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teeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bones_and_teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_and_biological_research_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_and_biological_research_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Medical and biological research uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_and_biological_research_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Plant metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adverse health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geological_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geological occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phosphate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaat" title="Fosfaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fosfaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فوسفات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوسفات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfatu" title="Fosfatu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fosfatu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فوسفات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوسفات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Фасфаты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фасфаты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фосфат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фосфат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfore%C4%8Dnany" title="Fosforečnany – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fosforečnany" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffosffad" title="Ffosffad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffosffad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phosphate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaadid" title="Fosfaadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fosfaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%83%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Φωσφορικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωσφορικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فسفات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فسفات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phosphate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosf%C3%A1it" title="Fosfáit – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fosfáit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%EC%97%BC" title="인산염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인산염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="फॉस्फेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फॉस्फेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfati" title="Fosfati – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fosfati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortofosfat" title="Ortofosfat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ortofosfat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%94" title="זרחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זרחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ფოსფატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოსფატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фосфаттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фосфаттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatum" title="Phosphatum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phosphatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosf%C4%81ti" title="Fosfāti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fosfāti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfatai" title="Fosfatai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fosfatai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foszf%C3%A1tion" title="Foszfátion – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Foszfátion" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фосфат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фосфат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B4sfaty" title="Fôsfaty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fôsfaty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="फॉस्फेट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फॉस्फेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ფოსფატეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფოსფატეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فوسفات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فوسفات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaat" title="Fosfaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fosfaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E5%A1%A9" title="リン酸塩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リン酸塩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaat" title="Fosfaat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fosfaat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfatlar" title="Fosfatlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fosfatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F" title="ផូស្វាត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផូស្វាត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforany" title="Fosforany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fosforany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fosfato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Фосфаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фосфаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱮᱴ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱮᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phosphate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfore%C4%8Dnan" title="Fosforečnan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fosforečnan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaatti" title="Fosfaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fosfaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95" title="ฟอสเฟต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟอสเฟต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fosfat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Фосфати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фосфати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="فاسفیٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فاسفیٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphat" title="Phosphat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phosphat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfoat" title="Fosfoat – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Fosfoat" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphat" title="Phosphat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Phosphat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="磷酸盐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="磷酸盐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="磷酸鹽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="磷酸鹽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="磷酸鹽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="磷酸鹽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46220103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the orthophosphate ion. For the organophosphorus derivatives, see <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphate</a>. For other phosphates, see <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acids_and_phosphates" title="Phosphoric acids and phosphates">phosphoric acids and phosphates</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_soda" title="Phosphate soda">phosphate soda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphonate" title="Phosphonate">phosphonate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Phosphate </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphat-Ion.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stereo skeletal formula of phosphate"><img alt="Stereo skeletal formula of phosphate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phosphat-Ion.svg/140px-Phosphat-Ion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phosphat-Ion.svg/210px-Phosphat-Ion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phosphat-Ion.svg/280px-Phosphat-Ion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphate-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aromatic ball and stick model of phosphate"><img alt="Aromatic ball and stick model of phosphate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Phosphate-3D-balls.png/110px-Phosphate-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Phosphate-3D-balls.png/165px-Phosphate-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Phosphate-3D-balls.png/220px-Phosphate-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Aromatic ball and stick model of phosphate</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphate-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Space-filling model of phosphate"><img alt="Space-filling model of phosphate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Phosphate-3D-vdW.png/110px-Phosphate-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Phosphate-3D-vdW.png/165px-Phosphate-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Phosphate-3D-vdW.png/220px-Phosphate-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Space-filling model of phosphate</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Phosphate<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Orthophosphate<br />Tetraoxophosphate(V)<br />Tetraoxidophosphate(V)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=14265-44-2">14265-44-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>hypervalent form: <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BO-%5DP%28%5BO-%5D%29%28%5BO-%5D%29%3DO">Interactive image</a></span></li><li>ionic form: <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BO-%5D%5BP%2B%5D%28%5BO-%5D%29%28%5BO-%5D%29%5BO-%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Beilstein_database" title="Beilstein database">Beilstein Reference</a></div> </td> <td>3903772 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=18367">CHEBI:18367</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1032.html">1032</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Phosphates">Phosphates</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1061">1061</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/NK08V8K8HR">NK08V8K8HR</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">hypervalent form: [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">ionic form: [O-][P+]([O-])([O-])[O-]</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>94.9714 g mol<sup>−1</sup>    </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">Conjugate acid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monohydrogen_phosphate" title="Monohydrogen phosphate">Monohydrogen phosphate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=458267616&page2=Phosphate">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, a <b>phosphate</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional group</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> derived from a <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acids_and_phosphates" title="Phosphoric acids and phosphates">phosphoric acid</a>. It most commonly means <b>orthophosphate</b>, a <a href="/wiki/Derivative" title="Derivative">derivative</a> of orthophosphoric acid, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>. </p><p>The <b>phosphate</b> or <b>orthophosphate</b> ion <span class="chemf nowrap">[PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> is derived from phosphoric acid by the removal of three <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>. Removal of one proton gives the <b>dihydrogen phosphate</b> ion <span class="chemf nowrap">[H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> while removal of two protons gives the <b>hydrogen phosphate</b> ion <span class="chemf nowrap">[HPO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>. These names are also used for salts of those anions, such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_dihydrogen_phosphate" title="Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate">ammonium dihydrogen phosphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trisodium_phosphate" title="Trisodium phosphate">trisodium phosphate</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="H 3PO 4 Phosphoric acid"><img alt="H 3PO 4 Phosphoric acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png/207px-3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png/311px-3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png/414px-3-phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">Phosphoric<br />acid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="[H 2PO 4]− Dihydrogen phosphate"><img alt="[H 2PO 4]− Dihydrogen phosphate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/209px-2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/313px-2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/417px-2-dihydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="chemf nowrap">[H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_phosphate" title="Dihydrogen phosphate">Dihydrogen<br />phosphate</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="[HPO 4]2− Hydrogen phosphate"><img alt="[HPO 4]2− Hydrogen phosphate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/169px-1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/254px-1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png/338px-1-hydrogenphosphate-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1074" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="chemf nowrap">[HPO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Monohydrogen_phosphate" title="Monohydrogen phosphate">Hydrogen<br />phosphate</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0-phosphate-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="[PO 4]3− Phosphate or orthophosphate"><img alt="[PO 4]3− Phosphate or orthophosphate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/0-phosphate-3D-balls.png/165px-0-phosphate-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/0-phosphate-3D-balls.png/248px-0-phosphate-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/0-phosphate-3D-balls.png/330px-0-phosphate-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1099" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span><br /><b>Phosphate</b> or <b>orthophosphate</b></div> </li> </ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, <b>phosphate</b> or <b>orthophosphate</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphate</a>, an ester of orthophosphoric acid of the form <span class="chemf nowrap">PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>RR′R″</span> where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> groups. An example is <a href="/wiki/Trimethyl_phosphate" title="Trimethyl phosphate">trimethyl phosphate</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap">(CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>. The term also refers to the <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">trivalent</a> functional group <span class="chemf nowrap">OP(O-)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> in such esters. Phosphates may contain sulfur in place of one or more oxygen atoms (<a href="/wiki/Thiophosphate" title="Thiophosphate">thiophosphates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organothiophosphate" title="Organothiophosphate">organothiophosphates</a>). </p><p>Orthophosphates are especially important among the various <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acids_and_phosphates" title="Phosphoric acids and phosphates">phosphates</a> because of their key roles in <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, and their economic importance for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-PhosphatePrimer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhosphatePrimer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition and removal of phosphate groups (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dephosphorylation" title="Dephosphorylation">dephosphorylation</a>) are key steps in <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orthophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthophosphate">Orthophosphates</a> can <a href="/wiki/Condensation_reaction" title="Condensation reaction">condense</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphate" title="Pyrophosphate">pyrophosphates</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phosphate ion has a <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar mass</a> of 94.97 g/mol, and consists of a central <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> atom surrounded by four <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atoms in a <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedral</a> arrangement. It is the <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">conjugate base</a> of the hydrogen phosphate ion <span class="chemf nowrap">H(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, which in turn is the conjugate base of the dihydrogen phosphate ion <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, which in turn is the conjugate base of <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">orthophosphoric acid</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>. </p><p>Many phosphates are <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>. The sodium, potassium, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_phosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium phosphates">ammonium phosphates</a> are all water-soluble. Most other phosphates are only slightly soluble or are insoluble in water. As a rule, the hydrogen and dihydrogen phosphates are slightly more soluble than the corresponding phosphates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equilibria_in_solution">Equilibria in solution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Equilibria in solution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PiSpeciation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PiSpeciation.svg/265px-PiSpeciation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PiSpeciation.svg/398px-PiSpeciation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PiSpeciation.svg/530px-PiSpeciation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Phosphoric acid <a href="/wiki/Ion_speciation" title="Ion speciation">speciation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In water solution, orthophosphoric acid and its three derived anions coexist according to the dissociation and recombination equilibria below<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Equilibrium </th> <th>Dissociation constant <i>K</i><sub>a</sub><sup id="cite_ref-pow2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pow2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>p<i>K</i><sub><i>a</i></sub> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub><sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></sub>PO<sub><sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></sub> ⇌ H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span> + H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{a1}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}{[{\ce {H3PO4}}]}}\approx 7.5\times 10^{-3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>PO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>PO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>7.5</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{a1}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}{[{\ce {H3PO4}}]}}\approx 7.5\times 10^{-3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eed347325ee75e9e7cec75402ae9a0d68c5aca9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:34.94ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{a1}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}{[{\ce {H3PO4}}]}}\approx 7.5\times 10^{-3}}"></span> </td> <td>p<i>K</i><sub>a1</sub> = 2.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span> ⇌ HPO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span> + H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{a2}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}{[{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}}\approx 6.2\times 10^{-8}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HPO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>PO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>6.2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{a2}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}{[{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}}\approx 6.2\times 10^{-8}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3795cf914ff31fa4feb59c417cc8ae8da71ef519" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:34.708ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{a2}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}{[{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}}\approx 6.2\times 10^{-8}}"></span> </td> <td>p<i>K</i><sub>a2</sub> = 7.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HPO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span> ⇌ PO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>3−</span><span>4</span></span> + H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{a3}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {PO4^3-}}]}{[{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}}\approx 2.14\times 10^{-13}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>PO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HPO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>2.14</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>13</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{a3}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {PO4^3-}}]}{[{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}}\approx 2.14\times 10^{-13}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90d1ae9985ce6207490cf9e7a6ab1f6d001a8a24" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:34.949ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{a3}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {PO4^3-}}]}{[{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}}\approx 2.14\times 10^{-13}}"></span> </td> <td>p<i>K</i><sub>a3</sub> = 12.37 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Values are at 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C and 0 ionic strength. </p><p>The p<i>K</i><sub><i>a</i></sub> values are the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> values where the concentration of each species is equal to that of its <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate base">conjugate bases</a>. At pH 1 or lower, the phosphoric acid is practically undissociated. Around pH 4.7 (mid-way between the first two p<i>K</i><sub><i>a</i></sub> values) the dihydrogen phosphate ion, <span class="chemf nowrap">[H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, is practically the only species present. Around pH 9.8 (mid-way between the second and third p<i>K</i><sub><i>a</i></sub> values) the monohydrogen phosphate ion, <span class="chemf nowrap">[HPO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, is the only species present. At pH 13 or higher, the acid is completely dissociated as the phosphate ion, <span class="chemf nowrap">(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>. </p><p>This means that salts of the mono- and di-phosphate ions can be selectively crystallised from aqueous solution by setting the pH value to either 4.7 or 9.8. </p><p>In effect, <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>, <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> and <span class="chemf nowrap">H(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> behave as separate <a href="/wiki/Weak_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak acid">weak acids</a> because the successive p<i>K</i><sub><i>a</i></sub> differ by more than 4. </p><p>Phosphate can form many <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a> ions such as <a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphate" title="Pyrophosphate">pyrophosphate</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap">(P<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_triphosphate" title="Sodium triphosphate">triphosphate</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap">(P<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">10</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>. The various <a href="/wiki/Metaphosphate" title="Metaphosphate">metaphosphate</a> ions (which are usually long linear polymers) have an empirical formula of <span class="chemf nowrap">(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> and are found in many compounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemistry_of_phosphates">Biochemistry of phosphates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biochemistry of phosphates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">biological systems</a>, phosphorus can be found as free phosphate anions in solution (<b>inorganic phosphate</b>) or bound to organic molecules as various <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphates</a>. </p><p>Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted <b>P<sub>i</sub></b> and at physiological (<a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostatic</a>) <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> primarily consists of a mixture of <span class="chemf nowrap">[HPO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> and <span class="chemf nowrap">[H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> ions. At a neutral pH, as in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> (pH = 7.0), the concentrations of the orthophoshoric acid and its three anions have the ratios <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {[{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}{[{\ce {H3PO4}}]}}&\approx 7.5\times 10^{4}\\[4pt]{\frac {[{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}{[{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}}&\approx 0.62\\[4pt]{\frac {[{\ce {PO4^3-}}]}{[{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}}&\approx 2.14\times 10^{-6}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="0.7em 0.7em 0.3em" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>PO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>PO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>7.5</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HPO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>PO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>0.62</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>PO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HPO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>2.14</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {[{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}{[{\ce {H3PO4}}]}}&\approx 7.5\times 10^{4}\\[4pt]{\frac {[{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}{[{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}}&\approx 0.62\\[4pt]{\frac {[{\ce {PO4^3-}}]}{[{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}}&\approx 2.14\times 10^{-6}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a7bfb55f5ed7d0ba3805ba68970255099eca8291" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -10.996ex; margin-bottom: -0.176ex; width:25.311ex; height:23.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {[{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}{[{\ce {H3PO4}}]}}&\approx 7.5\times 10^{4}\\[4pt]{\frac {[{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}{[{\ce {H2PO4-}}]}}&\approx 0.62\\[4pt]{\frac {[{\ce {PO4^3-}}]}{[{\ce {HPO4^2-}}]}}&\approx 2.14\times 10^{-6}\end{aligned}}}"></span> </p><p>Thus, only <span class="chemf nowrap">[H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> and <span class="chemf nowrap">[HPO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> ions are present in significant amounts in the cytosol (62% <span class="chemf nowrap">[H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, 38% <span class="chemf nowrap">[HPO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>). In extracellular fluid (pH = 7.4), this proportion is inverted (61% <span class="chemf nowrap">[HPO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, 39% <span class="chemf nowrap">[H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>). </p><p>Inorganic phosphate can also be present as <a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphate" title="Pyrophosphate">pyrophosphate</a> anions <span class="chemf nowrap">[P<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, which give orthophosphate by <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">[P<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + H<sub>2</sub>O ⇌ 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">[HPO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <p>Organic phosphates are commonly found in the form of esters as <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>. Free orthophosphate anions can be released by the hydrolysis of the <a href="/wiki/Phosphoanhydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphoanhydride">phosphoanhydride</a> bonds in ATP or ADP. These <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dephosphorylation" title="Dephosphorylation">dephosphorylation</a> reactions are the immediate storage and source of energy for many <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> processes. ATP and ADP are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/High-energy_phosphate" title="High-energy phosphate">high-energy phosphates</a>, as are the <a href="/wiki/Phosphagen" title="Phosphagen">phosphagens</a> in muscle tissue. Similar reactions exist for the other nucleoside <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside_diphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleoside diphosphate">diphosphates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside_triphosphate" title="Nucleoside triphosphate">triphosphates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bones_and_teeth">Bones and teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bones and teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important occurrence of phosphates in biological systems is as the structural material of bone and teeth. These structures are made of crystalline <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylapatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxylapatite">hydroxyapatite</a>. The hard dense enamel of <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalian teeth">mammalian teeth</a> may contain <a href="/wiki/Fluoroapatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroapatite">fluoroapatite</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxy</a> calcium phosphate where some of the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> groups have been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> ions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_and_biological_research_uses">Medical and biological research uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medical and biological research uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phosphates are medicinal salts of phosphorus. Some phosphates, which help cure many <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infections</a>, are used to make urine more acidic. To avoid the development of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium stone">calcium stones</a> in the urinary tract, some phosphates are used.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For patients who are unable to get enough phosphorus in their daily diet, phosphates are used as dietary supplements, usually because of certain disorders or diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Injectable phosphates can only be handled by qualified health care providers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_metabolism">Plant metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plant metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants take up phosphorus through several pathways: the <a href="/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbuscular mycorrhizal">arbuscular mycorrhizal</a> pathway and the direct uptake pathway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_health_effects">Adverse health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adverse health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Phosphate" title="Special:EditPage/Phosphate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Phosphate%22">"Phosphate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Phosphate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Phosphate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Phosphate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Phosphate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Phosphate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyperphosphatemia" title="Hyperphosphatemia">Hyperphosphatemia</a>, or a high blood level of phosphates, is associated with elevated <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a> in the general population. The most common cause of hyperphosphatemia in people, dogs, and cats is kidney failure. In cases of hyperphosphatemia, limiting consumption of phosphate-rich foods, such as some meats and dairy items and foods with a high phosphate-to-protein ratio, such as soft drinks, fast food, processed foods, condiments, and other products containing phosphate-salt additives is advised.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phosphates induce vascular <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a>, and a high concentration of phosphates in blood was found to be a predictor of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular events</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_occurrence">Geological occurrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geological occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphate_Mine_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phosphate_Mine_Panorama.jpg/370px-Phosphate_Mine_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phosphate_Mine_Panorama.jpg/555px-Phosphate_Mine_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phosphate_Mine_Panorama.jpg/740px-Phosphate_Mine_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5113" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Phosphate mine near <a href="/wiki/Flaming_Gorge,_Utah" title="Flaming Gorge, Utah">Flaming Gorge, Utah</a>, US, 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_loaded_with_phosphate_rock,_Metlaoui_Tunisia-4298B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Train_loaded_with_phosphate_rock%2C_Metlaoui_Tunisia-4298B.jpg/220px-Train_loaded_with_phosphate_rock%2C_Metlaoui_Tunisia-4298B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Train_loaded_with_phosphate_rock%2C_Metlaoui_Tunisia-4298B.jpg/330px-Train_loaded_with_phosphate_rock%2C_Metlaoui_Tunisia-4298B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Train_loaded_with_phosphate_rock%2C_Metlaoui_Tunisia-4298B.jpg/440px-Train_loaded_with_phosphate_rock%2C_Metlaoui_Tunisia-4298B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Train loaded with phosphate rock, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tlaoui" title="Métlaoui">Métlaoui</a>, Tunisia, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Phosphates are the naturally occurring form of the element <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, found in many <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mineral" title="Phosphate mineral">phosphate minerals</a>. In mineralogy and geology, phosphate refers to a rock or ore containing phosphate ions. Inorganic phosphates are <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mined</a> to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-PhosphatePrimer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhosphatePrimer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest global producer and exporter of phosphates is <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. Within North America, the largest deposits lie in the <a href="/wiki/Bone_Valley" title="Bone Valley">Bone Valley</a> region of central <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soda_Springs,_Idaho" title="Soda Springs, Idaho">Soda Springs</a> region of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, and the coast of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. Smaller deposits are located in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. The small island nation of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mining_in_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate mining in Nauru">Nauru</a> and its neighbor <a href="/wiki/Banaba_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Banaba Island">Banaba Island</a>, which used to have massive phosphate deposits of the best quality, have been mined excessively. Rock phosphate can also be found in Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Western Sahara, <a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a>, Tunisia, Togo, and Jordan, countries that have large phosphate-mining industries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a> mines are primarily found in: </p> <ul><li><b>North America</b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Phosphate mining in the United States">Phosphate mining in the United States</a></div> United States, especially Florida, with lesser deposits in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><b>Africa</b>: <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b>Middle East</b>: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, at the town of <a href="/wiki/Akashat" title="Akashat">Akashat</a>, near the Jordanian border.</li> <li><b>Central Asia</b>: <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><b>Oceania</b>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makatea" title="Makatea">Makatea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banaba_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Banaba Island">Banaba Island</a></li></ul> <p>In 2007, at the current rate of consumption, the supply of phosphorus was estimated to run out in 345 years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some scientists thought that a "<a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">peak phosphorus</a>" would occur in 30 years and <a href="/wiki/Dana_Cordell" title="Dana Cordell">Dana Cordell</a> from Institute for Sustainable Futures said that at "current rates, reserves will be depleted in the next 50 to 100 years".<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reserves refer to the amount assumed recoverable at current market prices. In 2012 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> estimated world reserves at 71 billion tons, while 0.19 billion tons were mined globally in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phosphorus comprises 0.1% by mass of the average rock<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (while, for perspective, its typical concentration in vegetation is 0.03% to 0.2%),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consequently there are quadrillions of tons of phosphorus in Earth's 3×10<sup>19</sup>-ton crust,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit at predominantly lower concentration than the deposits counted as reserves, which are inventoried and cheaper to extract. If it is assumed that the phosphate minerals in <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">phosphate rock</a> are mainly hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite, phosphate minerals contain roughly 18.5% phosphorus by weight. If phosphate rock contains around 20% of these minerals, the average phosphate rock has roughly 3.7% phosphorus by weight. </p><p>Some phosphate rock deposits, such as <a href="/wiki/Mulberry,_Florida#Economy" title="Mulberry, Florida">Mulberry</a> in Florida,<sup id="cite_ref-Mulberry,_Phosphate_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulberry,_Phosphate-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are notable for their inclusion of significant quantities of radioactive uranium isotopes. This is a concern because radioactivity can be released into surface waters<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from application of the resulting <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer#Phosphate_fertilizers" title="Fertilizer">phosphate fertilizer</a>. </p><p>In December 2012, <a href="/wiki/Cominco_Resources" title="Cominco Resources">Cominco Resources</a> announced an updated <a href="/wiki/JORC" class="mw-redirect" title="JORC">JORC</a> compliant resource of their Hinda project in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a> of 531 million tons, making it the largest measured and indicated phosphate deposit in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 2018, Norway discovered phosphate deposits almost equal to those in the rest of Earth combined.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022 China announced quotas on phosphate exportation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest importers in millions of metric tons of phosphate are Brazil 3.2, India 2.9 and the USA 1.6.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Exchange_of_Phosphates_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_03790fc57d3206e73683a68ec11c8fb2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/International_Exchange_of_Phosphates_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_03790fc57d3206e73683a68ec11c8fb2.jpg/220px-International_Exchange_of_Phosphates_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_03790fc57d3206e73683a68ec11c8fb2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/International_Exchange_of_Phosphates_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_03790fc57d3206e73683a68ec11c8fb2.jpg/330px-International_Exchange_of_Phosphates_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_03790fc57d3206e73683a68ec11c8fb2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/International_Exchange_of_Phosphates_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_03790fc57d3206e73683a68ec11c8fb2.jpg/440px-International_Exchange_of_Phosphates_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_03790fc57d3206e73683a68ec11c8fb2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5718" data-file-height="3343" /></a><figcaption>Phosphate imports/exports in 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>The three principal phosphate producer countries (China, Morocco and the United States) account for about 70% of world production. </p> <table class="wikitable centre sortable width=80%;"> <caption>Production and global reserves of natural phosphate by country in 2019<br /><small>(USGS, 2021)</small><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Production <br />(millions kg)</th> <th>Share of <br /> global <br /> production (%)</th> <th>Reserves<br />(millions kg) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td align="right">1,300</td> <td align="right">0.54</td> <td align="right">2,200,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td align="right">2,700</td> <td align="right">1.17</td> <td align="right">1,100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td align="right">4,700</td> <td align="right">3.00</td> <td align="right">1,600,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td align="right">95,000</td> <td align="right">44.83</td> <td align="right">3,200,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td align="right">5,000</td> <td align="right">2.47</td> <td align="right">2,800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td align="right">995</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">1,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td align="right">1,480</td> <td align="right">0.49</td> <td align="right">46,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td align="right">200</td> <td align="right">0.09</td> <td align="right">430,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td align="right">2,810</td> <td align="right">1.48</td> <td align="right">57,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td> <td align="right">9,220</td> <td align="right">3.36</td> <td align="right">800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td align="right">1,500</td> <td align="right">0.72</td> <td align="right">260,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td align="right">558</td> <td align="right">0.76</td> <td align="right">30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></td> <td align="right">35,500</td> <td align="right">13.45</td> <td align="right">50,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td align="right">4,000</td> <td align="right">1.79</td> <td align="right">210,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td align="right">13,100</td> <td align="right">5.60</td> <td align="right">600,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td align="right">6,500</td> <td align="right">1.48</td> <td align="right">1,400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td align="right">3,420</td> <td align="right">0.45</td> <td align="right">50,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td align="right">2,100</td> <td align="right">0.99</td> <td align="right">1,400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td align="right">2,000</td> <td align="right">0.34</td> <td align="right">1,800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></td> <td align="right">800</td> <td align="right">0.45</td> <td align="right">30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td align="right">4,110</td> <td align="right">1.79</td> <td align="right">100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td align="right">900</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td align="right">23,300</td> <td align="right">12.37</td> <td align="right">1,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td align="right">4,650</td> <td align="right">1.21</td> <td align="right">30,000 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td>Other countries</td> <td align="right">1,140</td> <td align="right">1.17</td> <td align="right">840,000 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background: #EFEFEF"> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td align="right"><b>227,000</b></td> <td align="right"><b>100</b></td> <td align="right"><b>71,000,000</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_(World_Ocean_Atlas_2009).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png/220px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png/330px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png/440px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_phosphate_%28World_Ocean_Atlas_2009%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="2217" /></a><figcaption>Sea surface phosphate from the <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Atlas" title="World Ocean Atlas">World Ocean Atlas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhosphatetoNitrate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PhosphatetoNitrate.png/280px-PhosphatetoNitrate.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/PhosphatetoNitrate.png 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Relationship of phosphate to nitrate uptake for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> in various regions of the ocean. Note that nitrate is more often limiting than phosphate. See the <a href="/wiki/Redfield_ratio" title="Redfield ratio">Redfield ratio</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In ecological terms, because of its important role in biological systems, phosphate is a highly sought after resource. Once used, it is often a limiting nutrient in <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environments</a>, and its availability may govern the rate of growth of organisms. This is generally true of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> environments, whereas nitrogen is more often the limiting nutrient in marine (seawater) environments. Addition of high levels of phosphate to environments and to micro-environments in which it is typically rare can have significant ecological consequences. For example, blooms in the populations of some organisms at the expense of others, and the collapse of populations deprived of resources such as oxygen (see <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>) can occur. In the context of pollution, phosphates are one component of <a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">total dissolved solids</a>, a major indicator of water quality, but not all phosphorus is in a molecular form that algae can break down and consume.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calcium hydroxyapatite and calcite precipitates can be found around <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> topsoil.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmittner_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmittner-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As clay minerals promote biomineralization, the presence of bacteria and clay minerals resulted in calcium hydroxyapatite and calcite precipitates.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmittner_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmittner-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phosphate deposits can contain significant amounts of naturally occurring heavy metals. Mining operations processing <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">phosphate rock</a> can leave <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">tailings</a> piles containing elevated levels of <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. Unless carefully managed, these waste products can leach heavy metals into groundwater or nearby estuaries. Uptake of these substances by plants and marine life can lead to concentration of toxic heavy metals in food products.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diammonium_phosphate" title="Diammonium phosphate">Diammonium phosphate</a> - (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_phosphate" title="Disodium phosphate">Disodium phosphate</a> – Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypophosphite">Hypophosphite</a> – <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphosphate" title="Metaphosphate">Metaphosphate</a> – <span class="chemf nowrap">(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i></sub></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_phosphate" title="Monosodium phosphate">Monosodium phosphate</a> – NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphorus">Organophosphorus</a> compounds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Abdoun_Basin" title="Ouled Abdoun Basin">Ouled Abdoun Basin</a></li> <li>Phosphate – OP(OR)<sub>3</sub>, such as <a href="/wiki/Triphenyl_phosphate" title="Triphenyl phosphate">triphenyl phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_conversion_coating" title="Phosphate conversion coating">Phosphate conversion coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_soda" title="Phosphate soda">Phosphate soda</a>, a soda fountain beverage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphinate" title="Phosphinate">Phosphinate</a> – OP(OR)R<sub>2</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a> – PR<sub>3</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine_oxide" title="Phosphine oxide">Phosphine oxide</a> – OPR<sub>3</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphinite" title="Phosphinite">Phosphinite</a> – P(OR)R<sub>2</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphite" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphite">Phosphite</a> – P(OR)<sub>3</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphogypsum" title="Phosphogypsum">Phosphogypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphonate" title="Phosphonate">Phosphonate</a> – OP(OR)<sub>2</sub>R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphonite" title="Phosphonite">Phosphonite</a> – P(OR)<sub>2</sub>R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">Phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphosphate" title="Polyphosphate">Polyphosphate</a> – <span class="chemf nowrap">(HPO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><i>n</i></sub></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphate" title="Pyrophosphate">Pyrophosphate</a> – <span class="chemf nowrap">(P<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tripolyphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium tripolyphosphate">Sodium tripolyphosphate</a> – Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=1061&loc=ec_rcs">"Phosphates – PubChem Public Chemical Database"</a>. <i>The PubChem Project</i>. USA: National Center of Biotechnology Information.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+PubChem+Project&rft.atitle=Phosphates+%E2%80%93+PubChem+Public+Chemical+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsummary%2Fsummary.cgi%3Fcid%3D1061%26loc%3Dec_rcs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhosphatePrimer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhosphatePrimer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhosphatePrimer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fipr.state.fl.us/about-us/phosphate-primer/">"Phosphate Primer"</a>. <i>Florida Industrial and Phosphate Research Institute</i>. Florida Polytechnic University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829055956/http://www.fipr.state.fl.us/about-us/phosphate-primer/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Industrial+and+Phosphate+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Phosphate+Primer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fipr.state.fl.us%2Fabout-us%2Fphosphate-primer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellReece,_Jane_B.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Campbell_(scientist)" title="Neil Campbell (scientist)">Campbell, Neil A.</a>; Reece, Jane B. (2005). <i>Biology</i> (Seventh ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>[B]ioavailable phosphorus – phosphorus that can be utilized by plants and bacteria – is only a fraction of the total, according to Michael Brett, a UW engineering professor ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limited+amount+of+total+phosphorus+actually+feeds+algae%2C+study+finds&rft.pub=Lake+Scientist&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft.aulast=Hochanadel&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lakescientist.com%2F2010%2Flimited-amount-of-total-phosphorus-actually-feeds-algae-study-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmittner-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmittner_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmittner_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmittner_KE,_Giresse_P1999" class="citation journal cs1">Schmittner KE, Giresse P (1999). "Micro-environmental controls on biomineralization: superficial processes of apatite and calcite precipitation in Quaternary soils, Roussillon, France". <i>Sedimentology</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 463–76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sedim..46..463S">1999Sedim..46..463S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3091.1999.00224.x">10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00224.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140680495">140680495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentology&rft.atitle=Micro-environmental+controls+on+biomineralization%3A+superficial+processes+of+apatite+and+calcite+precipitation+in+Quaternary+soils%2C+Roussillon%2C+France&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=463-76&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140680495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-3091.1999.00224.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sedim..46..463S&rft.au=Schmittner+KE%2C+Giresse+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnandiTchangbedjilKillilBabal2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gnandi, K.; Tchangbedjil, G.; Killil, K.; Babal, G.; Abbel, E. (March 2006). "The Impact of Phosphate Mine Tailings on the Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Marine Fish and Crustaceans from the Coastal Zone of Togo". <i>Mine Water and the Environment</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 56–62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MWE....25...56G">2006MWE....25...56G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10230-006-0108-4">10.1007/s10230-006-0108-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129497587">129497587</a>.</cite><span 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class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Monohydrogen_phosphate" title="Monohydrogen phosphate">[HPO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_phosphate" title="Dihydrogen phosphate">[H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithium phosphate (page does not exist)">Li<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Be </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron_phosphate" title="Boron phosphate">BPO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Borate_phosphate" title="Borate phosphate">+BO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_phosphate" title="Ammonium phosphate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diammonium_phosphate" title="Diammonium phosphate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Monoammonium_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoammonium phosphate">NH<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nitridophosphate" title="Nitridophosphate">-N</a> </td> <td>O </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoride_phosphate" title="Fluoride phosphate">+F</a> </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Trisodium_phosphate" title="Trisodium phosphate">Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Disodium_phosphate" title="Disodium phosphate">Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_phosphate" title="Monosodium phosphate">NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trimagnesium_phosphate" title="Trimagnesium phosphate">Mg<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphate" title="Aluminium phosphate">AlPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Si </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_sulfate" title="Phosphate sulfate">+SO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thiophosphate" title="Thiophosphate">-S</a> </td> <td>Cl </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripotassium_phosphate" title="Tripotassium phosphate">K<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dipotassium_phosphate" title="Dipotassium phosphate">K<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Monopotassium_phosphate" title="Monopotassium phosphate">KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tricalcium_phosphate" title="Tricalcium phosphate">Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scandium phosphate (page does not exist)">ScPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Ti </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">VPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_phosphate" title="Chromium(III) phosphate">CrPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_phosphate" title="Manganese(II) phosphate">Mn<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_phosphate" title="Manganese(III) phosphate">MnPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_phosphate" title="Iron(II) phosphate">Fe<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_phosphate" title="Iron(III) phosphate">FePO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_phosphate" title="Cobalt(II) phosphate">Co<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_phosphate" title="Nickel(II) phosphate">Ni<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_phosphate" title="Copper(II) phosphate">Cu<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_phosphate" title="Zinc phosphate">Zn<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium_phosphate" title="Gallium phosphate">GaPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Ge </td> <td>As </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenophosphate" title="Selenophosphate">-Se</a> </td> <td>Br </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubidium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubidium phosphate (page does not exist)">Rb<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium phosphate (page does not exist)">Sr<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_phosphate" title="Yttrium(III) phosphate">YPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_phosphate" title="Zirconium phosphate">Zr<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Nb </td> <td>Mo </td> <td>Tc </td> <td>Ru </td> <td>Rh </td> <td>Pd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_phosphate" title="Silver phosphate">Ag<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadmium phosphate (page does not exist)">Cd<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">InPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Sn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony_orthophosphate" title="Antimony orthophosphate">SbPO<sub>4</sub></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phosphatoantimonate" title="Phosphatoantimonate">-SbO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Te </td> <td>I </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesium phosphate (page does not exist)">Cs<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium phosphate (page does not exist)">Ba<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">LuPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Hf </td> <td>Ta </td> <td>W </td> <td>Re </td> <td>Os </td> <td>Ir </td> <td>Pt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_phosphate" title="Gold(III) phosphate">AuPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Hg </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thallium(I)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thallium(I) phosphate (page does not exist)">Tl<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_phosphate" title="Lead(II) phosphate">Pb<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth phosphate">BiPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Po </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Fr </td> <td>Ra </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">LaPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">CePO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_phosphate" title="Praseodymium(III) phosphate">PrPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_phosphate" title="Neodymium(III) phosphate">NdPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_phosphate" title="Promethium(III) phosphate">PmPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_phosphate" title="Samarium(III) phosphate">SmPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_phosphate" title="Europium(III) phosphate">EuPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">GdPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">TbPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_phosphate" title="Dysprosium(III) phosphate">DyPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">HoPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">ErPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">TmPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">YbPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_phosphate" title="Actinium(III) phosphate">AcPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium phosphate (page does not exist)">Th<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Pa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_metaphosphate" title="Uranyl metaphosphate">U(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>Np </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutonium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plutonium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">PuPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Americium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">AmPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium(III)_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curium(III) phosphate (page does not exist)">CmPO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phosphate_minerals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phosphate_minerals" title="Template:Phosphate 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