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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Musical career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Musical_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Musical career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Musical_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_folklorist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_folklorist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The folklorist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_folklorist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_trip_to_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_trip_to_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>First trip to Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_trip_to_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Return to Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_trip_to_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_trip_to_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Second trip to Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_trip_to_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Return to South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Gracias_a_la_vida"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Gracias_a_la_vida""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>"Gracias a la vida"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Gracias_a_la_vida"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Volver_a_los_Diecisiete"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Volver_a_los_Diecisiete""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>"Volver a los Diecisiete"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Volver_a_los_Diecisiete"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Artistic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Discography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studio_albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studio_albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Studio albums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studio_albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Posthumous discography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Violeta Parra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فيوليتا بارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيوليتا بارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ویولتا پارا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویولتا پارا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Віялета Пара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Віялета Пара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Βιολέτα Πάρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιολέτα Πάρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ویولتا پارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویولتا پارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%98%AC%EB%A0%88%ED%83%80_%ED%8C%8C%EB%9D%BC" title="비올레타 파라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비올레타 파라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Վիոլետա Պարրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիոլետա Պարրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94" title="ויולטה פארה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויולטה פארה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0" title="വയലെറ്റ പാര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വയലെറ്റ പാര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فيوليتا بارا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيوليتا بارا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ویولتا پارا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویولتا پارا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9" title="ビオレータ・パラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビオレータ・パラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Парра, Виолета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парра, Виолета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Violeta Parra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="వయోలెటా పర్రా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వయోలెటా పర్రా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Parra" title="Violeta Parra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Violeta Parra" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Parra</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Sandoval</i>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%;"><div class="fn">Violeta Parra</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Parra01f.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Parra01f.PNG/220px-Parra01f.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Parra01f.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de">Background information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Birth name</span></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-10-04</span>)</span>4 October 1917<br /><a href="/wiki/San_Fabi%C3%A1n_de_Alico" title="San Fabián de Alico">San Fabián de Alico</a> or <br /><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_(Chile)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos (Chile)">San Carlos</a>, Chile</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 February 1967<span style="display:none">(1967-02-05)</span> (aged 49)<br /><a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_canci%C3%B3n" title="Nueva canción">nueva canción</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cueca" title="Cueca">cueca</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Singer-songwriter, Visual arts<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instrument(s)</th><td class="infobox-data note">Vocals, Guitar, <a href="/wiki/Charango" title="Charango">Charango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuatro_(instrument)" title="Cuatro (instrument)">Cuatro</a>, Percussion, Harp</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Years active</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1939–1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Records" title="Odeon Records">EMI-Odeon</a><br />Alerce<br /><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a><br />(all posthumous)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000621221302/http://www.violetaparra.scd.cl/index.htm/">web<wbr />.archive<wbr />.org<wbr />/web<wbr />/20000621221302<wbr />/http:<wbr />//www<wbr />.violetaparra<wbr />.scd<wbr />.cl<wbr />/index<wbr />.htm<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div> <p><b>Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[bjoˈleta<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpara]</a></span>; 4 October 1917 – 5 February 1967) was a Chilean composer, singer-songwriter, <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklorist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicologist</a> and visual artist.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Canci%C3%B3n_Chilena" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva Canción Chilena">Nueva Canción Chilena</a> (The Chilean New Song), a renewal and a reinvention of Chilean <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> that would extend its sphere of influence outside Chile. </p><p>Her birthdate (4 October) was chosen "Chilean Musicians' Day". In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Wood" title="Andrés Wood">Andrés Wood</a> directed a biopic about her, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Violeta_Went_to_Heaven" title="Violeta Went to Heaven">Violeta Went to Heaven</a></i> (Spanish: <i>Violeta se fue a los cielos</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some uncertainty as to exactly where Violeta Parra was born. The stamp on her birth certificate says she was born in <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_Chile" title="San Carlos, Chile">San Carlos, Ñuble Province</a>, a small town in southern Chile on 4 October 1917, as Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both the Violeta Parra Foundation (Fundación Violeta Parra) and the Violeta Parra Museum (Museo Violeta Parra) state on their websites that she was born in <a href="/wiki/San_Fabi%C3%A1n_de_Alico" title="San Fabián de Alico">San Fabián de Alico</a>, 40 km from San Carlos.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-museovioletaparra.cl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museovioletaparra.cl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violeta Parra was one of nine children in the prolific <a href="/wiki/Parra_family" title="Parra family">Parra family</a>. Her father, Nicanor Parra Alarcón, was a music teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother, Clarisa Sandoval Navarrete had grown up in the countryside and was a seamstress. She sang and played the guitar, and taught Violeta and her siblings traditional folk songs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among her brothers were the notable modern poet, better known as the "anti-poet", <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Parra" title="Nicanor Parra">Nicanor Parra</a> (1914–2018), and fellow folklorist <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Parra_Sandoval" title="Roberto Parra Sandoval">Roberto Parra</a> (1921–1995). Her son, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Parra_(singer-songwriter)" title="Ángel Parra (singer-songwriter)">Ángel Parra</a>, and her daughter, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Parra" title="Isabel Parra">Isabel Parra</a>, are also important figures in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_canci%C3%B3n" title="Nueva canción"><i>Nueva Canción Chilena</i></a>. Their children have also mostly maintained the family's artistic traditions. </p><p>Violeta Parra and some of her siblings would perform in Chillán and local towns to help support their family.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father's lack of success in his own music career led to alcoholism. <b><sup id="cite_ref-:42_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> Two years after Violeta's birth, the family moved to Santiago, then, two years later, to Lautaro and, finally, in 1927, to Chillán.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was in Chillán that Violeta started singing and playing the guitar, together with her siblings Hilda, Eduardo and Roberto; and soon began composing traditional Chilean music. </p><p>Parra's father died in 1929 from tuberculosis, and her family's quality of life greatly deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violeta and her siblings had to work to help feed the family.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, at the insistence of her brother Nicanor, Parra moved to Santiago to attend the <a href="/wiki/Normal_school#In_Latin_America" title="Normal school">Normal School</a>, staying with relatives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later, she moved back with her mother and siblings to Edison Street, in the Quinta Normal district.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_career">Musical career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Musical career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the beginning of her career, there was a greater interest in Eurocentric music by the vast majority of the population in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Parras performed in nightclubs, such as El Tordo Azul and El Popular, in the Mapocho district, interpreting <a href="/wiki/Boleros" class="mw-redirect" title="Boleros">boleros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rancheras" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancheras">rancheras</a>, Mexican <a href="/wiki/Corridos" class="mw-redirect" title="Corridos">corridos</a> and other styles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Parra took a break from her musical career in 1938 to start a family.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, Parra started to perform again under the name "Violeta de Mayo" (Violeta of May or May Violet).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parra began singing songs of Spanish origin, from the repertoire of the famous Argentinian singers <a href="/wiki/Lolita_Torres" title="Lolita Torres">Lolita Torres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperio_Argentina" title="Imperio Argentina">Imperio Argentina</a>. She sang in restaurants and, also, in theatres. In 1945, she appeared with her children Isabel and Angel in a Spanish show in the Casanova confectionery. </p><p>Parra and her sister Hilda began singing together as "The Parra Sisters", and they recorded some of their work on RCA VICTOR. Parra continued performing: she appeared in circuses and toured, with Hilda and with her children, throughout Argentina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_folklorist">The folklorist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The folklorist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, encouraged by her brother Nicanor, Violeta began to collect and collate authentic Chilean folk music from all over the country.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She abandoned her old folk-song repertoire, and began composing her own songs based on traditional folk forms. She gave recitals at universities, presented by the well-known literary figure Enrique Bello Cruz, founder of several cultural magazines. Soon, Parra was invited to the "Summer School" at the University of Concepción. She was also invited to teach courses in folklore at the University of Iquique. In Valparaiso, she was presented at the Chilean-French Institute. </p><p>Parra's two singles for <a href="/wiki/EMI_Odeon" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Odeon">EMI Odeon</a> label: "Que Pena Siente el Alma" and "Verso por el Fin del Mundo", and "Casamiento de Negros" and "Verso por Padecimiento" brought her a good measure of popularity. </p><p>Don Isaiah Angulo, a tenant farmer, taught her to play the <a href="/wiki/Guitarr%C3%B3n_chileno" title="Guitarrón chileno">guitarrón</a>, a traditional Chilean guitar-like instrument with 25 strings. </p><p>Along the way, Parra met <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a>, who introduced her to his friends. In 1970, he would dedicate the poem "Elegia para Cantar" to her. </p><p>Between January and September 1954, Parra hosted the immensely successful radio program <i>Sing Violeta Parra</i> for Radio Chilena. The program was most often recorded in places where folk music was performed, such as her mother's restaurant in Barrancas. At the end of 1954, Parra participated in another folkloric program, for Radio Agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_trip_to_Europe">First trip to Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First trip to Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Violeta was invited to the <a href="/wiki/World_Festival_of_Youth_and_Students" title="World Festival of Youth and Students">World Festival of Youth and Students</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, in July 1955. She then moved to Paris, France, where she performed at the nightclub "L'Escale" in the Quartier Latin. </p><p>Violeta made contacts with European artists and intellectuals. Through the intervention of the anthropologist Paul Rivet, she recorded at the National Sound Archive of the "Musée de l'Homme" <a href="/wiki/La_Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="La Sorbonne">La Sorbonne</a> in Paris, where she left a guitarrón and tapes of her collections of Chilean folklore. She travelled to London to make recordings for EMI-Odeon and radio broadcasts from the BBC. Back in Paris, in March 1956, she recorded 16 songs for the French label "<a href="/wiki/Chant_du_Monde" class="mw-redirect" title="Chant du Monde">Chant du Monde</a>" which launched its first two records with 8 songs each. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Chile">Return to Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1957, Violeta returned to Chile and recorded the first LP of the series <i>The Folklore of Chile</i> for the EMI Odeon label, <i>Violeta Parra and her Guitar</i> (<i>Canto y Guitarra</i>), which included three of her own compositions. She followed with the second volume of <i>The Folklore of Chile</i> in 1958, <i>Acompañada de Guitarra</i>. In 1959, she released <i>La cueca</i> and <i>La tonada</i>. The following year, she founded the National Museum of Folkloric Art (Museo Nacional de Arte Folklórico) in Concepción, under the University of Concepción (Universidad de Concepción).<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, she composed many décimas, a Latin American poetry form for which she is well known. </p><p>In the following years, she built her house "Casa de Palos" on Segovia Street, in the municipality of La Reina. She continued giving recitals in major cultural centers in Santiago, travelling all over the country to research, organize concerts, and give lectures and workshops about folklore. She travelled north to investigate and record the religious festival "La Tirana". </p><p>Violeta Parra exerted a significant influence on <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Pavez" class="extiw" title="es:Héctor Pavez">Héctor Pavez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Pizarro" title="Gabriela Pizarro">Gabriela Pizarro</a>, who would become great performers and researchers in their own right. The product of this collaboration is evident in the play "La Celebración de la Minga" staged at the Teatro Municipal de Santiago. </p><p>She composed the music for the documentaries <i>Wicker</i> and <i>Trilla</i>, and contributed to the film <i>Casamiento de negros</i>, performed by <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Bravo" title="Sergio Bravo">Sergio Bravo</a>. </p><p>She wrote the book <i>Cantos Folklóricos Chilenos</i>, which gathered all the research conducted so far, with photographs by Sergio Larraín and musical scores performed by Gastón Soublette (Santiago, Nascimento, 1979). She also wrote the <i>Décimas autobiográficas</i>, work in verse recounting her from her childhood to her trip to Europe. </p><p>On 4 October 1960, the day of her birthday, she met Swiss clarinetist <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Favre" title="Gilbert Favre">Gilbert Favre</a> with whom she became romantically involved. In 1961, she traveled to Buenos Aires, Argentina, where she exhibited her paintings, appeared on TV, gave recitals at the Teatro IFT, and recorded an album of original songs for EMI Odeon – which was banned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_trip_to_Europe">Second trip to Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second trip to Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1962 she returned to Santiago. With her children Isabel and Angel, and her granddaughter Tita, she embarked, with the Chilean delegation, for Finland to participate in the 8th "World Festival of Youth and Students" held in Helsinki. After touring the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy and France, Violeta Parra moved to Paris, where she performed at La Candelaria and L'Escale, in the Latin Quarter, gave recitals at the "Théâtre Des Nations" of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and performed on radio and television with her children. </p><p>She then started living with Gilbert Favre in Geneva, dividing her time between France and Switzerland, where she also gave concerts, appeared in TV and exhibited her art. </p><p>In 1963, she recorded in Paris revolutionary and peasant songs, which would be published in 1971 under the title <i>Songs rediscovered in Paris</i>. She wrote the book <i>Popular Poetry of the Andes</i>. The Parras took part in the concert of "<a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a>" (official newspaper of the French Communist Party). An Argentine musician friend recorded at her home a version of "El Gavilán" ("The Hawk"), interpreted by Violeta Parra accompanied by her granddaughter on percussion. Violeta accompanied her children in the LP <i>Los Parra de Chillán</i> for the <a href="/wiki/Barclay_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay Records">Barclay</a> label. She began playing the <a href="/wiki/Cuatro_(instrument)" title="Cuatro (instrument)">cuatro</a>, an instrument of Venezuelan origin, and the <a href="/wiki/Charango" title="Charango">charango</a>, an instrument of Bolivian origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_South_America">Return to South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return to South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parra returned to South America with Gilbert Favre, in June 1965.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Violeta recorded two 45s, one with her daughter Isabel and another to instrumental music for cuatro and quena with Gilbert Favre, whom she christened "El Tocador Afuerino" (The outsider musician). Her music now incorporated the Venezuelan cuatro and the Bolivian charango. EMI Odeon circulated the LP <i>Remembering Chile (a Chilean in Paris)</i>, whose cover was illustrated with her own arpilleras. Soon after, however, Favre and Parra separated, provoked by his desire to live in Bolivia where he was part of a successful Bolivian music act, <a href="/wiki/Los_Jairas" title="Los Jairas">Los Jairas</a>. </p><p>Parra's energy was invested in reviving a version of the <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1a_(music)" title="Peña (music)">Peña</a> (now known as "La Peña de Los Parra"), a community center for the arts and for political activism. Parra's Peña was a tent (somewhat similar looking to a circus tent) that she set up on a 30 x 30-meter piece of land in the Parque La Quintrala, at number 340 Carmen Street, in today's La Reina municipality of Santiago, in the area once known as la Cañada. Her tent hosted musical spectacles where she often sang with her children, and she and her children also lived on the same land. In La Reina, at La Cañada 7200, she also established a cultural center called "La Carpa de la Reina" inaugurated on 17 December 1965. She also installed a folk peña in the International Fair of Santiago (FISA), where she was invited. On the same year, she participated in numerous national television programs and signed a contract with Radio Minería which would be the last radio station to be used as a platform for her work. </p><p>Under the EMI Odeón label, she released the LP <i>La Carpa de La Reina</i> in 1966, featuring three songs performed by Violeta Parra and nine by guest artists announced at the carpa by Violeta herself. She travelled to <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> to meet with Gilbert Favre, where she regularly appeared in the Peña Naira. She came back to Chile with <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> groups, presenting them in her carpa, on television, and in her children's Peña. She also performed in concert at the Chilean southern cities of <a href="/wiki/Osorno,_Chile" title="Osorno, Chile">Osorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punta_Arenas" title="Punta Arenas">Punta Arenas</a>, invited by René Largo Farias, under the "Chile Ríe y Canta" ("Chile Laughs and Sings") program. Accompanied by her children and Uruguayan Alberto Zapicán, she recorded for <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a> the LP <i>The Last Compositions of Violeta Parra</i>. In that year, Favre returned briefly to Chile with his group, but declined to stay, because in the meantime he had married in Bolivia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Gracias_a_la_vida""><span id=".22Gracias_a_la_vida.22"></span>"Gracias a la vida"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "Gracias a la vida""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parra01f.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Parra01f.PNG/220px-Parra01f.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Parra01f.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Parra in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>Parra composed "<a href="/wiki/Gracias_a_la_vida" title="Gracias a la vida">Gracias a la vida</a>" in <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> in 1966. In 1971 the song was popularized throughout Latin America by <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Sosa" title="Mercedes Sosa">Mercedes Sosa</a>, and later in Brazil by <a href="/wiki/Elis_Regina" title="Elis Regina">Elis Regina</a> and in the US by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a>. It remains one of the most covered Latin American songs in history. Other covers of the folk anthem include the Italian guitar-vocal solo of Adriana Mezzadri and La Oreja de Van Gogh at the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B1a_del_Mar_International_Song_Festival" title="Viña del Mar International Song Festival">Viña del Mar International Song Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been treated by classically trained musicians such as in the fully orchestrated rendition by conservatory-trained <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Cortez" title="Alberto Cortez">Alberto Cortez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song was re-recorded by several Latin artists, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9" title="Michael Bublé">Michael Bublé</a> to gather funds for the Chilean people affected by the earthquake in Chile, February 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and American singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves" title="Kacey Musgraves">Kacey Musgraves</a> from her fifth studio album <a href="/wiki/Star-Crossed_(album)" title="Star-Crossed (album)">Star-Crossed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It opens with a very common shift between A minor and E major chords, then it goes to G7-C/C7 before returning to the Am/E motif.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Gracias a la vida" was written and recorded in 1964–65,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following Parra's separation from her long-term partner. It was released in <i>Las Últimas Composiciones</i> (1966), the last album Parra published before taking her life in 1967. </p><p>Parra's lyrics are ambiguous at first: the song may be read as a romantic celebration of life and individual experience,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the circumstances surrounding the song suggest that Parra also intended the song as a sort of suicide note, thanking life for all it has given her. It may be read as ironic, pointing out that a life full of good health, opportunity and worldly experience may not offer any consolation to grief and the contradictory nature of the human condition.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Gracias a la vida que me ha dado tanto</i></dd> <dd><i>Me dio dos luceros que cuando los abro</i></dd> <dd><i>Perfecto distingo lo negro del blanco</i></dd> <dd><i>Y en el alto cielo su fondo estrellado</i></dd> <dd><i>Y en las multitudes el hombre que yo amo</i></dd></dl> <p>Translated into English: </p> <dl><dd><i>Thanks to life, which has given me so much</i></dd> <dd><i>It gave me two bright stars that when I open them,</i></dd> <dd><i>I perfectly distinguish the black from white</i></dd> <dd><i>And in the sky above, her starry backdrop</i></dd> <dd><i>And within the multitudes the man I love</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Volver_a_los_Diecisiete""><span id=".22Volver_a_los_Diecisiete.22"></span>"Volver a los Diecisiete"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "Volver a los Diecisiete""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another highly regarded song – the last she wrote – is "Volver a los Diecisiete" ("Being Seventeen Again"). It celebrates the themes of youthful life, in tragic contrast to her biography.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike much popular music, it moves through minor key progression creating an introspective if not melancholy mood and thus has lent itself to classical treatment as well as popular music. </p><p>Parra's music is deeply rooted in folk song traditions, as she was considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_canci%C3%B3n" title="Nueva canción">Nueva Canción</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her involvement was as a forerunner in the 1950s and increasing the popularity of folk music.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_career">Artistic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Artistic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Parra's travels collecting musical traditions, she also collected artistic practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She developed a serious interest in ceramics, painting and <a href="/wiki/Arpillera" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpillera">arpillera</a> embroidery. As a result of severe hepatitis in 1959 that forced her to stay in bed, her work as a painter and arpillerista was developed greatly, so much so that that same year, she exhibited her oil paintings and arpilleras at both the First and Second Outdoor Exhibition of Fine Arts in Santiago's Parque Forestal. </p><p>In April 1964 she did an exhibition of her arpilleras, oil paintings and wire sculptures in the Museum of Decorative Arts of <a href="/wiki/The_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Louvre">the Louvre</a> – the first solo exhibition of a Latin American artist at the museum. In 1965, the publisher François Maspero, Paris, published her book <i>Poésie Populaire des Andes</i>. In Geneva, Swiss television made a documentary about the artist and her work, <i>Violeta Parra, Chilean Embroiderer</i>. </p><p>Many of her art works center around folk tales and the oral histories she collected in her efforts to preserve them.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include her paintings, <i>Las tres pascualas, Casamiento de negros,</i> and <i>Machitún.</i> Each of these paintings are inspired by Chilean folk tales and all are oil paint on wood.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her painting style is simplistic; Parra avoided realism to allow the stories, themes, and context of the paintings to come through without distractions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934, she met Luis Cereceda, a railway driver. They got married in 1938, and Parra took time away from her musical career to start a family.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two children, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Parra" title="Isabel Parra">Isabel</a> (born 1939) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Parra_(singer-songwriter)" title="Ángel Parra (singer-songwriter)">Ángel</a> (born 1943). Her husband was an avid supporter of the Chilean Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They both became involved in the progressive movement and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Chile" title="Communist Party of Chile">Communist Party of Chile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking part in the presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Videla" title="Gabriel González Videla">Gabriel González Videla</a> in 1944.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They also supported the first-left wing president in Chilean history, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Aguirre_Cerda" title="Pedro Aguirre Cerda">Pedro Aguirre Cerda's</a> political campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 10 years of marriage, in 1948, Parra and Luis Cerceda separated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Parra then met and married Luis Arce in 1949, and their daughter, Carmen Luisa, was born the same year. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their second child, Rosita Clara was born in 1952, but later died in 1955 while Parra was in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967 Parra died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several memorials were held after her death, both in Chile and abroad. She was an inspiration for several Latin-American artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Victor_Jara" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Jara">Victor Jara</a> and the musical movement of the "Nueva Cancion Chilena", which renewed interest in Chilean folklore. </p><p>In 1992, the Violeta Parra Foundation was founded at the initiative of her children, with the aim to group, organize and disseminate her still-unpublished work. Rodolfo Braceli's book <i>Y Ahora, la Resucitada de la Violenta Violeta</i> was adapted into a play called <i>Violeta Viene a Nacer</i>, starring Argentinian actress Virginia Lago in 1993 and 1994. In 1997, with the participation of Violeta Parra Foundation and the Department of Cultural Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile, her visual work was exhibited in the Museum of Decorative Arts of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, Paris. </p><p>In 2007, the 90th anniversary of her birth was commemorated with an exhibition of her visual work at the <a href="/wiki/Centro_Cultural_Palacio_La_Moneda" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro Cultural Palacio La Moneda">Centro Cultural Palacio La Moneda</a> and the release of a collection of her art work titled, "Visual Work of Violeta Parra".<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4 October 2015 marked the inauguration of the Violeta Parra Museum (Museo Violeta Parra) in Santiago, Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-museovioletaparra.cl_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museovioletaparra.cl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 October 2017, Google celebrated her 100th birthday with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film">Film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Violeta_Went_to_Heaven" title="Violeta Went to Heaven">Violeta Went to Heaven</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Spanish: <i>Violeta se fue a los cielos</i>) is a 2011 Chilean biopic about Parra, directed by Andrés Wood. The film is based on a biography of the same name, written by Ángel Parra, Violeta's son with Luis Cereceda Arenas. Parra collaborated on the film. The film was selected as the Chilean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the <a href="/wiki/84th_Academy_Awards" title="84th Academy Awards">84th Academy Awards</a>, but it did not make the final shortlist. The film won <a href="/wiki/Sundance_film_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundance film festival">Sundance</a>'s 2012 World Cinema Dramatic Jury Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Discography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studio_albums">Studio albums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Studio albums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Chants et danses du chili Vol. 1</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>Chants et danses du chili. Vol. 2</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>Violeta Parra, Canto y guitarra. El Folklore de Chile, Vol. I</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>Violeta Parra, acompañada de guitarra. El Folklore de Chile, Vol. II</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>La cueca presentada por Violeta Parra: El Folklore de Chile, Vol. III.</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>La tonada presentada por Violeta Parra: El Folklore de Chile, Vol. IV.</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>Toda Violeta Parra: El Folklore de Chile, Vol. VIII</i> (1960)</li> <li><i>Violeta Parra, guitare et chant: Chants et danses du Chili.</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Recordandeo a Chile (Una Chilena en París).</i> (1965)</li> <li><i>Carpa de la Reina</i> (1966)</li> <li><i>Las últimas composiciones de Violeta Parra</i> (1967)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_discography">Posthumous discography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Posthumous discography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Violeta Parra y sus canciones reencontradas en París</i> (1971)</li> <li><i>Canciones de Violeta Parra</i> (1971)</li> <li><i>Le Chili de Violeta Parra</i> (1974)</li> <li><i>Un río de sangre</i> (1975)</li> <li><i>Presente / Ausente</i> (1975)</li> <li><i>Décimas</i> (1976)</li> <li><i>Chants & rythmes du Chili </i> (1991)</li> <li><i>El hombre con su razón</i> (1992)</li> <li><i>Décimas y Centésimas</i> (1993)</li> <li><i>El folklore y la pasión</i> (1994)</li> <li><i>Haciendo Historia: La jardinera y su canto</i> (1997)</li> <li><i>Violeta Parra: Antología</i> (1998)</li> <li><i>Canciones reencontradas en París</i> (1999)</li> <li><i>Composiciones para guitarra</i> (1999)</li> <li><i>Violeta Parra – En Ginebra, En Vivo, 1965</i> (1999)</li> <li><i>Violeta Parra: Cantos Campesinos</i> (1999)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Verba, Erikca: <i>Thanks to Life: A Biography of Violeta Parra</i>. University of North Carolina Press, 2025</li> <li>Alcalde, Alfonso: <i>Toda Violeta Parra</i> (biography plus anthology of songs and poems) Ediciones de la Flor. Buenos Aires 1974</li> <li>Dillon, Lorna. <i>Violeta Parra: Life and Work</i>. Woodbridge: Tamesis, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31446206/Violeta_Parra_Life_and_Work/">Academia.edu Violeta Parra life and work </a></li> <li>Dillon, Lorna. "Religion and the Angel's Wake Tradition in Violeta Parra's Art and Lyrics" <i>Taller de letras</i> 59 (2016):91–109. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31446404/">Academia.eu</a></li> <li>Dillon, Lorna. "Defiant Art: The Feminist Dialectic of Violeta Parra’s Arpilleras." In <i>Identity, Nation, Discourse: Latin American Women Writers and Artists</i>, edited by Claire Taylor, 53–66. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.</li> <li>Escobar-Mundaca, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s7E_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">'<i>I Don’t Play the Guitar for Applause</i>: Turning the World Upside Down', in Vilches, P., <i>Mapping Violeta Parra’s Cultural Landscapes,</i> Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.</a></li> <li>Escobar-Mundaca, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/84983/"><i>Translating Poetics: Analysing the Connections Between Violeta Parra's Music, Poetry and Art.</i> PhD thesis, The University of Sussex.</a> 2019.</li> <li>Escobar-Mundaca, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/33027/"><i>Violeta Parra, una aproximación a la creación interdisciplinaria</i></a>. Master Thesis. Universitat de Barcelona: Spain, 2012</li> <li>Kerschen, Karen. <i>Violeta Parra: By the Whim of the Wind</i>. Albuquerque, NM: ABQ Press, 2010.</li> <li>MANNS, Patricio. <i>Violeta Parra</i>. Madrid: Júcar, 1978; 2ª ed. 1984</li> <li>PARRA, Ángel. <i>Violeta se fue a los cielos</i>. Santiago de Chile: Catalonia, 2006</li> <li>PARRA, Eduardo. <i>Mi hermana Violeta Parra</i>. Su vida y su obra en décimas. Santiago de Chile: <a href="/wiki/LOM_Ediciones" title="LOM Ediciones">LOM Ediciones</a>, 1998.</li> <li>PARRA, Isabel. <i>El libro mayor de Violeta Parra</i>. Madrid: Michay, 1985.</li> <li>PARRA, Violeta. <i>Violeta Parra, Composiciones para guitarra</i>. Eds. CONCHA, Olivia;</li> <li>Moreno, Albrecht: "Violeta Parra and 'La Nueva Canción Chilena." <i>Studies in Latin American Popular Culture</i> 5 (1986): 108–26.</li> <li>SUBERCASEAUX, Bernardo y LONDOÑO, Jaime. <i>Gracias A La Vida. Violeta Parra, testimonio</i>. Buenos Aires: Galerna, 1976</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlejandro2012" class="citation journal cs1">Alejandro, Escobar Mundaca (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/33027">"Violeta Parra, una aproximación a la creación interdisciplinaria"</a>. <i>Màster Oficial - Música Com a Art Interdisciplinària</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Indie Wire<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sundance+Winner+%27Violeta+Went+to+Heaven%27+Goes+to+Kino+Lorber+%5BTrailer%5D&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2012%2F08%2Fsundance-winner-violeta-went-to-heaven-goes-to-kino-lorber-trailer-240312%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVioleta+Parra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violeta_Parra&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poeticous.com/violeta-parra">Songs, poems, and videos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancioneros.com/ct/4/0/violeta-parra">Discography and lyrics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051227222708/http://www.lajiribilla.cu/musica/grammy/issacgraciasalavida.rm">Issac 2001 Triptych version of <i>Gracias A la Vida</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7943993">Violeta Parra</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museovioletaparra.cl">Violeta Parra Museum</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/artist/Violeta+Parra/-Releases/-Singles-EPs">"Violeta Parra"</a>. <i>Discogs.com</i>.</cite><span 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.navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox navbox-musical-artist" aria-labelledby="Violeta_Parra" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Violeta_Parra" title="Template:Violeta Parra"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Violeta_Parra" title="Template talk:Violeta Parra"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violeta_Parra" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Violeta Parra"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Violeta_Parra" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Violeta Parra</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Jardinera" title="La Jardinera">La Jardinera</a>" (1954)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Que_Pena_Siente_el_Alma" title="Que Pena Siente el Alma">Que Pena Siente el Alma</a>" (1955)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arauco_Tiene_Una_Pena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arauco Tiene Una Pena (page does not exist)">Arauco Tiene Una Pena</a>" (1962)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gracias_a_la_Vida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracias a la Vida">Gracias a la Vida</a>" (1966)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Run-Run_Se_Fue_P%27al_Norte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Run-Run Se Fue P'al Norte (page does not exist)">Run-Run Se Fue P'al Norte</a>" (1966)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Volver_a_los_Diecisiete" title="Volver a los Diecisiete">Volver a los Diecisiete</a>" (1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chants_et_Danses_du_Chili_I" title="Chants et Danses du Chili I">Chants et Danses du Chili I</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chants_et_Danses_du_Chili_II" title="Chants et Danses du Chili II">Chants et Danses du Chili II</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canto_y_guitarra" title="Canto y guitarra">Canto y guitarra</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_folklore_de_Chile_Volumen_2" title="El folklore de Chile Volumen 2">El folklore de Chile Volumen 2</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_cueca_presentada_por_Violeta_Parra" title="La cueca presentada por Violeta Parra">La cueca presentada por Violeta Parra</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonadas_(Violeta_Parra_album)" title="Tonadas (Violeta Parra album)">Tonadas</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toda_Violeta_Parra:_El_folklore_de_Chile_Vol._VIII" title="Toda Violeta Parra: El folklore de Chile Vol. VIII">Toda Violeta Parra: El folklore de Chile Vol. VIII</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_folklore_de_Chile_seg%C3%BAn_Violeta_Parra" title="El folklore de Chile según Violeta Parra">El folklore de Chile según Violeta Parra</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Recordando_a_Chile" title="Recordando a Chile">Recordando a Chile</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpa_de_La_Reina" title="Carpa de La Reina">Carpa de La Reina</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Las_%C3%BAltimas_composiciones" title="Las últimas composiciones">Las últimas composiciones</a></i> (1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Canci%C3%B3n_Chilena" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva Canción Chilena">Nueva Canción Chilena</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homenaje_a_Violeta_Parra" title="Homenaje a Violeta Parra">Homenaje a Violeta Parra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violeta_Went_to_Heaven" title="Violeta Went to Heaven">Violeta Went to Heaven</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parra_family" title="Parra family">Parra family</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cardo_o_ceniza" title="Cardo o ceniza">Cardo o ceniza</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230499#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230499#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230499#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081692678">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/98832002">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/39039/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjt9HVjC7RqHTPvdbQ8YP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118789732">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79077233">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134789395">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134789395">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00472764">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35410123">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0080180&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1061145">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1199091">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p075190281">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90816748">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000342075&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000103654&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000040499">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000050637">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020P5299">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvz20d20cjf2jb">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547961705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007401992305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000198373">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058617355606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01910190?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500621566">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/bb92cd9f-0446-42bb-adc7-b6f7c5bea2e3">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/316132">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/942679">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118789732">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028866266">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66x73j2">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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