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37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;padding:0;margin-top:-0.25rem;width:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:0.5rem;margin-right:0.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:1rem;}}.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:2.0625rem;vertical-align:middle;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 25.625rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (max-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{padding:0 0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;max-width:7rem;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 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off;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;position:relative;display:block;top:0;left:0;z-index:1;padding:1rem;background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #8A8C8E;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;margin:auto;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink:focus{position:absolute;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:100%;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-right:3rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{padding-right:0;}}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList >li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;min-width:2.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;text-align:left;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-5fw2ee-AccountComponentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;min-width:inherit;width:inherit;}.ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:left;display:inline-block;position:absolute;}html.no-js .ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{display:none;}.ssrcss-n7m3zs-StyledLoadingPlaceholderWrapper{min-width:inherit;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:100%;}.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{display:inline-block;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;border-radius:50%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-82dxfl-Skeleton-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderText{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;width:100%;border-radius:5%;height:0.875rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;box-sizing:border-box;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;min-width:1.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;text-align:center;margin-right:0.3125rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0071F1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.625rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}html.no-js .ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:inherit;margin-right:0;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:8.5rem;text-align:left;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:2rem;height:2rem;vertical-align:-0.6875rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;vertical-align:-0.5625rem;}}.ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;fill:currentcolor;}.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:block;border-left:0.0625rem solid #E6E8EA;height:1.5rem;margin-top:1rem;}}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(8){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;margin-left:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct#more-menu-button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;max-width:3rem;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;min-width:1.25rem;margin-top:-0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{margin-top:0;min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media ( min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{width:2rem;}}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.25rem;height:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper>svg{vertical-align:0.1875rem;}}.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;padding-left:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{padding-left:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;width:1.5rem;height:1.375rem;vertical-align:-0.5em;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;background:none;min-width:1.25rem;text-align:center;margin-top:-0.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:3rem;width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{background:#E6E8EA;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:1rem;padding:0.75rem 0.625rem;margin-left:0.5rem;min-width:11.25rem;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{display:none;}}.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.625rem;height:1.625rem;vertical-align:middle;color:#000000;width:1.75rem;height:1.8125rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1.375rem;height:1.375rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1rem;height:1rem;vertical-align:-0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{padding-left:0.5rem;color:#000000;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media ( min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer{overflow:hidden;visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-property:max-height,height;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);transition-delay:0s,0s,0.4s;transition-duration:0.4s,0.4s,0s;transition-property:max-height,height,display;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-duration:0.2s,0.2s,0s;}}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer:focus{outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu{height:0;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{visibility:visible;display:block;height:auto;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:28rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:8.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}.ssrcss-1obp207-MenuWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En:focus{outline:none;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-basis:50%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:50%;flex-basis:50%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{-webkit-flex-basis:auto;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;}}@supports (display: grid){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:grid;grid-gap:0 0.5rem;gap:0 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(7.5rem, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{min-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li{padding-right:1.25rem;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:none;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:1.75rem;margin:0.25rem 0;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:3.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem:focus>*::after,.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#141414;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 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1);}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#482878;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#002856;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#149EDC;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 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18.75rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1ejv6c9-CloseButtonWrapper{margin-top:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' 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on;background:#963CE1;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-12x0ma7-ContentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-kpltdl-LogoWrapper{margin:0.25rem 0;}.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:auto;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none),(-ms-high-contrast: active){.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{width:100%;}}.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{display:block;padding:calc(0.75rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.625rem;fill:currentcolor;max-width:10rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(0.875rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.75rem;max-width:15.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(1rem - 0.25rem) 0;max-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1wzssl9-Navigation{border-top:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;}}html.no-js .ssrcss-1j9vurq-MainNavBarContainer{border-bottom:0.25rem solid #FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-qkzcfe-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#E6E8EA;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-qkzcfe-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}}.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;}.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 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on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:relative;padding:0.5rem;cursor:pointer;color:#141414;background-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-1gmyfek-StyledToggle{background-color:#E6E8EA;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1gmyfek-StyledToggle{min-height:3.375rem;}}.ssrcss-1m4972l-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1rem;height:1rem;margin-right:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:block;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{margin-left:-0.5rem;margin-right:-0.5rem;padding:0.5rem 0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{background-color:transparent;display:block;padding:0;margin:0;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}}}.ssrcss-1dxpp32-StyledMenuList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1dxpp32-StyledMenuList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;left:-1rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-1dxpp32-StyledMenuList{-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;}}}.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;position:relative;break-inside:avoid;margin:0;padding:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{-webkit-flex:none;-ms-flex:none;flex:none;}}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink{box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.25rem 0 0.25rem 0.5rem;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;min-height:3.375rem;}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:focus{background-color:#F6F6F6;}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid 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Bitesize</span></a></li></ol></div></nav></div></div><div data-testid="grid-wrapper" aria-live="polite" class="ssrcss-o09sa2-ArticleGridWrapper e107fkov1"><div spacing="7" class="ssrcss-6fqtmn-Stack e1y4nx260"><section id="gridBlock-0" data-stack-active="true" class="ssrcss-guw00x-SectionWrapper enh46943"><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div style="height:0;overflow:hidden;width:100%"></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div data-menu-item-id="zj2v46f"><div data-component="menu-heading-block" class="ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper e1okin9t0"><h2 id="zj2v46f">Podcasts from BBC Bitesize and BBC Sounds</h2></div></div></div><div data-layout="column" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="promo-block" class="ssrcss-1nq6mya-PromoComponentWrapper ew77c5b0"><div data-testid="promo" class="ssrcss-z8joxs-Promo e1vyq2e80"><div class="ssrcss-6kxrmq-PromoPortrait et3mn3r0"><div class="ssrcss-1v1new6-PromoContent exn3ah99"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/search?q=bitesize" class="ssrcss-zozr5j-PromoLink exn3ah91"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-tgq6pp-PromoHeadline exn3ah96"><span aria-hidden="false">Listen to Bitesize podcasts on BBC Sounds</span></p></span></a></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer en81kx34"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner en81kx32"><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper en81kx33"><img alt="Listen to Bitesize podcasts on BBC Sounds" sizes="(min-width: 1008px) 1280px, (min-width: 600px) 624px, (min-width: 320px) 320px" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0fc8kvy.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0fc8kvy.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0fc8kvy.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0fc8kvy.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/624xn/p0fc8kvy.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0fc8kvy.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/976xn/p0fc8kvy.jpg 976w" class="ssrcss-12x2rbi-Image edrdn950"/></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>Bitesize and BBC Sounds have teamed up to help you revise core <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0f9sz0d" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">GCSE Biology</a>, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0hcsc8r" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">GCSE Chemistry</a> and <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0h7s4v2" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">GCSE Physics</a> topics as well as <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0f9sz77" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">GCSE English Literature</a> set texts and poetry with our Bitesize podcasts. You can also get tips and advice with our <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0f9dmn5" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Study Support</a> podcasts to help your revision feel more manageable.</p><p><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/search?q=bitesize" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">BBC Sounds</a> is where you can catch the latest music tracks, discover binge-worthy podcasts or listen to live radio, all in one place.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div data-menu-item-id="zyxgjfr"><div data-component="menu-heading-block" class="ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper e1okin9t0"><h3 id="zyxgjfr">Why not try a revision podcast episode?</h3></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>Listen to an episode from one of our revision podcasts series here. You can find the full series on <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/search?q=bitesize" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">BBC Sounds</a>.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="column" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><figure data-component="audio-block" class="ssrcss-quwkth-ComponentWrapper e15ii8li2"><div data-chromatic="ignore" class="ssrcss-dtyrnv-MediaPlayerWrapper e1h75hkw4"><div data-testid="media-player-container-landscape" class="ssrcss-aaorng-MediaContainer e1h75hkw3"><div class="ssrcss-199fzb3-MediaInner e1h75hkw2"><div data-testid="bbc-logo-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1twt4cc-LogoIconWrapper e1h75hkw0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 112 32" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M111.99999,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,32.0000444 L79.9999905,32.0000444 L79.9999905,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,4.44444577e-05 Z M72.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 L72.0000119,32 L40.0000119,32 L40.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 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M15.4125601,9.92028073 C17.3541163,9.92028073 18.3252277,10.6338365 18.3252277,12.0600591 C18.3252277,12.7988371 18.0762276,13.373504 17.5786719,13.7846152 C17.0807829,14.1960598 16.3587826,14.4013932 15.4125601,14.4013932 L15.4125601,14.4013932 L12.6468927,14.4013932 L12.6468927,9.92028073 Z"></path></svg></div></div></div><noscript><div class="ssrcss-1hilbxj-ErrorMessage eitf6462"><div class="ssrcss-1b7cqa9-StyledInnerContainer eitf6461"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This video can not be played</p><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-1k20pxf-Heading e10rt3ze0">To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser.</h2></div></div></noscript></div><figcaption><p data-testid="caption" class="ssrcss-t5imwz-Caption e15ii8li1">Jean and Carl explore the themes of Shakespeare's Macbeth.</p></figcaption><div data-testid="transcript" class="ssrcss-14r4yn0-Transcript e15ii8li0"><div class="ssrcss-gnpqll-Accordion e1uomnyt7"><div spacing="0" class="ssrcss-14xrj8w-Stack e1y4nx260"><section><h3 class="ssrcss-gtnys8-StyledAccordionHandle e1uomnyt3"><button width="full" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-1bn3i7g-Button eoocusk1"><div class="ssrcss-1hyyj5j-TitleAndAdditionalTextWrapper e1uomnyt0"><span data-js-text="true" class="ssrcss-6m6lw7-AccordionHandleTitle e1uomnyt6">Audio Transcript</span><span hidden="" data-no-js-text="true" class="ssrcss-6m6lw7-AccordionHandleTitle e1uomnyt6">Audio Transcript</span></div><span class="ssrcss-1w60dg5-IconWrapper e1uomnyt5"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6z"></path></svg></span></button></h3><div hidden="" class="ssrcss-1e389rh-AccordionDrawerWrapper e1uomnyt2"><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Hello, and welcome to the Bitesize English literature podcast.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> I'm Jean Menzies, author and ancient historian.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> I'm Carl Anka, journalist and author.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> We're here today to help you dive a little deeper into some of the texts in GCSE English literature.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> It's worth noting that there will be spoilers in this as we look into each text as a whole. So if you're not quite finished reading, or you're not quite ready for spoilers, just come back later.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> There's plenty here to get your teeth stuck into.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Now, you've clearly done something right, because you've made it here. If you want to hear all the episodes in this podcast, make sure you download the BBC sounds app.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> And don't forget that whilst you're in the BBC sounds app, there's loads of other things you can use to help you with your revision – full versions of some of the texts you might be studying, revision playlists, and other Bitesize podcast series to help with different subjects. In this series, we'll be covering some of the key things you need to know about Macbeth: the plot, the characters, the themes, and the language Shakespeare uses.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> In this episode, we're going to look at the plot of Macbeth and I'm going to tell you something now Jean - Macbeth is my text. This is one of my favourites and I'm very excited to take a closer look at some of these key moments. Is it weird to say Macbeth is one of my favourites?</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> Absolutely not - there is so much to keep you hooked in this play. I completely get it.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Let's get into this one then.</p><p><em>EXTRACT</em><br/><strong>Macbeth:</strong> Speak, if you can: what are you?<br/><strong>First Witch:</strong> All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Glamis.<br/><strong>Second Witch:</strong> All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Cawdor.<br/><strong>Third Witch:</strong> All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter.<br/><strong>Banquo:</strong> Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear things that do sound so fair?</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Right, we've stepped inside the story. And straight into Act 1 scene 3, where Macbeth has encountered three witches for the very first time. Now, Macbeth is the Thane of Glamis. And I should probably say at this point in time that a thane is a nobleman who owns land that's been given to him by the king in exchange for his military services. Macbeth is on his way home from a battle with his best friend Banquo, where they've been successful against the Norwegians. Macbeth in particular has played a huge role in that success. He’s killed someone. He chopped him from his chin down to his belly button. So yeah, very early on, we find out Macbeth is a good fighter - big, strong lad. And on the way back with him and Banquo they meet the three witches who predict a number of things, including that Macbeth will one day become the King of Scotland.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> I mean, seriously, what would you do? You're heading home today and three witches stop you and tell you that one of your greatest dreams is going to come true. I mean, you think they were trying to wind you up, wouldn't you?</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Yeah, it would be my first thing. But then the witches tell them a number of things. They first greet him as the Thane of Glamis, which is what he already is. And then they predict he's going to be the Thane of Cawdor, and then they say he’s gonna be the King of Scotland afterwards. They also tell him that the sons of Banquo will be king one day as well, which is interesting. He doesn't think any of these predictions will come true. The first one comes true, like that - pretty much the moment he gets home, he finds that he's gonna be made the Thane of Cawdor when King Duncan awards it to him for his victory in the battle. So then Macbeth, the cogs start turning, Macbeth begins to wonder if the other predictions will become true.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> And Macbeth is an ambitious man. So for this to feel like a possibility must be really exciting for him.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Macbeth’s wife, who is referred to as Lady Macbeth, is even more ambitious and ruthless than Macbeth is. So, once when Macbeth tells her about the witches’ prophecy, Lady Macbeth is fully on board with the plan for Macbeth to become king, which also includes a little spot of murder. She says, you know, maybe you should murder Duncan, when Duncan comes around to visit Macbeth in Macbeth’s castle.</p><p><em>EXTRACT</em><br/><strong>Macbeth:</strong> Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> You can’t discuss the plot of Macbeth without hearing this line - “Is this a dagger which I see before me”, one of the most famous lines of the play, and of Shakespeare's actually.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> This is just at the point where Macbeth is on his way to do the deed and murder Duncan, when he sees a dagger pointing him in the direction of the king. We don't know if it's a hallucination, but moments after saying this Macbeth takes his own dagger from his belt and commits the deed. He murders Duncan. He hesitates just before he does it, but Lady Macbeth is very encouraging saying they have to go through with their plan.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> Such a supportive spouse.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Of sorts…</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> So it's Macduff who finds Duncan murdered but Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are able to use the king's guard as a cover for their crime. Meanwhile, Duncan’s sons disappear as they're scared for their lives, which means…</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Dun dun dun dun dun. Macbeth becomes the King of Scotland, just like the witches said he would.</p><p><em>EXTRACT</em><br/><strong>Banquo:</strong> Thou hast it now: King, Cawdor, Glamis, all,<br/>As the weird women promised, and I fear <br/>Thou play'dst most foully for 't.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> That extract that we just heard there - that is Banquo, Macbeth's best mate. He was there the day the witches told Macbeth about the prophecy, and he knows that everything isn't as what it seems.</p><p><em>EXTRACT</em><br/><strong>Banquo:</strong> And I fear Thou play'dst most foully for 't.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Now, what does that mean? You may have heard the term foul play. That is a sentence that is all about violence and murder in certain crimes. Banquo is suggesting that he's suspicious about Macbeth’s involvement in the death of King Duncan. Now, we, the audience and the reader, know that Banquo's suspicions are correct. Macbeth did do a murder - Banquo's not totally sure. And then Macbeth decides something needs to be done about it.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> He does another murder, obviously, because killing people is clearly what he does now.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Yeah. The first Macbeth that you meet when the play starts, Macbeth did murders but he was doing it in service of his king in battle. And this was described as noble, and to help his country of Scotland. But now, as things progress and Duncan has been murdered, and now that Banquo has been murdered, Macbeth is entirely self-serving. He's using violence and murder to push himself forward and to put others down. The whole play of Macbeth is about how ambition and the love of power can destroy someone and those around him. Right? This is something we're hearing unfolding every single scene. Banquo was Macbeth’s best friend. But Macbeth turns against him, because Macbeth’s need for power and the need to protect his own power warps him. And there's also Lady Macbeth, who helps convince him again and again that these deadly decisions are the right things to do.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> And he has changed and started committing these acts of absolute evil since he heard the witches’ prophecy. But there's reasons to think that there could be guilt there, too. I mean, one of the interpretations is that he feels so guilty that he actually sees the ghost of Banquo later on. And because he's the only one who can see him, those around him start to wonder if he's imagining it, including Lady Macbeth.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> There's a decent argument to be made that he doesn't actually feel guilty at all. And that he’s driven as a consequence of his sin of killing the king. People in the Jacobean era, which is the era between 1603 and 1625, believe that what behaviour was going on was punishment for Macbeth’s sin.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> Either way, the witches have a lot to answer for, but Macbeth wants to know more from them.</p><p><em>EXTRACT</em><br/><strong>Witches:</strong> Double, double toil and trouble. Fire burn and caldron bubble.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> And there's the other famous line: “Double, double toil and trouble, fire burn and cauldron bubble.” I love this line, so so much. It's the one that a lot of people quote when you say, “Oh, I'm studying Macbeth.”</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> I'm not even sure everyone remembers it's from Macbeth. I mean, why would you, it's in so many other pieces of pop culture as well, but that is where it comes from. It's just a really popular line now that's synonymous with witches and spells. So Macbeth has come back to see the witches here, and they tell him three things. Beware Macduff, the Thane of Fife. None of woman born shall harm Macbeth. And Macbeth shall never vanquished be, until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Now these are slightly more complex prophecies than the first batch. Especially because two and three are supposed to be logically and physically impossible. None of woman born can harm him and a forest physically moving location, so it can hurt Macbeth makes Macbeth feel safe. Well, those things certainly can’t happen. I'm absolutely cushty. But it's the first prophecy. Beware Macduff - that comes true quite quickly, because Macbeth finds out that Macduff, Thane of Fife, has gone to join Malcolm who is Duncan’s son, in England. So what'd you think Macbeth is gonna do about this prophecy?</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> Yep, you've got it. He does a murder. He seizes Macduff’s castle and has his wife and children killed. This in particular feels as if it's the most brutal murder up until this point in the play. But that does not prove to be a smart move, because Macduff is quite obviously devastated, and therefore vows to have revenge.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> That's the thing about Macbeth. There is so much going on all the time.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> Yeah, it really all is happening. And there's still a lot more to come. Because we haven't heard from Lady Macbeth for a while. That's because her own guilt has actually started to take its toll on her and she's sleepwalking around the castle, remembering all the evil things she's done.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> Although that's the same thing we said about Macbeth. Some Jacobeans will believe that guilt is happening to Lady Macbeth. And some believe that this is insanity happening to Lady Macbeth as well.</p><p><em>EXTRACT</em><br/><strong>Lady Macbeth:</strong> Out, damned spot; out, I say!</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> So that we just heard now, “Out, damned spot” - that is one of the most famous speeches from Lady Macbeth. It's Lady Macbeth referring to imaginary blood that she can see on her hands. She can't get away from the guilt and responsibility for all the deaths that have occurred, and she's having a breakdown. In Act 5, the final act of the play, Macbeth finds out that Lady Macbeth has died. It’s never fully explained how or why Lady Macbeth died. And Macbeth himself seems pretty resigned, uninterested. There is a small suggestion that Lady Macbeth may have taken her own life. And it's also some suggestion that basically, Macbeth doesn't care anymore. It is the tragic downfall, so we began this play with so much determination. But we know that Macbeth is all about ambition. And we know how love of power that motivated Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in the beginning is detrimental to both of them in the end.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> Act 5 scene 6 - Malcolm and Macduff’s invasion has begun. At this point, Macbeth still thinks he's protected by the witches' predictions, but he's wrong. When the invading army cut down the trees in Birnam wood to use as camouflage as they move to Macbeth's castle in Dunsinane, it seems as though the trees themselves are moving, and thus making the third of the witches’ latest prophecies come true.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> So they said that Macbeth will never be beaten until the woods moved, and here they are. Right?</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> Exactly. It's such a clever way to make that come about. I absolutely love that revelation in that moment in the play.</p><p><em>EXTRACT</em><br/><strong>Macbeth:</strong> I bear a charmed life, which must not yield,<br/>To one of woman born.<br/><strong>Macduff:</strong> Despair thy charm; <br/>And let the angel whom thou still hast served <br/>Tell thee, Macduff was from his mother's womb <br/>Untimely ripp'd.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> It's one of the greatest twists ever written I think, this one, because when you read it, that he can't be harmed by someone born of woman, you have no idea where Shakespeare is going with that. Are the witches lying? Are they trying to bring him down? And then Macduff answers them easily. He was from his mother's womb untimely ripped.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> I know, another seriously clever way to spin that that I never could have come up with. I remember the first time I read that. And you're right. It's that moment, like when you're watching a great thriller, and it takes an unexpected turn that has you shouting at the TV. So Macduff was untimely ripped from his mother's womb. So we can assume, delivered by Caesarean rather than born of woman in the traditional sense. So he's able to kill and behead Macbeth. Malcolm becomes the new King of Scotland and we hear how accepting the witches' prophecies leads directly to Macbeth's downfall.</p><p><strong>Carl:</strong> So, thank you for listening to Episode One of the Bitesize English literature podcast. And joining us as we explored the plot of Macbeth.</p><p><strong>Jean:</strong> Well, there's actually still a lot more to learn. So take a listen to the rest of the episodes of the Bitesize English literature podcast on BBC Sounds to find out more. 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18.3252277,10.6338365 18.3252277,12.0600591 C18.3252277,12.7988371 18.0762276,13.373504 17.5786719,13.7846152 C17.0807829,14.1960598 16.3587826,14.4013932 15.4125601,14.4013932 L15.4125601,14.4013932 L12.6468927,14.4013932 L12.6468927,9.92028073 Z"></path></svg></div></div></div><noscript><div class="ssrcss-1hilbxj-ErrorMessage eitf6462"><div class="ssrcss-1b7cqa9-StyledInnerContainer eitf6461"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This video can not be played</p><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-1k20pxf-Heading e10rt3ze0">To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser.</h2></div></div></noscript></div><figcaption><p data-testid="caption" class="ssrcss-t5imwz-Caption e15ii8li1">James and Ellie talk through the topic of gravity.</p></figcaption><div data-testid="transcript" class="ssrcss-14r4yn0-Transcript e15ii8li0"><div class="ssrcss-gnpqll-Accordion e1uomnyt7"><div spacing="0" class="ssrcss-14xrj8w-Stack e1y4nx260"><section><h3 class="ssrcss-gtnys8-StyledAccordionHandle e1uomnyt3"><button width="full" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-1bn3i7g-Button eoocusk1"><div class="ssrcss-1hyyj5j-TitleAndAdditionalTextWrapper e1uomnyt0"><span data-js-text="true" class="ssrcss-6m6lw7-AccordionHandleTitle e1uomnyt6">Audio Transcript</span><span hidden="" data-no-js-text="true" class="ssrcss-6m6lw7-AccordionHandleTitle e1uomnyt6">Audio Transcript</span></div><span class="ssrcss-1w60dg5-IconWrapper e1uomnyt5"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6z"></path></svg></span></button></h3><div hidden="" class="ssrcss-1e389rh-AccordionDrawerWrapper e1uomnyt2"><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> Hello and welcome to the BBC Bitesize Physics podcast.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> The series designed to help you tackle your GCSE in physics and combined science. I'm James Stewart, I'm a climate science expert and TV presenter.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> And I'm Ellie Hurer, a bioscience PhD researcher. We're covering lots of different aspects of forces in this series, so make sure to listen to the rest of the episodes too.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> Yeah, and they're really good. Okay, let's get started because today, I thought so, because today we're talking all about the force that keeps our feet on the ground, gravity.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> While we often think about space and astronauts when we talk about gravity, gravity actually acts all around us every single day. Because the definition of gravity is a force of attraction between two objects.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> The gravitational field is the area around an object where another object will feel a force of gravitational attraction from it.</p><p>Gravitational field strength is measured in newtons per kilogram, written out as ‘n’ forward slash ‘kg’.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> And the size of the gravitational field strength affects the force of gravity acting on an object in that gravitational field. The other thing that affects the size of gravity is the object's mass. The bigger the mass, the greater the force of gravity.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> So one key thing to know that a lot of people misunderstand is that weight and mass are actually two different things.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> Yeah, so when we say, oh, this loaf of bread weighs 400 grams, we're actually saying that the mass of the loaf of bread is 400 grams.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> Because mass is about the amount of matter, whereas weight is a force and is the heaviness due to gravity.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> Exactly. So let me tell you about the equation you need to calculate the force of weight of an object.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> Yeah, I'm gonna get my pen and paper out for this one, so if you're listening, please feel free to do the same thing and write along as we go through this.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> So, weight equals mass multiplied by the gravitational field strength.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> Weight is measured in newtons. Mass is measured in kilograms and gravitational field strength is measured in newtons per kilogram.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> So to calculate the weight of an object in newtons, you multiply its mass in kilograms by the strength of the gravitational field in newtons per kilogram.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> That was a lot. Don't panic. Let's just hear that again.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> So weight equals mass multiplied by the gravitational field strength.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> Weight is measured in newtons, mass is measured in kilograms, and gravitational field strength is measured in newtons per kilogram.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> So, to calculate the weight of an object in Newtons, you multiply its mass in kilograms by the strength of the gravitational field in Newtons per kilogram.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> Right, let's try out some examples then. And if you don't have your pen and paper just yet, now would be the perfect time to grab them and you can write down these calculations with us as we go along.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> Let's say we want to find out the force of gravity, their weight, acting on your physics teacher as they stand at the front of the classroom.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> Good image. Now first, you would need to find out their mass. Now let's say it's 80 kilograms, then you need to know the gravitational field strength of the planet they're standing on, which for the planet of Earth is 9.8 newtons per kilogram.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> So to measure the force of weight acting on them, you would write down their mass of 80 kilograms and then multiply it by the Earth's gravitational field strength of 9.8 newtons per kilogram to get the answer 784.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> And because weight is measured in newtons, their weight would be 784 newtons downward. We always have to include those units. And because weight is a force, which is a vector quantity (more about that in episode one), we also have to say the direction it is in, which in this case is downwards.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> In those instances, the weight of an object and its mass are directly proportional. So let's say if something had a bigger mass, its weight would be higher. And if something had a smaller mass, its weight would be lower.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> Exactly. And when we're measuring weight in terms of gravity, we don't use regular kitchen scales. We use something called a newton meter, also known as a calibrated spring balance.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> And when we do that, we say that the weight of an object, or in this case, person, acts at a single point. The object or person's centre of mass. The force of gravity, weight, always acts from the middle of an object, straight down.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> Okay, that was a lot, but I hope that helped you understand gravity a little bit more.</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> So, let's recap the three main points.</p><p>Firstly, gravity is a force of attraction between two objects. The next point is, mass is the amount of matter in an object. However, weight is the force of gravity acting from the middle of the object straight down.</p><p>And finally, the equation to find out an object's weight is mass multiplied by gravitational field strength equals weight.</p><p>There's your key points about gravity. In the next episode of Bitesize Physics, we're going to dig into work done and energy transfer, and I cannot wait.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> I believe you. Thank you for listening to BBC Physics. If you found this helpful, and hopefully you did, please do go back and listen, make some notes, so you can come back here and always have this as your point to revise from.</p><p><strong>JAMES:</strong> Thank you, bye!</p><p><strong>ELLIE:</strong> Bye!</p></div></div></section></div></div></div></figure></div><div><figure data-component="audio-block" class="ssrcss-quwkth-ComponentWrapper e15ii8li2"><div data-chromatic="ignore" class="ssrcss-dtyrnv-MediaPlayerWrapper e1h75hkw4"><div data-testid="media-player-container-landscape" class="ssrcss-aaorng-MediaContainer e1h75hkw3"><div class="ssrcss-199fzb3-MediaInner e1h75hkw2"><div data-testid="bbc-logo-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1twt4cc-LogoIconWrapper e1h75hkw0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 112 32" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M111.99999,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,32.0000444 L79.9999905,32.0000444 L79.9999905,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,4.44444577e-05 Z 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class="ssrcss-gnpqll-Accordion e1uomnyt7"><div spacing="0" class="ssrcss-14xrj8w-Stack e1y4nx260"><section><h3 class="ssrcss-gtnys8-StyledAccordionHandle e1uomnyt3"><button width="full" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-1bn3i7g-Button eoocusk1"><div class="ssrcss-1hyyj5j-TitleAndAdditionalTextWrapper e1uomnyt0"><span data-js-text="true" class="ssrcss-6m6lw7-AccordionHandleTitle e1uomnyt6">Audio Transcript</span><span hidden="" data-no-js-text="true" class="ssrcss-6m6lw7-AccordionHandleTitle e1uomnyt6">Audio Transcript</span></div><span class="ssrcss-1w60dg5-IconWrapper e1uomnyt5"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6z"></path></svg></span></button></h3><div hidden="" class="ssrcss-1e389rh-AccordionDrawerWrapper e1uomnyt2"><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>Hello, I’m Dr Alex Lathbridge and this is Bitesize Biology.</p><p>In this podcast I’m going to take you through the main things you need to know for your GCSE Biology exam.</p><p>I’m going to be talking about things as small as cells, as big as rainforests and everything in-between.</p><p>There’s going to be a lot for you to remember. And as we go through all of the topics, there will be a few key terms that you’re going to need to learn off by heart. But don’t worry, I did it, you can do it too.</p><p>This is the is the first episode of a nine-part series on The Cell, let’s go.</p><p>All living things are made of cells, which is why they’re called the building blocks of life.</p><p>Plants are made of cells, animals are made of cells, humans are animals so even you, yes you, are made of cells.</p><p>In fact, right now, you are a giant, complex container made out of trillions of cells all working together, to learn about cells.</p><p>Anyway, today we’re going to take it back to basics and find out about the structure of the cell and the two main types that you are going to need to know.</p><p>The thing about cells is that they are small, like really, really small.</p><p>Anything between 0.01 and 0.1mm across.</p><p>This means they are too small to see with the naked eye. In order to study them properly, scientists first had to invent really powerful microscopes in order to see what’s inside them.</p><p>If this is all new to you, don’t worry, scientists like me are learning stuff all the time too.</p><p>Nearly all cells have four key things in common:</p><ol><li><p>They have a membrane. This holds the cell together, keeps its contents inside and controls what can enter and exit the cell. Think of it like a balloon that can let things in and out.</p></li><li><p>They have a cytoplasm, which is kind of like a really useful jelly. It’s where all the chemical reactions take place in the cell. Think of it like water inside that balloon.</p></li><li><p>They have DNA. DNA is genetic material. And it contains all the information that tells the cell what to do, your cells following all these instructions is how you develop and grow.</p></li><li><p>They have ribosomes. These are sort of like mini-robots which make proteins based on the instructions found in DNA.</p></li></ol><p>So, you could say that a simple cell is just a tiny a water balloon, filled with instructions and little protein-making robots.</p><p>Or, if you want to pass your exams, you could say that a cell is between 0.01 and 0.1mm across and made of a cell membrane containing cytoplasm, DNA and ribosomes.</p><p>Now, there are two types of cells you’ll need to know about:</p><p>Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.</p><p>You are a eukaryotic organism. This means that you are made up of lots of different types of cells, most of which have a nucleus.</p><p>These kinds of cells, the ones that work together with lots of other kinds of cells to make up a plant or animal or human, are called eukaryotic. Easy to remember: because you are eukaryotic.</p><p>Let’s think about most eukaryotic animal cells. As well as the stuff we’ve just talked about (that water balloon) most eukaryotic cells also have a nucleus.</p><p>Remember that cells always contain DNA? Well, in eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is kept inside a nucleus. Think of it like a little folder.</p><p>And they have Mitochondria. This is where cells release the energy they need, that’s where respiration takes place. Think of them like little batteries.</p><p>So, when it comes to most eukaryotic animal cells, we’ve got our water balloon (a membrane filled with cytoplasm), containing instructions to make proteins inside a little folder (DNA inside a nucleus), robots to synthesise the proteins (ribosomes) and batteries to power the whole thing (or mitochondria).</p><p>And just because things are never that simple, in animals red blood cells are the exception because they don’t have a nucleus.</p><p>It’s worth drawing it out, I've always found it useful, even just a quick doodle. Remember, there are lots of diagrams on the Bitesize website. It might be useful to look at those while you listen.</p><p>Now, although you might think you are a little bit more interesting than a lettuce, most eukaryotic cells in plants have some extra stuff on top of all that. So, plant cells have a membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, a nucleus and mitochondria and:</p><ol><li><p>They have an extra layer outside of the cell membrane called the cell wall. Plants need a cell wall because they need to stand up straight, but they don’t have a skeleton, and this is where the cell wall comes in, it helps keep plants upright.</p></li><li><p>Green cells in plants’ stems and leaves have chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and the enzymes needed for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is really important and we’re going to come back to it later in the series, but for now what you need to know is that chloroplasts contain the stuff that plant cells use to store energy from sunlight. Think of it like a little solar panel.</p></li><li><p>They also have a permanent vacuole. You can basically think of it like a little pocket inside of the cell, filled with something called cell sap that helps to keep the cell in shape.</p></li></ol><p>And remember how red blood cells don’t have a nucleus? Most plant root cells don’t have chloroplasts, so they’re white not green.</p><p>Ok, so that was eukaryotic cells. Now let’s look at prokaryotic cells</p><p>Prokaryotic cells are always single celled organisms.</p><p>Like bacteria. The whole organism is just one tiny cell that does it all.</p><p>But just because it’s small doesn’t mean it’s not important. We need bacteria in our guts, to help us break down food and the environment is the same, the life cycle of things dying, and their nutrients being returned to the earth depends on bacteria.</p><p>This is why you should be very pro prokaryotic cells.</p><p>Like all cells, prokaryotes have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes.</p><p>However, there are two main differences:</p><ol><li><p>Firstly, the DNA isn’t inside a nucleus, instead it floats free inside the cytoplasm in a single circular loop of DNA, with some extra little bits of circular DNA called plasmids.</p></li><li><p>Secondly, prokaryotes also have a cell wall, outside of the membrane.</p></li></ol><p>And yeah, all cells are microscopic but there’s a big difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.</p><p>So eukaryotic cells, plant cells and animal cells, can be anything from 10 to 100x larger than prokaryotic cells, found in single celled organisms like bacteria.</p><p>I’m Dr Alex Lathbridge and this is Bitesize Biology. To hear more, search Bitesize Biology on BBC Sounds.</p></div></div></section></div></div></div></figure></div></div><div data-layout="column" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><figure data-component="audio-block" class="ssrcss-quwkth-ComponentWrapper e15ii8li2"><div data-chromatic="ignore" class="ssrcss-dtyrnv-MediaPlayerWrapper e1h75hkw4"><div data-testid="media-player-container-landscape" class="ssrcss-aaorng-MediaContainer e1h75hkw3"><div class="ssrcss-199fzb3-MediaInner e1h75hkw2"><div data-testid="bbc-logo-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1twt4cc-LogoIconWrapper e1h75hkw0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 112 32" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M111.99999,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,32.0000444 L79.9999905,32.0000444 L79.9999905,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,4.44444577e-05 Z M72.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 L72.0000119,32 L40.0000119,32 L40.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 L72.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 Z M32,-3.55271368e-15 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18.3252277,10.6338365 18.3252277,12.0600591 C18.3252277,12.7988371 18.0762276,13.373504 17.5786719,13.7846152 C17.0807829,14.1960598 16.3587826,14.4013932 15.4125601,14.4013932 L15.4125601,14.4013932 L12.6468927,14.4013932 L12.6468927,9.92028073 Z"></path></svg></div></div></div><noscript><div class="ssrcss-1hilbxj-ErrorMessage eitf6462"><div class="ssrcss-1b7cqa9-StyledInnerContainer eitf6461"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This video can not be played</p><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-1k20pxf-Heading e10rt3ze0">To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser.</h2></div></div></noscript></div><figcaption><p data-testid="caption" class="ssrcss-t5imwz-Caption e15ii8li1">Dr Sunayana Bhargava and Tulela Pea look at the history of the atomic model.</p></figcaption><div data-testid="transcript" class="ssrcss-14r4yn0-Transcript e15ii8li0"><div class="ssrcss-gnpqll-Accordion e1uomnyt7"><div spacing="0" class="ssrcss-14xrj8w-Stack e1y4nx260"><section><h3 class="ssrcss-gtnys8-StyledAccordionHandle e1uomnyt3"><button width="full" type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-1bn3i7g-Button eoocusk1"><div class="ssrcss-1hyyj5j-TitleAndAdditionalTextWrapper e1uomnyt0"><span data-js-text="true" class="ssrcss-6m6lw7-AccordionHandleTitle e1uomnyt6">Audio Transcript</span><span hidden="" data-no-js-text="true" class="ssrcss-6m6lw7-AccordionHandleTitle e1uomnyt6">Audio Transcript</span></div><span class="ssrcss-1w60dg5-IconWrapper e1uomnyt5"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6z"></path></svg></span></button></h3><div hidden="" class="ssrcss-1e389rh-AccordionDrawerWrapper e1uomnyt2"><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> I’m Dr Sunayana Bhargava, a scientist and poet.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> And I’m Tulela Pea, a science communicator and podcaster.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> And this is Bitesize Chemistry. This is the second episode in an eight-part series on atomic structure and the periodic table. In this episode, we’re going to look at the history of the atom and how that model has developed over the centuries.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> We’ll look at how this led to our understanding that atoms are made up from protons, neutrons and electrons.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> And we’ll end with a quick summary of the main important facts for you to take away because life is just so darn busy these days.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> But also because that’s why we’re here after all - to help revise GCSE chemistry and combined science.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Our chat bot NNICK is with us again.</p><p><strong>NNICK:</strong> Oh, I love Chemistry, I adore it, divine chemistry!</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Before we unleash NNICK, what I like about the history of the structure of the atom is that it’s a really good example of how science works. You come up with a new idea or hypothesis, devise an experiment to test the hypothesis and if the evidence backs up your predictions then it becomes a better theory. And our understanding is a little better than it was before. And this is exactly true with how the model of the atom has developed throughout history.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Totally! So if we begin say only 200 years ago, back then what we thought an atom looked like was actually quite basic, tiny.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Very, very tiny.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Very, very, tiny spheres that can’t be divided. This idea was proposed by a scientist from Manchester called John Dalton in 1804.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Actually, it kinda goes all the way back to the ancient Greeks and the word atom comes from the Greek ‘atomos’ – which means uncuttable.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Nice trivia, Sunayana! But since then, we now know that atoms are composed of electrons, protons and neutrons arranged in a particular way.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> So how did we get from there to our understanding today? NNICK, can you give us a quick history of the structure of the atom?</p><p><strong>NNICK:</strong> The history of ideas about atoms. The most sensible, mature and adult way to discuss the history of ideas about atoms is through the medium of song.</p><p><em>SONG</em><br/>Mr John Dalton imagined that atoms<br/>Were miniature spheres that you cannot divide<br/>And then JJ Thomson, who probably liked snacking<br/>Described them as a plum pudding with electrons inside</p><p>Rutherford, who was Ernest, suggested a nucleus<br/>Which no one had ever considered before<br/>And around that were shells filled with orbiting electrons<br/>According to that fascinating fellow Niels Bohr</p><p>Experiments suggested the existence of protons<br/>Which contribute to the nucleus in a positive way<br/>Add to those the neutrons discovered by Chadwick<br/>And that's the atomic model which we still use today, OK!</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Thanks, NNICK! Lots to unpack there but sounds like there are some key moments in this history of the atom that we should explore a little. And each one has progressed our understanding. First up, JJ Thomson. From his experiments, he concluded that atoms weren’t solid spheres and he proposed that they looked more like a plum pudding.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Who even eats plum pudding these days?</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Sounds like the kind of dessert they’d have had in 1904 when JJ Thomson came up with the idea. His plum pudding model could be thought of as a positively charged dough spread out evenly in which negatively charged electrons…</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> …the plums…</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> …were embedded. Quite simple, but an advance from the solid spheres model.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Anyway, JJ Thomson’s plum pudding model of the atom didn’t last very long because only about a decade later, along comes Ernest Rutherford who tested Thomson’s theory and proved that the plum pudding was way past its sell-by date. And he did this by showing that the positive charge in the atom wasn’t spread out evenly and was in fact concentrated in the centre – the nucleus – where most of the mass of the atom is. And his evidence came from firing positively charged alpha-particles at a very thin sheet of gold foil.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Which I shall now demonstrate in the Bitesize studio purely by the magic of sound effects! If Thomson’s plum pudding model was correct then when I fire some alpha particles at the gold foil…</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Whoa! Careful with that sound effect, Sunayana!</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Because the positive charges in the gold atoms were thought to be evenly spread out, all the alpha-particle bullets would simply pass straight through – or deflected just a tiny amount if they travelled close to an electron in the plum pudding.</p><p>But what they found is that although, yes, most of the alpha particle bullets did indeed pass straight through the foil undeflected, that a few alpha particles were deflected by extreme angles or even reflected backwards as if ricocheting from something.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Whoa! Be careful!</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> And this could not have happened with the Thomson plum pudding model.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Nice shooting, Sunayana. So, from this experiment, the new model of the atom was now one of mostly empty space where a positively charged mass or nucleus is concentrated at the centre and around this are the electrons. End of story?</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Not quite yet! Because Rutherford’s model only answered some questions but not all. It didn’t tell us anything more about the electrons. To resolve those questions, we had to wait until Niels Bohr. We had to wait ‘til he proposed a new development of the previous model of the atom. In this, the electrons orbit in particular shells – or energy levels to give them their correct name – which are precisely fixed distance from the nucleus. Again, his experimental observations agreed with his theorical calculations, updating the science and our ideas.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> So what does that mean, orbiting electrons in shells of a precise distance?</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> I like to think of them as if I were a gymnast twirling a baton over my head and I could choose a different length baton. The electrons are in the ends of the baton spinning around as I dance. They can’t get any closer or further unless I change the baton size – which is like being in a different shell.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Baton twirling and alpha particle sharp-shooter – you’d be so talented.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Thanks! But we’re not finished yet – because even Niels Bohr’s model needed refining and later experiments from Rutherford again led to the idea that the positively charged nucleus in the atom could be subdivided into a whole number of smaller particles called protons, with each proton having the same amount of positive charge.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> The end?</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Not quite – because finally about 20 years after Rutherford’s nuclear model, in 1932 James Chadwick put the final (for the moment) missing pieces into our model of the atom when he proved the existence of neutrons – chargeless particles, also within the atom’s nucleus.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> And that is the model we use to visualise the atom today. A nucleus of protons and neutrons, with orbiting electrons at specific distances from the nucleus.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> And if you decide to study chemistry or physics at a higher level, you’ll see how even that model becomes more exciting and extraordinary.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> And an exciting and extraordinary career in science awaits everyone – every nationality, every gender, every background.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> I couldn’t agree more.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Time for a quick interactive quiz. Three questions, 5 seconds each – here goes…</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Question 1. Who came up with the plum pudding model of the atom?</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Answer - JJ Thomson.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Question 2. Who showed that this plum pudding wasn’t correct and what was the experiment that proved this?</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> It was Ernest Rutherford who fired alpha particles at gold foil and updated the atom with his nuclear model.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> And Question 3. How did Niels Bohr’s model update the nuclear model further?</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> He brought in the idea of electrons orbiting the nucleus in energy shells.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> OK, Sunayana, quick summary?</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Sure thing.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Let’s go. From the ancient Greeks until about 200 years ago, the atom was thought of as tiny solid spheres.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Then JJ Thomson comes up with his plum pudding model.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Rutherford fires alpha particles at gold foil and shows JJ Thomson was wrong. His nuclear model is one with a positive nucleus.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Bohr’s orbiting electron shells helps modify Rutherford’s model.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Protons are discovered by Rutherford. Neutrons are discovered by Chadwick and the current model of the atom is in place.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> And all these developments are a really good example of how science progresses though theory, experiment and evidence.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> And now I’m hungry. Plum pudding, anyone?</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> In episode three of this series, we’ll be looking at the structure of the atom in more detail its size – its parts, charge and its mass.</p><p>I’m Dr Sunayana Bhargava.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> And I’m Tulela Pea.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> To hear more, search ‘Bitesize chemistry’ on BBC Sounds.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Say bye, Sunayana.</p><p><strong>SUNAYANA:</strong> Bye Sunayana.</p><p><strong>TULELA:</strong> Thanks for listening.</p></div></div></section></div></div></div></figure></div><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"></div></div><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div data-progress-id="zj2v46f"><div style="height:0;overflow:hidden;width:100%"></div></div></div></section><a href="#main-content" role="link" class="ssrcss-n0hjyx-SignpostLink ehuptrk1"><span data-testid="arrows:to-top" class="ssrcss-10m9zve-IconWrapper ehuptrk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M31.1 2.5H1v2.8h30.1zM14.3 13.3 31 29.5v-6.7L16 8.1.9 22.8v6.7l16.8-16.2z"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper ehuptrk2">Back to top</span></a><section id="gridBlock-1" data-stack-active="false" class="ssrcss-guw00x-SectionWrapper enh46943"><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div data-menu-item-id="z2w2p9q"><div data-component="menu-heading-block" class="ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper e1okin9t0"><h2 id="z2w2p9q">GCSE English Literature Revision Podcasts </h2></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p><strong>Supercharge your GCSE English literature revision by listening to these podcasts on set texts.</strong></p><p>Dive into GCSE English set texts, including <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0fbh1gy" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Macbeth</a>, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0h06pp3" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">A Christmas Carol</a> and <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0fb8k73" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">An Inspector Calls</a> as well as <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0h51ct5" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">poetry</a>. 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enh46943"><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div data-menu-item-id="zbx4239"><div data-component="menu-heading-block" class="ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper e1okin9t0"><h2 id="zbx4239">GCSE Chemistry Revision Podcasts</h2></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p><strong>Revise core GCSE Chemistry topics with science experts Tulela Pea and Dr Sunayana Bhargava.</strong></p><p>Episodes within the series explain the key points on you need to know for your GCSE in Chemistry or Combined Science - including <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0hftbjm" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">atomic structure</a>, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/series/p0hfvd7t" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">bonding</a> and <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/series/p0hfvt7j" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink 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href="#main-content" role="link" class="ssrcss-n0hjyx-SignpostLink ehuptrk1"><span data-testid="arrows:to-top" class="ssrcss-10m9zve-IconWrapper ehuptrk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M31.1 2.5H1v2.8h30.1zM14.3 13.3 31 29.5v-6.7L16 8.1.9 22.8v6.7l16.8-16.2z"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper ehuptrk2">Back to top</span></a><section id="gridBlock-4" data-stack-active="false" class="ssrcss-guw00x-SectionWrapper enh46943"><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div data-menu-item-id="zj4dmbk"><div data-component="menu-heading-block" class="ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper e1okin9t0"><h2 id="zj4dmbk">GCSE Biology Revision Podcasts</h2></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p><strong>Take a deep dive and revise core GCSE Biology topics with host Dr Alex Lathbridge in this series of podcasts.</strong></p><p>The podcast episodes explain the key points on biology topics including <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0fbhwfx" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">cell biology, photosynthesis</a> and <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0fbpxs0" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">homeostasis</a> and get top tips for your <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0fbrpzy" class="ssrcss-1w74xcy-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">science exams</a>. 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0 0 0 3.392-3.393A3.343 3.343 0 0 0 16 10.64m9-5.179a12.677 12.677 0 0 0-18.038-.035l1.643 1.643a10.32 10.32 0 0 1 7.358-3.036 10.53 10.53 0 0 1 7.394 3.036Z"></path><path d="M21.714 8.533a8.24 8.24 0 0 0-5.75-2.393 8.1 8.1 0 0 0-5.716 2.393l1.643 1.643a5.85 5.85 0 0 1 4.072-1.679 5.94 5.94 0 0 1 4.108 1.68Zm-5.733 12.251a5.6 5.6 0 0 1 2.444.473l-1.52 6.993h-1.848l-1.52-6.993a5.6 5.6 0 0 1 2.444-.473m0-2a6.55 6.55 0 0 0-4.679 1.607l2.143 9.859h5.072l2.143-9.859a6.55 6.55 0 0 0-4.679-1.607"></path></svg></span><p class="ssrcss-tgq6pp-PromoHeadline exn3ah96"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Study Smart. podcast</span><span aria-hidden="true">Study Smart</span></p></span></a><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">STUDY SUPPORT PODCASTS</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer en81kx34"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner en81kx32"><div aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wsf921-PageTypeWrapper en81kx30"><span 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Sounds\",\"description\":\"\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/search?q=bitesize\",\"icon\":\"\",\"image\":{\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0fc8kvy.jpg\",\"alt\":\"Listen to Bitesize podcasts on BBC Sounds\"},\"groupPosition\":0}},{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Bitesize and BBC Sounds have teamed up to help you revise core \\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0f9sz0d\\\">GCSE Biology\\u003c/a>, \\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0hcsc8r\\\">GCSE Chemistry\\u003c/a> and \\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0h7s4v2\\\">GCSE Physics\\u003c/a> topics as well as \\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0f9sz77\\\">GCSE English Literature\\u003c/a> set texts and poetry with our Bitesize podcasts. You can also get tips and advice with our \\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0f9dmn5\\\">Study Support\\u003c/a> podcasts to help your revision feel more manageable.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/search?q=bitesize\\\">BBC Sounds\\u003c/a> is where you can catch the latest music tracks, discover binge-worthy podcasts or listen to live radio, all in one place.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":0}},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"id\":\"zyxgjfr\",\"heading\":\"Why not try a revision podcast episode?\",\"headingLevel\":\"2\"}},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Listen to an episode from one of our revision podcasts series here. You can find the full series on \\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/search?q=bitesize\\\">BBC Sounds\\u003c/a>.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":1}},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"audio-block\",\"data\":{\"caption\":\"Jean and Carl explore the themes of Shakespeare's Macbeth.\",\"title\":\"GCSE English Literature │Macbeth │Episode 1 - Plot Summary\",\"holdingImage\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0fcddjb.jpg\",\"vpid\":\"p0f8n1db\",\"transcript\":\"\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Hello, and welcome to the Bitesize English literature podcast.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> I'm Jean Menzies, author and ancient historian.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> I'm Carl Anka, journalist and author.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> We're here today to help you dive a little deeper into some of the texts in GCSE English literature.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> It's worth noting that there will be spoilers in this as we look into each text as a whole. So if you're not quite finished reading, or you're not quite ready for spoilers, just come back later.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> There's plenty here to get your teeth stuck into.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Now, you've clearly done something right, because you've made it here. If you want to hear all the episodes in this podcast, make sure you download the BBC sounds app.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> And don't forget that whilst you're in the BBC sounds app, there's loads of other things you can use to help you with your revision – full versions of some of the texts you might be studying, revision playlists, and other Bitesize podcast series to help with different subjects. In this series, we'll be covering some of the key things you need to know about Macbeth: the plot, the characters, the themes, and the language Shakespeare uses.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> In this episode, we're going to look at the plot of Macbeth and I'm going to tell you something now Jean - Macbeth is my text. This is one of my favourites and I'm very excited to take a closer look at some of these key moments. Is it weird to say Macbeth is one of my favourites?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> Absolutely not - there is so much to keep you hooked in this play. I completely get it.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Let's get into this one then.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cem>EXTRACT\\u003c/em>\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>Macbeth:\\u003c/strong> Speak, if you can: what are you?\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>First Witch:\\u003c/strong> All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Glamis.\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>Second Witch:\\u003c/strong> All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Cawdor.\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>Third Witch:\\u003c/strong> All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter.\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>Banquo:\\u003c/strong> Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear things that do sound so fair?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Right, we've stepped inside the story. And straight into Act 1 scene 3, where Macbeth has encountered three witches for the very first time. Now, Macbeth is the Thane of Glamis. And I should probably say at this point in time that a thane is a nobleman who owns land that's been given to him by the king in exchange for his military services. Macbeth is on his way home from a battle with his best friend Banquo, where they've been successful against the Norwegians. Macbeth in particular has played a huge role in that success. He’s killed someone. He chopped him from his chin down to his belly button. So yeah, very early on, we find out Macbeth is a good fighter - big, strong lad. And on the way back with him and Banquo they meet the three witches who predict a number of things, including that Macbeth will one day become the King of Scotland.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> I mean, seriously, what would you do? You're heading home today and three witches stop you and tell you that one of your greatest dreams is going to come true. I mean, you think they were trying to wind you up, wouldn't you?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Yeah, it would be my first thing. But then the witches tell them a number of things. They first greet him as the Thane of Glamis, which is what he already is. And then they predict he's going to be the Thane of Cawdor, and then they say he’s gonna be the King of Scotland afterwards. They also tell him that the sons of Banquo will be king one day as well, which is interesting. He doesn't think any of these predictions will come true. The first one comes true, like that - pretty much the moment he gets home, he finds that he's gonna be made the Thane of Cawdor when King Duncan awards it to him for his victory in the battle. So then Macbeth, the cogs start turning, Macbeth begins to wonder if the other predictions will become true.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> And Macbeth is an ambitious man. So for this to feel like a possibility must be really exciting for him.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Macbeth’s wife, who is referred to as Lady Macbeth, is even more ambitious and ruthless than Macbeth is. So, once when Macbeth tells her about the witches’ prophecy, Lady Macbeth is fully on board with the plan for Macbeth to become king, which also includes a little spot of murder. She says, you know, maybe you should murder Duncan, when Duncan comes around to visit Macbeth in Macbeth’s castle.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cem>EXTRACT\\u003c/em>\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>Macbeth:\\u003c/strong> Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> You can’t discuss the plot of Macbeth without hearing this line - “Is this a dagger which I see before me”, one of the most famous lines of the play, and of Shakespeare's actually.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> This is just at the point where Macbeth is on his way to do the deed and murder Duncan, when he sees a dagger pointing him in the direction of the king. We don't know if it's a hallucination, but moments after saying this Macbeth takes his own dagger from his belt and commits the deed. He murders Duncan. He hesitates just before he does it, but Lady Macbeth is very encouraging saying they have to go through with their plan.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> Such a supportive spouse.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Of sorts…\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> So it's Macduff who finds Duncan murdered but Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are able to use the king's guard as a cover for their crime. Meanwhile, Duncan’s sons disappear as they're scared for their lives, which means…\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Dun dun dun dun dun. Macbeth becomes the King of Scotland, just like the witches said he would.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cem>EXTRACT\\u003c/em>\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>Banquo:\\u003c/strong> Thou hast it now: King, Cawdor, Glamis, all,\\u003cbr>As the weird women promised, and I fear \\u003cbr>Thou play'dst most foully for 't.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> That extract that we just heard there - that is Banquo, Macbeth's best mate. He was there the day the witches told Macbeth about the prophecy, and he knows that everything isn't as what it seems.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cem>EXTRACT\\u003c/em>\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>Banquo:\\u003c/strong> And I fear Thou play'dst most foully for 't.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Now, what does that mean? You may have heard the term foul play. That is a sentence that is all about violence and murder in certain crimes. Banquo is suggesting that he's suspicious about Macbeth’s involvement in the death of King Duncan. Now, we, the audience and the reader, know that Banquo's suspicions are correct. Macbeth did do a murder - Banquo's not totally sure. And then Macbeth decides something needs to be done about it.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> He does another murder, obviously, because killing people is clearly what he does now.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Yeah. The first Macbeth that you meet when the play starts, Macbeth did murders but he was doing it in service of his king in battle. And this was described as noble, and to help his country of Scotland. But now, as things progress and Duncan has been murdered, and now that Banquo has been murdered, Macbeth is entirely self-serving. He's using violence and murder to push himself forward and to put others down. The whole play of Macbeth is about how ambition and the love of power can destroy someone and those around him. Right? This is something we're hearing unfolding every single scene. Banquo was Macbeth’s best friend. But Macbeth turns against him, because Macbeth’s need for power and the need to protect his own power warps him. And there's also Lady Macbeth, who helps convince him again and again that these deadly decisions are the right things to do.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> And he has changed and started committing these acts of absolute evil since he heard the witches’ prophecy. But there's reasons to think that there could be guilt there, too. I mean, one of the interpretations is that he feels so guilty that he actually sees the ghost of Banquo later on. And because he's the only one who can see him, those around him start to wonder if he's imagining it, including Lady Macbeth.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> There's a decent argument to be made that he doesn't actually feel guilty at all. And that he’s driven as a consequence of his sin of killing the king. People in the Jacobean era, which is the era between 1603 and 1625, believe that what behaviour was going on was punishment for Macbeth’s sin.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> Either way, the witches have a lot to answer for, but Macbeth wants to know more from them.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cem>EXTRACT\\u003c/em>\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>Witches:\\u003c/strong> Double, double toil and trouble. Fire burn and caldron bubble.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> And there's the other famous line: “Double, double toil and trouble, fire burn and cauldron bubble.” I love this line, so so much. It's the one that a lot of people quote when you say, “Oh, I'm studying Macbeth.”\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> I'm not even sure everyone remembers it's from Macbeth. I mean, why would you, it's in so many other pieces of pop culture as well, but that is where it comes from. It's just a really popular line now that's synonymous with witches and spells. So Macbeth has come back to see the witches here, and they tell him three things. Beware Macduff, the Thane of Fife. None of woman born shall harm Macbeth. And Macbeth shall never vanquished be, until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Now these are slightly more complex prophecies than the first batch. Especially because two and three are supposed to be logically and physically impossible. None of woman born can harm him and a forest physically moving location, so it can hurt Macbeth makes Macbeth feel safe. Well, those things certainly can’t happen. I'm absolutely cushty. But it's the first prophecy. Beware Macduff - that comes true quite quickly, because Macbeth finds out that Macduff, Thane of Fife, has gone to join Malcolm who is Duncan’s son, in England. So what'd you think Macbeth is gonna do about this prophecy?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> Yep, you've got it. He does a murder. He seizes Macduff’s castle and has his wife and children killed. This in particular feels as if it's the most brutal murder up until this point in the play. But that does not prove to be a smart move, because Macduff is quite obviously devastated, and therefore vows to have revenge.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> That's the thing about Macbeth. There is so much going on all the time.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> Yeah, it really all is happening. And there's still a lot more to come. Because we haven't heard from Lady Macbeth for a while. That's because her own guilt has actually started to take its toll on her and she's sleepwalking around the castle, remembering all the evil things she's done.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> Although that's the same thing we said about Macbeth. Some Jacobeans will believe that guilt is happening to Lady Macbeth. And some believe that this is insanity happening to Lady Macbeth as well.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cem>EXTRACT\\u003c/em>\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>Lady Macbeth:\\u003c/strong> Out, damned spot; out, I say!\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> So that we just heard now, “Out, damned spot” - that is one of the most famous speeches from Lady Macbeth. It's Lady Macbeth referring to imaginary blood that she can see on her hands. She can't get away from the guilt and responsibility for all the deaths that have occurred, and she's having a breakdown. In Act 5, the final act of the play, Macbeth finds out that Lady Macbeth has died. It’s never fully explained how or why Lady Macbeth died. And Macbeth himself seems pretty resigned, uninterested. There is a small suggestion that Lady Macbeth may have taken her own life. And it's also some suggestion that basically, Macbeth doesn't care anymore. It is the tragic downfall, so we began this play with so much determination. But we know that Macbeth is all about ambition. And we know how love of power that motivated Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in the beginning is detrimental to both of them in the end.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> Act 5 scene 6 - Malcolm and Macduff’s invasion has begun. At this point, Macbeth still thinks he's protected by the witches' predictions, but he's wrong. When the invading army cut down the trees in Birnam wood to use as camouflage as they move to Macbeth's castle in Dunsinane, it seems as though the trees themselves are moving, and thus making the third of the witches’ latest prophecies come true.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> So they said that Macbeth will never be beaten until the woods moved, and here they are. Right?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> Exactly. It's such a clever way to make that come about. I absolutely love that revelation in that moment in the play.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cem>EXTRACT\\u003c/em>\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>Macbeth:\\u003c/strong> I bear a charmed life, which must not yield,\\u003cbr>To one of woman born.\\u003cbr>\\u003cstrong>Macduff:\\u003c/strong> Despair thy charm; \\u003cbr>And let the angel whom thou still hast served \\u003cbr>Tell thee, Macduff was from his mother's womb \\u003cbr>Untimely ripp'd.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> It's one of the greatest twists ever written I think, this one, because when you read it, that he can't be harmed by someone born of woman, you have no idea where Shakespeare is going with that. Are the witches lying? Are they trying to bring him down? And then Macduff answers them easily. He was from his mother's womb untimely ripped.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> I know, another seriously clever way to spin that that I never could have come up with. I remember the first time I read that. And you're right. It's that moment, like when you're watching a great thriller, and it takes an unexpected turn that has you shouting at the TV. So Macduff was untimely ripped from his mother's womb. So we can assume, delivered by Caesarean rather than born of woman in the traditional sense. So he's able to kill and behead Macbeth. Malcolm becomes the new King of Scotland and we hear how accepting the witches' prophecies leads directly to Macbeth's downfall.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Carl:\\u003c/strong> So, thank you for listening to Episode One of the Bitesize English literature podcast. And joining us as we explored the plot of Macbeth.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Jean:\\u003c/strong> Well, there's actually still a lot more to learn. So take a listen to the rest of the episodes of the Bitesize English literature podcast on BBC Sounds to find out more. In Episode Two we'll be taking a look at some of the characters from Macbeth, particularly Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.\\u003c/p>\",\"playerMode\":\"full\",\"duration\":775,\"isoDuration\":\"PT12M55S\"}},{\"type\":\"audio-block\",\"data\":{\"caption\":\"James and Ellie talk through the topic of gravity.\",\"title\":\"GCSE Physics | Forces | Episode 2 - Gravity\",\"holdingImage\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0h7r59h.jpg\",\"vpid\":\"p0h7r61n\",\"transcript\":\"\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> Hello and welcome to the BBC Bitesize Physics podcast.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> The series designed to help you tackle your GCSE in physics and combined science. I'm James Stewart, I'm a climate science expert and TV presenter.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> And I'm Ellie Hurer, a bioscience PhD researcher. We're covering lots of different aspects of forces in this series, so make sure to listen to the rest of the episodes too.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> Yeah, and they're really good. Okay, let's get started because today, I thought so, because today we're talking all about the force that keeps our feet on the ground, gravity.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> While we often think about space and astronauts when we talk about gravity, gravity actually acts all around us every single day. Because the definition of gravity is a force of attraction between two objects.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> The gravitational field is the area around an object where another object will feel a force of gravitational attraction from it.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Gravitational field strength is measured in newtons per kilogram, written out as ‘n’ forward slash ‘kg’.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> And the size of the gravitational field strength affects the force of gravity acting on an object in that gravitational field. The other thing that affects the size of gravity is the object's mass. The bigger the mass, the greater the force of gravity.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> So one key thing to know that a lot of people misunderstand is that weight and mass are actually two different things.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> Yeah, so when we say, oh, this loaf of bread weighs 400 grams, we're actually saying that the mass of the loaf of bread is 400 grams.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> Because mass is about the amount of matter, whereas weight is a force and is the heaviness due to gravity.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> Exactly. So let me tell you about the equation you need to calculate the force of weight of an object.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> Yeah, I'm gonna get my pen and paper out for this one, so if you're listening, please feel free to do the same thing and write along as we go through this.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> So, weight equals mass multiplied by the gravitational field strength.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> Weight is measured in newtons. Mass is measured in kilograms and gravitational field strength is measured in newtons per kilogram.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> So to calculate the weight of an object in newtons, you multiply its mass in kilograms by the strength of the gravitational field in newtons per kilogram.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> That was a lot. Don't panic. Let's just hear that again.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> So weight equals mass multiplied by the gravitational field strength.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> Weight is measured in newtons, mass is measured in kilograms, and gravitational field strength is measured in newtons per kilogram.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> So, to calculate the weight of an object in Newtons, you multiply its mass in kilograms by the strength of the gravitational field in Newtons per kilogram.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> Right, let's try out some examples then. And if you don't have your pen and paper just yet, now would be the perfect time to grab them and you can write down these calculations with us as we go along.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> Let's say we want to find out the force of gravity, their weight, acting on your physics teacher as they stand at the front of the classroom.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> Good image. Now first, you would need to find out their mass. Now let's say it's 80 kilograms, then you need to know the gravitational field strength of the planet they're standing on, which for the planet of Earth is 9.8 newtons per kilogram.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> So to measure the force of weight acting on them, you would write down their mass of 80 kilograms and then multiply it by the Earth's gravitational field strength of 9.8 newtons per kilogram to get the answer 784.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> And because weight is measured in newtons, their weight would be 784 newtons downward. We always have to include those units. And because weight is a force, which is a vector quantity (more about that in episode one), we also have to say the direction it is in, which in this case is downwards.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> In those instances, the weight of an object and its mass are directly proportional. So let's say if something had a bigger mass, its weight would be higher. And if something had a smaller mass, its weight would be lower.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> Exactly. And when we're measuring weight in terms of gravity, we don't use regular kitchen scales. We use something called a newton meter, also known as a calibrated spring balance.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> And when we do that, we say that the weight of an object, or in this case, person, acts at a single point. The object or person's centre of mass. The force of gravity, weight, always acts from the middle of an object, straight down.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> Okay, that was a lot, but I hope that helped you understand gravity a little bit more.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> So, let's recap the three main points.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Firstly, gravity is a force of attraction between two objects. The next point is, mass is the amount of matter in an object. However, weight is the force of gravity acting from the middle of the object straight down.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>And finally, the equation to find out an object's weight is mass multiplied by gravitational field strength equals weight.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>There's your key points about gravity. In the next episode of Bitesize Physics, we're going to dig into work done and energy transfer, and I cannot wait.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> I believe you. Thank you for listening to BBC Physics. If you found this helpful, and hopefully you did, please do go back and listen, make some notes, so you can come back here and always have this as your point to revise from.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>JAMES:\\u003c/strong> Thank you, bye!\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>ELLIE:\\u003c/strong> Bye!\\u003c/p>\",\"playerMode\":\"full\",\"duration\":366,\"isoDuration\":\"PT6M6S\"}},{\"type\":\"audio-block\",\"data\":{\"caption\":\"Dr Alex Lathbridge explores the structure of cells.\",\"title\":\"GCSE Biology │Series 1 │Episode 1 - Cell structure\",\"holdingImage\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0hj9zfw.jpg\",\"vpid\":\"p0fb8fwt\",\"transcript\":\"\\u003cp>Hello, I’m Dr Alex Lathbridge and this is Bitesize Biology.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>In this podcast I’m going to take you through the main things you need to know for your GCSE Biology exam.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>I’m going to be talking about things as small as cells, as big as rainforests and everything in-between.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>There’s going to be a lot for you to remember. And as we go through all of the topics, there will be a few key terms that you’re going to need to learn off by heart. But don’t worry, I did it, you can do it too.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>This is the is the first episode of a nine-part series on The Cell, let’s go.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>All living things are made of cells, which is why they’re called the building blocks of life.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Plants are made of cells, animals are made of cells, humans are animals so even you, yes you, are made of cells.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>In fact, right now, you are a giant, complex container made out of trillions of cells all working together, to learn about cells.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Anyway, today we’re going to take it back to basics and find out about the structure of the cell and the two main types that you are going to need to know.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>The thing about cells is that they are small, like really, really small.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Anything between 0.01 and 0.1mm across.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>This means they are too small to see with the naked eye. In order to study them properly, scientists first had to invent really powerful microscopes in order to see what’s inside them.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>If this is all new to you, don’t worry, scientists like me are learning stuff all the time too.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Nearly all cells have four key things in common:\\u003c/p>\\u003col>\\u003cli>\\u003cp>They have a membrane. This holds the cell together, keeps its contents inside and controls what can enter and exit the cell. Think of it like a balloon that can let things in and out.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/li>\\u003cli>\\u003cp>They have a cytoplasm, which is kind of like a really useful jelly. It’s where all the chemical reactions take place in the cell. Think of it like water inside that balloon.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/li>\\u003cli>\\u003cp>They have DNA. DNA is genetic material. And it contains all the information that tells the cell what to do, your cells following all these instructions is how you develop and grow.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/li>\\u003cli>\\u003cp>They have ribosomes. These are sort of like mini-robots which make proteins based on the instructions found in DNA.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ol>\\u003cp>So, you could say that a simple cell is just a tiny a water balloon, filled with instructions and little protein-making robots.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Or, if you want to pass your exams, you could say that a cell is between 0.01 and 0.1mm across and made of a cell membrane containing cytoplasm, DNA and ribosomes.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Now, there are two types of cells you’ll need to know about:\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>You are a eukaryotic organism. This means that you are made up of lots of different types of cells, most of which have a nucleus.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>These kinds of cells, the ones that work together with lots of other kinds of cells to make up a plant or animal or human, are called eukaryotic. Easy to remember: because you are eukaryotic.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Let’s think about most eukaryotic animal cells. As well as the stuff we’ve just talked about (that water balloon) most eukaryotic cells also have a nucleus.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Remember that cells always contain DNA? Well, in eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is kept inside a nucleus. Think of it like a little folder.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>And they have Mitochondria. This is where cells release the energy they need, that’s where respiration takes place. Think of them like little batteries.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>So, when it comes to most eukaryotic animal cells, we’ve got our water balloon (a membrane filled with cytoplasm), containing instructions to make proteins inside a little folder (DNA inside a nucleus), robots to synthesise the proteins (ribosomes) and batteries to power the whole thing (or mitochondria).\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>And just because things are never that simple, in animals red blood cells are the exception because they don’t have a nucleus.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>It’s worth drawing it out, I've always found it useful, even just a quick doodle. Remember, there are lots of diagrams on the Bitesize website. It might be useful to look at those while you listen.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Now, although you might think you are a little bit more interesting than a lettuce, most eukaryotic cells in plants have some extra stuff on top of all that. So, plant cells have a membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, a nucleus and mitochondria and:\\u003c/p>\\u003col>\\u003cli>\\u003cp>They have an extra layer outside of the cell membrane called the cell wall. Plants need a cell wall because they need to stand up straight, but they don’t have a skeleton, and this is where the cell wall comes in, it helps keep plants upright.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/li>\\u003cli>\\u003cp>Green cells in plants’ stems and leaves have chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and the enzymes needed for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is really important and we’re going to come back to it later in the series, but for now what you need to know is that chloroplasts contain the stuff that plant cells use to store energy from sunlight. Think of it like a little solar panel.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/li>\\u003cli>\\u003cp>They also have a permanent vacuole. You can basically think of it like a little pocket inside of the cell, filled with something called cell sap that helps to keep the cell in shape.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ol>\\u003cp>And remember how red blood cells don’t have a nucleus? Most plant root cells don’t have chloroplasts, so they’re white not green.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Ok, so that was eukaryotic cells. Now let’s look at prokaryotic cells\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Prokaryotic cells are always single celled organisms.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Like bacteria. The whole organism is just one tiny cell that does it all.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>But just because it’s small doesn’t mean it’s not important. We need bacteria in our guts, to help us break down food and the environment is the same, the life cycle of things dying, and their nutrients being returned to the earth depends on bacteria.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>This is why you should be very pro prokaryotic cells.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Like all cells, prokaryotes have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>However, there are two main differences:\\u003c/p>\\u003col>\\u003cli>\\u003cp>Firstly, the DNA isn’t inside a nucleus, instead it floats free inside the cytoplasm in a single circular loop of DNA, with some extra little bits of circular DNA called plasmids.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/li>\\u003cli>\\u003cp>Secondly, prokaryotes also have a cell wall, outside of the membrane.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ol>\\u003cp>And yeah, all cells are microscopic but there’s a big difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>So eukaryotic cells, plant cells and animal cells, can be anything from 10 to 100x larger than prokaryotic cells, found in single celled organisms like bacteria.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>I’m Dr Alex Lathbridge and this is Bitesize Biology. To hear more, search Bitesize Biology on BBC Sounds.\\u003c/p>\",\"playerMode\":\"full\",\"duration\":639,\"isoDuration\":\"PT10M39S\"}}],[{\"type\":\"audio-block\",\"data\":{\"caption\":\"Dr Sunayana Bhargava and Tulela Pea look at the history of the atomic model.\",\"title\":\"GCSE Chemistry | Atomic structure and the periodic table | Episode 2 - The history of the atom\",\"holdingImage\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0hfhyc5.jpg\",\"vpid\":\"p0hfqbnv\",\"transcript\":\"\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> I’m Dr Sunayana Bhargava, a scientist and poet.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> And I’m Tulela Pea, a science communicator and podcaster.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> And this is Bitesize Chemistry. This is the second episode in an eight-part series on atomic structure and the periodic table. In this episode, we’re going to look at the history of the atom and how that model has developed over the centuries.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> We’ll look at how this led to our understanding that atoms are made up from protons, neutrons and electrons.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> And we’ll end with a quick summary of the main important facts for you to take away because life is just so darn busy these days.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> But also because that’s why we’re here after all - to help revise GCSE chemistry and combined science.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Our chat bot NNICK is with us again.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>NNICK:\\u003c/strong> Oh, I love Chemistry, I adore it, divine chemistry!\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Before we unleash NNICK, what I like about the history of the structure of the atom is that it’s a really good example of how science works. You come up with a new idea or hypothesis, devise an experiment to test the hypothesis and if the evidence backs up your predictions then it becomes a better theory. And our understanding is a little better than it was before. And this is exactly true with how the model of the atom has developed throughout history.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Totally! So if we begin say only 200 years ago, back then what we thought an atom looked like was actually quite basic, tiny.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Very, very tiny.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Very, very, tiny spheres that can’t be divided. This idea was proposed by a scientist from Manchester called John Dalton in 1804.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Actually, it kinda goes all the way back to the ancient Greeks and the word atom comes from the Greek ‘atomos’ – which means uncuttable.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Nice trivia, Sunayana! But since then, we now know that atoms are composed of electrons, protons and neutrons arranged in a particular way.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> So how did we get from there to our understanding today? NNICK, can you give us a quick history of the structure of the atom?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>NNICK:\\u003c/strong>\\tThe history of ideas about atoms. The most sensible, mature and adult way to discuss the history of ideas about atoms is through the medium of song.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cem>SONG\\u003c/em>\\u003cbr>Mr John Dalton imagined that atoms\\u003cbr>Were miniature spheres that you cannot divide\\u003cbr>And then JJ Thomson, who probably liked snacking\\u003cbr>Described them as a plum pudding with electrons inside\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Rutherford, who was Ernest, suggested a nucleus\\u003cbr>Which no one had ever considered before\\u003cbr>And around that were shells filled with orbiting electrons\\u003cbr>According to that fascinating fellow Niels Bohr\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Experiments suggested the existence of protons\\u003cbr>Which contribute to the nucleus in a positive way\\u003cbr>Add to those the neutrons discovered by Chadwick\\u003cbr>And that's the atomic model which we still use today, OK!\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Thanks, NNICK! Lots to unpack there but sounds like there are some key moments in this history of the atom that we should explore a little. And each one has progressed our understanding. First up, JJ Thomson. From his experiments, he concluded that atoms weren’t solid spheres and he proposed that they looked more like a plum pudding.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Who even eats plum pudding these days?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Sounds like the kind of dessert they’d have had in 1904 when JJ Thomson came up with the idea. His plum pudding model could be thought of as a positively charged dough spread out evenly in which negatively charged electrons…\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> …the plums…\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> …were embedded. Quite simple, but an advance from the solid spheres model.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Anyway, JJ Thomson’s plum pudding model of the atom didn’t last very long because only about a decade later, along comes Ernest Rutherford who tested Thomson’s theory and proved that the plum pudding was way past its sell-by date. And he did this by showing that the positive charge in the atom wasn’t spread out evenly and was in fact concentrated in the centre – the nucleus – where most of the mass of the atom is. And his evidence came from firing positively charged alpha-particles at a very thin sheet of gold foil.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Which I shall now demonstrate in the Bitesize studio purely by the magic of sound effects! If Thomson’s plum pudding model was correct then when I fire some alpha particles at the gold foil…\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Whoa! Careful with that sound effect, Sunayana!\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Because the positive charges in the gold atoms were thought to be evenly spread out, all the alpha-particle bullets would simply pass straight through – or deflected just a tiny amount if they travelled close to an electron in the plum pudding.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>But what they found is that although, yes, most of the alpha particle bullets did indeed pass straight through the foil undeflected, that a few alpha particles were deflected by extreme angles or even reflected backwards as if ricocheting from something.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Whoa! Be careful!\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> And this could not have happened with the Thomson plum pudding model.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Nice shooting, Sunayana. So, from this experiment, the new model of the atom was now one of mostly empty space where a positively charged mass or nucleus is concentrated at the centre and around this are the electrons. End of story?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Not quite yet! Because Rutherford’s model only answered some questions but not all. It didn’t tell us anything more about the electrons. To resolve those questions, we had to wait until Niels Bohr. We had to wait ‘til he proposed a new development of the previous model of the atom. In this, the electrons orbit in particular shells – or energy levels to give them their correct name – which are precisely fixed distance from the nucleus. Again, his experimental observations agreed with his theorical calculations, updating the science and our ideas.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> So what does that mean, orbiting electrons in shells of a precise distance?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> I like to think of them as if I were a gymnast twirling a baton over my head and I could choose a different length baton. The electrons are in the ends of the baton spinning around as I dance. They can’t get any closer or further unless I change the baton size – which is like being in a different shell.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Baton twirling and alpha particle sharp-shooter – you’d be so talented.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Thanks! But we’re not finished yet – because even Niels Bohr’s model needed refining and later experiments from Rutherford again led to the idea that the positively charged nucleus in the atom could be subdivided into a whole number of smaller particles called protons, with each proton having the same amount of positive charge.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> The end?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Not quite – because finally about 20 years after Rutherford’s nuclear model, in 1932 James Chadwick put the final (for the moment) missing pieces into our model of the atom when he proved the existence of neutrons – chargeless particles, also within the atom’s nucleus.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> And that is the model we use to visualise the atom today. A nucleus of protons and neutrons, with orbiting electrons at specific distances from the nucleus.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> And if you decide to study chemistry or physics at a higher level, you’ll see how even that model becomes more exciting and extraordinary.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> And an exciting and extraordinary career in science awaits everyone – every nationality, every gender, every background.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> I couldn’t agree more.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Time for a quick interactive quiz. Three questions, 5 seconds each – here goes…\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Question 1. Who came up with the plum pudding model of the atom?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Answer - JJ Thomson.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Question 2. Who showed that this plum pudding wasn’t correct and what was the experiment that proved this?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> It was Ernest Rutherford who fired alpha particles at gold foil and updated the atom with his nuclear model.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> And Question 3. How did Niels Bohr’s model update the nuclear model further?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> He brought in the idea of electrons orbiting the nucleus in energy shells.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> OK, Sunayana, quick summary?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Sure thing.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Let’s go. From the ancient Greeks until about 200 years ago, the atom was thought of as tiny solid spheres.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Then JJ Thomson comes up with his plum pudding model.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Rutherford fires alpha particles at gold foil and shows JJ Thomson was wrong. His nuclear model is one with a positive nucleus.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Bohr’s orbiting electron shells helps modify Rutherford’s model.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Protons are discovered by Rutherford. Neutrons are discovered by Chadwick and the current model of the atom is in place.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> And all these developments are a really good example of how science progresses though theory, experiment and evidence.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> And now I’m hungry. Plum pudding, anyone?\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> In episode three of this series, we’ll be looking at the structure of the atom in more detail its size – its parts, charge and its mass.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>I’m Dr Sunayana Bhargava.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> And I’m Tulela Pea.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> To hear more, search ‘Bitesize chemistry’ on BBC Sounds.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Say bye, Sunayana.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>SUNAYANA:\\u003c/strong> Bye Sunayana.\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>TULELA:\\u003c/strong> Thanks for listening.\\u003c/p>\",\"playerMode\":\"full\",\"duration\":611,\"isoDuration\":\"PT10M11S\"}},{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\",\"groupPosition\":2}},{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\",\"groupPosition\":3}}],[{\"type\":\"divider-block\",\"data\":null},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"id\":\"z2w2p9q\",\"heading\":\"GCSE English Literature Revision Podcasts \",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"}},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>\\u003cstrong>Supercharge your GCSE English literature revision by listening to these podcasts on set texts.\\u003c/strong>\\u003c/p>\\u003cp>Dive into GCSE English set texts, including \\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0fbh1gy\\\">Macbeth\\u003c/a>, \\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0h06pp3\\\">A Christmas Carol\\u003c/a> and \\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0fb8k73\\\">An Inspector Calls\\u003c/a> as well as \\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/brand/p0h51ct5\\\">poetry\\u003c/a>. 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