sahib, Anandpur Sahib, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patna Sahib, Hazur Nanded Sahib, Hemkund Sahib and others.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p68-159">[154]</a> Sikh pilgrims and Sikhs of other sects customarily consider these as holy and a part of their Tirath.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrari2011p48-160">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> around the festival of <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, for example, is a ceremonial and customary gathering every year in <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a> attracting over 100,000 Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> Major Sikh temples feature a <a href="/wiki/Sarovar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarovar">sarovar</a> where some Sikhs take a customary dip. Some take home the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">sacred water</a> of the tank particularly for sick friends and relatives,<a href="#cite_note-singha7-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> believing that the waters of such sacred sites have restorative powers and the ability to purify one's karma.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[vi]</a><a href="#cite_note-singha7-163">[158]</a> The various gurus of Sikhism have had different approaches to pilgrimage.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> Upon a child's birth, the Guru Granth Sahib is opened at a random point and the child is named using the first letter on the top left hand corner of the left page. All boys are given the last name <a href="/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">Singh</a>, and all girls are given the last name <a href="/wiki/Kaur" title="Kaur">Kaur</a> (this was once a title which was conferred on an individual upon joining the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> The Sikh marriage ritual includes the <a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">anand kāraj</a> ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruether2006p700-170">[164]</a> The marriage ceremony is performed in front of the Guru Granth Sahib by a baptised Khalsa, Granthi of the Gurdwara.<a href="#cite_note-HaarKalsi2009p10-171">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-fenech33-172">[166]</a> Its official recognition and adoption came in 1909, during the <a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_Movement" title="Singh Sabha Movement">Singh Sabha Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fenech33-172">[166]</a> Upon death, the body of a Sikh is usually cremated. If this is not possible, any respectful means of disposing the body may be employed. The kīrtan sōhilā and ardās prayers are performed during the funeral ceremony (known as <a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">antim sanskār</a>).<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiation_and_the_Khalsa">Initiation and the Khalsa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Initiation and the Khalsa">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> (meaning "pure and sovereign") is the collective name given by Guru Gobind Singh,<a href="#cite_note-pashauraarjan-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-175">[169]</a> to those Sikhs who have been fully initiated by taking part in a ceremony called <a href="/wiki/Ammrit_sa%C3%B1c%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammrit sañcār">ammrit sañcār</a> (nectar ceremony).<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p23-176">[170]</a> During this ceremony, sweetened water is stirred with a double-edged sword while liturgical prayers are sung; it is offered to the initiating Sikh, who ritually drinks it.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p23-176">[170]</a> Many Sikhs are not formally and fully initiated, as they do not undergo this ceremony, but do adhere to some components of Sikhism and identify as Sikhs. The initiated Sikh, who is believed to be <a href="/wiki/Dvija#The_meaning_of_the_two_births" title="Dvija">reborn</a>, is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Amritdhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritdhari">Amritdhari</a> or Khalsa Sikh, while those who are not initiated or baptised are referred to as Kesdhari or Sahajdhari Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p23-176">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> The first time that this ceremony took place was on <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a>, which fell on 30 March 1699 at <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a> in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p23-176">[170]</a> It was on that occasion that Gobind Singh baptised the <a href="/wiki/Panj_Piare" class="mw-redirect" title="Panj Piare">Pañj Piārē</a> – the five beloved ones, who in turn baptised Guru Gobind Singh himself. To males who initiated, the last name Singh, meaning "lion", was given, while the last name Kaur, meaning "princess", was given to baptised Sikh females.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p23-176">[170]</a> Baptised <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> wear five items, called the <a href="/wiki/Five_Ks" title="Five Ks">five Ks</a> (in Punjabi known as pañj kakkē or pañj kakār), at all times. The five items are: <a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)" title="Kesh (Sikhism)">kēs</a> (uncut hair), <a href="/wiki/Kanga_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanga (Sikhism)">kaṅghā</a> (small wooden comb), <a href="/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)" title="Kara (Sikhism)">kaṛā</a> (circular steel or iron bracelet), <a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">kirpān</a> (sword/dagger), and <a href="/wiki/Kaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaccha">kacchera</a> (special undergarment).<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p23-176">[170]</a> The five Ks have both practical and symbolic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History of Sikhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Punjab_map.svg/330px-Punjab_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Punjab_map.svg/495px-Punjab_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Punjab_map.svg/660px-Punjab_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Map of Punjab, where Sikhism originated, against present-day borders</figcaption></figure> Sikhism originated around the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Nesbitt2005-179">[173]</a> Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism, was born in the village of Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī, now called <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a> (in present-day Pakistan).<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> His parents were <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Khatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Khatri">Punjabi Khatri</a> Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> Puratan Janamsakhi composed more than two centuries after his death and probably based on <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> Nanak as a boy was fascinated by religion and spiritual matters, spending time with wandering ascetics and holy men.<a href="#cite_note-shacklexiii-184">[178]</a> His friend was Mardana, a Muslim. Together they would sing devotional songs all night in front of the public, and bathe in the river in the morning. One day, at the usual bath, Nanak went missing and his family feared he had drowned. Three days later he returned home, and declared: "There is no <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, there is no Muslim" ("nā kōi hindū nā kōi musalmān"). Thereafter, Nanak started preaching his ideas that form the tenets of Sikhism. In 1526, Guru Nanak at age 50, started a small commune in Kartarpur and his disciples came to be known as Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-shacklexiii-184">[178]</a> Although the exact account of his itinerary is disputed, hagiographic accounts state he made five major journeys, spanning thousands of miles: the first tour being east towards <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>; the second south towards <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>; the third north to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Sumeru</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>; and the fourth to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> In his last and final tour, he returned to the banks of the Ravi River to end his days.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> There are two competing theories on Guru Nanak's teachings.<a href="#cite_note-arvindmandair131-188">[182]</a> One, according to Cole and Sambhi, is based on hagiographical <a href="/wiki/Janamsakhis" title="Janamsakhis">Janamsakhis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> and states that Nanak's teachings and Sikhism were a revelation from God, and not a social protest movement nor any attempt to reconcile Hinduism and Islam in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Cole_Sambhi_Dic-190">[184]</a> The other states that Nanak was a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>. According to Singha, "Sikhism does not subscribe to the theory of incarnation or the concept of prophethood. But it has a pivotal concept of Guru. He is not an incarnation of God, not even a prophet. He is an illumined soul."<a href="#cite_note-HS_Singha_2009_page_104-191">[185]</a> The second theory continues that hagiographical Janamsakhis were not written by Nanak, but by later followers without regard for historical accuracy, and contain numerous legends and myths created to show respect for Nanak.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> The term revelation, clarify Cole and Sambhi, in Sikhism is not limited to the teachings of Nanak, but is extended to all Sikh gurus, as well as the words of past, present and future men and women, who possess divine knowledge intuitively through meditation. The Sikh revelations include the words of non-Sikh <a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat">bhagats</a>, some who lived and died before the birth of Nanak, and whose teachings are part of the Sikh scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> The Adi Granth and successive Sikh gurus repeatedly emphasised, states Mandair, that Sikhism is "not about hearing voices from God, but it is about changing the nature of the human mind, and anyone can achieve direct experience and spiritual perfection at any time".<a href="#cite_note-arvindmandair131-188">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_influences">Historical influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Historical influences">edit</a>]</div> The roots of the Sikh tradition are, states Louis Fenech, perhaps in the <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a>-tradition of India whose ideology grew to become the Bhakti tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Louis_Fenech_2014_page_35-194">[vii]</a> Furthermore, adds Fenech:<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Few Sikhs would mention these Indic texts and ideologies in the same breadth as the Sikh tradition, let alone trace elements of their tradition to this chronological and ideological point, despite the fact that the Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib, and the secondary canon, the Dasam Granth ... and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors.</blockquote> The development of Sikhism was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>;<a href="#cite_note-David_Lorenzen_1995_pages_1-2-196">[viii]</a><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Fenech_2014_page_35-194">[vii]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyclobritannicasikh-197">[ix]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kitagawa2013-198">[189]</a> however, Sikhism was not simply an extension of the Bhakti movement.<a href="#cite_note-Singha-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pruthi-199">[190]</a> Sikhism, for instance, disagreed with some of the views of Bhakti saints Kabir and Ravidas.<a href="#cite_note-200">[x]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pruthi-199">[190]</a> Sikhism developed while the region was being ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. Two of the Sikh gurus, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, refused to convert to Islam and were tortured and executed by the Mughal rulers.<a href="#cite_note-pashauraarjan-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[191]</a> The Islamic era persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a>, as an order for freedom of conscience and religion.<a href="#cite_note-pashauraarjan-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-175">[169]</a> A Sikh is expected to embody the qualities of a "Sant-Sipāhī" – a <a href="/wiki/Sant_Sipahi" title="Sant Sipahi">saint-soldier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chanchreek_2007_142-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dugga_2001_33-89">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_Sikhism">Growth of Sikhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Growth of Sikhism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru.Nanak.with.Hindu.holymen-b.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Guru.Nanak.with.Hindu.holymen-b.JPG/220px-Guru.Nanak.with.Hindu.holymen-b.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Guru.Nanak.with.Hindu.holymen-b.JPG/330px-Guru.Nanak.with.Hindu.holymen-b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Guru.Nanak.with.Hindu.holymen-b.JPG/440px-Guru.Nanak.with.Hindu.holymen-b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> explaining <a href="/wiki/Sikh_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh beliefs">Sikh teachings</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhus</a></figcaption></figure> After its inception, Sikhism grew as it gained converts among Hindus and Muslims in the Punjab region.<a href="#cite_note-Singh2008-203">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh1989-204">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh1996-206">[196]</a> In 1539, Guru Nanak chose his disciple Lahiṇā as a successor to the Guruship rather than either of his sons. Lahiṇā was named <a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a> and became the second guru of the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-207">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fenech2014p36-208">[198]</a> Nanak conferred his choice at the town of <a href="/wiki/Kartarpur_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartarpur (Pakistan)">Kartarpur</a> on the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sri_Chand" title="Sri Chand">Sri Chand</a>, Guru Nanak's son was also a religious man, and continued his own commune of Sikhs. His followers came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a> Sikhs, the first parallel sect of Sikhism that formed in <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> history.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p78-209">[199]</a> The Udasis believe that the Guruship should have gone to Sri Chand, since he was a man of pious habits in addition to being Nanak's son.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p78-209">[199]</a> Guru Angad, before joining Guru Nanak's commune, worked as a <a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">pujari</a> (priest) and religious teacher centered around Hindu goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fenech2014p36-208">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-ColeSambhi1995p18-210">[200]</a> On Nanak's advice, Guru Angad moved from Kartarpur to Khadur, where his wife <a href="/wiki/Mata_Khivi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata Khivi">Khivi</a> and children were living, until he was able to bridge the divide between his followers and the Udasis. Guru Angad continued the work started by Guru Nanak and is widely credited for standardising the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī script">Gurmukhī script</a> as used in the sacred scripture of the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-ColeSambhi1995p18-210">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a> became the third Sikh guru in 1552 at the age of 73. He adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> tradition of Hinduism for much of his life, before joining the commune of Guru Angad.<a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-211">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Goindval" class="mw-redirect" title="Goindval">Goindval</a> became an important centre for Sikhism during the Guruship of Guru Amar Das. He was a reformer, and discouraged veiling of women's faces (a Muslim custom) as well as <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a> (a Hindu custom).<a href="#cite_note-eosamardas-213">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[204]</a> He encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> people to fight in order to protect people and for the sake of justice, stating this is <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sambhi2005p29-215">[205]</a> Guru Amar Das started the tradition of appointing <a href="/wiki/Manji_(Sikhism)" title="Manji (Sikhism)">manji</a> (zones of religious administration with an appointed chief called sangatias),<a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-211">[201]</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Dasvandh" title="Dasvandh">dasvandh</a> (tithe) system of revenue collection in the name of guru and as pooled community religious resource,<a href="#cite_note-Farhadian2015p342-216">[206]</a> and the famed <a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</a> tradition of Sikhism where anyone, without discrimination of any kind, could get a free meal in a communal seating. The collection of revenue from Sikhs through regional appointees helped Sikhism grow.<a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-211">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-HaarKalsi2009p21-217">[207]</a> Guru Amar Das named his disciple and son-in-law Jēṭhā as the next guru, who came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a>. The new guru faced hostilities from the sons of Guru Amar Das and therefore shifted his official base to lands identified by Guru Amar Das as Guru-ka-Chak.<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p38-218">[208]</a> He moved his commune of Sikhs there and the place then was called Ramdaspur, after him. This city grew and later became <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> – the holiest city of Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-McLeod1990p28-219">[209]</a> Guru Ram Das expanded the manji organization for clerical appointments in Sikh temples, and for revenue collections to theologically and economically support the Sikh movement.<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p38-218">[208]</a> In 1581, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a>, the youngest son of Guru Ram Das, became the fifth guru of the Sikhs. The choice of successor, as throughout most of the history of Sikh guru successions, led to disputes and internal divisions among the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xv-220">[210]</a> The elder son of Guru Ram Das named <a href="/wiki/Prithi_Chand" title="Prithi Chand">Prithi Chand</a> is remembered in the Sikh tradition as vehemently opposing Guru Arjan, creating a faction Sikh community which the Sikhs following Guru Arjan called as Minaas (literally, "scoundrels").<a href="#cite_note-fenech39-221">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLeod2009p20-222">[212]</a> Guru Arjan is remembered among Sikhs for many accomplishments. He built the first <a href="/wiki/Harimandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harimandir Sahib">Harimandir Sahib</a> (later to become the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>). He was a poet and created the first edition of Sikh sacred text known as the <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Ādi Granth</a> (literally "the first book") and included the writings of the first five gurus and other enlightened 13 Hindu and 2 Muslim Sufi saints. In 1606, he was tortured and killed by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-223">[213]</a> for refusing to convert to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-224">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-pashauraarjan-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[215]</a> His martyrdom is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-pashauraarjan-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_advancement">Political advancement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Political advancement">edit</a>]</div> After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan, his son <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> at age eleven became the sixth guru of the Sikhs, and Sikhism dramatically evolved to become a political movement in addition to being religious.<a href="#cite_note-pashaura29-227">[217]</a> Guru Hargobind carried two swords, calling one spiritual and the other for temporal purpose, reflecting the concept of Miri Piri.<a href="#cite_note-228">[218]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] According to the Sikh tradition, Guru Arjan asked his son Hargobind to start a military tradition to protect the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh people">Sikh people</a> and always keep himself surrounded by armed Sikhs. The building of an armed Sikh militia began with Guru Hargobind.<a href="#cite_note-pashaura29-227">[217]</a> Guru Hargobind was soon arrested by the Mughals and kept in jail in Gwalior. It is unclear how many years he served in prison, with different texts stating it to be between 2 and 12.<a href="#cite_note-mandair48-229">[219]</a> He married three women, built a fort to defend Ramdaspur and created a formal court called <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a>, now the highest Khalsa Sikh religious authority.<a href="#cite_note-Phyllis2004-230">[220]</a> In 1644, Guru Hargobind named his grandson <a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Har Rai</a> as the guru. The Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> attempted political means to undermine the Sikh tradition, by dividing and influencing the succession.<a href="#cite_note-mandair49-231">[221]</a> The Mughal ruler gave land grants to Dhir Mal, a grandson of Guru Hargobind living in Kartarpur, and attempted to encourage Sikhs to recognise Dhir Mal as the rightful successor to Guru Hargobind.<a href="#cite_note-mandair49-231">[221]</a> Dhir Mal issued statements in favour of the Mughal state and critical of his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a>. Guru Hargobind rejected Dhir Mal, the latter refused to give up the original version of the Adi Granth he had, and the Sikh community was divided.<a href="#cite_note-mandair49-231">[221]</a> Guru Har Rai is famed to have met Dara Shikoh during a time Dara Shikoh and his younger brother Aurangzeb were in a bitter succession fight. Aurangzeb summoned Guru Har Rai, who refused to go and sent his elder son Ram Rai instead.<a href="#cite_note-McLeod2014p260-232">[222]</a> The emperor found a verse in the Sikh scripture insulting to Muslims, and Ram Rai agreed it was a mistake then changed it. Ram Rai thus pleased Aurangzeb, but displeased Guru Har Rai who excommunicated his elder son. He nominated his younger son <a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a> to succeed him in 1661. Aurangzeb responded by granting Ram Rai a <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a> (land grant). Ram Rai founded a town there and enjoyed Aurangzeb's patronage; the town came to be known as Dehradun, after Dehra referring to Ram Rai's shrine. <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> who followed Ram Rai came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a> Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-McLeod2014p260-232">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[223]</a> However, according to rough estimates, there are around 120–150 million (12–15 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a>)<a href="#cite_note-234">[224]</a> Guru Har Krishan became the eighth guru at the age of five, and died of smallpox before reaching the age of eight. No hymns composed by these three gurus are included in the Guru Granth Sahib.<a href="#cite_note-235">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, the uncle of Guru Har Krishan, became guru in 1665. Tegh Bahadur resisted the forced conversions of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandits</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[226]</a> and non-Muslims<a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p53-237">[227]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and was publicly beheaded in 1675 on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> for refusing to convert to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-cs2013-238">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-pashauraarjan-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-fenech4-243">[233]</a> His beheading traumatized the Sikhs. His body was cremated in Delhi, while the head was carried secretively by Sikhs and cremated in <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur</a>. He was succeeded by his son, Gobind Rai, who militarised his followers by creating the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> in 1699, and baptising the <a href="/wiki/Panj_Piare" class="mw-redirect" title="Panj Piare">Pañj Piārē</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-244">[234]</a> From then on, he was known as <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, and Sikh identity was redefined into a political force resisting religious persecution.<a href="#cite_note-ws1981-245">[235]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi. The long window under the marble platform is the location where Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by the Mughals."><img alt="Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi. The long window under the marble platform is the location where Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by the Mughals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg/200px-Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg/300px-Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg/400px-Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gurudwara_Sis_Ganj_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib">Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib</a> in Delhi. The long window under the marble platform is the location where <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> was executed by the Mughals.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artistic rendering of the execution of Bhai Mati Das by the Mughals. This image is from a Sikh Ajaibghar near the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in Punjab, India."><img alt="Artistic rendering of the execution of Bhai Mati Das by the Mughals. This image is from a Sikh Ajaibghar near the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in Punjab, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg/200px-Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg/300px-Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg/400px-Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Artistic rendering of the execution of <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mati_Das" title="Bhai Mati Das">Bhai Mati Das</a> by the Mughals. This image is from a <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Ajaibghar" title="Sikh Ajaibghar">Sikh Ajaibghar</a> near the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in Punjab, India. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikh_confederacy_and_the_rise_of_the_Khalsa">Sikh confederacy and the rise of the Khalsa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sikh confederacy and the rise of the Khalsa">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehdiana_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture at Mehdiana Sahib of the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 by the Mughals"><img alt="Sculpture at Mehdiana Sahib of the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 by the Mughals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mehdiana_5.jpg/200px-Mehdiana_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mehdiana_5.jpg/300px-Mehdiana_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mehdiana_5.jpg/400px-Mehdiana_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture at <a href="/wiki/Mehdiana_Sahib" title="Mehdiana Sahib">Mehdiana Sahib</a> of the execution of <a href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</a> in 1716 by the Mughals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Some bodyguards of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Sikh capital, Lahore, Punjab"><img alt="Some bodyguards of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Sikh capital, Lahore, Punjab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/131px-Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/196px-Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/262px-Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Some bodyguards of <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a> at the Sikh capital, Lahore, Punjab</div> </li> </ul> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> (the collective body of all <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">initiated Sikhs</a>) as the Sikh temporal authority in the year 1699. It created a community that combines its spiritual purpose and goals with political and military duties.<a href="#cite_note-246">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-granthfinalguru-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-parrinderp259-121">[116]</a> Shortly before his death, Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> to be the ultimate spiritual authority for the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-247">[237]</a> After the Guru Gobind's death, <a href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</a> became the commander-in-chief of the Khalsa.<a href="#cite_note-248">[238]</a> He organised the civilian rebellion and abolished or halted the <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a> system in time he was active and gave the farmers <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">proprietorship</a> of their own land.<a href="#cite_note-249">[239]</a> The Sikh empire, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, spread over almost 200,000 square miles (520,000 square kilometres) comprising what is now northwestern <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The Sikh Empire entered into a treaty with the colonial British powers, with each side recognizing Sutlej River as the line of control and agreeing not to invade the other side.<a href="#cite_note-250">[240]</a> Ranjit Singh's most lasting legacy was the restoration and expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a>, most revered <a href="/wiki/Gurudwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurudwara">Gurudwara</a> of the Sikhs, with marble and gold, from which the popular name of the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>" is derived.<a href="#cite_note-251">[241]</a> After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh Empire fell into disorder. Ranjit Singh had failed to establish a lasting structure for Sikh government or stable succession, and the Sikh Empire rapidly declined after his death. Factions divided the Sikhs, and led to <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">Anglo-Sikh wars</a>. The British defeated the confused and demoralised <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Khalsa forces</a>, then disbanded them into destitution.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p207-252">[242]</a> The youngest son of Ranjit Singh, named <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Duleep_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a>, ultimately succeeded, but he was arrested and exiled after the defeat of the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-253">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singh_Sabha_movement">Singh Sabha movement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Singh Sabha movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_Movement" title="Singh Sabha Movement">Singh Sabha Movement</a></div> The Singh Sabha movement, a movement to revitalize Sikhism, also saw the resurgence of the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> after their defeat in wars with the British<a href="#cite_note-254">[244]</a> – latterly in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> – and the subsequent decline and corruption of Sikh institutions during colonial rule, and the proselytization of other faith groups in the Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-barrierssm-255">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online-256">[246]</a> It was started in the 1870s, and after a period of interfactional rivalry, united under the Tat Khalsa to reinvigorate Sikh practice and institutions.<a href="#cite_note-perplexed84-257">[247]</a> The last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, Duleep Singh, converted to Christianity in 1853, a controversial but influential event in Sikh history. Along with his conversion, and after Sikh Empire had been dissolved and the region made a part of the colonial British Empire, <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytising</a> activities of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samajis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>, Muslim Anjuman-i-Islamia and Ahmadiyah sought to convert the Sikhs in northwestern Indian subcontinent into their respective faiths.<a href="#cite_note-barrierssm-255">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online-256">[246]</a> These developments launched the Singh Sabha Movement.<a href="#cite_note-barrierssm-255">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Online-256">[246]</a> The first meeting of the movement was in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>, Amritsar in 1873, and it was largely launched by the <a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Sikh" title="Sanatan Sikh">Sanatan Sikhs</a>, Gianis, priests, and granthis.<a href="#cite_note-258">[248]</a> Shortly thereafter, Nihang Sikhs began influencing the movement, followed by a sustained campaign by the <a href="/wiki/Tat_Khalsa" title="Tat Khalsa">Tat Khalsa</a>, which had quickly gained dominance by the early 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-perplexed84-257">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994-259">[249]</a> The movement became a struggle between Sanatan Sikhs and Tat Khalsa in defining and interpreting Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p28-260">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandair_2013_85–86-261">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-fenech273-262">[252]</a> Sanatan Sikhs led by <a href="/wiki/Khem_Singh_Bedi" title="Khem Singh Bedi">Khem Singh Bedi</a> – who claimed to be a direct descendant of Guru Nanak, Avtar Singh Vahiria and others supported a more inclusive approach which considered Sikhism as a reformed tradition of Hinduism, while Tat Khalsa campaigned for an exclusive approach to the Sikh identity, disagreeing with Sanatan Sikhs and seeking to modernize Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-fenech273-262">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994-259">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p82-263">[253]</a> The Sikh Sabha movement expanded in north and northwest Indian subcontinent, leading to more than 100 Singh Sabhas.<a href="#cite_note-fenech273-262">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p28-260">[250]</a> By the early decades of the 20th century, the influence of Tat Khalsa increased in interpreting the nature of Sikhism and their control over the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwaras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fenech273-262">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p28-260">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994-259">[249]</a> The Tat Khalsa banished Brahmanical practices including the use of the <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yagna</a> fire,<a href="#cite_note-264">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[255]</a> replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a> marriage ceremony in accordance with Sikh scripture, and the idols and the images of Sikh gurus from the Golden Temple in 1905, traditions which had taken root during the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_Movement#Background" title="Singh Sabha Movement">mahants</a> during the 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-266">[256]</a> They undertook a sustained campaign to standardize how Sikh gurdwaras looked and ran, while looking to Sikh scriptures and the early Sikh tradition<a href="#cite_note-perplexed85-267">[257]</a> to purify the Sikh identity.<a href="#cite_note-268">[258]</a> The spiritual successors of the Singh Sabha include the <a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a> of the 1920s, as well as the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a> (SGPC), a gurdwara administration body, and the <a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a> political party.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p30-269">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partition_of_India">Partition of India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Partition of India">edit</a>]</div> Sikhs participated and contributed to the decades-long Indian independence movement in the first half of the 20th century. Ultimately when the British Empire recognized independent India, the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">land was partitioned</a> into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan (East and West) in 1947. According to Banga, the partition was a watershed event in Sikh history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–100-270">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shani2007p86-271">[261]</a> The Sikhs had historically lived in northwestern region of Indian subcontinent on both sides of the partition line ("<a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>"). According to Banga and other scholars, the Sikhs had strongly opposed the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> demands and saw it as "perpetuation of Muslim domination" and anti-Sikh policies in what just a hundred years before was a part of the Sikh Empire. As such, Sikh organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Khalsa_Diwan" title="Chief Khalsa Diwan">Chief Khalsa Dewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Master_Tara_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Tara Singh">Master Tara Singh</a>, condemned the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> and the movement to create Pakistan, viewing it as inviting possible persecution; the Sikhs largely thus <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" title="Opposition to the partition of India">strongly opposed the partition of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KudaisyaYong2004-272">[262]</a> During the discussions with the colonial authorities, Tara Singh emerged as an important leader who campaigned to prevent the partition of colonial India and for the recognition of Sikhs as a third community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–100-270">[260]</a> When partition was announced, the newly created line divided the Sikh population. Along with Hindus, Sikhs suffered organized violence and riots against them in West Pakistan. As a result, Sikhs moved en masse to the Indian side, leaving behind their property and holy sites.<a href="#cite_note-Abid2014-273">[263]</a> However, the anti-Sikh violence was not one-sided. As Sikhs moved to the eastern side of the partition line, they engaged in reprisals against Muslims there, forcing them into Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–100-270">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mann2014p81-274">[264]</a> Before the partition, Sikhs constituted about 15% of the population in West Punjab, the majority being Muslims (55%). The Sikhs were the economic elite in West Punjab, however. They had the largest representation in West Punjab's aristocracy, and there were nearly 700 Gurdwaras and 400 educational institutions that served the interests of the Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–103-275">[265]</a> Prior to the partition, there were a series of disputes between the majority Muslims and minority Sikhs, such as on the matters of <a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">jhatka</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> meat, the disputed ownership of <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Ganj_Mosque" title="Shaheed Ganj Mosque">Gurdwara Sahidganj</a> in Lahore which Muslims sought as a mosque and Sikhs as a Gurdwara, and the insistence of the provincial Muslim government on switching from Indian <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> script to Arabic-Persian <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a> script in schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–100-270">[260]</a> During and after the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a> in June 1945, headed by Lord Wavell, the Sikh leaders initially expressed their desire to be recognized as a third community, but ultimately relegated these demands and sought a United India where Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims would live together, under a Swiss-style constitution. The Muslim League rejected this approach, demanding that the entire Punjab should be granted to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–104-276">[266]</a> The Sikh leaders then sought the original partition instead, and the Congress Working Committee passed a resolution in support of partitioning Punjab and Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–104-276">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mann2014p81-274">[264]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Light_Infantry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sikh_Light_Infantry.jpg/220px-Sikh_Light_Infantry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sikh_Light_Infantry.jpg/330px-Sikh_Light_Infantry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sikh_Light_Infantry.jpg/440px-Sikh_Light_Infantry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3268" data-file-height="2187" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a> personnel march past during the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Republic_Day_parade" title="Delhi Republic Day parade">Republic day parade</a> in New Delhi, India.</figcaption></figure> Between March and August 1947, a series of riots, arson, plunder of Sikh and property, assassination of Sikh leaders, and killings in Jhelum districts, Rawalpindi, Attock and other places led to Tara Singh calling the situation in Punjab a "civil war", while <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a> stated "civil war preparations were going on."<a href="#cite_note-Abid2014-273">[263]</a> The riots had triggered the early waves of migration in April, with some 20,000 people leaving northwest Punjab and moving to Patiala.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga2017104–105-277">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shani2007p86-271">[261]</a> In Rawalpindi, 40,000 people became homeless. The Sikh leaders made desperate petitions, but all religious communities were suffering in the political turmoil. Sikhs constituted only 4 million out of a total of 28 million in Punjab, and 6 million out of nearly 400 million in India; they did not constitute the majority, not even in a single district.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga2017104–105-277">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolpert2010p9-278">[268]</a> When the partition line was formally announced in August 1947, the violence was unprecedented, with Sikhs being one of the most affected religious community both in terms of deaths, as well as property loss, injury, trauma and disruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga2017108–111-279">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mann2014p81-274">[264]</a> Sikhs and Muslims were both victims and perpetrators of retaliatory violence against each other. Estimates range between 200,000 and 2 million deaths of Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga2017108–111-279">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mann2014p81-274">[264]</a> There were numerous rapes of and mass suicides by Sikh women, they being taken captives, their rescues and above all a mass exodus of Sikhs from newly created Pakistan into newly independent India. The partition created the "largest foot convoy of refugees recorded in [human] history, stretching over 100 kilometer long", states Banga, with nearly 300,000 people consisting of mostly "distraught, suffering, injured and angry Sikhs". Sikh and Hindu refugees from Pakistan flooded into India, Muslim refugees from India flooded into Pakistan, each into their new homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga2017108–111-279">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolpert2010p9-278">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khalistan">Khalistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Khalistan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg/220px-Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg/330px-Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg/440px-Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Sikhs in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> protesting against the Indian government</figcaption></figure> In 1940, a few Sikhs such as the victims of <a href="/wiki/Komagata_Maru_incident" title="Komagata Maru incident">Komagata Maru in Canada</a> proposed the idea of Khalistan as a buffer state between an independent India and what would become Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–103-275">[265]</a> These leaders, however, were largely ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–100-270">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shani2007p86-271">[261]</a> The early 1980s witnessed some Sikh groups seeking an independent state named <a href="/wiki/Khalistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan">Khalistan</a> carved out from India and Pakistan. The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> and Akal Takht were occupied by various militant groups in 1982. These included the <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a>, the Babbar Khalsa, the AISSF and the National Council of Khalistan.<a href="#cite_note-Chima2008p85-280">[270]</a> Between 1982 and 1983, there were <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandpur Resolution">Anandpur Resolution</a> demand-related terrorist attacks against civilians in parts of India.<a href="#cite_note-horowitz482-281">[271]</a> By late 1983, the Bhindranwale led group had begun to build bunkers and observations posts in and around the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>, with militants involved in weapons training.<a href="#cite_note-Chima2008p85-280">[270]</a> In June 1984, the then <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> ordered Indian Army to begin <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a> against the militants.<a href="#cite_note-Chima2008p85-280">[270]</a> The fierce engagement took place in the precincts of Darbar Sahib and resulted in many deaths, including Bhindranwale. It also resulted in the destruction of the Sikh Reference Library, which was considered a national treasure that contained over a thousand rare manuscripts<a href="#cite_note-mann_114-282">[272]</a> and the Akal Takht. Numerous soldiers, civilians and militants died in the cross fire. Within days of the Operation Bluestar, some 2,000 Sikh soldiers in India mutinied and attempted to reach Amritsar to liberate the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chima2008p85-280">[270]</a> Within six months, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards <a href="/wiki/Satwant_Singh" title="Satwant Singh">Satwant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(assassin)" title="Beant Singh (assassin)">Beant Singh</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassinated her</a>. The assassination triggered the <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-horowitz482-281">[271]</a> According to Donald Horowitz, while anti-Sikh riots led to much damage and deaths, many serious provocations by militants also failed to trigger ethnic violence in many cases throughout the 1980s. The Sikhs and their neighbors, for most part, ignored attempts to provoke riots and communal strife.<a href="#cite_note-horowitz482-281">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikh_people">Sikh people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sikh people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a></div> <table class="sortable wikitable floatright"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhs in India">Sikhs in India</a><a href="#cite_note-census2011sikhs-283">[273]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State/Union Territory</a></th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 57%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">57.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 4%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">4.9%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.9%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.2%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="sortable wikitable floatright"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhs in Canada">Sikhs in Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-canadareligion2021-284">[274]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province/Territory</a></th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5.9%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.5%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.0%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="sortable wikitable floatright"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhs in England</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[275]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.9%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.6%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Midlands (region)">East Midlands</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.1%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="sortable wikitable floatright"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhs in Australia">Sikhs in Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[276]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State/Territory</a></th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.0%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="sortable wikitable floatright"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">Sikhs in New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-figure-287">[277]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region</a></th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Region" title="Bay of Plenty Region">Bay of Plenty</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.6%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847" /><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.5%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Estimates as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit">[update]</a> state that Sikhism has some 25–30 million followers worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-288">[278]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a>, a think tank and research group based in Washington, DC, over 9-in-10 Sikhs are in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a>, but there are also sizable Sikh communities in the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[279]</a> Within India, the Sikh population is found in every <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state and union territory</a>, but it is predominantly found in the northwestern and northern states. Only in the state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> do Sikhs constitute a majority (58% of the total, per <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>).<a href="#cite_note-census2011sikhs-283">[273]</a> In addition to Punjab, the states and union territories of India where Sikhs constitute more than 1.5% of its population are <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, all of which are in the northern half of India.<a href="#cite_note-census2011sikhs-283">[273]</a> Canada is home to the largest proportion of Sikhs, as a ratio of the country's total population, in the world, at 2.1%.<a href="#cite_note-canadareligion2021-284">[274]</a> Within Canada, Sikhs form 5.9% of the total population in the western province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, representing the third-largest Sikh proportion amongst all global <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions">administrative divisions</a>, behind only Punjab and Chandigarh in India. British Columbia, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> hold the distinction of being three of the only four <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions">administrative divisions</a> in the world with Sikhism as the second-most followed religion among the population.<a href="#cite_note-ProvincePopulation-292">[282]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">1947 partition</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, millions of Sikhs lived in what later became <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Likewise, Sikhism was founded in what is now Pakistan, and some of the gurus were born near <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and in other parts of Pakistan. During the partition, Sikhs and Hindus left the newly created Muslim-majority Pakistan and mostly moved to Hindu-majority India—with some moving to Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[283]</a>—while numerous Muslims in India moved to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-294">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[285]</a> According to 2017 news reports, only about 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Sikhs remain in Pakistan</a>, and their population is dwindling (0.01% of the country's estimated 200 million population).<a href="#cite_note-296">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_sects">Sikh sects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sikh sects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a></div> Sikh sects are sub-traditions within Sikhism that believe in an alternate lineage of gurus, or have a different interpretation of the Sikh scriptures, or believe in following a living guru, or hold other concepts that differ from the orthodox Khalsa Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-Syan2014p170-298">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Takhar2014p350-299">[289]</a> The major historic sects of Sikhism have included Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari Kuka, Nirankari, and Sarvaria.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p24-300">[290]</a> Sikhs originally had only five orders, or <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradas</a> (not to be confused as deviant sects). These include: <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihangs</a> – the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Panth" title="Panth">Panth's</a> warriors or armed troops.<a href="#cite_note-:5-301">[291]</a> There are two main groups within this order: Buddha Dal, or the army of veterans, and Tarna Dal, or the army of youth. There are other smaller sub-orders connected to these two.<a href="#cite_note-:5-301">[291]</a> The president of Buddha Dal, previously always served as the president of the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akaal Takht</a>, which has jurisdiction over all things pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Akaali Nihang</a> order.<a href="#cite_note-:2a-9">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Sant_Singh_Khalsa,_a_white_convert_to_Sikhism,_who_authored_the_most_widely_used_translation_of_the_primary_Sikh_Scripture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Dr._Sant_Singh_Khalsa%2C_a_white_convert_to_Sikhism%2C_who_authored_the_most_widely_used_translation_of_the_primary_Sikh_Scripture.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>Sant Singh Khalsa, a white convert to Sikhism, authored the most widely used translation of the Guru Granth Sahib.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmalas</a> – scholars. Composed texts as well as traditionally studying a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a> and some non-Indian literature. They converse with other <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmik pathways</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-302">[292]</a> The tenth guru also institutionalized them. Bhai Daya Singh Ji Samparda and Bhai Dharam Singh Ji Samparda, two of the <a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a> or cherished ones of the tenth guru, founded two Nirmala orders.<a href="#cite_note-303">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasis</a> – an ascetic group that historically looked after <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwaras</a> and carried out <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> activity. Although not promoting it to others, certain of their practices depart from the majority of Sikh beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-:3-304">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Chand" title="Sri Chand">Baba Sri Chand</a>, the eldest Sahibzada (son) of the first guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak Dev</a>, founded the order.<a href="#cite_note-:3-304">[294]</a> Their Gurdev is Baba Sri Chand.<a href="#cite_note-:2a-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sevapanthi_(Sikh_Order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevapanthi (Sikh Order)">Sevapanthis</a> – philanthropists who engage in charitable work/seva, or selfless service, without expecting payment.<a href="#cite_note-:4-305">[295]</a> They also work on academic projects. Bhai Kahnaiya, a Sikh of the ninth and tenth guru, served as the first head of the order<a href="#cite_note-306">[296]</a> and is renowned for his wartime medical assistance to wounded enemy soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-:4-305">[295]</a> Very few of them exist today. The environment in which they lived and with which they interacted was a predominantly Muslim one.<a href="#cite_note-:4-305">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Gyaaniyan Samparda</a> – the university of Sikhi, whilst technically not an order, it essentially serves as one.<a href="#cite_note-Nirbhai_Singh_1990_1–3-307">[297]</a> Made up from individuals belonging to all of the above sects. Many branches within this order.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ustad_Baljit_Singh_Luxmi_Namdhari_and_Fateh_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ustad_Baljit_Singh_Luxmi_Namdhari_and_Fateh_Singh.jpg/220px-Ustad_Baljit_Singh_Luxmi_Namdhari_and_Fateh_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ustad_Baljit_Singh_Luxmi_Namdhari_and_Fateh_Singh.jpg/330px-Ustad_Baljit_Singh_Luxmi_Namdhari_and_Fateh_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ustad_Baljit_Singh_Luxmi_Namdhari_and_Fateh_Singh.jpg/440px-Ustad_Baljit_Singh_Luxmi_Namdhari_and_Fateh_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari Sikhs</a>, also called the Kuka Sikhs are a sect of Sikhism known for their crisp white dress and horizontal pagari (turban).<a href="#cite_note-britsikhssects-308">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-HaarKalsi2009p10-171">[165]</a> Above: Namdhari singer and musicians.</figcaption></figure> The early Sikh sects were <a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Minas</a> founded by Baba <a href="/wiki/Sri_Chand" title="Sri Chand">Sri Chand</a> – the elder son of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prithi_Chand" title="Prithi Chand">Prithi Chand</a> – the elder son of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a> respectively, in parallel to the official succession of the Sikh gurus. Later on <a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a> sect, founded by <a href="/wiki/Baba_Ram_Rai" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Ram Rai">Ram Rai</a>, grew in <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> with the patronage of Aurangzeb.<a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p260-309">[299]</a> Many splintered Sikh communities formed during the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> era. Some of these sects were financially and administratively supported by the Mughal rulers in the hopes of gaining a more favorable and compliant citizenry.<a href="#cite_note-Takhar2014p350-299">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p260-309">[299]</a> After the collapse of Mughal Empire, and particularly during the rule of Ranjit Singh, Udasi Sikhs protected Sikh shrines, preserved the Sikh scripture and rebuilt those that were desecrated or destroyed during the Muslim–Sikh wars. However, Udasi Sikhs kept idols and images inside these Sikh temples.<a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p78-209">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fenech2014p375-310">[300]</a> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdharis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankaris</a> sects were formed in Sikhism, seeking to reform and return to what each believed was the pure form of Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-fenech273-262">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p28-260">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandair_2013_85–86-261">[251]</a> All these sects differ from Khalsa orthodox Sikhs in their beliefs and practices, such as continuing to solemnize their weddings around fire and being strictly vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-britsikhssects-308">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-HaarKalsi2009p10-171">[165]</a> Many accept the concept of living gurus such as Guru <a href="/wiki/Baba_Dyal_Singh" title="Baba Dyal Singh">Baba Dyal Singh</a>. The Nirankari sect, though unorthodox, was influential in shaping the views of Tat Khalsa and the contemporary-era Sikh beliefs and practices.<a href="#cite_note-britsikhsects-311">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[302]</a> Another significant Sikh sect of the 19th century was the <a href="/wiki/Radhasoami" class="mw-redirect" title="Radhasoami">Radhasoami</a> movement in Punjab led by Baba Shiv Dyal.<a href="#cite_note-HaarKalsi2009p9-313">[303]</a> Other contemporary era Sikhs sects include the <a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a>, formed in 1971, which exists outside India, particularly in North America and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-HaarKalsi2009p9-313">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-verne560-314">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_castes">Sikh castes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sikh castes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagar_Kirtan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nagar_Kirtan.jpg/220px-Nagar_Kirtan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nagar_Kirtan.jpg/330px-Nagar_Kirtan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nagar_Kirtan.jpg/440px-Nagar_Kirtan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Kirtan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Kirtan">Nagar Kirtan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></figcaption></figure> According to Surinder Jodhka, the state of Punjab with a Sikh majority has the "largest proportion of <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">scheduled caste</a> population in India". Although decried by Sikhism, Sikhs have practiced a caste system. The system, along with <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a>, has been more common in rural parts of Punjab. The landowning dominant Sikh castes, states Jodhka, "have not shed all their prejudices against the lower castes or <a href="/wiki/Dalits" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalits">dalits</a>; while dalits would be allowed entry into the village gurdwaras they would not be permitted to cook or serve langar." The Sikh dalits of Punjab have tried to build their own gurdwara, other local level institutions and sought better material circumstances and dignity. According to Jodhka, due to economic mobility in contemporary Punjab, castes no longer mean an inherited occupation, nor are work relations tied to a single location.<a href="#cite_note-316">[306]</a> In 1953, the government of India acceded to the demands of the Sikh leader, <a href="/wiki/Tara_Singh_(activist)" title="Tara Singh (activist)">Master Tara Singh</a>, to include Sikh Dalit castes in the list of scheduled castes.<a href="#cite_note-Harish_K._Puri_2004-317">[307]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee</a>, 20 of the 140 seats are reserved for low-caste Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-Harish_K._Puri_2004-317">[307]</a> Over 60% of Sikhs belong to the <a href="/wiki/Jat_Sikh" title="Jat Sikh">Jat</a> caste,<a href="#cite_note-318">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[309]</a> which is an agrarian caste. Despite being very small in numbers, the mercantile <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arora" title="Arora">Arora</a> castes wield considerable influence within the Sikh community. Other common Sikh castes include <a href="/wiki/Saini" title="Saini">Sainis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia" title="Ramgarhia">Ramgarhias</a> (artisans), <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahluwalia_(caste)" title="Ahluwalia (caste)">Ahluwalias</a> (formerly brewers), <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-320">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rai_Sikh" title="Rai Sikh">Rai Sikh</a> (Rai), <a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kambojs</a> (rural caste), <a href="/wiki/Labana" title="Labana">Labanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumhars</a> and the two Dalit castes, known in Sikh terminology as the <a href="/wiki/Mazhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazhabi">Mazhabis</a> (the Chuhras) and the <a href="/wiki/Ravidasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravidasia">Ravidasias</a> (the Chamars).<a href="#cite_note-321">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_diaspora">Sikh diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sikh diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Sikh diaspora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">Sikhism by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikhs_on_the_move!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg/220px-Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg/330px-Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg/440px-Sikhs_on_the_move%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Sikhs celebrating <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Canada">Toronto, Canada</a></figcaption></figure> Sikhism is <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups#Religious_demographics" title="Major religious groups">the fifth-largest amongst the world religions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-322">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[315]</a> and one of the youngest.<a href="#cite_note-Partridge2013-326">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDowellBrown2009-327">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teece2005-328">[318]</a> Worldwide, there are 30 million Sikhs,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-329">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[320]</a> which makes up 0.4% of the world's population. Approximately 75% of Sikhs live in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, where they constitute 57.7% of the state's population. Large communities of Sikhs migrate to the neighboring states such as Indian State of Haryana which is home to the second largest Sikh population in India with 1.1 million Sikhs as per 2001 census, and large immigrant communities of Sikhs can be found across India. However, Sikhs only comprise about 1.7% of the Indian population.<a href="#cite_note-Singh_Kalsi_2007_12-331">[321]</a> Most Sikhs outside India live in the <a href="/wiki/Core_Anglosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Core Anglosphere">core Anglosphere</a>, with 771,790 in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> (2.1% Sikh),<a href="#cite_note-canadareligion2021-284">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[322]</a> 524,140 in the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (0.9% Sikh),<a href="#cite_note-333">[323]</a> 280,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> (0.1% Sikh),<a href="#cite_note-353">[343]</a> 210,400 in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a> (0.8% Sikh),<a href="#cite_note-354">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[345]</a> and 40,908 in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (0.9% Sikh).<a href="#cite_note-New_Zealand_Sikh_population-356">[346]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] While these communities are over 125 years old, most Sikhs in the West are first, second, or third-generation immigrants. As of<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit">[update]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Canadian Census">2021 Canadian Census</a>, more than half of Canada's Sikhs can be found in one of four cities: <a href="/wiki/Brampton,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Brampton, Ontario">Brampton</a> (163,260),<a href="#cite_note-bramptoncity2021-357">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrey, BC">Surrey</a> (154,415),<a href="#cite_note-surreycity2021-358">[348]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> (49,465),<a href="#cite_note-calgarycity2021-359">[349]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbotsford, BC">Abbotsford</a> (38,395).<a href="#cite_note-abbotsfordcity2021-360">[350]</a> Sikhs also migrated to East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. These communities developed as Sikhs migrated out of Punjab to fill in gaps in imperial labour markets.<a href="#cite_note-361">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prohibitions_in_Sikhism">Prohibitions in Sikhism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Prohibitions in Sikhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions in Sikhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></div>Four major transgressions:<a href="#cite_note-362">[352]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a> removal – Hair <a href="/wiki/Cutting" title="Cutting">cutting</a>, trimming, removing, <a href="/wiki/Shaving" title="Shaving">shaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)" title="Plucking (hair removal)">plucking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threading_(epilation)" title="Threading (epilation)">threading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyeing_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyeing hair">dyeing</a>, or any other alteration from any body part is strictly forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-363">[353]</a></li> <li>Eating <a href="/wiki/Kutha_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutha meat">Kutha</a> meat.<a href="#cite_note-364">[354]</a> This is the absolute minimum required by all <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">initiated Sikhs</a>. Many Sikhs refrain from eating <a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-vegetarian">non-vegetarian</a> food, and believe all should follow this diet. This is due to various social, cultural, political, and familial aspects. As such, there has always been major disagreement among Sikhs over the issue of eating <a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-vegetarian">non-vegetarian</a> food. Sikhs following the rahit (code of conduct) of the <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">AKJ</a> also subscribe to this view. The <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Akali Nihangs</a> have traditionally eaten meat and are famous for performing <a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahaprashad-366">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sikh_Goat_Sacrifice-367">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sikh_Goat_Sacrifice2-368">[358]</a> Thus, there is a wide range of views that exist on the issue of a proper "Sikh diet" in the <a href="/wiki/Panth" title="Panth">Panth</a>. Nonetheless, all Sikhs agree with the minimum consensus that meat slaughtered via the Muslim (<a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a>) or Jewish (<a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">Shechita</a>) methods is strictly against Sikh dogma and principles.<a href="#cite_note-369">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[360]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> represents the final authority on controversial issues concerning the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Panth" title="Panth">Panth</a> (community or collective). The <a href="/wiki/Hukamnama" title="Hukamnama">Hukamnama</a> (edict or clarification), issued by <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> <a href="/wiki/Jathedar" title="Jathedar">Jathedar</a> <a href="/wiki/Jathedar_Sadhu_Singh_Bhaura" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar Sadhu Singh Bhaura">Sadhu Singh Bhaura</a> dated 15 February 1980, states that eating meat does not go against the code of conduct of the Sikhs. <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Amritdhari</a> Sikhs can eat meat as long as it is <a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a> meat.<a href="#cite_note-Singh_2001_89-371">[361]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a>: Cohabiting with a person other than one's spouse (sexual relations with anyone who you are not married to).<a href="#cite_note-372">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[366]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intoxications" class="mw-redirect" title="Intoxications">Intoxication</a> – Consumption of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intoxicants" class="mw-redirect" title="Intoxicants">intoxicants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, etc.) is not allowed.<a href="#cite_note-377">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe1909[[s:Page:The_Sikh_Religion,_its_gurus,_sacred_writings_and_authors_Vol_1.djvu/27|xxi]]-379">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis is generally prohibited</a>, but ritually consumed in edible form by some Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014-380">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghHawley2012-381">[371]</a> Some Sikh groups, like the <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a>, are even opposed to drinking <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Indian tea</a>. Indian tea is almost always served in Sikh <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurudwaras</a> around the world. Some <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Akali Nihang</a> groups consume <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis-containing</a> shaheedi degh (ਭੰਗ), purportedly to help in <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-382">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[374]</a> Sūkha parshaad (ਸੁੱਖਾ ਪ੍ਰਰਸਾਦ), "Dry-sweet", is the term Akali Nihangs use to refer to it. It was traditionally crushed and consumed as a liquid, especially during festivals like <a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a>. It is never smoked, as this practice is forbidden in Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-385">[375]</a> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Jathedar_Santa_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar Santa Singh">Jathedar Santa Singh</a>, the leader of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budha_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budha Dal (page does not exist)">Budha Dal</a>, along with 20 chiefs of <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a> sects, refused to accept the ban on consumption of shaheedi degh by the apex Sikh clergy of <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> – in order to preserve their traditional practices.<a href="#cite_note-386">[376]</a> According to a recent BBC article, "Traditionally they also drank shaheedi degh, an infusion of cannabis, to become closer with God".<a href="#cite_note-387">[377]</a> Baba Santa Singh was excommunicated and replaced with Baba Balbir Singh, who agreed to shun the consumption of bhang.<a href="#cite_note-388">[378]</a></li></ul> Other mentioned practices to be avoided, as per the Sikh Rehat Maryada: <ul><li>Piercing of the nose or ears for wearing ornaments is forbidden for Sikh men and women.<a href="#cite_note-389">[379]</a> However, this is a point of contention as it was common for Sikh men and women to wear during the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Misl">Sikh Misl</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-390">[380]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>]</li> <li>Female infanticide: A Sikh should not kill their daughter; nor should they maintain any relationship with a killer of daughter.<a href="#cite_note-391">[381]</a></li> <li>A Sikh shall not <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">steal</a>, form dubious associations or engage in <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[382]</a></li> <li>It is not proper for a Sikh woman to wear a <a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">veil</a>, or keep her face hidden.<a href="#cite_note-393">[383]</a></li> <li>Sikhs cannot wear any token of any other faith, nor participate in idol worship (Idolatry) according to the Guru Granth Sahib. Sikhs must not have their head bare or wear <a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">caps</a>. They also cannot wear any <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornaments</a> piercing through any part of the body.<a href="#cite_note-394">[384]</a></li> <li>Hereditary priest – Sikhism does not have priests, as they were abolished by Guru Gobind Singh.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-395">[385]</a> The only position he left was a <a href="/wiki/Granthi" title="Granthi">Granthi</a> to look after the Guru Granth Sahib; any Sikh is free to become Granthi or read from the Guru Granth Sahib.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-395">[385]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebe_Nanaki" title="Bebe Nanaki">Bebe Nanaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Bhago" title="Mai Bhago">Mai Bhago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjab_Digital_Library" title="Panjab Digital Library">Panjab Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban_training_centre" title="Turban training centre">Turban training centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Women in the Guru Granth Sahib">Women in the Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History of Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: ਸਿੱਖੀ, <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Sikkhī <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[ˈsɪk.kʰiː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/84\/Sikkhi.ogg\/Sikkhi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sikkhi.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Sikkhi.ogg/Sikkhi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sikkhi.ogg" title="File:Sikkhi.ogg">ⓘ</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: ਸਿੱਖ, romanized: <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'disciple' </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Women may optionally wear a turban. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Sikhism (commonly known as Sikhī) originated from the word Sikh, which comes from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> root <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ai%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Śiṣya">śiṣya</a> meaning "disciple", or śikṣa meaning "instruction". <a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Singh, Khushwant</a>. 2006. The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567747-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567747-8">978-0-19-567747-8</a>. p. 15.Kosh, Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050318143533/http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20050318143533/http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reichberg2014p672-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Reichberg2014p672_41-0">^</a> "As an Indian religion, Sikhism affirms transmigration, the continued rebirth after death". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrekke2014" class="citation book cs1">Brekke, Torkel (2014). Reichberg, G. M.; Syse, H. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3CFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672">Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-95204-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-95204-0"><bdi>978-1-139-95204-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+War%2C+and+Ethics%3A+A+Sourcebook+of+Textual+Traditions&rft.pages=672&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-139-95204-0&rft.aulast=Brekke&rft.aufirst=Torkel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3CFAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> "Sikhism, Indian religion founded in the Punjab in the late 15th century." (McLeod 2019/1998). </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> The Sikh scripture contains verses which have been literally interpreted as relevant to pilgrimage and taking dips in waters for salvific value; some criticize it (AG 358, 75); others support it (AG 623–624). </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis_Fenech_2014_page_35-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Fenech_2014_page_35_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Fenech_2014_page_35_194-1">b</a> "Technically this would place the Sikh community's origins at a much further remove than 1469, perhaps to the dawning of the Sant movement, which possesses clear affinities to Guru Nanak's thought sometime in the tenth century. The predominant ideology of the Sant parampara in turn corresponds in many respects to the much wider devotional Bhakti tradition in northern India. (Pashaura and Fenech 2014, p. 35). </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Lorenzen_1995_pages_1-2-196"><a href="#cite_ref-David_Lorenzen_1995_pages_1-2_196-0">^</a> "Historically, Sikh religion derives from this nirguni current of bhakti religion." (Lorenzen 1995, pp. 1–2). </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclobritannicasikh-197"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclobritannicasikh_197-0">^</a> "In its earliest stage Sikhism was clearly a movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak was raised a Hindu and eventually belonged to the Sant tradition of northern India." (McLeod 2019/1998). </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> These views include Sikhs believing in achieving blissful mukhti while alive, Sikhs placing emphasis on the path of the householder, Sikhs disbelief in <a href="/wiki/Ahinsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahinsa">Ahinsa</a>, and the Sikhs afterlife aspect of merging with God rather than a physical heaven. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2016" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191062773" title="Special:BookSources/9780191062773"><bdi>9780191062773</bdi></a>. <q>From the rest of this introduction to the Guru Granth Sahib, and from Guru Nank's compositions, it is a monotheistic, rather than a monist, view of God which emerges.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780191062773&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTakhar2016" class="citation book cs1">Takhar, Opinderjit Kaur (2016). Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351900102" title="Special:BookSources/9781351900102"><bdi>9781351900102</bdi></a>. <q>Since the Sikh concept of the divine is panentheistic, the divine is always greater than the created universe, its systems such as karma and samsara, and all phenomena within it. In Sikhism, due to the sovereignty of God, the doctrines of Nadar and Hukam override all systems, both concepts reinforcing panentheism. Hence one becomes a jivanmukt only in accordance with the Hukam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Identity%3A+An+Exploration+of+Groups+Among+Sikhs&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781351900102&rft.aulast=Takhar&rft.aufirst=Opinderjit+Kaur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghMandair2023" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2023). The Sikh world. London New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429848384" title="Special:BookSources/9780429848384"><bdi>9780429848384</bdi></a>. <q>In looking at the teachings of the Gurus as a whole, it seems that Lourdunathan overstates the degree to which Sikh scripture is anti-monistic. Guru Nanak famously referred to the world as a "palace of smoke" (GGS: 138) and made countless references to the idea of maya (Illusion). While the Gurus did not teach a radical nondualism, it is perhaps more accurate to suggest that some aspects of Sikh thought constitute a qualified nondualism (in which Creator and Creation are part of the same whole) (GGS: 125) or panentheism (in which the Creator pervades the natural world) (GGS: 24), while many others are monotheistic, including passages in Japji Sahib, where God is described as the King of Kings (GGS: 6). These different interpretations lend themselves to varying understandings of the relationship between the natural world and divinity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+world&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780429848384&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind-Pal+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2001" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Gurinder Singh (2001). The Making of Sikh scripture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195130249" title="Special:BookSources/9780195130249"><bdi>9780195130249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Sikh+scripture&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780195130249&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Gurinder+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford Handbooks. Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech. OUP Oxford. 2014. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191004117" title="Special:BookSources/9780191004117"><bdi>9780191004117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780191004117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pluralism.org/sikhism-0#:~:text=Sikhs%20call%20their%20tradition%20the,Guru%20Gobind%20Singh%20in%201708.">"Sikhism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430193915/https://pluralism.org/sikhism-0#:~:text=Sikhs%20call%20their%20tradition%20the,Guru%20Gobind%20Singh%20in%201708.">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpluralism.org%2Fsikhism-0%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSikhs%2520call%2520their%2520tradition%2520the%2CGuru%2520Gobind%2520Singh%2520in%25201708.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/sikhism_n">"Sikhism, n."</a> Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 7 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhism%2C+n.&rft.pub=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsikhism_n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2a-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2a_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2a_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2a_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E., eds. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 299–301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html">Rehat Maryada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101102058/https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBahri" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bahri, Hardev. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">"Gurmukhi"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gurmukhi&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=Punjabi+University+Patiala&rft.aulast=Bahri&rft.aufirst=Hardev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShackleMandair2013pxxi-13"><a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013pxxi_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackleMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC">Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. xxi–xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0"><bdi>978-1-136-45101-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155950/https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxiii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-45101-0&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVvoJV8mw0LwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandair2013p12-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p12_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3, 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160619/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=3%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChahal2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chahal, Devinder (July–December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2005/j0702p03.pdf">"Understanding Sikhism in the Science Age"</a> (PDF). Understanding Sikhism: The Research Journal (2): 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110091458/http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2005/j0702p03.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Understanding+Sikhism%3A+The+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Understanding+Sikhism+in+the+Science+Age&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2006-07%2F2006-12&rft.aulast=Chahal&rft.aufirst=Devinder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuscanada.com%2Fjournal%2Farchives%2F2005%2Fj0702p03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandair2013p4-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p4_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 4–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160619/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Singh, Patwant (2000). The Sikhs. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. p. 17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40728-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40728-6">0-375-40728-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/when-is-guru-nanak-jayanti-check-date-and-all-you-need-to-know-15064101.htm">"When is Guru Nanak Jayanti? Check date and all you need to know - CNBC TV18"</a>. CNBCTV18. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBCTV18&rft.atitle=When+is+Guru+Nanak+Jayanti%3F+Check+date+and+all+you+need+to+know+-+CNBC+TV18&rft.date=2022-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbctv18.com%2Findia%2Fwhen-is-guru-nanak-jayanti-check-date-and-all-you-need-to-know-15064101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1">b</a> Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA234">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8">978-0-19-969930-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDokras2021" class="citation web cs1">Dokras, Uday (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44900217">"The Art & Architecture of THE GOLDEN TEMPLE COMPLEX, AMRITSAR"</a>. Academia. Indo Nordic Author's Collective. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212545/https://www.academia.edu/44900217">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=The+Art+%26+Architecture+of+THE+GOLDEN+TEMPLE+COMPLEX%2C+AMRITSAR&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Dokras&rft.aufirst=Uday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44900217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRose2015" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Tudor (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg91CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">Agree to Differ</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100090-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100090-4"><bdi>978-92-3-100090-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agree+to+Differ&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100090-4&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Tudor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMg91CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ataglance/glance.shtml">Sikhism at a glance |Religions: Sikhism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902132011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ataglance/glance.shtml">Archived</a> 2 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." BBC (2014). </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Hans_India2018" class="citation web cs1">The Hans India (1 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124">"There is One God"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hans_India" title="The Hans India">The Hans India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710164237/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hans+India&rft.atitle=There+is+One+God&rft.date=2018-09-01&rft.au=The+Hans+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehansindia.com%2Fposts%2Findex%2FSpiritual%2F2018-09-01%2FThere-is-One-God%2F409124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuru_Nanak_Dev_Ji" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak Dev Ji</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=17&english=t&id=719#l719">Gurū Granth Sāhib</a>. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503145503/http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=17&english=t&id=719#l719">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021. <q>If you long for your Husband Lord, O soul-bride, you must know that He is not met by falsehood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gur%C5%AB+Granth+S%C4%81hib&rft.pages=17&rft.au=Guru+Nanak+Dev+Ji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srigranth.org%2Fservlet%2Fgurbani.gurbani%3FAction%3DPage%26Param%3D17%26english%3Dt%26id%3D719%23l719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuru_Nanak_Dev_Ji" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak Dev Ji</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=15&punjabi=t&id=632#l632">Gurū Granth Sāhib</a>. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092220/http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=15&punjabi=t&id=632#l632">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2006. <q>You are the One True Lord and Master of all the other beings, of so many worlds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gur%C5%AB+Granth+S%C4%81hib&rft.pages=15&rft.au=Guru+Nanak+Dev+Ji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srigranth.org%2Fservlet%2Fgurbani.gurbani%3FAction%3DPage%26Param%3D15%26punjabi%3Dt%26id%3D632%23l632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-singhaikonkar-27"><a href="#cite_ref-singhaikonkar_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingha2000" class="citation book cs1">Singha, H. S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C">The Encyclopedia of Sikhism</a>. Hemkunt. pp. 20–21, 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005235/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21%2C+103&rft.pub=Hemkunt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440">Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions</a>. Merriam-Webster. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+encyclopedia+of+world+religions&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayled2002" class="citation book cs1">Mayled, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5/page/16">Sikhism</a>. Heinemann. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-33627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-33627-1"><bdi>978-0-435-33627-1</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-435-33627-1&rft.aulast=Mayled&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhism0000mayl_l1v5%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pashauramulmantar2-30"><a href="#cite_ref-pashauramulmantar2_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2003" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aiwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101">The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 101–02. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908773-0"><bdi>978-0-19-908773-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guru+Granth+Sahib%3A+Canon%2C+Meaning+and+Authority&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E02&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908773-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaiwpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nirmal (2008). Searches in Sikhism. Hemkunt Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-367-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-367-7"><bdi>978-81-7010-367-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searches+in+Sikhism&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-367-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nirmal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" title="Geoffrey Parrinder">Parrinder, Geoffrey</a> (1971). World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present. London: <a href="/wiki/Hamlyn_(publisher)" title="Hamlyn (publisher)">Hamlyn</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7"><bdi>978-0-87196-129-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+From+Ancient+History+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87196-129-7&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pruthi_2004_204-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pruthi_2004_204_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pruthi_2004_204_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPruthi2004" class="citation book cs1">Pruthi, Raj (2004). Sikhism and Indian Civilization. Discovery Publishing House. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-879-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-879-4"><bdi>978-81-7141-879-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Indian+Civilization&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7141-879-4&rft.aulast=Pruthi&rft.aufirst=Raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NaamSimran-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NaamSimran_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NaamSimran_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NaamSimran_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2008" class="citation book cs1">McLean, George (2008). Paths to the Divine: Ancient and Indian. Council for Research in Values & Philosophy. p. 599. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1565182480">1565182480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+to+the+Divine%3A+Ancient+and+Indian&rft.pages=599&rft.pub=Council+for+Research+in+Values+%26+Philosophy&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Some disagree with this viewpoint, and state that guru in Sikhism is "not a teacher or a guide", but "God's own manifestation"; see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghSingh2002" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Bhagat; Singh, G. P. (2002). Japji. Hemkunt Press. p. 9. <q>In Sikh religion the word 'Guru' does not denote a teacher, or an expert or a guide in human body. When God manifested his attributes in person, that person was called 'Guru Nanak'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japji&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Bhagat&rft.au=Singh%2C+G.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p254-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p254_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p254_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p254_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p254_36-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" title="Geoffrey Parrinder">Parrinder, Geoffrey</a> (1971). World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present. London: <a href="/wiki/Hamlyn_(publisher)" title="Hamlyn (publisher)">Hamlyn</a>. pp. 254–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7"><bdi>978-0-87196-129-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+From+Ancient+History+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87196-129-7&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-singh2013-37"><a href="#cite_ref-singh2013_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2013" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, R.K. Janmeja (Meji) (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001421/http://www.hemkunt2.org/PDF/The%20Sikh%20Review%2C%20August%202013.pdf">"Gurbani's Guidance and the Sikh's 'Destination'"</a> (PDF). The Sikh Review. 8. 61 (716): 27–35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hemkunt2.org/PDF/The%20Sikh%20Review,%20August%202013.pdf#page=24">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sikh+Review&rft.atitle=Gurbani%27s+Guidance+and+the+Sikh%27s+%27Destination%27&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=716&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2013-08&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=R.K.+Janmeja+%28Meji%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hemkunt2.org%2FPDF%2FThe%2520Sikh%2520Review%2C%2520August%25202013.pdf%23page%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTakhar2005" class="citation book cs1">Takhar, Opinderjit (2005). Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5202-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-5202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Identity%3A+An+Exploration+of+Groups+Among+Sikhs&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Vermont&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5202-1&rft.aulast=Takhar&rft.aufirst=Opinderjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grewal_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grewal_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1998" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/25">The Sikhs of the Punjab</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 25–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsofpunjab0000grew%2Fpage%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chahal2011-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chahal2011_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chahal2011_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChahal2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chahal, Amarjit Singh (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2011/j1312p52.pdf">"Concept of Reincarnation in Guru Nanak's Philosophy"</a> (PDF). Understanding Sikhism: The Research Journal. 13 (1–2): 52–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203115118/http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/archives/2011/j1312p52.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Understanding+Sikhism%3A+The+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Concept+of+Reincarnation+in+Guru+Nanak%27s+Philosophy&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Chahal&rft.aufirst=Amarjit+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuscanada.com%2Fjournal%2Farchives%2F2011%2Fj1312p52.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/classification-of-religions">"Classification of Religions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707224218/https://www.britannica.com/topic/classification-of-religions">Archived</a> 7 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Philip (2008). Religions. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 209, 214–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3348-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3348-6"><bdi>978-0-7566-3348-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions&rft.pages=209%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-3348-6&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHouse1991" class="citation journal cs1">House, H. Wayne (April 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040501/http://www.hwhouse.com/images/Resurrection,_Reincarnation,_and_Humanness.pdf">"Resurrection, Reincarnation, and Humanness"</a> (PDF). Bibliotheca Sacra. 148 (590). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hwhouse.com/images/Resurrection,_Reincarnation,_and_Humanness.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bibliotheca+Sacra&rft.atitle=Resurrection%2C+Reincarnation%2C+and+Humanness&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=590&rft.date=1991-04&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=H.+Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hwhouse.com%2Fimages%2FResurrection%2C_Reincarnation%2C_and_Humanness.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2000" class="citation book cs1">Singh, H. S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKapoor2005" class="citation book cs1">Kapoor, Sukhbir (2005). Guru Granth Sahib: An Advanced Study. Vol. I. Hemkunt Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-317-2"><bdi>978-81-7010-317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Granth+Sahib%3A+An+Advanced+Study&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-317-2&rft.aulast=Kapoor&rft.aufirst=Sukhbir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shani_1–17-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Shani_1–17_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShani2000" class="citation journal cs1">Shani, Giorgio (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026272800002000101">"The Construction of a Sikh National Identity"</a>. South Asia Research. 20 (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026272800002000101">10.1177/026272800002000101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-7280">0262-7280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144560083">144560083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia+Research&rft.atitle=The+Construction+of+a+Sikh+National+Identity&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144560083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0262-7280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026272800002000101&rft.aulast=Shani&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F026272800002000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marty-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Marty_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarty1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin E.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=doCmVaOnh_wC">Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50884-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50884-9"><bdi>978-0-226-50884-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+and+the+State%3A+Remaking+Polities%2C+Economies%2C+and+Militance&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50884-9&rft.aulast=Marty&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdoCmVaOnh_wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jas-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jas_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jas_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jas_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_Dr_Jasraj2009" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Dr Jasraj (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rFm9_Jc1ykcC&dq=miri+piri&pg=PA182">A Complete Guide to Sikhism</a>. Unistar Books. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171427543" title="Special:BookSources/9788171427543"><bdi>9788171427543</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404133041/https://books.google.com/books?id=rFm9_Jc1ykcC&dq=miri+piri&pg=PA182">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. 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U of Minnesota Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452913384" title="Special:BookSources/9781452913384"><bdi>9781452913384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404133045/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRcKIZ2Y00C&dq=miri+piri&pg=PA211">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Lahore+Modern%3A+Constructing+and+Imaging+a+Colonial+City&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781452913384&rft.au=Grover%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NRcKIZ2Y00C%26dq%3Dmiri%2Bpiri%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Jakobsh, D. R. (2012). Sikhism. University of Hawaii Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Singh, D. (1992). THE SIKH IDENTITY. Fundamental Issues, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-richard-54"><a href="#cite_ref-richard_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard2007" class="citation journal cs1">Richard, H. L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/24_3_PDFs/139-145Richard.pdf">"Religious Movements in Hindu Social Contexts: A Study of Paradigms for Contextual 'Church' Development"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Frontier Missiology. 24 (3): 144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616022633/http://www.ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/24_3_PDFs/139-145Richard.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Frontier+Missiology&rft.atitle=Religious+Movements+in+Hindu+Social+Contexts%3A+A+Study+of+Paradigms+for+Contextual+%27Church%27+Development&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=144&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijfm.org%2FPDFs_IJFM%2F24_3_PDFs%2F139-145Richard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayled2002-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mayled2002_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayled2002_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayled2002" class="citation book cs1">Mayled, Jon (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5">Sikhism</a>. Heinemann. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-33627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-33627-1"><bdi>978-0-435-33627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-435-33627-1&rft.aulast=Mayled&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhism0000mayl_l1v5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohli1993" class="citation book cs1">Kohli, Surinder Singh (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ED0syBKqafMC">The Sikh and Sikhism</a>. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. pp. 74–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-336-4"><bdi>978-81-7156-336-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+and+Sikhism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-336-4&rft.aulast=Kohli&rft.aufirst=Surinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DED0syBKqafMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nirmal (2008). Searches in Sikhism. 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SriGranth.org. 2006. pp. 305–306 (verses 305–16 to 306–2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821171802/http://www.srigurugranth.org/0305.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Guru+Granth+Sahib&rft.pages=pp.+305-306+%28verses+305-16+to+306-2%29&rft.pub=SriGranth.org&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srigurugranth.org%2F0305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jhutti-Johal2011-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Jhutti-Johal2011_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJagbir2011" class="citation book cs1">Jagbir, Jhutti-Johal (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=91xotkSSyzUC">Sikhism Today</a>. Bloomsbury. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8140-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8140-4"><bdi>978-1-4411-8140-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+Today&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8140-4&rft.aulast=Jagbir&rft.aufirst=Jhutti-Johal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D91xotkSSyzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Cole, William Owen, and Piara Singh Sambhi (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy. 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Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2025-6">978-0-7914-2025-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-hardip-62"><a href="#cite_ref-hardip_62-0">^</a> Syan, Hardip (2014). P. 178 in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies, edited by P. Singh and L E. Fenech. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8">978-0-19-969930-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2011" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2011). "Time and religion-making in modern Sikhism". In Murphy, A. (ed.). Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia. 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"Sikh Studies" series, book 7. New Delhi: Hemkunt Press. 2009. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-245-8"><bdi>978-81-7010-245-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Sikhism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.series=%22Sikh+Studies%22+series%2C+book+7&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-245-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnRodBu9seiIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPechilisRaj2012" class="citation book cs1">Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsbfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243">South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-16323-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-16323-4"><bdi>978-1-136-16323-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Religions%3A+Tradition+and+Today&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-16323-4&rft.aulast=Pechilis&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Raj%2C+Selva+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBsbfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghHawley2012" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Hawley, Michael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC&pg=PA42">Re-imagining South Asian Religions</a>. Brill Academic. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24236-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24236-4"><bdi>978-90-04-24236-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-imagining+South+Asian+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24236-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Hawley%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4SLhLakpsNsC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamala1-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Kamala1_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNayarSandhu2007" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamal Elizabeth; Sandhu, Jaswinder Singh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTfKwGV6mBkC">The Socially Involved Renunciate – Guru Nanaks Discourse to Nath Yogis</a>. Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7950-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7950-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-7950-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socially+Involved+Renunciate+%E2%80%93+Guru+Nanaks+Discourse+to+Nath+Yogis&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7950-6&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kamal+Elizabeth&rft.au=Sandhu%2C+Jaswinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTfKwGV6mBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikky1-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Nikky1_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghGuninder2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kaur; Guninder, Nikky (30 January 2004). Sundararajan, K. R.; Mukerji, Bithika (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC">Hindu Spirituality: Postclassical and Modern</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1937-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1937-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1937-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Spirituality%3A+Postclassical+and+Modern&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004-01-30&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1937-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kaur&rft.au=Guninder%2C+Nikky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUWIEfAY-mMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marwha1-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Marwha1_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarwha2006" class="citation book cs1">Marwha, Sonali Bhatt (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROtEr_QdB3sC">Colors of Truth: Religion, Self and Emotions</a>. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-268-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-268-0"><bdi>978-81-8069-268-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colors+of+Truth%3A+Religion%2C+Self+and+Emotions&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-268-0&rft.aulast=Marwha&rft.aufirst=Sonali+Bhatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROtEr_QdB3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marty1-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Marty1_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinScott1996" class="citation book cs1">Martin, E. Marty; Scott, Appleby R. 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New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. pp. 435, 676–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8"><bdi>978-81-269-0857-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikh+Gurus+Retold%3A+1606%E2%80%931708&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=435%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0857-8&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw7-kUkHA_0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandair1-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair1_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair1_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh2009" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal Singh, Mandair (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzeCy_zL0Q8C">Religion and the Specter of the West: Sikhism, India, Postcoloniality and the Politics of Translation</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 372–373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14724-8"><bdi>978-0-231-14724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Specter+of+the+West%3A+Sikhism%2C+India%2C+Postcoloniality+and+the+Politics+of+Translation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E372-%3C%2Fspan%3E373&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14724-8&rft.aulast=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft.aufirst=Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzeCy_zL0Q8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Joginder (2004). Celestial Gems. Hemkunt Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-345-5"><bdi>978-81-7010-345-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celestial+Gems&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-345-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Joginder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diaspora-76"><a href="#cite_ref-diaspora_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakhshi2008" class="citation book cs1">Bakhshi, Surinder Singh (2008). "Chapter 22 – Nitnem". Sikhs in the Diaspora: A Modern Guide to the Practice of Sikh Faith. Sikh Publishing House. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9560728-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9560728-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9560728-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+22+%E2%80%93+Nitnem&rft.btitle=Sikhs+in+the+Diaspora%3A+A+Modern+Guide+to+the+Practice+of+Sikh+Faith&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Sikh+Publishing+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9560728-0-1&rft.aulast=Bakhshi&rft.aufirst=Surinder+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalsi_Chelsea-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalsi_Chelsea_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalsi2005" class="citation book cs1">Kalsi, Sewa Singh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC">Sikhism</a>. Religions of the World. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 41–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-8098-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-8098-6"><bdi>0-7910-8098-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111152823/https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023. 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(2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IntWqeMeU_oC&pg=PA202">The Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice</a>. Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. 202–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4851-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4851-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-4851-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritual+Roots+of+Restorative+Justice&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4851-9&rft.aulast=Hadley&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIntWqeMeU_oC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood1997" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Angela (1997). 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Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 31, 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79760-7"><bdi>978-1-135-79760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Sikhism%3A+Sikh+Religion+and+Philosophy&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=31%2C+59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79760-7&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvcSRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chanchreek_2007_142-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chanchreek_2007_142_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chanchreek_2007_142_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanchreek2007" class="citation book cs1">Chanchreek, Jain (2007). Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals. Shree Publishers. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8329-191-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8329-191-0"><bdi>978-81-8329-191-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Great+Festivals&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Shree+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8329-191-0&rft.aulast=Chanchreek&rft.aufirst=Jain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dugga_2001_33-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dugga_2001_33_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dugga_2001_33_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDugga2001" class="citation book cs1">Dugga, Kartar (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-410-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-410-3"><bdi>978-81-7017-410-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh%3A+The+Last+to+Lay+Arms&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-410-3&rft.aulast=Dugga&rft.aufirst=Kartar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Justice-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Justice_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Justice_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Justice_90-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2001" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IntWqeMeU_oC&pg=PA199">"Sikhism and Restorative Justice: Theory and Practice – Pashaura Singh"</a>. 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University of California Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95408-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95408-3"><bdi>978-0-520-95408-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Words%3A+Religion%2C+Violence%2C+and+the+Interpretation+of+Sacred+Texts&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95408-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfCjVRqPD-HQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcleod-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Mcleod_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcleod1991" class="citation book cs1">Mcleod, W. H. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTJhC_l1gksC">The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society (ACLS Lectures on the History of Religions)</a>. 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Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=E.+Louis&rft.au=Mcleod%2C+H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panjab_Publishers-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panjab_Publishers_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panjab_Publishers_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1968" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Darshan (1968). Indian Bhakti Tradition and Sikh Gurus. Chandigarh: Panjab Publishers. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Bhakti+Tradition+and+Sikh+Gurus&rft.place=Chandigarh&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Panjab+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Darshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nesbitt2005_a-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Nesbitt2005_a_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor (22 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai-rpcY-rrgC&pg=PT22">Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157806-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157806-9"><bdi>978-0-19-157806-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09-22&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157806-9&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAi-rpcY-rrgC%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-granthfinalguru-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-granthfinalguru_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-granthfinalguru_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-granthfinalguru_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2001" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Gurinder Singh (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PC4d-5xrysIC">The Making of Sikh Scripture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 21–25, 123–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513024-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Sikh+Scripture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E25%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513024-9&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Gurinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPC4d-5xrysIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2008" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1 February 2008). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469–1606 C.E. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8"><bdi>978-81-269-0857-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikh+Gurus+Retold%3A+1469%E2%80%931606+C.E&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0857-8&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ksingh116-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ksingh116_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ksingh116_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1969" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3jXHMDwOb4C&pg=PA116">Hymns of Guru Nanak</a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1161-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1161-3"><bdi>978-81-250-1161-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hymns+of+Guru+Nanak&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1161-3&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3jXHMDwOb4C%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2007" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469–1606 C.E. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0859-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0859-2"><bdi>978-81-269-0859-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikh+Gurus+Retold%3A+1469%E2%80%931606+C.E.&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0859-2&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1968" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Darshan (1968). Indian Bhakti Tradition and Sikh Gurus. Chandigarh: Panjab Publishers. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Bhakti+Tradition+and+Sikh+Gurus&rft.place=Chandigarh&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Panjab+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Darshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> "Sikhism rejects the view that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly regarding Absolute Truth. Sikhism rejects the practice of converting people to other religious traditions." Kalsi, Sewa Singh (2008). Sikhism. London: Kuperard. p. 24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-436-4">978-1-85733-436-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReichbergSyse2014" class="citation book cs1">Reichberg, Gregory M.; Syse, Henrik (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3CFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672">Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 672–674. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-95204-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-95204-0"><bdi>978-1-139-95204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+War%2C+and+Ethics%3A+A+Sourcebook+of+Textual+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E672-%3C%2Fspan%3E674&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-139-95204-0&rft.aulast=Reichberg&rft.aufirst=Gregory+M.&rft.au=Syse%2C+Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3CFAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020606154817/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp">"Sikh Reht Maryada – Method of Adopting Gurmatta"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp">the original</a> on 6 June 2002. Retrieved 9 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikh+Reht+Maryada+%E2%80%93+Method+of+Adopting+Gurmatta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgpc.net%2Fsikhism%2Ftankah.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaj2013" class="citation book cs1">Raj, Selva (2013). South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44851-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44851-2"><bdi>978-0-415-44851-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Religions%3A+Tradition+and+Today&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44851-2&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Selva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shacklexvii-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shacklexvii_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shacklexvii_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shacklexvii_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shacklexvii_108-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shacklexvii_108-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shacklexvii_108-5">f</a> Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh Gurus, Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8">978-0-415-26604-8</a>, pp. xvii–xx </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4">978-1-898723-13-4</a>, pp. 45–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4">978-1-898723-13-4</a>, pp. 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrumpp2004" class="citation book cs1">Trumpp, Ernest (2004) [1877]. The Ādi Granth or the Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. xxxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0244-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0244-3"><bdi>978-81-215-0244-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C4%80di+Granth+or+the+Holy+Scriptures+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=xxxi&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0244-3&rft.aulast=Trumpp&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">Grierson, George Abraham</a> (1967) [1927]. 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The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 360–369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E360-%3C%2Fspan%3E369&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shapiro924-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shapiro924_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shapiro924_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2002" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Michael (2002). Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth. Journal of the American Oriental Society. pp. 924, 925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+the+Saints+from+the+Adi+Granth&rft.pages=924%2C+925&rft.pub=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGulati2008" class="citation book cs1">Gulati, Mahinder (2008). Comparative Religious and Philosophies: Anthropomorphism and Divinity. Atlantic. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0902-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0902-5"><bdi>978-81-269-0902-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Religious+and+Philosophies%3A+Anthropomorphism+and+Divinity&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0902-5&rft.aulast=Gulati&rft.aufirst=Mahinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingha2009" class="citation book cs1">Singha, H. S. (2009). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2001" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Gurinder Singh (2001). The Making of Sikh Scripture. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513024-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513024-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Sikh+Scripture&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513024-9&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Gurinder+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEraly2015" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, Abraham (2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-658-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-658-8"><bdi>978-93-5118-658-8</bdi></a>. <q>The main thrust of Kabir's mission was to unite Hindus and Muslims in a common quest for god realisation. 'Hindus and Muslims have the same god,, he held. 'God is the breath of all breath ... Look within your heart, for there you will find [God] ... All men and women in the world are his living forms.' Although many of his sayings had a strong Hindu flavour in them—presumably because of Ramananda's influence—he made no distinction between Hinduism and Islam Similarly, though he usually referred to god as Hari or Rama, he used those words as synonyms of god, and not as the names of particular deities. 'I am not Hindu nor Muslim; Allah-Ram is the breath of my body,' he stated, and went on to declare that All that lives and dies, they are all one. The this and that haggling, is done.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Wrath%3A+A+History+of+the+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-658-8&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSusanne2013" class="citation book cs1">Susanne, Scholz (2013). God Loves Diversity and Justice. Lexington Books. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7318-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7318-3"><bdi>978-0-7391-7318-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Sikh Divine comprises every imaginable theological ideal! Hindu, Buddhist, Tantric, and Islamic views that were current in medieval India come together in the wide-ranging literary spectrum of the GGS. The stereotypical oppositions between the Indic and Abrahamic worldviews of the day are transcended: "Some call it Rama, some call it Khuda; some worship it as Vishnu, some as Allah" (GGS: 885). Interestingly, even the atheistic Buddhist Nirvana is not omitted: "Itself Nirvana, It itself relishes pleasures" (GGS: 97). "God" or "gods" or "no god" alike are recognized as part of the infinite One! "Always, always you alone are the One Reality – sada sada tun eku hai" (GGS: 139). Persian terminology is used to emphasize the unity of being: "asti ek digari kui ek tui ek tui – Only the One is, there is none other; Only you, you only" (GGS: 144). Again, "hindu turk ka sahib ek  – Hindus and Muslims share the One sovereign" (GGS: 1158). (The term "Turk" referred to all Muslims in this period.) Since everything is a manifestation of That One being, all the manifestations would be a part of it. No god, no body, and no thing is excluded from this all pervasive being</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Loves+Diversity+and+Justice&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7318-3&rft.aulast=Susanne&rft.aufirst=Scholz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-king359-120"><a href="#cite_ref-king359_120-0">^</a> Anna S. King and JL Brockington (2005), The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions, Orient Blackswan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2801-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2801-7">978-81-250-2801-7</a>, pp. 359–361 </li> <li id="cite_note-parrinderp259-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parrinderp259_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-parrinderp259_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" title="Geoffrey Parrinder">Parrinder, Geoffrey</a> (1971). World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present. London: <a href="/wiki/Hamlyn_(publisher)" title="Hamlyn (publisher)">Hamlyn</a>. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7"><bdi>978-0-87196-129-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+From+Ancient+History+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87196-129-7&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind (2005); Teachings of the Sikh Gurus; Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8">978-0-415-26604-8</a>, pp. xxi–xxxii </li> <li id="cite_note-brekke673-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brekke673_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brekke673_123-1">b</a> Torkel Brekke (2014), Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45038-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45038-6">978-0-521-45038-6</a>, pp. 673, 675, 672–686 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2008" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind (2008). Pemberton, Kelly (ed.). Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95828-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95828-8"><bdi>978-0-415-95828-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shared+Idioms%2C+Sacred+Symbols%2C+and+the+Articulation+of+Identities+in+South+Asia&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95828-8&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WH_McLeod_2014_page_17-125"><a href="#cite_ref-WH_McLeod_2014_page_17_125-0">^</a> Fenech, Louis, and <a href="/wiki/William_Hewat_McLeod" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hewat McLeod">William Hewat McLeod</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3600-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3600-4">978-1-4422-3600-4</a>. pp. 17, 84–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-William_James_2011_pages_241-242-126"><a href="#cite_ref-William_James_2011_pages_241-242_126-0">^</a> James, William (2011). God's Plenty: Religious Diversity in Kingston. <a href="/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press" title="McGill–Queen's University Press">McGill–Queen's University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3889-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3889-4">978-0-7735-3889-4</a>. pp. 241–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Jane Bingham (2007), Sikhism, Atlas of World Faiths, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59920-059-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59920-059-0">978-1-59920-059-0</a>, pp. 19–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4">978-1-898723-13-4</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrekke2014" class="citation book cs1">Brekke, Torkel (2014). Reichberg, Gregory M.; Syse, Henrik (eds.). Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 675. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45038-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45038-6"><bdi>978-0-521-45038-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+War%2C+and+Ethics%3A+A+Sourcebook+of+Textual+Traditions&rft.pages=675&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45038-6&rft.aulast=Brekke&rft.aufirst=Torkel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myrvold-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myrvold_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myrvold_130-1">b</a> Kristina Myrvold (2016). "Making the Scripture a Person: Reinventing Death Rituals of Guru Granth Sahib in Sikhism", pp. 134–136, 142–143, 152–155; In: Kristina Myrvold (2016), The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions, Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Sinha, A. K. (2013), Glimpse of Scriptures of Religions of Indian Origin, Xlibris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4836-6308-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4836-6308-1">978-1-4836-6308-1</a>, pp. 204–216[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackleMandair2005" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. xxxiv–xli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8"><bdi>978-0-415-26604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxxiv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exli&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26604-8&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Singh, Nirbhai (1990); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofsikh0000nirb/page/n134">Philosophy of Sikhism: Reality and Its Manifestations</a>, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers; pp. 115–122 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4">978-1-898723-13-4</a>, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4">978-1-898723-13-4</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi1995" class="citation book cs1">Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 155–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4"><bdi>978-1-898723-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-13-4&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=William+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jdeol31-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jdeol31_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jdeol31_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeol2000" class="citation book cs1">Deol, J. (2000). Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (eds.). Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1389-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1389-9"><bdi>978-0-7007-1389-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Religion%2C+Culture+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1389-9&rft.aulast=Deol&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Robert Zaehner (1988), The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Living Faiths, Hutchinson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-173576-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-173576-0">978-0-09-173576-0</a>, pp. 426–427 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackleMandair2005" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8"><bdi>978-0-415-26604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26604-8&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind-Pal+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> William McLeod (2009), The A to Z of Sikhism, Toronto: Rowman & Littlefield, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6828-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6828-1">978-0-8108-6828-1</a>, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSethi2021" class="citation web cs1">Sethi, Chitleen K. (21 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/">"The 3 granths in Sikhism & the debate surrounding Sarbloh Granth & Dasam Granth"</a>. ThePrint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222223640/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=The+3+granths+in+Sikhism+%26+the+debate+surrounding+Sarbloh+Granth+%26+Dasam+Granth&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft.aulast=Sethi&rft.aufirst=Chitleen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Ftheprint-essential%2Fthe-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth%2F754060%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119215901/https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F42718918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119234418/https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F606234922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120005930/https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F29703420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119202841/https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F435778610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-brittanica-gurdwara-146"><a href="#cite_ref-brittanica-gurdwara_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/gurdwara">"gurdwara"</a>. britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 5 May 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=gurdwara&rft.date=2024-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fgurdwara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p260-147"><a href="#cite_ref-p260_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" title="Geoffrey Parrinder">Parrinder, Geoffrey</a> (1971). World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present. London: <a href="/wiki/Hamlyn_(publisher)" title="Hamlyn (publisher)">Hamlyn</a>. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-129-7"><bdi>978-0-87196-129-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+From+Ancient+History+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87196-129-7&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4">978-1-898723-13-4</a>, p. 148 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcWilliams2014" class="citation book cs1">McWilliams, Mark (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yj8QDgAAQBAJ">Food & Material Culture: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2013</a>. Oxford Symposium. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909248-40-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909248-40-3"><bdi>978-1-909248-40-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+%26+Material+Culture%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cookery+2013&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Oxford+Symposium&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-909248-40-3&rft.aulast=McWilliams&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyj8QDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColeSambhi1995p135-150"><a href="#cite_ref-ColeSambhi1995p135_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi1995" class="citation book cs1">Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA135">The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 135–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4"><bdi>978-1-898723-13-4</bdi></a>. <q>Since the time of Guru Amar Das it has been customary for Sikhs to assemble before their Guru.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-13-4&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=William+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIC_MgJ5RMUC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuiper2010" class="citation book cs1">Kuiper, Kathleen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC&pg=PA127">The Culture of India</a>. Rosen. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-149-2"><bdi>978-1-61530-149-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+India&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Rosen&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-149-2&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8PJFLeURhsC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nesbittbc-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nesbittbc_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nesbittbc_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2016" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122">Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0"><bdi>978-0-19-874557-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073742/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874557-0&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXebnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 128–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160619/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2016" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ysRDAAAQBAJ">Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 6, 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-106276-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-106276-6"><bdi>978-0-19-106276-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=6%2C+124&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-106276-6&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ysRDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod2009p95-155"><a href="#cite_ref-McLeod2009p95_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2009" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W. H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA95">The A to Z of Sikhism</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2005p192-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2005p192_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy2005" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Christian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA192">Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 192–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-089-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-089-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Festivals%3A+A+Multicultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-089-5&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKqOUfqt4cIC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWellmanLombardi2012" class="citation book cs1">Wellman, James K. Jr.; Lombardi, Clark (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionandh_xxxx_2012_000_10856028">Religion and Human Security: A Global Perspective</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionandh_xxxx_2012_000_10856028/page/n125">112</a> note 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982775-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982775-6"><bdi>978-0-19-982775-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Human+Security%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=112+note+18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-982775-6&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=James+K.+Jr.&rft.au=Lombardi%2C+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionandh_xxxx_2012_000_10856028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaur_Singh2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaur Singh, Nikky-Guninder (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0ZmAXw7ok8C&pg=PA93">Sikhism: An Introduction</a>. London / New York: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-321-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-321-8"><bdi>978-1-84885-321-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=London+%2F+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-321-8&rft.aulast=Kaur+Singh&rft.aufirst=Nikky-Guninder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0ZmAXw7ok8C%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberoi1994p68-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p68_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 43–49, 68, 327–328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9"><bdi>978-0-226-61592-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E49%2C+68%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61592-9&rft.aulast=Oberoi&rft.aufirst=Harjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NKC9g2ayJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrari2011p48-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrari2011p48_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeaves2011" class="citation book cs1">Geaves, Ron (2011). Ferrari, Fabrizio (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OyKFM2qrNUEC&pg=PA48">Health and Religious Rituals in South Asia: Disease, Possession and Healing</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 48–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84629-8"><bdi>978-1-136-84629-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+and+Religious+Rituals+in+South+Asia%3A+Disease%2C+Possession+and+Healing&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84629-8&rft.aulast=Geaves&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOyKFM2qrNUEC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThursby1992" class="citation book cs1">Thursby, Gene R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNsIoNN5ie8C&pg=PA17">The Sikhs</a>. Brill Academic. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09554-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09554-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09554-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09554-0&rft.aulast=Thursby&rft.aufirst=Gene+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNsIoNN5ie8C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi2016" class="citation book cs1">Cole, W. O.; Sambhi, Piara Singh (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8KMCwAAQBAJ">Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study</a>. Springer. pp. 134–135, 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-23049-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-23049-5"><bdi>978-1-349-23049-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Christianity%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E135%2C+168&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-23049-5&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+O.&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8KMCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-singha7-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singha7_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-singha7_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingha2000" class="citation book cs1">Singha, H. S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA7">The Encyclopedia of Sikhism</a>. Hemkunt Press. pp. 7, 16, 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=7%2C+16%2C+27&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaur_Singh2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaur Singh, Nikky-Guninder (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0s2dUUMHbkC&pg=PA101">Sikhism</a>. Infobase. pp. 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1779-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1779-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-1779-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1779-9&rft.aulast=Kaur+Singh&rft.aufirst=Nikky-Guninder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk0s2dUUMHbkC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThursby1992" class="citation book cs1">Thursby, Gene R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNsIoNN5ie8C&pg=PA17">The Sikhs</a>. Brill Academic. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09554-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09554-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09554-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09554-0&rft.aulast=Thursby&rft.aufirst=Gene+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNsIoNN5ie8C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 5–6, 29, 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6%2C+29%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoehlin1964" class="citation book cs1">Loehlin, Clinton Herbert (1964) [1958]. The Sikhs and Their Scriptures (2nd ed.). Lucknow Publishing. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+and+Their+Scriptures&rft.pages=42&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lucknow+Publishing&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Loehlin&rft.aufirst=Clinton+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaur_Singh2005" class="citation book cs1">Kaur Singh, Nikky-Guninder (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsYucLFfEIsC&pg=PA189">The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity</a>. Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6583-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6583-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-6583-7</bdi></a>. <q>The name of the wedding ceremony, anand karaj (anand=bliss, karaj=event), is derived from Guru Amar Das's rapturous hymn Anand (bliss) and institutionalized by the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Khalsa%3A+A+Feminist+Re-Memory+of+Sikh+Identity&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6583-7&rft.aulast=Kaur+Singh&rft.aufirst=Nikky-Guninder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsYucLFfEIsC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruether2006p700-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruether2006p700_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkinner_KellerRadford_RuetherCantlon2006" class="citation book cs1">Skinner Keller, Rosemary; Radford Ruether, Rosemary; Cantlon, Marie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA700">Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 700. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34687-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34687-2"><bdi>978-0-253-34687-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+and+Religion+in+North+America&rft.pages=700&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34687-2&rft.aulast=Skinner+Keller&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft.au=Radford+Ruether%2C+Rosemary&rft.au=Cantlon%2C+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPILfbtT5tQC%26pg%3DPA700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaarKalsi2009p10-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HaarKalsi2009p10_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaarKalsi2009p10_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaarKalsi2009p10_171-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaarKalsi2009" class="citation book cs1">Haar, Kristen; Kalsi, Sewa Singh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC">Sikhism</a>. Infobase. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-0647-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2&rft.aulast=Haar&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft.au=Kalsi%2C+Sewa+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOI1nB_zTyAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fenech33-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fenech33_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenech33_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 33–34, 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E34%2C+220&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020406164549/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp">"Sikh Reht Maryada – Funeral Ceremonies (Antam Sanskar)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp">the original</a> on 6 April 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikh+Reht+Maryada+%E2%80%93+Funeral+Ceremonies+%28Antam+Sanskar%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsgpc.net%2Fsikhism%2Fantam-sanskar.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pashauraarjan-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pashauraarjan_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashauraarjan_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashauraarjan_174-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashauraarjan_174-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashauraarjan_174-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashauraarjan_174-5">f</a> Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pp. 29–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2008" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1 February 2008). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. pp. 676–677. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0857-8"><bdi>978-81-269-0857-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikh+Gurus+Retold%3A+1606%E2%80%931708&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0857-8&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghFenech2014p23-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p23_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p23_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p23_176-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p23_176-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p23_176-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p23_176-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7"><bdi>978-0-19-100411-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160518/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100411-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YwNAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmonds1992" class="citation book cs1">Simmonds, David (1992). Believers All: A Book of Six World Religions. Cheltenham, England: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Thornes" title="Nelson Thornes">Nelson Thornes</a>. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-437057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-437057-4"><bdi>978-0-17-437057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Believers+All%3A+A+Book+of+Six+World+Religions&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-17-437057-4&rft.aulast=Simmonds&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nesbitt2005-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Nesbitt2005_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fvTK_CfkeasC">Sikhism: a very short introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 21–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280601-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280601-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082839/https://books.google.com/books?id=fvTK_CfkeasC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280601-7&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfvTK_CfkeasC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Singh, Khushwant</a> (2006). The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567747-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567747-8"><bdi>978-0-19-567747-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567747-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pritam (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQpswqcdDLIC&pg=PA21">Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04946-2"><bdi>978-1-134-04946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Nationalism+and+Development%3A+India+and+the+Punjab+Economy&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-04946-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQpswqcdDLIC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghMcLeod2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Singh, Harbans; McLeod, W. H., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">"Puratan Janam Sakhi"</a>. Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">the original</a> on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2016 – via LearnPunjabi.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Puratan+Janam+Sakhi&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shacklexiii-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shacklexiii_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shacklexiii_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackleMandair2005" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. xiii–xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8"><bdi>978-0-415-26604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exiv&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26604-8&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind-Pal+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> McLeod, W. H.; Essays in Sikh History, Tradition and Society, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568274-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568274-8">978-0-19-568274-8</a>, pp. 40–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDilgeer2008" class="citation book cs1">Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (2008). Sikh Twareekh. The Sikh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Twareekh&rft.pub=The+Sikh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Dilgeer&rft.aufirst=Harjinder+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinegan1952" class="citation book cs1">Finegan, Jack (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.44705">The Archeology of World Religions: the Background of Primitivism, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shinto, Islam, and Sikhism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archeology+of+World+Religions%3A+the+Background+of+Primitivism%2C+Zoroastrianism%2C+Hinduism%2C+Jainism%2C+Buddhism%2C+Confucianism%2C+Taoism%2C+Shinto%2C+Islam%2C+and+Sikhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Finegan&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.44705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arvindmandair131-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arvindmandair131_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arvindmandair131_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 131–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4">978-1-898723-13-4</a>, pp. 9–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_Sambhi_Dic-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_Sambhi_Dic_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi1997" class="citation book cs1">Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98609-7"><bdi>978-0-203-98609-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Sikhism%3A+Sikh+Religion+and+Philosophy&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-203-98609-7&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HS_Singha_2009_page_104-191"><a href="#cite_ref-HS_Singha_2009_page_104_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingha2009" class="citation book cs1">Singha, H. S. (2009). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=104&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Kaur Singh, Nikky-Guninder (2011), Sikhism: An Introduction; London / New York: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-321-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-321-8">978-1-84885-321-8</a>, pp. 2–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4">978-1-898723-13-4</a>, pp. 52–53, 46, 95–96, 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis (2014). Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitagawa2013-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Kitagawa2013_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa2013" class="citation book cs1">Kitagawa, Joseph (5 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 111–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87597-7"><bdi>978-1-136-87597-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=111-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87597-7&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pruthi-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pruthi_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pruthi_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPruthi2004" class="citation book cs1">Pruthi, R. K. (2004). Sikhism and Indian Civilization. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House. pp. 202–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-879-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-879-4"><bdi>978-81-7141-879-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Indian+Civilization&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7141-879-4&rft.aulast=Pruthi&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Gandhi, Surjit (2008), History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708; New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0858-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0858-5">978-81-269-0858-5</a>, pp. 689–690 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohar1999" class="citation book cs1">Johar, Surinder (1999). Guru Gobind Singh: A Multi-faceted Personality. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-093-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7533-093-1"><bdi>978-81-7533-093-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Gobind+Singh%3A+A+Multi-faceted+Personality&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7533-093-1&rft.aulast=Johar&rft.aufirst=Surinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2008-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2008_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pritam (2008). Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04945-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04945-5"><bdi>978-1-134-04945-5</bdi></a>. <q>A large number of Hindu and Muslim peasants converted to Sikhism from conviction, fear, economic motives, or a combination of the three (Khushwant Singh 1999: 106; Ganda Singh 1935: 73).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Nationalism+and+Development%3A+India+and+the+Punjab+Economy&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-04945-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh1989-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh1989_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghSingh1989" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Teja; Singh, Ganda (1989). A Short History of the Sikhs: 1469–1765. <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_University" title="Punjabi University">Punjabi University</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-007-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-007-8"><bdi>978-81-7380-007-8</bdi></a>. <q>He made many converts to Sikhism from the Hindus and the Muslims. In Kashmir particularly he converted thousands who had gone over to Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+1469%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7380-007-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Teja&rft.au=Singh%2C+Ganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Sikhism and Indian Society. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Advanced_Study" title="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">Indian Institute of Advanced Study</a>. 1967. p. 197. <q>Thus the social barriers between various castes and creeds were broken and intermarriages took place not only between the Sikhs coming from various castes but there were marriages even between Muslim converts to Sikhism with Hindu converts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Indian+Society&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Advanced+Study&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh1996-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh1996_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1996" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Darshan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3rXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22During+the+time+of+Guru+Nanak,+a+number+of+Hindus,+Muslims+and+Dalits+joined+the+fold+of+Guru+Nanak.%22">Sikhism: Issues and Institutions</a>. Sehgal Book Distributors. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86023-03-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86023-03-7"><bdi>978-81-86023-03-7</bdi></a>. <q>During the time of Guru Nanak, a number of Hindus, Muslims and Dalits joined the fold of Guru Nanak.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+Issues+and+Institutions&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Sehgal+Book+Distributors&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-86023-03-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Darshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU3rXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522During%2Bthe%2Btime%2Bof%2BGuru%2BNanak%2C%2Ba%2Bnumber%2Bof%2BHindus%2C%2BMuslims%2Band%2BDalits%2Bjoined%2Bthe%2Bfold%2Bof%2BGuru%2BNanak.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackleMandair2005" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8"><bdi>978-0-415-26604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26604-8&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind-Pal+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenech2014p36-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenech2014p36_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenech2014p36_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberoi1994p78-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p78_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p78_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p78_209-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&pg=PA78">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 78–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9"><bdi>978-0-226-61592-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61592-9&rft.aulast=Oberoi&rft.aufirst=Harjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NKC9g2ayJEC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColeSambhi1995p18-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ColeSambhi1995p18_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ColeSambhi1995p18_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi1995" class="citation book cs1">Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA18">The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 18–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4"><bdi>978-1-898723-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-13-4&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=William+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIC_MgJ5RMUC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FenechMcLeod2014p29-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FenechMcLeod2014p29_211-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528215151/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29%2F">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2005" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Eileen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMnpUthHyvEC&pg=PA24">Founders and Leaders</a>. Dublin: Folens Limited. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84303-622-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84303-622-7"><bdi>978-1-84303-622-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founders+and+Leaders&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Dublin%3A+Folens+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84303-622-7&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMnpUthHyvEC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eosamardas-213"><a href="#cite_ref-eosamardas_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKushwant_Singh" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kushwant Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">"Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574)"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjab University Patiala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amar+Das%2C+Guru+%281479%E2%80%931574%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=Punjab+University+Patiala&rft.au=Kushwant+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaur_Singh2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaur Singh, Nikky-Guninder (2004). Sikhism. Infobase. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1779-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1779-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-1779-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1779-9&rft.aulast=Kaur+Singh&rft.aufirst=Nikky-Guninder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sambhi2005p29-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Sambhi2005p29_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi2005" class="citation book cs1">Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vcSRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79760-7"><bdi>978-1-135-79760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Sikhism%3A+Sikh+Religion+and+Philosophy&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79760-7&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvcSRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farhadian2015p342-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Farhadian2015p342_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarhadian2015" class="citation book cs1">Farhadian, Charles E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VV-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT342">Introducing World Religions</a>. Baker Academic. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4650-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4650-9"><bdi>978-1-4412-4650-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+World+Religions&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-4650-9&rft.aulast=Farhadian&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VV-BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaarKalsi2009p21-217"><a href="#cite_ref-HaarKalsi2009p21_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaarKalsi2009" class="citation book cs1">Haar, Kristen; Kalsi, Sewa Singh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21">Sikhism</a>. Infobase. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-0647-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2&rft.aulast=Haar&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft.au=Kalsi%2C+Sewa+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOI1nB_zTyAC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandair2013p38-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p38_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p38_218-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury. pp. 38–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5366-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5366-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-5366-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171957/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5366-1&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn_jBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod1990p28-219"><a href="#cite_ref-McLeod1990p28_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1990" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W. H. 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Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-56085-4&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xIT7OMSJ44C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xv-220"><a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackleMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC">Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. xv–xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0"><bdi>978-1-136-45101-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155950/https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exvi&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-45101-0&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVvoJV8mw0LwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fenech39-221"><a href="#cite_ref-fenech39_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod2009p20-222"><a href="#cite_ref-McLeod2009p20_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2009" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W. H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA86">The A to Z of Sikhism</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackleMandair2005" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. xv–xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8"><bdi>978-0-415-26604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exvi&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26604-8&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind-Pal+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ">Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 23, 217–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567921-2"><bdi>978-0-19-567921-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171959/https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Work+of+Guru+Arjan%3A+History%2C+Memory%2C+and+Biography+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=23%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567921-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbPXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Louis E. Fenech (2006), Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567901-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567901-4">978-0-19-567901-4</a>, pp. 118–121 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1989" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W. H. (1989). The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society. Columbia University Press. pp. 26–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06815-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06815-4"><bdi>978-0-231-06815-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+History%2C+Religion%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06815-4&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pashaura29-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pashaura29_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashaura29_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Pashaura (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175032/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">"Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan"</a> (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 12 (1): 29–62. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Punjab+Studies&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Martyrdom+of+Guru+Arjan&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.global.ucsb.edu%2Fpunjab%2Fjournal_12_1%2F3_singh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahmood2002" class="citation book cs1">Mahmood, Cynthia (2002). A Sea of Orange. Xlibris. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4010-2856-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4010-2856-5"><bdi>978-1-4010-2856-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sea+of+Orange&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4010-2856-5&rft.aulast=Mahmood&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-mandair48-229"><a href="#cite_ref-mandair48_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BEP0Ty-GuVEC&pg=PA48">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1708-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-1708-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1708-3&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBEP0Ty-GuVEC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phyllis2004-230"><a href="#cite_ref-Phyllis2004_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJestice2004" class="citation book cs1">Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&pg=PA345">Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 345, 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-355-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+People+of+the+World%3A+A+Cross-cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=345%2C+346&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-355-1&rft.aulast=Jestice&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5cQH17-HnMC%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandair49-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mandair49_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandair49_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandair49_231-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BEP0Ty-GuVEC&pg=PA49">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1708-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-1708-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1708-3&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBEP0Ty-GuVEC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod2014p260-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLeod2014p260_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLeod2014p260_232-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 260–261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490354">Rām Rāiyā</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">Ram Rai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">Archived</a> 29 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Harbans, Singh (ed.). Punjab University. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackleMandair2005" class="citation book cs1">Shackle, Christopher; Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26604-8"><bdi>978-0-415-26604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26604-8&rft.aulast=Shackle&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind-Pal+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 236–445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E445&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988">, Quote:"This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri pandits came seeking protection from Auranzeb's army.", Quote:"this second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity." </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandair2013p53-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p53_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005234/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988">, Quote: "The Guru's stance was a clear and unambiguous challenge, not to the sovereignty of the Mughal state, but to the state's policy of not recognizing the sovereign existence of non-Muslims, their traditions and ways of life". </li> <li id="cite_note-cs2013-238"><a href="#cite_ref-cs2013_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeiple2013" class="citation book cs1">Seiple, Chris (2013). The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66744-9"><bdi>978-0-415-66744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Religion+and+Security&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66744-9&rft.aulast=Seiple&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 236–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005306/https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenech2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (2001). "Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (1): 20–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606726">10.2307/606726</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606726">606726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+and+the+Execution+of+Guru+Arjan+in+Early+Sikh+Sources&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606726%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606726&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenech1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4): 623–642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606445">10.2307/606445</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445">606445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+and+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E642&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Hewat_McLeod" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hewat McLeod">McLeod, Hew</a> (1999). "Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (sup001): 155–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856408708723379">10.1080/00856408708723379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Sikhs+and+Muslims+in+the+Punjab&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=sup001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856408708723379&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fenech4-243"><a href="#cite_ref-fenech4_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 236–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811005306/https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenech2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (2001). "Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (1): 20–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606726">10.2307/606726</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606726">606726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+and+the+Execution+of+Guru+Arjan+in+Early+Sikh+Sources&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606726&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606726%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenech1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4): 623–642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606445">10.2307/606445</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445">606445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+and+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E642&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1999" class="citation journal cs1">McLeod, Hew (1999). "Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (sup001): 155–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856408708723379">10.1080/00856408708723379</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0085-6401">0085-6401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Sikhs+and+Muslims+in+the+Punjab&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=sup001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856408708723379&rft.issn=0085-6401&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-244"><a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandairShackleSingh2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8xdAgAAQBAJ">Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 25–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84627-4"><bdi>978-1-136-84627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Religion%2C+Culture+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84627-4&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft.au=Shackle%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8xdAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ws1981-245"><a href="#cite_ref-ws1981_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1981" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Wilfred (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onunderstandingi0000smit/page/191">On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies</a>. Walter De Gruyter. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3448-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3448-2"><bdi>978-90-279-3448-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Understanding+Islam%3A+Selected+Studies&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-279-3448-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonunderstandingi0000smit%2Fpage%2F191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShani2008" class="citation book cs1">Shani, Giorgio (2008). Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42190-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-42190-4"><bdi>978-0-415-42190-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Nationalism+and+Identity+in+a+Global+Age&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-42190-4&rft.aulast=Shani&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfe1996" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Alvin (1996). Anthropological Contributions to Conflict Resolution. University of Georgia Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1765-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1765-6"><bdi>978-0-8203-1765-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropological+Contributions+to+Conflict+Resolution&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1765-6&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Indian Armed Forces Year Book. the University of California. 1959. p. 419.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Armed+Forces+Year+Book&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=the+University+of+California&rft.date=1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJawandha2010" class="citation book cs1">Jawandha, Nahar (2010). Glimpses of Sikhism. New Delhi: Sanbun Publishers. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80213-25-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80213-25-5"><bdi>978-93-80213-25-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Sikhism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Sanbun+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-80213-25-5&rft.aulast=Jawandha&rft.aufirst=Nahar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Singh, Khushwant</a> (2006). The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 47–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567747-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567747-8"><bdi>978-0-19-567747-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567747-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2016" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0"><bdi>978-0-19-874557-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172000/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874557-0&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXebnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberoi1994p207-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p207_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 207–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6"><bdi>978-0-226-61593-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111155406/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023. 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Punjabi University Patiala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jind+Kaur%2C+Maharani+%281817%E2%80%931863%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=Punjabi+University+Patiala&rft.aulast=Hasrat&rft.aufirst=B.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. 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Gerald; Singh, Nazer (1998). Singh, Harbans (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n3">Singh Sabha Movement</a> (4th ed.). Patiala, Punjab, India: Punjab University, Patiala, 2002. pp. 44, 50, 110, 121, 126, 212, 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-349-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-349-9"><bdi>978-81-7380-349-9</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singh+Sabha+%28Sikhism%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSingh-Sabha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-perplexed84-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perplexed84_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-perplexed84_257-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsburg Academic. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Bloomsburg+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Sikh History in 10 Volumes, Sikh University Press, Belgium, published in 2012; vol 4, pp 49–69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberoi1994-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994_259-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994_259-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&pg=PA382">The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 382–383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6"><bdi>978-0-226-61593-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E382-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61593-6&rft.aulast=Oberoi&rft.aufirst=Harjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKl84EYFkTsC%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghFenech2014p28-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p28_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p28_260-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p28_260-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p28_260-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. 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Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=Bloomsburg+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fenech273-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fenech273_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenech273_262-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenech273_262-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenech273_262-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenech273_262-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 151, 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=151%2C+273&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandair2013p82-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p82_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 82–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrard2007" class="citation book cs1">Brard, Gurnam Singh Sidhu (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA291">East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab</a>. Hemkunt Press. pp. 291–292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-360-8"><bdi>978-81-7010-360-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+of+Indus%3A+My+Memories+of+Old+Punjab&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-360-8&rft.aulast=Brard&rft.aufirst=Gurnam+Singh+Sidhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUdYFH9skIkC%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghHawley2012" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Hawley, Michael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC&pg=PA30">Re-imagining South Asian Religions</a>. Brill Academic. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24236-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24236-4"><bdi>978-90-04-24236-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-imagining+South+Asian+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24236-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Hawley%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4SLhLakpsNsC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 542–543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100412-4"><bdi>978-0-19-100412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E542-%3C%2Fspan%3E543&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100412-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCzYeAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-perplexed85-267"><a href="#cite_ref-perplexed85_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsburg Academic. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Bloomsburg+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 329–330, 351–353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E330%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghFenech2014p30-269"><a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p30_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–100-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–100_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–100_270-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–100_270-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–100_270-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–100_270-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanga2017">Banga 2017</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shani2007p86-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shani2007p86_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shani2007p86_271-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shani2007p86_271-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShani2007" class="citation book cs1">Shani, Giorgio (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC">Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 86–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10189-4"><bdi>978-1-134-10189-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Nationalism+and+Identity+in+a+Global+Age&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10189-4&rft.aulast=Shani&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKu66SixH6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KudaisyaYong2004-272"><a href="#cite_ref-KudaisyaYong2004_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKudaisyaYong2004" class="citation book cs1">Kudaisya, Gyanesh; Yong, Tan Tai (2004). The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44048-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-44048-1"><bdi>978-1-134-44048-1</bdi></a>. <q>No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan invariably invoked images of atrocities committed by Muslims against Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their gurus and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'. The Shiromani Akali Dal, which had a substantial following among rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan 'tooth and nail'. Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rival to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aftermath+of+Partition+in+South+Asia&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-44048-1&rft.aulast=Kudaisya&rft.aufirst=Gyanesh&rft.au=Yong%2C+Tan+Tai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abid2014-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abid2014_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abid2014_273-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbid2014" class="citation web cs1">Abid, Abdul Majeed (29 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre">"The forgotten massacre"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202231234/https://nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020. <q>On the same dates, Muslim League-led mobs fell with determination and full preparations on the helpless Hindus and Sikhs scattered in the villages of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha. The murderous mobs were well supplied with arms, such as daggers, swords, spears and fire-arms. (A former civil servant mentioned in his autobiography that weapon supplies had been sent from NWFP and money was supplied by Delhi-based politicians.) They had bands of stabbers and their auxiliaries, who covered the assailant, ambushed the victim and if necessary disposed of his body. These bands were subsidized monetarily by the Muslim League, and cash payments were made to individual assassins based on the numbers of Hindus and Sikhs killed. There were also regular patrolling parties in jeeps which went about sniping and picking off any stray Hindu or Sikh. ... Thousands of non-combatants including women and children were killed or injured by mobs, supported by the All India Muslim League.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+forgotten+massacre&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.aulast=Abid&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Majeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F29-Dec-2014%2Fthe-forgotten-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann2014p81-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann2014p81_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann2014p81_274-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann2014p81_274-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann2014p81_274-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2014" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBscBQAAQBAJ">South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 81–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62446-2"><bdi>978-1-317-62446-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%27s+Modern+History%3A+Thematic+Perspectives&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-62446-2&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBscBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–103-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–103_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–103_275-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanga2017">Banga 2017</a>, pp. 99–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–104-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–104_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga201799–104_276-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanga2017">Banga 2017</a>, pp. 99–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga2017104–105-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga2017104–105_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga2017104–105_277-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanga2017">Banga 2017</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolpert2010p9-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert2010p9_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert2010p9_278-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2010" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp">India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation?</a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp/page/n10">9</a>–12, 16–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94800-6"><bdi>978-0-520-94800-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Pakistan%3A+Continued+Conflict+or+Cooperation%3F&rft.pages=9-12%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94800-6&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiapakistancon0000wolp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanga2017108–111-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga2017108–111_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga2017108–111_279-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanga2017108–111_279-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanga2017">Banga 2017</a>, pp. 108–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chima2008p85-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chima2008p85_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chima2008p85_280-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chima2008p85_280-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chima2008p85_280-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChima2008" class="citation book cs1">Chima, Jugdep S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qJaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements</a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 85–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0538-1"><bdi>978-81-321-0538-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Separatist+Insurgency+in+India%3A+Political+Leadership+and+Ethnonationalist+Movements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-321-0538-1&rft.aulast=Chima&rft.aufirst=Jugdep+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqJaHAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-horowitz482-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-horowitz482_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-horowitz482_281-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-horowitz482_281-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2003" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Donald L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/482">The Deadly Ethnic Riot</a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/482">482–485</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23642-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23642-4"><bdi>978-0-520-23642-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deadly+Ethnic+Riot&rft.pages=482-485&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23642-4&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadlyethnicriot00horo%2Fpage%2F482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mann_114-282"><a href="#cite_ref-mann_114_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2014" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBscBQAAQBAJ">South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62446-2"><bdi>978-1-317-62446-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%27s+Modern+History%3A+Thematic+Perspectives&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-62446-2&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBscBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011sikhs-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2011sikhs_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011sikhs_283-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011sikhs_283-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_PCA.html">Religion demographics: 2011 Census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815045141/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_PCA.html">Archived</a> 15 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India </li> <li id="cite_note-canadareligion2021-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canadareligion2021_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canadareligion2021_284-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canadareligion2021_284-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canadareligion2021_284-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201">"Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220639/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Religion+by+visible+minority+and+generation+status%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+census+metropolitan+areas+and+census+agglomerations+with+parts&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810034201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/asv2htm">"TS030 – Religion Edit query"</a>. nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=TS030+%E2%80%93+Religion+Edit+query&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fquery%2Fasv2htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&EndYear=2001&DataType=UR">"Australia-Community Profile"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123042443/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&EndYear=2001&DataType=UR">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia-Community+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofile.id.com.au%2Faustralia%2Freligion%3FWebID%3D110%26EndYear%3D2001%26DataType%3DUR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-figure-287"><a href="#cite_ref-figure_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figure.nz/chart/K5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk">"Religious affiliations in the Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand"</a>. Figure NZ Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220043832/https://figure.nz/chart/K5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Figure+NZ+Trust&rft.atitle=Religious+affiliations+in+the+Bay+of+Plenty+Region%2C+New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigure.nz%2Fchart%2FK5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567">"Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak"</a>. BBC News. 12 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127230917/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sikhs+in+Wolverhampton+celebrate+550+years+of+Guru+Nanak&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-birmingham-50374567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-other/">"Other Religions"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901021622/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-other/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Other+Religions&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-other%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Population by religion community – 2011"</a>. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS">the original</a> on 23 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+religion+community+%E2%80%93+2011&rft.pub=The+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW03C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf">"Census of India 2011 – Chandigarh"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821191248/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+2011+%E2%80%93+Chandigarh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2F0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProvincePopulation-292"><a href="#cite_ref-ProvincePopulation_292-0">^</a> Sikhism is the second-largest religion in British Columbia, Manitoba, and Yukon.<a href="#cite_note-canadareligion2021-284">[274]</a> Per the <a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Indian census">2011 Indian census</a>, Sikhism is the largest religion in Punjab and second in Chandigarh. These are the only two Indian states/UTs where Sikhism is one of the two most common religions.<a href="#cite_note-290">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[281]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/explainer-who-are-the-afghan-sikhs-30699">"Explainer: Who are the Afghan Sikhs?"</a>. The Conversation. 20 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331144838/https://theconversation.com/explainer-who-are-the-afghan-sikhs-30699">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+Who+are+the+Afghan+Sikhs%3F&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fexplainer-who-are-the-afghan-sikhs-30699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKosinskiElahi2012" class="citation book cs1">Kosinski, L. A.; Elahi, K. M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGiSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186">Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia</a>. Springer. pp. 186–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-5309-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-5309-3"><bdi>978-94-009-5309-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Redistribution+and+Development+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-009-5309-3&rft.aulast=Kosinski&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft.au=Elahi%2C+K.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGiSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEltringhamMaclean2014" class="citation book cs1">Eltringham, Nigel; Maclean, Pam (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OfpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30">Remembering Genocide</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 30–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75421-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75421-3"><bdi>978-1-317-75421-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Genocide&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75421-3&rft.aulast=Eltringham&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Maclean%2C+Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6OfpAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1176521">Pakistan's dwindling Sikh community wants improved security</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150806075623/http://www.dawn.com/news/1176521">Archived</a> 6 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Dawn, Pakistan (17 April 2017) </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1321294">Pakistan's Sikh community disappointed at being 'left out' of national census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026214602/https://www.dawn.com/news/1321294">Archived</a> 26 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ali Akbar, The Dawn (March 2017) </li> <li id="cite_note-Syan2014p170-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Syan2014p170_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSyan2014" class="citation book cs1">Syan, Hardip Singh (2014). Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. 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(2004). Dalits in Regional Context. Rawat Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7033-871-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7033-871-0"><bdi>978-81-7033-871-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dalits+in+Regional+Context&rft.pub=Rawat+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7033-871-0&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Harish+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRawatSatyanarayana2016" class="citation book cs1">Rawat, Ramnarayan S.; Satyanarayana, K. (7 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=alrgCwAAQBAJ&dq=Dalit+Studies&pg=PA9">Dalit Studies</a>. Duke University Press. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7431-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7431-2"><bdi>978-0-8223-7431-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27435967M">27435967M</a>. <q>They feared that the formation of a Sikh-majority province would further consolidate the power of the already dominant landowning Jat Sikhs, which would make their position in the rural society of Punjab even more vulnerable. After the 1966 reorganization of Punjab, the Jat Sikhs constituted nearly 60 percent of the population and the Hindus around 38 percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dalit+Studies&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL27435967M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-7431-2&rft.aulast=Rawat&rft.aufirst=Ramnarayan+S.&rft.au=Satyanarayana%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DalrgCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DDalit%2BStudies%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRam2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ram, Ronki (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895">"Untouchability in India with a Difference: Ad Dharm, Dalit Assertion, and Caste Conflicts in Punjab"</a>. Asian Survey. 44 (6): 897. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2004.44.6.895">10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895">10.1525/as.2004.44.6.895</a>. <q>Tradiyionally the majority of their followers have come from the Jat-Sikhs. According to an 1881 census, 66% of Sikhs were Jats, followed by Ramgarhia (carpenter) Sikhs (6.5%), and Chamar (cobbler and weaver) Sikhs (5.6%). The Khatris' share was only 2.2%.' Although Sikhs are prominently identified by a set of diacritical features, which they are supposed to follow according to the Rahatnama (the Sikh code of conduct), the Jat-Sikhs do not always observe them strictly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Untouchability+in+India+with+a+Difference%3A+Ad+Dharm%2C+Dalit+Assertion%2C+and+Caste+Conflicts+in+Punjab&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=897&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fas.2004.44.6.895%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2004.44.6.895&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=Ronki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fas.2004.44.6.895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be4214.html">"Refworld | India: Rajput Sikh religion"</a>. Refworld. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+India%3A+Rajput+Sikh+religion&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3df4be4214.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543916/Sikhism/253170/The-rejection-of-caste">"Sikhism (religion)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. Retrieved 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sikhism+%28religion%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F543916%2FSikhism%2F253170%2FThe-rejection-of-caste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlmasy2012" class="citation news cs1">Almasy, Steve (5 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/08/05/us/religion-what-is-a-sikh/index.html">"Who are Sikhs and what do they believe?"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 21 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+are+Sikhs+and+what+do+they+believe%3F&rft.date=2012-08-05&rft.aulast=Almasy&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F08%2F05%2Fus%2Freligion-what-is-a-sikh%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitmer2022" class="citation web cs1">Whitmer, Governor Gretchen (1 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month">"April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month"</a>. michigan.gov. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michigan.gov&rft.atitle=April+2022%3A+Sikh+Awareness+and+Appreciation+Month&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft.aulast=Whitmer&rft.aufirst=Governor+Gretchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fwhitmer%2Fnews%2Fproclamations%2F2022%2F04%2F01%2Fapril-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHautzinger2021" class="citation web cs1">Hautzinger, Daniel (5 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago">"A Brief Introduction to Sikhism"</a>. WTTW. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+Sikhism&rft.pub=WTTW&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft.aulast=Hautzinger&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteractive.wttw.com%2Fplaylist%2F2021%2F05%2F05%2Fsikhism-chicago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimko-Bednarski2020" class="citation web cs1">Simko-Bednarski, Evan (9 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/sikh-pandemic-food-support/index.html">"US Sikhs tirelessly travel their communities to feed hungry Americans"</a>. CNN Digital. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Digital&rft.atitle=US+Sikhs+tirelessly+travel+their+communities+to+feed+hungry+Americans&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Simko-Bednarski&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fsikh-pandemic-food-support%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Partridge2013-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Partridge2013_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2013" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Christopher (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA429">Introduction to World Religions</a>. Fortress Press. pp. 429–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3"><bdi>978-0-8006-9970-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+World+Religions&rft.pages=429-&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9970-3&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3AjAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDowellBrown2009-327"><a href="#cite_ref-McDowellBrown2009_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDowellBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Michael; Brown, Nathan Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0_dHrRY3gIC&pg=PA232">World Religions at Your Fingertips</a>. Alpha Books. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-846-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-846-7"><bdi>978-1-59257-846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions+at+Your+Fingertips&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59257-846-7&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Brown%2C+Nathan+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0_dHrRY3gIC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teece2005-328"><a href="#cite_ref-Teece2005_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeece2005" class="citation book cs1">Teece, Geoff (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJO1WIABhPQC&pg=PA4">Sikhism</a>. Black Rabbit Books. pp. 4–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-469-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-469-0"><bdi>978-1-58340-469-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=4-&rft.pub=Black+Rabbit+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58340-469-0&rft.aulast=Teece&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJO1WIABhPQC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-329"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_329-0">^</a> McLeod, William Hewat. 2019 [1998]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism">"Sikhism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sikhism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSikhism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567">"Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak"</a>. BBC News. 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sikhs+in+Wolverhampton+celebrate+550+years+of+Guru+Nanak&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-birmingham-50374567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_Kalsi_2007_12-331"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_Kalsi_2007_12_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh_Kalsi2007" class="citation book cs1">Singh Kalsi, Sewa (2007). Sikhism. London: Bravo Ltd. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-436-4"><bdi>978-1-85733-436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Bravo+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85733-436-4&rft.aulast=Singh+Kalsi&rft.aufirst=Sewa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm">"The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity"</a>. www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www150.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=The+Daily+%E2%80%94+The+Canadian+census%3A+A+rich+portrait+of+the+country%27s+religious+and+ethnocultural+diversity&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fdaily-quotidien%2F221026%2Fdq221026b-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021">"Religion, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics"</a>. ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+England+and+Wales+%E2%80%93+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Freligion%2Fbulletins%2Freligionenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*">"Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Does+the+Census+Bureau+have+data+for+religion%3F&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fask.census.gov%2Fprweb%2FPRServletCustom%2Fapp%2FECORRAsk2_%2FYACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn%2A%2F%21STANDARD%3Fpzuiactionzzz%3DCXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z%2A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html">"Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asian+Indian+Was+The+Largest+Asian+Alone+Population+Group+in+2020&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2023%2F09%2F2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26DGUIDList%3D2021A000011124%26GENDERList%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTICList%3D1%2C4%26HEADERList%3D0%26SearchText%3DCanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf">"Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Abstract+of+the+United+States%3A+2012+-+Section+1%3A+Population+-+Table+75%3A+Self-Described+Religious+Identification+of+Adult+Population%3A+1990%2C+2001%2C+and+2008+%28page+61%29&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2011%2Fcompendia%2Fstatab%2F131ed%2F2012-statab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf">"Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Abstract+of+the+United+States%3A+2012+-+Section+1%3A+Population+-+Table+75%3A+Self-Described+Religious+Identification+of+Adult+Population%3A+1990%2C+2001%2C+and+2008+%28page+61%29&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2011%2Fcompendia%2Fstatab%2F131ed%2F2012-statab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_Many_U.S._Sikhs-339">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How_Many_U.S._Sikhs_339-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_Many_U.S._Sikhs_339-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/">"How Many U.S. Sikhs?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Many+U.S.+Sikhs%3F&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2F2012%2F08%2F06%2Fask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/">"About Sikhs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Coalition" title="Sikh Coalition">Sikh Coalition</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Sikhs&rft.pub=Sikh+Coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhcoalition.org%2Fabout-sikhs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&r=1/">"H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. 10 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.+RES.+275+-+118th+Congress+%282023-2024%29&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft.date=2023-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F118th-congress%2Fhouse-resolution%2F275%2Ftext%3Fs%3D1%26r%3D1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/">"Sikhism Reporter's Guide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Coalition" title="Sikh Coalition">Sikh Coalition</a>. Retrieved 23 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhism+Reporter%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Sikh+Coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhcoalition.org%2Fresources%2Fsikhism-reporters-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today">"The Sikh Community Today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Community+Today&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpluralism.org%2Fthe-sikh-community-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/">"American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religion_News_Service" title="Religion News Service">Religion News Service</a>. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Sikhs+are+targets+of+bigotry%2C+often+due+to+cultural+ignorance&rft.pub=Religion+News+Service&rft.date=2022-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2022%2F08%2F10%2Famerican-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias">"Sikhs in America:A History of Hate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhs+in+America%3AA+History+of+Hate&rft.pub=ProPublica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fsikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month">"April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month"</a>. State of Michigan Office of the Governor. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=April+2022%3A+Sikh+Awareness+and+Appreciation+Month&rft.pub=State+of+Michigan+Office+of+the+Governor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fwhitmer%2Fnews%2Fproclamations%2F2022%2F04%2F01%2Fapril-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek">"Want to know about Sikhism?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WUWM" title="WUWM">WUWM</a>. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Want+to+know+about+Sikhism%3F&rft.pub=WUWM&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wuwm.com%2F2022-05-23%2Fwant-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago">"A Brief Introduction to Sikhism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WTTW" title="WTTW">WTTW</a>. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+Sikhism&rft.pub=WTTW&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteractive.wttw.com%2Fplaylist%2F2021%2F05%2F05%2Fsikhism-chicago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-343">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[338]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/">"Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asian+Americans%3A+A+Mosaic+of+Faiths&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2012%2F07%2F19%2Fasian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey">"2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sikh_American_Legal_Defense_and_Education_Fund" title="Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund">Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund</a>. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+National+Sikh+American+Survey%3A+Key+Findings&rft.pub=Sikh+American+Legal+Defense+and+Education+Fund&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fsaldefmedia%2Fdocs%2F2020_national_sikh_american_survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05">"DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DP05ACS+DEMOGRAPHIC+AND+HOUSING+ESTIMATES&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Ftid%3DACSDP1Y2021.DP05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> While the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census">U.S. Census</a> does not ask about religion,<a href="#cite_note-334">[324]</a> 70,697 Americans (or 0.02% of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the <a href="/wiki/2020_U.S._census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 U.S. census">2020 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[325]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>, 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or 0.08% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-336">[326]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-337">[327]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-338">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-How_Many_U.S._Sikhs-339">[329]</a> Sikh organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Coalition" title="Sikh Coalition">Sikh Coalition</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Sikh_Congressional_Caucus" title="American Sikh Congressional Caucus">American Sikh Congressional Caucus</a> estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;<a href="#cite_note-340">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-How_Many_U.S._Sikhs-339">[329]</a> 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.<a href="#cite_note-342">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[339]</a> With 1% of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans#Religion" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-350">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[342]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlenn2012" class="citation web cs1">Glenn (6 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419034240/http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/">"2011 Australian Census – Fastest Growing Religions"</a>. Blog.id.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/">the original</a> on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Australian+Census+%E2%80%93+Fastest+Growing+Religions&rft.pub=Blog.id.com.au&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.au=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.id.com.au%2F2012%2Faustralian-census-2011%2F2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80">"2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2071.0+%E2%80%93+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%3A+Reflecting+Australia+%E2%80%93+Stories+from+the+Census%2C+2016&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2520Subject%2F2071.0~2016~Main%2520Features~Religion%2520Article~80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Zealand_Sikh_population-356"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Zealand_Sikh_population_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/losing-our-religion">"Losing our religion | Stats NZ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Losing+our+religion+%26%23124%3B+Stats+NZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Fnews%2Flosing-our-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bramptoncity2021-357"><a href="#cite_ref-bramptoncity2021_357-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00053521010&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=brampton">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Brampton, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 31 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+Brampton%2C+City+%28CY%29+Ontario+%5BCensus+subdivision%5D+Total+%E2%80%93+Religion+for+the+population+in+private+households+%E2%80%93+25%25+sample+data&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A00053521010%26HEADERlist%3D32%26SearchText%3Dbrampton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-surreycity2021-358"><a href="#cite_ref-surreycity2021_358-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055915004&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=surrey">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 31 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+Surrey%2C+City+%28CY%29+British+Columbia+%5BCensus+subdivision%5D+Total+%E2%80%93+Religion+for+the+population+in+private+households+%E2%80%93+25%25+sample+data&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A00055915004%26HEADERlist%3D32%26SearchText%3Dsurrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-calgarycity2021-359"><a href="#cite_ref-calgarycity2021_359-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00054806016&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=calgary">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Calgary, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 31 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+Calgary%2C+City+%28CY%29+Alberta+%5BCensus+subdivision%5D+Total+%E2%80%93+Religion+for+the+population+in+private+households+%E2%80%93+25%25+sample+data&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A00054806016%26HEADERlist%3D32%26SearchText%3Dcalgary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abbotsfordcity2021-360"><a href="#cite_ref-abbotsfordcity2021_360-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055909052&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=abbotsford">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Abbotsford, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 31 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+Abbotsford%2C+City+%28CY%29+British+Columbia+%5BCensus+subdivision%5D+Total+%E2%80%93+Religion+for+the+population+in+private+households+%E2%80%93+25%25+sample+data&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A00055909052%26HEADERlist%3D32%26SearchText%3Dabbotsford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallantyne2006" class="citation book cs1">Ballantyne, Tony (2006). Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World. Duke University Press. pp. 69–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3824-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3824-6"><bdi>978-0-8223-3824-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Colonialism+and+Diaspora%3A+Sikh+Cultural+Formations+in+an+Imperial+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3824-6&rft.aulast=Ballantyne&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> Sikh Rehat Maryada: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html">Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html">Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 1.-4.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> Sikh Rehat Maryada: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html">Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html">Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 1. & q. 3.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html">Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 2.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarbloh.info/htmls/article_samparda_kartar17.html">"The Multifarious Faces of Sikhism throughout Sikh History"</a>. sarbloh.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718132057/http://www.sarbloh.info/htmls/article_samparda_kartar17.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2010. <q>A Nihang carries out 'Chatka' on a 'Chatanga' (a specially selected goat for sacrifice)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sarbloh.info&rft.atitle=The+Multifarious+Faces+of+Sikhism+throughout+Sikh+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarbloh.info%2Fhtmls%2Farticle_samparda_kartar17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahaprashad-366"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahaprashad_366-0">^</a> "The most special occasion of the Chhauni is the festival of Diwali which is celebrated for ten days. This is the only Sikh shrine at Amritsar where Maha Prasad (meat) is served on special occasions in Langar", The Sikh review, Volume 35, Issue 409 – Volume 36, Issue 420, Sikh Cultural Centre., 1988 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sikh_Goat_Sacrifice-367"><a href="#cite_ref-Sikh_Goat_Sacrifice_367-0">^</a> "The tradition traces back to the time of Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji who started the tradition of hunting for Sikhs ... The tradition of ritually sacrificing goats and consuming Mahaparshad remains alive not only with the Nihang Singh Dals, but also at Sachkhand Sri Hazoor Sahib and Sachkhand Sri Patna Sahib (two of the Sikhs holiest shrines)." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nihangsingh.org/website/trad-jhatka.html">Panth Akali Budha Dal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523054532/http://www.nihangsingh.org/website/trad-jhatka.html">Archived</a> 23 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sikh_Goat_Sacrifice2-368"><a href="#cite_ref-Sikh_Goat_Sacrifice2_368-0">^</a> "Another noteworthy practice performed here is that a goat is sacrificed on Dussehra night every year. This ceremony was performed on Diwali day this year (Oct 28, 2008). The fresh blood of the sacrificed goat is used for tilak on the Guru's weapons.", SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS OF THE SIKH COMMUNITY, Dr Madanjit Kaur, Institute of Sikh Studies <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sikhinstitute.org/apr_2009/10-madakaur.html">Institute of Sikh Studies, Madan Kaur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612142006/http://sikhinstitute.org/apr_2009/10-madakaur.html">Archived</a> 12 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> "Sikhism, A Complete Introduction" by H.S. Singha & Satwant Kaur Hemkunt, Hemkunt Press, New Delhi, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7010-245-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7010-245-6">81-7010-245-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> "Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs" by Opinderjit Kaur Takhar, pg. 51, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5202-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-5202-5">0-7546-5202-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_2001_89-371"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2001_89_371-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2001" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Dharam (2001). Perspectives on Sikhism: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on Sikhism: a Religion for the Third Millennium Held at Punjabi University, Patiala on 27–29 March 2000. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173807367" title="Special:BookSources/9788173807367"><bdi>9788173807367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Sikhism%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+International+Seminar+on+Sikhism%3A+a+Religion+for+the+Third+Millennium+Held+at+Punjabi+University%2C+Patiala+on+27%E2%80%9329+March+2000&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Publication+Bureau%2C+Punjabi+University&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788173807367&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Dharam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJakobsh2003" class="citation book cs1">Jakobsh, Doris R. (2003). Relocating Gender in Sikh History: Transformation, Meaning and Identity. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 39–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relocating+Gender+in+Sikh+History%3A+Transformation%2C+Meaning+and+Identity&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jakobsh&rft.aufirst=Doris+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._H._McLeod" title="W. H. McLeod">McLeod, W. H.</a> (24 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA119">The A to Z of Sikhism</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrewal2019" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95">Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-099038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-099038-1"><bdi>978-0-19-099038-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Gobind+Singh+%281666%E2%80%931708%29%3A+Master+of+the+White+Hawk&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-099038-1&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYDLNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckerlegge2001" class="citation book cs1">Beckerlegge, Gwilym (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgmNpPoYabwC&pg=PA456">World Religions Reader</a>. Routledge. p. 456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24748-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24748-1"><bdi>978-0-415-24748-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions+Reader&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24748-1&rft.aulast=Beckerlegge&rft.aufirst=Gwilym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgmNpPoYabwC%26pg%3DPA456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> Sikh Rehat Maryada: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html">Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, j.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> Sikh Rehat Maryada: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html">Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 4. & q. 1., q. 5.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe1909[[s:Page:The_Sikh_Religion,_its_gurus,_sacred_writings_and_authors_Vol_1.djvu/27|xxi]]-379"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacauliffe1909[[s:Page:The_Sikh_Religion,_its_gurus,_sacred_writings_and_authors_Vol_1.djvu/27|xxi]]_379-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacauliffe1909">Macauliffe 1909</a>, p. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Sikh_Religion,_its_gurus,_sacred_writings_and_authors_Vol_1.djvu/27" class="extiw" title="s:Page:The Sikh Religion, its gurus, sacred writings and authors Vol 1.djvu/27">xxi</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMacauliffe1909 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghFenech2014-380"><a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014_380-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghFenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA378">The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 378–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=378-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghHawley2012-381"><a href="#cite_ref-SinghHawley2012_381-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghHawley2012" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Hawley, Michael (7 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SLhLakpsNsC&pg=PA34">Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt</a>. Brill Academic. pp. 34–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24236-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24236-4"><bdi>978-90-04-24236-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-imagining+South+Asian+Religions%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Professors+Harold+G.+Coward+and+Ronald+W.+Neufeldt&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24236-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Hawley%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4SLhLakpsNsC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Beck2002" class="citation book cs1">Richard Beck, David Worden (2002). Gcse Religious Studies for Aqa. Heinemann. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-30692-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-30692-8"><bdi>0-435-30692-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gcse+Religious+Studies+for+Aqa&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-435-30692-8&rft.aulast=Richard+Beck&rft.aufirst=David+Worden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811031946/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-03-19/chandigarh/27281595_1_bhang-united-colours-procession">Hola Mohalla: United colours of celebrations</a>, </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040112104613/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040103/asp/opinion/story_2735311.asp">"Mad About Words"</a>. The Telegraph (India). 3 January 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040103/asp/opinion/story_2735311.asp">the original</a> on 12 January 2004. Retrieved 4 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph+%28India%29&rft.atitle=Mad+About+Words&rft.date=2004-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1040103%2Fasp%2Fopinion%2Fstory_2735311.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101016012718/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/akalis.html">"UCSM.ac.uk"</a>. Philtar.ucsm.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/akalis.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCSM.ac.uk&rft.pub=Philtar.ucsm.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiltar.ucsm.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Fsikhism%2Fakalis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010326/punjab1.htm#3">Nihangs 'not to accept' ban on shaheedi degh</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a>. 26 March 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHegarty2011" class="citation web cs1">Hegarty, Stephanie (29 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15480741">"The only living master of a dying martial art"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 4 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+only+living+master+of+a+dying+martial+art&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-10-29&rft.aulast=Hegarty&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-15480741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010310/main7.htm#2">No 'bhang' at Hola Mohalla</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a>. 10 March 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> Sikh Rehat Maryada: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html">Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, k.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/YungBhujang/status/1276634524340776961">"Today, the idea of religious Sikh men wearing earrings would be ridiculous – and in many puritan circles, the idea of any form of piercing for all Sikhs, including women and their jewelry, would be off-limits. Yet the historical record tells us a different story..."</a> – via Twitter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today%2C+the+idea+of+religious+Sikh+men+wearing+earrings+would+be+ridiculous+%E2%80%93+and+in+many+puritan+circles%2C+the+idea+of+any+form+of+piercing+for+all+Sikhs%2C+including+women+and+their+jewelry%2C+would+be+off-limits.+Yet+the+historical+record+tells+us+a+different+story...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FYungBhujang%2Fstatus%2F1276634524340776961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> Sikh Rehat Maryada: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html">Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, l.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> Sikh Rehat Maryada: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html">Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, o.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> Sikh Rehat Maryada: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html">Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, s.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> Sikh Rehat Maryada: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html">Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html">Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, d.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-395">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_395-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_395-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhs.org/summary.htm">"Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People"</a>. sikhs.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhism+Religion+of+the+Sikh+People&rft.pub=sikhs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhs.org%2Fsummary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanga2017" class="citation book cs1">Banga, Indu (2017). Jacobsen, Knut A.; et al. (eds.). Brill's Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29745-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29745-6"><bdi>978-90-04-29745-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29745-6&rft.aulast=Banga&rft.aufirst=Indu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (1997), The Sikh Reference Book; Sikh University Press / Singh Brothers Amritsar, 1997.</li> <li>Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (2005), Dictionary of Sikh Philosophy; Sikh University Press / Singh Brothers Amritsar, 2005.</li> <li>Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (2008), Sikh Twareekh; Sikh University Press / Singh Brothers Amritsar, 2008.</li> <li>Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (2012), Sikh History (in 10 volumes); Sikh University Press / Singh Brothers Amritsar, 2010–2012.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuggal1988" class="citation book cs1">Duggal, Kartar Singh (1988). Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism. Himalayan Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89389-109-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89389-109-1"><bdi>978-0-89389-109-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Faith+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=Himalayan+Institute+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89389-109-1&rft.aulast=Duggal&rft.aufirst=Kartar+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kaur, Surjit; Amongst the Sikhs: Reaching for the Stars; New Delhi: Roli Books, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7436-267-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7436-267-3">81-7436-267-3</a></li> <li>Khalsa, Guru Fatha Singh; Five Paragons of Peace: Magic and Magnificence in the Guru's Way, Toronto: Monkey Minds Press, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9682658-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9682658-2-0">0-9682658-2-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711135252/http://www.gurufathasingh.com/five-paragons-of-peace.html">GuruFathaSingh.com</a></li> <li>Khalsa, Shanti Kaur; The History of Sikh Dharma of the Western Hemisphere; Espanola, New Mexico, US: Sikh Dharma; 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9639847-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9639847-4-8">0-9639847-4-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Singh, Khushwant</a> (2004). A History of the Sikhs: Volume 1: 1469-1839 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567308-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567308-1"><bdi>978-0-19-567308-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+Volume+1%3A+1469-1839&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567308-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History of the Sikhs: Volume 2: 1839-2004 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567309-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567309-8"><bdi>978-0-19-567309-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+Volume+2%3A+1839-2004&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567309-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (2006). The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567747-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567747-8"><bdi>978-0-19-567747-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567747-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patwant_Singh" title="Patwant Singh">Singh, Patwant</a> (1999). The Sikhs. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50206-1"><bdi>978-0-385-50206-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50206-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Patwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Takhar, Opinderjit Kaur, Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate; 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5202-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-5202-5">0-7546-5202-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sikhism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Sikhism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikhism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sikhism">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sikhism" class="extiw" title="q:Sikhism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Sikhism" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Sikhism">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sikhism" class="extiw" title="b:Sikhism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9316" class="extiw" title="d:Q9316">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism">"Sikhism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikhism645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism" title="Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism" title="Template talk:Sikhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sikhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_officials_of_the_Sikh_Empire" title="Foreign officials of the Sikh Empire">Foreigners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azalism" title="Azalism">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li>Demographics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_religion" title="Intersex people and religion">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/21px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/32px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/42px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="964" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sikhism" title="Portal:Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9316#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1382" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9316#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1382" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9316#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4181283-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85122435">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963355x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963355x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570974">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116141&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543760105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sih-dini">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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167.619 15 Template:Sfn"," 3.39% 110.167 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.19% 103.705 36 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.073","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24197376,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbid2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmasy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakhshi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallantyne2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanga2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrierSingh1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckerlegge2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrekke2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCaveNorris2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChahal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChahal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanchreek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChima2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeSambhi1995\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFColeSambhi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeSambhi2005\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFColeSambhi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeol2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhillon1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilgeer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDokras2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDugga2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuggal1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDusenbery2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEltringhamMaclean2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEraly2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarhadian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenech1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFenech2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFenech2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014\"] = 12,\n [\"CITEREFFenechMcleod2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinegan1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGeaves2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFGrewal1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrewal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrierson1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrover,_William2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulati2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuru_Nanak_Dev_Ji\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHaarKalsi2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHadley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasrat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHautzinger2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHegarty2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJagbir2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakobsh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJawandha2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJestice2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJodhka2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalsi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapoor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaur_Singh2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKaur_Singh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaur_Singh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingBrockington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitagawa2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohli1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosinskiElahi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKudaisyaYong2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuiper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuiper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushwant_Singh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoehlin1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahmood2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandair2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandair2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandair2013\"] = 12,\n [\"CITEREFMandairShackleSingh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2001\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMann2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMartinScott1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarty1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarwha2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayled2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowellBrown2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLean2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeod1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeod1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeod1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeod2009\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMcWilliams2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcleod1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooney2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayarSandhu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesbitt2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNesbitt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesbitt2016\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFOberoi1994\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrinder1971\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFPartridge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPechilisRaj2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPruthi2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPuri2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawatSatyanarayana2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRefugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichbergSyse2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Beck2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeiple2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSethi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShackleMandair2005\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFShackleMandair2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShani2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShani2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShani2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimko-Bednarski2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmonds1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh,_Dr_Jasraj2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1968\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2001\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2006\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghFenech2014\"] = 12,\n [\"CITEREFSinghGuninder2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghHawley2012\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSinghMandair2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghMcLeod2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghSingh1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghSingh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh_Kalsi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingha2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSingha2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSkinner_KellerRadford_RuetherCantlon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusanne2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakhar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakhar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakhar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeece2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeece2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Hans_India2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThursby1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTrumpp2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellmanLombardi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 232,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 63,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-lr\"] = 2,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Excessive citations inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Fs interlinear\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 36,\n [\"Infobox religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Literal Translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordered list\"] = 2,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 2,\n [\"Percentage bar\"] = 21,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 4,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 5,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Self-published source\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 15,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sikhism\"] = 1,\n [\"Sikhism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFMacauliffe1909\n","limitreport-profile":[["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","12.1"],["?","260","12.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","11.2"],["dataWrapper 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