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can be contacted" class="form-control mr-2" type="checkbox"> <label for="include_email" style="font-weight: normal">Include my email address so I can be contacted</label> </form></div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="code-search-feedback-form" data-action="click:qbsearch-input#submitFeedback" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn"> Submit feedback </button> </div> </dialog></dialog-helper> <custom-scopes data-target="qbsearch-input.customScopesManager"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="custom-scopes-dialog-title" aria-describedby="custom-scopes-dialog-description" 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class=\"markdown-body entry-content container-lg\" itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePEP: 536\nTitle: Final Grammar for Literal String Interpolation\nAuthor: Philipp Angerer \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"mailto:phil.angerer@gmail.com\"\u003ephil.angerer@gmail.com\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;\nStatus: Withdrawn\nType: Standards Track\nCreated: 11-Dec-2016\nPython-Version: 3.7\nPost-History: \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-ideas@python.org/thread/FOYKXOFWEINPVQSK2XGEHKXSTEVO5WWA/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e18-Aug-2016\u003c/a\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-ideas@python.org/thread/YKKEA5NIMMKHZTMRE5UFHST4WQ4NN3XJ/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e23-Dec-2016\u003c/a\u003e,\n\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/thread/N43O4KNLZW4U7YZC4NVPCETZIVRDUVU2/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e15-Mar-2019\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eResolution: \u003ca href=\"https://discuss.python.org/t/pep-536-should-be-marked-as-rejected/35226/4\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://discuss.python.org/t/pep-536-should-be-marked-as-rejected/35226/4\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-abstract\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAbstract\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-abstract\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Abstract\" href=\"#abstract\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 498\u003c/a\u003e introduced Literal String Interpolation (or “f-strings”).\nThe expression portions of those literals however are subject to\ncertain restrictions. This PEP proposes a formal grammar lifting\nthose restrictions, promoting “f-strings” to “f expressions” or f-literals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP expands upon the f-strings introduced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 498\u003c/a\u003e,\nso this text requires familiarity with \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 498\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-pep-withdrawal\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePEP Withdrawal\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-pep-withdrawal\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: PEP Withdrawal\" href=\"#pep-withdrawal\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP has been withdrawn in favour of \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0701\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 701\u003c/a\u003e.\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0701\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 701\u003c/a\u003e addresses all important points of this PEP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-terminology\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTerminology\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-terminology\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Terminology\" href=\"#terminology\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis text will refer to the existing grammar as “f-strings”,\nand the proposed one as “f-literals”.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFurthermore, it will refer to the \u003ccode\u003e{}\u003c/code\u003e-delimited expressions in\nf-literals/f-strings as “expression portions” and the static string content\naround them as “string portions”.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-motivation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMotivation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-motivation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Motivation\" href=\"#motivation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe current implementation of f-strings in CPython relies on the existing\nstring parsing machinery and a post processing of its tokens. This results in\nseveral restrictions to the possible expressions usable within f-strings:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt is impossible to use the quote character delimiting the f-string\nwithin the expression portion:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; f'Magic wand: { bag['wand'] }'\n ^\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA previously considered way around it would lead to escape sequences\nin executed code and is prohibited in f-strings:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; f'Magic wand { bag[\\'wand\\'] } string'\nSyntaxError: f-string expression portion cannot include a backslash\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eComments are forbidden even in multi-line f-strings:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; f'''A complex trick: {\n... bag['bag'] # recursive bags!\n... }'''\nSyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include '#'\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExpression portions need to wrap \u003ccode\u003e':'\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e'!'\u003c/code\u003e in braces:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; f'Useless use of lambdas: { lambda x: x*2 }'\nSyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese limitations serve no purpose from a language user perspective and\ncan be lifted by giving f-literals a regular grammar without exceptions\nand implementing it using dedicated parse code.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-rationale\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRationale\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-rationale\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Rationale\" href=\"#rationale\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe restrictions mentioned in \u003ca href=\"#motivation\"\u003eMotivation\u003c/a\u003e are non-obvious and counter-intuitive\nunless the user is familiar with the f-literals’ implementation details.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs mentioned, a previous version of \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 498\u003c/a\u003e allowed escape sequences\nanywhere in f-strings, including as ways to encode the braces delimiting\nthe expression portions and in their code. They would be expanded before\nthe code is parsed, which would have had several important ramifications:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e#. It would not be clear to human readers which portions are Expressions\nand which are strings. Great material for an “obfuscated/underhanded\nPython challenge”\n#. Syntax highlighters are good in parsing nested grammar, but not\nin recognizing escape sequences. ECMAScript 2016 (JavaScript) allows\nescape sequences in its identifiers \u003ca href=\"#id3\" id=\"user-content-id1\"\u003e[1]\u003c/a\u003e and the author knows of no\nsyntax highlighter able to correctly highlight code making use of this.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs a consequence, the expression portions would be harder to recognize\nwith and without the aid of syntax highlighting. With the new grammar,\nit is easy to extend syntax highlighters to correctly parse\nand display f-literals:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan\u003ef'Magic wand: \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e{\u003c/span\u003ebag[\u003cspan\u003e'wand'\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cspan\u003e:^10}\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e'\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHighlighting expression portions with possible escape sequences would\nmean to create a modified copy of all rules of the complete expression\ngrammar, accounting for the possibility of escape sequences in key words,\ndelimiters, and all other language syntax. One such duplication would\nyield one level of escaping depth and have to be repeated for a deeper\nescaping in a recursive f-literal. This is the case since no highlighting\nengine known to the author supports expanding escape sequences before\napplying rules to a certain context. Nesting contexts however is a\nstandard feature of all highlighting engines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFamiliarity also plays a role: Arbitrary nesting of expressions\nwithout expansion of escape sequences is available in every single\nother language employing a string interpolation method that uses\nexpressions instead of just variable names. \u003ca href=\"#id4\" id=\"user-content-id2\"\u003e[2]\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-specification\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpecification\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-specification\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Specification\" href=\"#specification\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 498\u003c/a\u003e specified f-strings as the following, but places restrictions on it:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003ef ' \u0026lt;text\u0026gt; { \u0026lt;expression\u0026gt; \u0026lt;optional !s, !r, or !a\u0026gt; \u0026lt;optional : format specifier\u0026gt; } \u0026lt;text\u0026gt; ... '\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll restrictions mentioned in the PEP are lifted from f-literals,\nas explained below:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExpression portions may now contain strings delimited with the same\nkind of quote that is used to delimit the f-literal.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBackslashes may now appear within expressions just like anywhere else\nin Python code. In case of strings nested within f-literals,\nescape sequences are expanded when the innermost string is evaluated.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eComments, using the \u003ccode\u003e'#'\u003c/code\u003e character, are possible only in multi-line\nf-literals, since comments are terminated by the end of the line\n(which makes closing a single-line f-literal impossible).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExpression portions may contain \u003ccode\u003e':'\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003e'!'\u003c/code\u003e wherever\nsyntactically valid. The first \u003ccode\u003e':'\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003e'!'\u003c/code\u003e that is not part\nof an expression has to be followed a valid coercion or format specifier.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA remaining restriction not explicitly mentioned by \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 498\u003c/a\u003e is line breaks\nin expression portions. Since strings delimited by single \u003ccode\u003e'\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003e\"\u003c/code\u003e\ncharacters are expected to be single line, line breaks remain illegal\nin expression portions of single line strings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIs lifting of the restrictions sufficient,\nor should we specify a more complete grammar?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-backwards-compatibility\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eBackwards Compatibility\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-backwards-compatibility\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Backwards Compatibility\" href=\"#backwards-compatibility\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ef-literals are fully backwards compatible to f-strings,\nand expands the syntax considered legal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-reference-implementation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReference Implementation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-reference-implementation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Reference Implementation\" href=\"#reference-implementation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTBD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-references\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReferences\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-references\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: References\" href=\"#references\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable frame=\"void\" id=\"user-content-id3\" rules=\"none\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id1\"\u003e[1]\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eECMAScript \u003ccode\u003eIdentifierName\u003c/code\u003e specification\n( \u003ca href=\"http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-names-and-keywords\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-names-and-keywords\u003c/a\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYes, \u003ccode\u003econst cthulhu = { H̹̙̦̮͉̩̗̗ͧ̇̏̊̾Eͨ͆͒̆ͮ̃͏̷̮̣̫̤̣Cͯ̂͐͏̨̛͔̦̟͈̻O̜͎͍͙͚̬̝̣̽ͮ͐͗̀ͤ̍̀͢M̴̡̲̭͍͇̼̟̯̦̉̒͠Ḛ̛̙̞̪̗ͥͤͩ̾͑̔͐ͅṮ̴̷̷̗̼͍̿̿̓̽͐H̙̙̔̄͜\\u0042: 42 }\u003c/code\u003e is valid ECMAScript 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable frame=\"void\" id=\"user-content-id4\" rules=\"none\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id2\"\u003e[2]\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eWikipedia article on string interpolation\n( \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interpolation\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interpolation\u003c/a\u003e )\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-copyright\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCopyright\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-copyright\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Copyright\" 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js-blob-dropdown-click prc-Button-IconButton-szpyj" data-loading="false" data-no-visuals="true" data-size="small" data-variant="invisible" aria-describedby=":Rnsptal9lab:-loading-announcement" id=":Rnsptal9lab:"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" style="display:inline-block;user-select:none;vertical-align:text-bottom;overflow:visible"><path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 hGyMdv"><section aria-labelledby="file-name-id-wide file-name-id-mobile" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 fGqKFv"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 eoaCFS js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><p dir="auto">PEP: 536 Title: Final Grammar for Literal String Interpolation Author: Philipp Angerer <<a href="mailto:phil.angerer@gmail.com">phil.angerer@gmail.com</a>> Status: Withdrawn Type: Standards Track Created: 11-Dec-2016 Python-Version: 3.7 Post-History: <a href="https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-ideas@python.org/thread/FOYKXOFWEINPVQSK2XGEHKXSTEVO5WWA/" rel="nofollow">18-Aug-2016</a>,</p> <blockquote> <a href="https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-ideas@python.org/thread/YKKEA5NIMMKHZTMRE5UFHST4WQ4NN3XJ/" rel="nofollow">23-Dec-2016</a>, <a href="https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/thread/N43O4KNLZW4U7YZC4NVPCETZIVRDUVU2/" rel="nofollow">15-Mar-2019</a></blockquote> <p dir="auto">Resolution: <a href="https://discuss.python.org/t/pep-536-should-be-marked-as-rejected/35226/4" rel="nofollow">https://discuss.python.org/t/pep-536-should-be-marked-as-rejected/35226/4</a></p> <a name="user-content-abstract"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Abstract</h2><a id="user-content-abstract" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Abstract" href="#abstract"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498" rel="nofollow">PEP 498</a> introduced Literal String Interpolation (or “f-strings”). The expression portions of those literals however are subject to certain restrictions. This PEP proposes a formal grammar lifting those restrictions, promoting “f-strings” to “f expressions” or f-literals.</p> <p dir="auto">This PEP expands upon the f-strings introduced by <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498" rel="nofollow">PEP 498</a>, so this text requires familiarity with <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498" rel="nofollow">PEP 498</a>.</p> <a name="user-content-pep-withdrawal"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">PEP Withdrawal</h2><a id="user-content-pep-withdrawal" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: PEP Withdrawal" href="#pep-withdrawal"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This PEP has been withdrawn in favour of <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0701" rel="nofollow">PEP 701</a>. <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0701" rel="nofollow">PEP 701</a> addresses all important points of this PEP.</p> <a name="user-content-terminology"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Terminology</h2><a id="user-content-terminology" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Terminology" href="#terminology"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This text will refer to the existing grammar as “f-strings”, and the proposed one as “f-literals”.</p> <p dir="auto">Furthermore, it will refer to the <code>{}</code>-delimited expressions in f-literals/f-strings as “expression portions” and the static string content around them as “string portions”.</p> <a name="user-content-motivation"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Motivation</h2><a id="user-content-motivation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Motivation" href="#motivation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The current implementation of f-strings in CPython relies on the existing string parsing machinery and a post processing of its tokens. This results in several restrictions to the possible expressions usable within f-strings:</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li><p dir="auto">It is impossible to use the quote character delimiting the f-string within the expression portion:</p> <pre>>>> f'Magic wand: { bag['wand'] }' ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto">A previously considered way around it would lead to escape sequences in executed code and is prohibited in f-strings:</p> <pre>>>> f'Magic wand { bag[\'wand\'] } string' SyntaxError: f-string expression portion cannot include a backslash </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto">Comments are forbidden even in multi-line f-strings:</p> <pre>>>> f'''A complex trick: { ... bag['bag'] # recursive bags! ... }''' SyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include '#' </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto">Expression portions need to wrap <code>':'</code> and <code>'!'</code> in braces:</p> <pre>>>> f'Useless use of lambdas: { lambda x: x*2 }' SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing </pre> </li> </ol> <p dir="auto">These limitations serve no purpose from a language user perspective and can be lifted by giving f-literals a regular grammar without exceptions and implementing it using dedicated parse code.</p> <a name="user-content-rationale"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Rationale</h2><a id="user-content-rationale" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Rationale" href="#rationale"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The restrictions mentioned in <a href="#motivation">Motivation</a> are non-obvious and counter-intuitive unless the user is familiar with the f-literals’ implementation details.</p> <p dir="auto">As mentioned, a previous version of <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498" rel="nofollow">PEP 498</a> allowed escape sequences anywhere in f-strings, including as ways to encode the braces delimiting the expression portions and in their code. They would be expanded before the code is parsed, which would have had several important ramifications:</p> <p dir="auto">#. It would not be clear to human readers which portions are Expressions and which are strings. Great material for an “obfuscated/underhanded Python challenge” #. Syntax highlighters are good in parsing nested grammar, but not in recognizing escape sequences. ECMAScript 2016 (JavaScript) allows escape sequences in its identifiers <a href="#id3" id="user-content-id1">[1]</a> and the author knows of no syntax highlighter able to correctly highlight code making use of this.</p> <p dir="auto">As a consequence, the expression portions would be harder to recognize with and without the aid of syntax highlighting. With the new grammar, it is easy to extend syntax highlighters to correctly parse and display f-literals:</p> <pre><span>f'Magic wand: </span><span>{</span>bag[<span>'wand'</span>]<span>:^10}</span><span>'</span></pre><p dir="auto">Highlighting expression portions with possible escape sequences would mean to create a modified copy of all rules of the complete expression grammar, accounting for the possibility of escape sequences in key words, delimiters, and all other language syntax. One such duplication would yield one level of escaping depth and have to be repeated for a deeper escaping in a recursive f-literal. This is the case since no highlighting engine known to the author supports expanding escape sequences before applying rules to a certain context. Nesting contexts however is a standard feature of all highlighting engines.</p> <p dir="auto">Familiarity also plays a role: Arbitrary nesting of expressions without expansion of escape sequences is available in every single other language employing a string interpolation method that uses expressions instead of just variable names. <a href="#id4" id="user-content-id2">[2]</a></p> <a name="user-content-specification"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Specification</h2><a id="user-content-specification" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Specification" href="#specification"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498" rel="nofollow">PEP 498</a> specified f-strings as the following, but places restrictions on it:</p> <pre>f ' <text> { <expression> <optional !s, !r, or !a> <optional : format specifier> } <text> ... ' </pre> <p dir="auto">All restrictions mentioned in the PEP are lifted from f-literals, as explained below:</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li>Expression portions may now contain strings delimited with the same kind of quote that is used to delimit the f-literal.</li> <li>Backslashes may now appear within expressions just like anywhere else in Python code. In case of strings nested within f-literals, escape sequences are expanded when the innermost string is evaluated.</li> <li>Comments, using the <code>'#'</code> character, are possible only in multi-line f-literals, since comments are terminated by the end of the line (which makes closing a single-line f-literal impossible).</li> <li>Expression portions may contain <code>':'</code> or <code>'!'</code> wherever syntactically valid. The first <code>':'</code> or <code>'!'</code> that is not part of an expression has to be followed a valid coercion or format specifier.</li> </ol> <p dir="auto">A remaining restriction not explicitly mentioned by <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498" rel="nofollow">PEP 498</a> is line breaks in expression portions. Since strings delimited by single <code>'</code> or <code>"</code> characters are expected to be single line, line breaks remain illegal in expression portions of single line strings.</p> <div dir="auto"> <p dir="auto">Note</p> <p dir="auto">Is lifting of the restrictions sufficient, or should we specify a more complete grammar?</p> </div> <a name="user-content-backwards-compatibility"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Backwards Compatibility</h2><a id="user-content-backwards-compatibility" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Backwards Compatibility" href="#backwards-compatibility"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">f-literals are fully backwards compatible to f-strings, and expands the syntax considered legal.</p> <a name="user-content-reference-implementation"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Reference Implementation</h2><a id="user-content-reference-implementation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Reference Implementation" href="#reference-implementation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">TBD</p> <a name="user-content-references"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">References</h2><a id="user-content-references" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: References" href="#references"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table frame="void" id="user-content-id3" rules="none"> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td><a href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td><p dir="auto">ECMAScript <code>IdentifierName</code> specification ( <a href="http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-names-and-keywords" rel="nofollow">http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-names-and-keywords</a> )</p> <p dir="auto">Yes, <code>const cthulhu = { H̹̙̦̮͉̩̗̗ͧ̇̏̊̾Eͨ͆͒̆ͮ̃͏̷̮̣̫̤̣Cͯ̂͐͏̨̛͔̦̟͈̻O̜͎͍͙͚̬̝̣̽ͮ͐͗̀ͤ̍̀͢M̴̡̲̭͍͇̼̟̯̦̉̒͠Ḛ̛̙̞̪̗ͥͤͩ̾͑̔͐ͅṮ̴̷̷̗̼͍̿̿̓̽͐H̙̙̔̄͜\u0042: 42 }</code> is valid ECMAScript 2016</p> </td></tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table frame="void" id="user-content-id4" rules="none"> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td><a href="#id2">[2]</a></td><td>Wikipedia article on string interpolation ( <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interpolation" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interpolation</a> )</td></tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <a name="user-content-copyright"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Copyright</h2><a id="user-content-copyright" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Copyright" href="#copyright"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This document has been placed in the public domain.</p> </article></div><button hidden=""></button></section></div></div></div>   </div></div></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="find-result-marks-container" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 cCoXib"></div><button hidden="" data-testid="" data-hotkey-scope="read-only-cursor-text-area"></button><button hidden=""></button></div>   <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-app> </turbo-frame> </div> </turbo-frame> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="footer pt-8 pb-6 f6 color-fg-muted p-responsive" 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