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forms of address subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles_and_forms_of_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Madame,_Mademoiselle,_Monsieur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madame,_Mademoiselle,_Monsieur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Madame, Mademoiselle, Monsieur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madame,_Mademoiselle,_Monsieur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Given_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Given_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Given names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Given_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Surnames</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surnames-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surnames subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_naming_law_(surnames)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_naming_law_(surnames)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>French naming law (surnames)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_naming_law_(surnames)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_common_French_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_common_French_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Most common French surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_common_French_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_of_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_of_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Changes of names</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/French_name" title="Special:EditPage/French name">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22French+name%22">"French name"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22French+name%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22French+name%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22French+name%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22French+name%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22French+name%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>French names</b> typically consist of one or multiple <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a>. One given name, usually the first, and the surname are used in a person's daily life, with the other given names used mainly in official documents. <a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle names</a>, in the English sense, do not exist. Initials are not used to represent second or further given names. </p><p>Traditionally, most French people were given names from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">calendar of saints</a>. However, given names for French citizens from immigrant communities are often from their own culture, and in modern France it has become increasingly common to use first names of (international) English or other foreign origin. Almost all traditional given names are gender-specific, but a few are not. Many female given names are feminine forms of traditional masculine French names. The prevalence of given names follows <a href="/wiki/Fads_and_trends" class="mw-redirect" title="Fads and trends">trends</a>, with some names being popular in some years, and some considered out-of-fashion. Compound given names are not uncommon. (The second part may be one normally used by the opposite sex; the gender of the compound is determined by the first part.) First names are chosen by the child's parents. Nowadays, there are no legal <i>a priori</i> constraints on the choice of names, though this was not always the case as recently as a few decades ago. To change a given name, a request can be made before a court, but except in a few specific cases, one must prove a legitimate interest for the change. </p><p>Children in France were until 2005 required by law to take the surname of their father, unless the father was unknown and the child was given the family name of the mother. Since 2005, parents can give their children either of their names, or a hyphenation of both, subject to a limit of at most two hyphenated names. In case the two parents cannot come to an agreement, both of their family names are used and hyphenated in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>; if one of them already has a hyphenated surname, only one word, the first surname, is taken from each parent. The ratio of the number of family names to the population is high in France, primarily because most <a href="/wiki/Surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Surnames">surnames</a> had many orthographic and dialectal variants, which were then registered as separate names. Contrary to the practice of some other countries, French women do not legally change names when they marry; however, it is customary that they adopt their husband's name as a "usage name" for daily life. This distinction is important because many official documents use the person's maiden, or legal or true surname, rather than their usage name. Some artists change their real name to their stage name, but truly changing one's last name, as opposed to adopting a usage name, is a quite complex legal process. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles_and_forms_of_address">Styles and forms of address</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Styles and forms of address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madame,_Mademoiselle,_Monsieur"><span id="Madame.2C_Mademoiselle.2C_Monsieur"></span>Madame, Mademoiselle, Monsieur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Madame, Mademoiselle, Monsieur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In normal polite usage, a person's name is usually preceded by: </p> <ul><li><i>Monsieur</i>, for a male (etymologically, <i>monsieur</i> means "my lord", cf. English "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sir" class="extiw" title="wikt:sir">sir</a>"); pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[məsjø]</a></span>; plural: <i>messieurs</i>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mesjø]</a></span>; abbreviation: singular <i>M.</i>; plural: <i>MM.</i>. The singular form <i>M<sup>r</sup></i> is very often found, but is considered incorrect by purists, although it appears (together with its rare plural form <i>M<sup>rs</sup></i>) in some dictionaries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Madame</i>, for a married female (etymologically, <i>madame</i> means "my lady", cf. English "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dame" class="extiw" title="wikt:dame">dame</a>"); pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[madam]</span>; plural: <i>mesdames</i>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[medam]</span>; abbreviation: <i>M<sup>me</sup></i>; plural: <i>M<sup>mes</sup></i>. <i>Madame</i> must also be used when one does not know whether the addressed woman is married or not, and when one does not know whether the addressed woman may consider the use of <i>Mademoiselle</i> as discriminating or disrespectful.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Mademoiselle</i>, for an unmarried female (etymologically, <i>mademoiselle</i> means "my damsel", cf. English "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/damsel" class="extiw" title="wikt:damsel">damsel</a>"); pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[madmwazɛl]</span>; plural: <i>mesdemoiselles</i>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[medmwazɛl]</span>; abbreviation: <i>M<sup>lle</sup></i> or <i>M<sup>le</sup></i>; plural: <i>M<sup>lles</sup></i> or <i>M<sup>les</sup></i>. This form of address is informal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and is now tending to be less used in favour of <i>madame</i> by some groups such as feminist movements because they consider the usage to be discriminating and disrespectful.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, one tendency that remains fairly common is the addressing of young-looking females <i>mademoiselle</i>, and older females <i>madame</i>. Actresses are usually always styled <i>mademoiselle</i>, especially in film or theatre credits, regardless of their age or personal situation; one would thus read <i>mademoiselle <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Deneuve</a> est habillée par Soandso</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Since 2013, French administration does not use the term <i>mademoiselle</i> anymore for its documents in favour of <i>madame</i> regardless of the status and the age of the woman addressed. </p> <ul><li><i>Mondamoiseau</i> is an archaic term historically used for a gentleman that had not yet reached the status of <i><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">chevalier</a></i>, and was used in a similar fashion as the modern <i>mademoiselle</i>; plural: <i>mesdemoiseaux</i>. The term has not been in common use since the 17th century, but it can be found in works of classic French literature, such as <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>'s <i>L'Avare</i>.</li> <li><i>Maître</i>, for males and females (etymologically, <i>maître</i> means "master"); this title is used by lawyers and few other juridical professions, while carrying out their duties, and for some mature male artists; plural: <i>maîtres</i>; abbreviation: M<sup>e</sup>; there is no abbreviation for <i>maîtres</i>, one should use M<sup>e</sup> X and M<sup>e</sup> Y.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_(title)#France" title="Doctor (title)">Docteur</a></i>, for males and females (etymologically, <i>docteur</i> means "doctor"); this title is reserved for people having a doctorate but tend to be mostly used in everyday language for physician and dentists while carrying out their duties, even when still students thus not having yet a doctorate; plural: <i>docteurs</i>; abbreviation: <i>D<sup>r</sup></i>. The feminine form <i>docteure</i> (pronounced the same way as <i>docteur</i>) is becoming more common. The feminine form <i>doctoresse</i> is now old-fashioned but can still be used, especially when speaking of a female physician.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>During the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i>, a female commoner was always addressed as <i>mademoiselle</i>, even when married, <i>madame</i> being limited to women of the high nobility, even if they were not married. This practice ceased after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </p><p>A traditional address to a crowd of people is <i>Mesdames, Messieurs</i> or <i>Mesdames, Mesdemoiselles, Messieurs</i>—whose order of words represents decreasing degrees of respect. An informal variant is <i>Messieurs-Dames</i>; it is considered as ill-mannered by purists. </p><p>It is normally impolite to address people by their <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a> unless one is a family member, a friend or a close colleague of comparable hierarchic importance. One also does not address people by their last name only unless in a work environment. Also, contrary to English or German usage, it is considered impolite to address someone as <i>monsieur X</i> when talking to that person: a mere <i>monsieur</i> should be used, <i>monsieur X</i> being reserved for talking about M. X to another person<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>When speaking of someone, <i>monsieur/madame given name <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a></i>, by far the most polite form of address, is generally reserved for the most solemn occasions. <i>Monsieur/madame family name</i> or <i>given name family name</i> is polite and used in normal formal occasions, as well as in the formal quality press (<i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a></i>, for example). By contrast, in colloquial usage the family names of personalities are used alone. Formally, a married or widowed woman can be called by the given name of her husband (<i>madame (given name of husband) family name</i> or <i>madame veuve (given name of husband) family name</i>); this is now slightly out of fashion, except on formal invitation cards (in France, on a formal invitation card, the traditional formula is always a variant of <i>"Madame Jean Dupont recevra..."</i>. The traditional use of the first name of the woman's husband is now felt in this context as a way to include the husband as equally inviting alongside his wife, while keeping the tradition of reception being formally held by the wife. </p><p>In the workplace or in academic establishments, particularly in a male-dominated environment, it is quite common to refer to male employees by their family name only, but to use <i>madame</i> or <i>mademoiselle</i> before the names of female employees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Navy" title="Ranks in the French Navy">Ranks in the French Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army" title="Ranks in the French Army">Ranks in the French Army</a></div> <p>A military officer is addressed by his rank (and under no circumstance by <i>monsieur</i>, but a group of officers can be addressed by plural <i>messieurs</i>). Male officers of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">Air Force</a> are addressed as <i>Mon [rank]</i> by inferior ranks and deferential civilians. This usage is said not to be the possessive pronoun <i>mon</i>, but an abbreviation of <i>monsieur</i>: consequently, women are not referred to with <i>mon</i>, but with the rank alone (for example <i>Général</i> rather than <i>mon Général</i>). </p><p>As a punishment by <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Napoléon Bonaparte</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a> officers have not been addressed as <i>mon</i> since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>. Confusingly, the title generally does not match the rank, but rather an equivalent rank in other forces: <i>lieutenant</i> is the form of address for an <i>enseigne de vaisseau</i>, <i>capitaine</i> for a <i>lieutenant de vaisseau</i>, and <i>commandant</i> for a <i>capitaine de corvette</i>, <i>frégate</i>, or <i>vaisseau</i>. The commanding officer of a ship is also addressed as <i>commandant</i>, regardless of his/her actual rank. </p><p>In everyday written contexts, ranks are abbreviated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Given_names">Given names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Given names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French people have at least one given name. Usually, only one of them is used in daily life; any others are solely for official documents, such as passports or certificates. Thus, one always speaks of <i><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></i> and never of <i>Jacques René Chirac</i>; <i>Henri Philippe Pétain</i> is always referred to as <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>, because <i>Philippe</i> was the given name that he used in daily life. <a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle names</a> in the English sense do not exist; initials are never used for second or further given names. For example, although English-speaking scientific publications may cite <a href="/wiki/Claude_All%C3%A8gre" title="Claude Allègre">Claude Allègre</a> as <i>Claude J. Allègre</i>, this is not done in French-speaking publications. </p><p>Second and further given names, when given, typically honour a child's grandparents, great-grandparents, or other ancestors. The practice of giving two or even three names was fairly common until the early 20th century, but has since fallen out of fashion. </p><p>Traditionally and historically, most people were given names from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> calendar of saints. Common names of this type are <i>Jacques</i> (<a href="/wiki/James_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="James (name)">James</a>), <i>Jean</i> (<a href="/wiki/John_(given_name)" title="John (given name)">John</a>), <i>Michel</i> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_(given_name)" title="Michael (given name)">Michael</a>), <i>Pierre</i> (<a href="/wiki/Peter_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter (name)">Peter</a>), and <i>Jean-Baptiste</i> (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>) for males; and <i>Marie</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mary_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (given name)">Mary</a>), <i>Jeanne</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jane_(given_name)" title="Jane (given name)">Jane</a>), <i>Marguerite</i> (<a href="/wiki/Margaret_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret (name)">Margaret</a>), <i>Françoise</i> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_(given_name)" title="Francis (given name)">Frances</a>), and <i>Élisabeth</i> (<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(given_name)" title="Elizabeth (given name)">Elizabeth</a>) for females. In certain regions such as <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, more local names (usually of local saints) are often used (in Brittany, for instance, male <i>Corentin</i> or female <i>Anne</i>; in Corsica, <i>Ange</i> (suitable both for males and females, French version corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <i>Angelo</i>, <i>Angela</i>). However, given names for French citizens from immigrant communities are often from their own culture, such as <i>Mohammed, Karim</i>, <i>Saïd</i>, <i>Toufik</i>, <i>Jorge</i>, etc. for males, <i>Fatima</i>, <i>Fatoumata</i>, etc. for females. Furthermore, in recent decades<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> it has become common to use first names of English or other foreign origin, mainly in the popular classes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of society, such as <i>Kevin</i>, <i>Enzo</i>, or <i>Anthony</i> (instead of <i>Antoine</i> in the upper classes) for males; for females, <i>Jessica</i>, <i>Jennifer</i>, <i>Karine</i> or <i>Barbara</i> (instead of <i>Barbe</i>, now out of fashion, because it sounds exactly the same as <i>barbe</i> "beard" as in the expression <i>la barbe!</i> "What a drag! / How boring!"). Also, females are often given names like <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline (name)">Jacqueline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald" title="Gerald">Géraldine</a> that are feminine forms of traditional common masculine French names. </p><p>The prevalence of given names follows <a href="/wiki/Fads_and_trends" class="mw-redirect" title="Fads and trends">trends</a>, with some names being popular in some years, and some considered definitely out-of-fashion. As an example, few children born since 1970 would bear the name <i>Germaine</i>, which is generally associated with the idea of an elderly lady. However, as noted above, such old-fashioned names are frequently used as second or third given names, because in France the second or further given names are traditionally those of the godparents or the grandparents. Some older names, such as <i>Suzanne</i>, <i>Violette</i>, and <i>Madeleine</i>, have become fashionable again in the upper class and in the upper middle class. Others such as <i>Jean</i>, <i>Pierre</i>, <i>Louis</i>, and <i>François</i> never really went out of fashion. <i>Alexandre</i> (Alexander) was never very popular, but is not uncommon in middle and upper classes. </p><p>Almost all traditional given names are gender-specific. However, a few given names, such as <i>Dominique</i> (see above: completely gender-neutral), <i>Claude</i> (traditionally masculine), and <i>Camille</i> (traditionally masculine, now mostly feminine<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), are given to both males and females; for others, the pronunciation is the same but the spelling is different: <i>Frédéric</i> (m) / <i>Frédérique</i> (f). In medieval times, a woman was often named <i>Philippe</i> (Philippa), now an exclusively masculine name (Philip), or a male <i>Anne</i> (Ann), now almost exclusively feminine (except as second or third given name, mostly in Brittany). From the mid-19th century into the early 20th century, <i>Marie</i> was a popular first name for both men or women, however, before and after that period it has been almost exclusively given to women as a first given name, although it is sometimes given to males as second or third given name, especially in devout Catholic families. </p><p>Compound given names, such as <i>Jean-Luc</i>, <i>Jean-Paul</i> and <i>Anne-Sophie</i> are not uncommon. These are not considered to be two separate given names. The second part of a compound name may be a given name normally used by the opposite sex. However, the gender of the compound is determined by the first component. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Marie-George_Buffet" title="Marie-George Buffet">Marie-George Buffet</a> has a given name considered as female because it begins with <i>Marie</i>, and <i>George</i> is spelled with a final <i>-e</i> like all the traditional French female given names, instead of <i><a href="/wiki/Georges_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Georges (disambiguation)">Georges</a></i> with <i>-es</i> for a male. The feminine component in male compound names is mostly <i>Marie</i>, as in <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Vianney" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Marie Vianney">Jean-Marie Vianney</a>. In the past, some Frenchmen would have <i>Marie</i> or <i>Anne</i> as first name (example: <a href="/wiki/Anne_du_Bourg" title="Anne du Bourg">Anne du Bourg</a>), which is still nowadays in practice in rare traditional Catholic families (but then the man will have other given names and one of those will be used in everyday life). Second or third given names, which usually are kept private, may also include names normally used by the opposite gender. For instance, in 2006, 81 Frenchmen have <i>Brigitte</i> among their given names, 97 <i>Catherine</i>, 133 <i>Anne</i>, and 204 <i>Julie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the above-described custom of using <i>Marie</i> for males, this is due to the habit of traditional Catholic French families to give children the names of their godmother and godfather: if there is no counterpart of the opposite gender for the name of the godparent who is not of the same sex as the child, generally the name of the godparent will be left as such. For instance, a male child born to a traditional Catholic family choosing for him the name <i>Nicolas</i> and whose godparents are called <i>Christian</i> and <i>Véronique</i> could be called <i>Nicolas Christian Marie Véronique</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2013)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:French_name#Dubious" title="Talk:French name">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>First names are chosen by the child's parents. There are no legal <i>a priori</i> constraints on the choice of names nowadays, but this has not always been the case. The choice of given names, originally limited only by the tradition of naming children after a small number of popular saints, was restricted by law at the end of the 18th century, could be accepted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-NZ_Herald_10619062_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_10619062-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much later, actually in 1966, a new law permitted a limited number of mythological, regional or foreign names, substantives (Olive, Violette), diminutives, and alternative spellings. Only in 1993 were French parents given the freedom to name their child without any constraint whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if the birth registrar thinks that the chosen names (alone or in association with the last name) may be detrimental to the child's interests, or to the right of other families to protect their own family name, the registrar may refer the matter to the local prosecutor, who may choose to refer the matter to the local court. The court may then refuse the chosen names. Such refusals are rare and mostly concern given names that may expose the child to mockery. </p><p>To change a given name, a request can be made before a court (<i>juge des affaires familiales</i>), but except in a few specific cases (such as the Gallicization of a foreign name), it is necessary to prove a legitimate interest for the change (usually that the current name is a cause of mockery or when put together with the surname, it creates a ridiculous word or sentence, e.g.: <i>Jean Bon</i> sounds <i>jambon</i> "ham", or <i>Annick Mamère</i> = <i>A nique ma mère</i>, slang for "she fucks my mother"). </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surnames">Surnames</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is believed that the number of surnames in France at all times since 1990 has been between 800,000 and 1,200,000. The number of surnames is high proportional to the population; most surnames have many orthographic and dialectal variants (more than 40 for some), which were registered as entirely separate names around 1880 when "<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livret_de_famille" class="extiw" title="fr:Livret de famille">family vital records booklets</a>" were issued.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the Institute of Statistics (<a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>), more than 1,300,000 surnames were registered in the country between 1891 and 1990, and about 200,000 have disappeared (mainly unique orthographic variants). According to different estimates, 50 to 80 percent of French citizens may bear rare family names (fewer than 50 bearers alive at the census time). Not all family names are of French origin, as many families have some immigrant roots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_naming_law_(surnames)"><span id="French_naming_law_.28surnames.29"></span>French naming law (surnames)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French naming law (surnames)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, until 2005, children were required by law to take the surname of their father. If the father was unknown, the child was given the family name of the mother. Since 2005, article 311-21 of the French <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">Civil code</a> permits parents to give their children the father's name, the mother's name, or a hyphenation of both: although no more than two names can be hyphenated. In cases of disagreement, both parents' family names are hyphenated, in alphabetic order, with only the first of their names, if they each have a hyphenated name themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1978 declaration by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> requires member governments to take measures to adopt equality of rights in the transmission of family names, a measure that was repeated by the United Nations in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar measures were adopted by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (1999), and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (2013). </p><p>In France, a person may use a name of a third party (called the common name)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the following circumstances: </p> <ul><li>anyone – to add or use the name of a parent whose name he does not bear. This results from the application of Article 43 of Law No. 85-1372 of 23 December 1985. For example, in the case of children of divorced and remarried parents, to help differentiate the family composition.</li> <li>married people or widows – by adding or substituting the name of their spouse. Substituting the name of the husband is an established custom but has never been enshrined in law. For example, social security laws require the wife and husband to provide the "maiden name" or birth name. This right also applies to divorced couples, provided that the ex-spouse does not object and the other has a legitimate interest, such as because they have custody of the couple's children.</li></ul> <p>Since Law No. 2003-516 of 18 June 2003 on the devolution of family names, there is no longer any distinction between the name of the mother and the father. A child may receive the family name of one or the other, or both family names. Decree No. 2004-1159 of 29 October 2004 implemented Law No. 2002-304 of 4 March 2002, provided that children born on or after 1 January 2004 and children changing names, may have or use only the family name of the father or the mother or both family names. However, whichever form is used, a person's name must be used consistently on all identification documents, such as a passport or identity card. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_common_French_surnames">Most common French surnames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Most common French surnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The list for France is different according to the sources. A list including the births between 1891 and 1990 shows : 1 – <a href="/wiki/Martin_(name)" title="Martin (name)">Martin</a>, 2 – <a href="/wiki/Bernard" title="Bernard">Bernard</a>, 3 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_(surname)" title="Thomas (surname)">Thomas</a>, 4 – <a href="/wiki/Petit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Petit (disambiguation)">Petit</a>, 5 – <a href="/wiki/Robert" title="Robert">Robert</a>, 6 – <a href="/wiki/Richard" title="Richard">Richard</a>, 7 – <a href="/wiki/Durand_(surname)" title="Durand (surname)">Durand</a>, 8 – <a href="/wiki/Dubois_(surname)" title="Dubois (surname)">Dubois</a>, 9 – <a href="/wiki/Moreau_(surname)" title="Moreau (surname)">Moreau</a>, 10 – <a href="/wiki/Laurent_(name)" title="Laurent (name)">Laurent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A list of birth between 1966 and 1990 yields: 1 – Martin, 2 – Bernard, 3 – Thomas, 4 – Robert, 5 – Petit, 6 – Dubois, 7 – Richard, 8 – <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_(surname)" title="García (surname)">Garcia</a> (Spanish), 9 – Durand, 10 – Moreau.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>France<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Belgium<br />(<a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>, 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Canada<br />(<a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec">Québec</a>, 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Martin_(name)" title="Martin (name)">Martin</a></td> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Dubois_(surname)" title="Dubois (surname)">Dubois</a></td> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Tremblay_(surname)" title="Tremblay (surname)">Tremblay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. <a href="/wiki/Bernard" title="Bernard">Bernard</a></td> <td>2. <a href="/wiki/Lambert_(name)" title="Lambert (name)">Lambert</a></td> <td>2. <a href="/wiki/Gagnon_(surname)" title="Gagnon (surname)">Gagnon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. <a href="/wiki/Dubois_(surname)" title="Dubois (surname)">Dubois</a></td> <td>3. <a href="/wiki/Martin_(name)" title="Martin (name)">Martin</a></td> <td>3. <a href="/wiki/Roy" title="Roy">Roy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_(surname)" title="Thomas (surname)">Thomas</a></td> <td>4. <a href="/wiki/Dupont_(surname)" title="Dupont (surname)">Dupont</a></td> <td>4. <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Côté">Côté</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Robert" title="Robert">Robert</a></td> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Simon_(surname)" title="Simon (surname)">Simon</a></td> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Bouchard" title="Bouchard">Bouchard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. <a href="/wiki/Richard" title="Richard">Richard</a></td> <td>6. <a href="/wiki/Dumont_(surname)" title="Dumont (surname)">Dumont</a></td> <td>6. <a href="/wiki/Gauthier" title="Gauthier">Gauthier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. <a href="/wiki/Petit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Petit (disambiguation)">Petit</a></td> <td>7. <a href="/wiki/Leclercq" title="Leclercq">Leclercq</a></td> <td>7. <a href="/wiki/Morin" title="Morin">Morin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8. <a href="/wiki/Durand_(surname)" title="Durand (surname)">Durand</a></td> <td>8. <a href="/wiki/Laurent_(name)" title="Laurent (name)">Laurent</a></td> <td>8. <a href="/wiki/Lavoie" title="Lavoie">Lavoie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9. <a href="/wiki/Leroy_(name)" title="Leroy (name)">Leroy</a></td> <td>9. <a href="/wiki/Lejeune" title="Lejeune">Lejeune</a></td> <td>9. <a href="/wiki/Fortin" title="Fortin">Fortin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10. <a href="/wiki/Moreau_(surname)" title="Moreau (surname)">Moreau</a></td> <td>10. <a href="/wiki/Renard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Renard (disambiguation)">Renard</a></td> <td>10. <a href="/wiki/Gagn%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagné">Gagné</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This list masks strong regional differences in France and the increasing number of foreign names among the French citizens. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table based on births between 1966 and 1990:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Basse-Normandie</th> <th>Alsace</th> <th>Brittany</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-<br />Côte d'Azur</a></th> <th>Île-de-France </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. Marie</td> <td>1. Meyer</td> <td>1. Le Gall</td> <td>1. <b>Martin</b></td> <td>1. <b>Martin</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. <b>Martin</b></td> <td>2. Muller</td> <td>2. <b>Thomas</b></td> <td>2. Garcia (Spanish)</td> <td>2. Da Silva (Portuguese) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Jeanne</td> <td>3. Schmitt</td> <td>3. Le Goff</td> <td>3. Martinez (Spanish)</td> <td>3. Pereira (Port.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. Duval</td> <td>4. Schneider</td> <td>4. Le Roux</td> <td>4. Blanc</td> <td>4. <b>Petit</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. Lefèvre</td> <td>5. Klein</td> <td>5. <b>Martin</b></td> <td>5. Fernandez (Spanish)</td> <td>5. Dos Santos (Port.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. <b>Leroy</b></td> <td>6. Weber</td> <td>6. Simon</td> <td>6. Lopez (Spanish)</td> <td>6. Ferreira (Port.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. Hébert</td> <td>7. Fischer</td> <td>7. Tanguy</td> <td>7. Roux</td> <td>7. Rodrigues (Port.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>8. Guérin</td> <td>8. <b>Martin</b></td> <td>8. Hamon</td> <td>8. Sanchez (Spanish)</td> <td>8. <b>Dubois</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9. Simon</td> <td>9. Weiss</td> <td>9. Hervé</td> <td>9. Perez (Spanish)</td> <td>9. <b>Bernard</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10. Hamel</td> <td>10. Walter</td> <td>10. Morvan</td> <td>10. Michel</td> <td>10. Fernandes (Port.) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/French_name" title="Special:EditPage/French name">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22nobiliary+particle%22+surname">"nobiliary particle" surname</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22nobiliary+particle%22+surname+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22nobiliary+particle%22+surname&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22nobiliary+particle%22+surname+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22nobiliary+particle%22+surname">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22nobiliary+particle%22+surname&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some French last names include a prefix called a <a href="/wiki/Nobility_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility particle">particle</a> (French: <i lang="fr">particule</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> or <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a> at the beginning of the name. The most widespread of these are <i>de</i> (meaning "of"), <i>le</i> or <i>la</i> ("the"), and <i>Du</i> or <i>de La</i> ("of the"). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Capitalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalisation">capitalisation</a> of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">particules</i></span> can vary. In France, particles <i>de</i>, <i>le</i> and <i>la</i> are generally not capitalised, but <i>Du</i> and the double <i>de La</i> are. In other countries and languages, capitalisation may follow different rules. </p><p>A common misconception is that <i>particules</i> indicate some noble or <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> origin of the name, but this is not always the case. Many non-noble people have <i>particules</i> in their names simply because they indicate the family's geographic origin. One example is <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a>. French statesman <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s surname may not be a traditional French name with a <a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">toponymic</a> <i>particule</i>, but a Flemish Dutch name that evolved from a form of <i>De Walle</i> meaning "the wall". </p><p>In the case of nobility, titles are mostly of the form [title] [<a href="/wiki/Nobility_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility particle">particle</a>] [name of the land]: for instance, <i><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe of France">Louis, duc d'Orléans</a></i> ("Louis, <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>"), or simply <i>Louis d'Orléans</i>. Former president <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a>'s father had his surname legally changed from "Giscard" to "Giscard d'Estaing" in 1922, claiming the name of a family line extinct since the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </p><p>Adding a <i>particule</i> was one way for people of non-noble origins to pretend they were nobles. In the 19th century, wealthy commoners buying nobility titles were derisively called <i>Monsieur de Puispeu</i>, a pun on <i>depuis peu</i> meaning "since recently". Similarly, during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789–1799, when being associated with the nobility was out of favor and even risky, some people dropped the <i>de</i> from their name, or omitted the mention of their feudal titles. </p><p>In some cases, names with <i>particules</i> are made of a normal family name and the name of an estate (or even of several estates). Thus, Dominique de Villepin is <i>Dominique Galouzeau de Villepin</i>; <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lie_de_Saint_Marc" title="Hélie de Saint Marc">Hélie de Saint Marc</a> is <i>Hélie Denoix de Saint Marc</i> (in both cases, omitting second or other given names). As in these examples, most people with such long family names shorten their name for common use, by keeping only the first estate name (such as Viscount Philippe Le Jolis de Villiers de Saintignon, assuming in everyday life the name of Philippe de Villiers) or, in some cases, only the family name. Whether the family name or the estate name is used for the shortened form depends on a variety of factors: how people feel bearing a <i>particule</i> (people may for instance dislike the connotations of nobility that the <i>particule</i> entails; on the other hand, they may enjoy the impression of nobility), tradition, etc. For instance, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing is never referred to as "d'Estaing", probably because his <i>particule</i> is a recent addition to the family surname by his father. On the contrary, the press often simply refers to him as "Giscard". </p><p>Traditionally, the <i>particule</i> <i>de</i> is omitted when citing the name of a person without a preceding given name, title (<i>baron</i>, <i>duc</i> etc.), job description (<i>général</i>, <i>colonel</i>, etc.) or polite address (<i>monsieur</i>, <i>madame</i>, <i>mademoiselle</i>). Thus, one would say <i>Monsieur de La Vieuville</i>, but if calling him familiarly by his last name only, <i>La Vieuville</i> (note the initial capital letter); the same applies for <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_La_Martini%C3%A8re" title="Gérard de La Martinière">Gérard de La Martinière</a></i>, who would be called <i>La Martinière</i>. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers" title="Philippe de Villiers">Philippe de Villiers</a> talks about the votes he receives as <i>le vote Villiers</i>. However, this usage is now losing ground to a more egalitarian treatment of surnames; it is, for instance, commonplace to hear people talking of <i>de Villiers</i>. </p><p>Note that <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> language <a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">medial capital</a> spellings such as <i>DeVilliers</i> are <b>never</b> used in France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_of_names">Changes of names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Changes of names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A French woman retains her birth name when she marries. In some cases, a woman may take her husband's name as a "usage name".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not a legal obligation (it is a <i>contra legem</i> custom, as French law since the Revolution has required that no one may be called by any other name than that written on their birth certificate), and not all women decide to do so. However, if they do, they may retain the use of this name, depending on circumstances, even after a divorce. In some cases, the wife, or both spouses, choose to adopt a double-barreled, hyphenated surname made from joining the surnames of both partners. Thus, both partners' surnames coexist with whatever usage name they choose. </p><p>This distinction is important because many official documents use the person's birth or legal surname, rather than their usage name. </p><p>People may also choose to use other names in daily usage, as long as they are not impersonating others and as long as their usage name is socially accepted. One example of this is the custom of actors or singers to use a <a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">stage name</a>. However, identity documents and other official documents will bear only the "real name" of the person. </p><p>In some cases, people change their real name to their stage name; for example, the singer <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bruel" title="Patrick Bruel">Patrick Bruel</a> changed his name from his birth name of <i>Benguigui</i>. Another example of aliases being turned into true names: During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, some <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a> fighters (such as <a href="/wiki/Lucie_Aubrac" title="Lucie Aubrac">Lucie Aubrac</a>) and Jews fleeing persecution adopted aliases. Some kept the alias as a legal name after the war or added it to their name (<a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Jacques Chaban-Delmas</a>' name was <i>Delmas</i>, and <i>Chaban</i> was the last of his wartime aliases; his children were given the family surname Delmas). </p><p>Legally changing one's last name, as opposed to adopting a usage name, is quite complex. Such changes have to be made official by a <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree"><i>décret en Conseil d'État</i></a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a> after approval by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (France)">Council of State</a>. Requests for such changes must be justified by some legitimate interest, for instance, changing from a foreign name difficult to pronounce in French to a simpler name, or changing from a name with unfavorable connotations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_honorifics" title="French honorifics">French honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic name</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_pr%C3%A9noms_francophones" class="extiw" title="fr:Liste des prénoms francophones">List of common French given names</a> at the <a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French Wikipedia</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRouhetteRouhette-Berton2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rouhette, Georges; Rouhette-Berton, Anne (2006-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721141318/http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=22&r=246">"CHAPTER II : Of Records of Birth"</a>. <i>Civil Code</i>. Book I: Of Persons, Title II: Of Records of Civil Status. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gifrance" title="Légifrance">Légifrance</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=22&r=246">the original</a> on 2011-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+Code&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+II+%3A+Of+Records+of+Birth&rft.volume=Book+I%3A+Of+Persons%2C+Title+II%3A+Of+Records+of+Civil+Status&rft.date=2006-04-04&rft.aulast=Rouhette&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Rouhette-Berton%2C+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F195.83.177.9%2Fcode%2Fliste.phtml%3Flang%3Duk%26c%3D22%26r%3D246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li>Imprimerie Nationale, <i>Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7433-0482-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-7433-0482-0">2-7433-0482-0</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Specific</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/01/29/146062634/french-town-says-non-to-mademoiselle">"French Town Says Non to 'Mademoiselle'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 29 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&rft.atitle=French+Town+Says+Non+to+%27Mademoiselle%27&rft.date=2012-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F01%2F29%2F146062634%2Ffrench-town-says-non-to-mademoiselle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linternaute.com/femmes/prenoms/enfant/2009/">"Les prénoms les plus donnés en 2009"</a>. <i>linternaute.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linternaute.com&rft.atitle=Les+pr%C3%A9noms+les+plus+donn%C3%A9s+en+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linternaute.com%2Ffemmes%2Fprenoms%2Fenfant%2F2009%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meilleursprenoms.com/stats/histogram.php3?recherche=julie&sexe=1">male INSEE stats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320213611/http://meilleursprenoms.com/stats/histogram.php3?recherche=Julie&sexe=1">Archived</a> 2007-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ_Herald_10619062-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NZ_Herald_10619062_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichfield,_John2010" class="citation web cs1">Lichfield, John (January 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10619062">"Double--hyphen surname law gets both barrels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Double--hyphen+surname+law+gets+both+barrels&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft.au=Lichfield%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fworld%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D2%26objectid%3D10619062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510050438/http://www.babyfrance.com/Legislation-sur-les-prenoms">"Législation sur les prénoms (Legislation on names)"</a>. <i>babyfrance.com</i> (in French). Baby on Web. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babyfrance.com/Legislation-sur-les-prenoms">the original</a> on 2007-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=babyfrance.com&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9gislation+sur+les+pr%C3%A9noms+%28Legislation+on+names%29&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babyfrance.com%2FLegislation-sur-les-prenoms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070721&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006424849&dateTexte=&categorieLien=cid">"Code civil – Article 311-21 – Legifrance"</a>. <i>legifrance.gouv.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legifrance.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Code+civil+%E2%80%93+Article+311-21+%E2%80%93+Legifrance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichCodeArticle.do%3FcidTexte%3DLEGITEXT000006070721%26idArticle%3DLEGIARTI000006424849%26dateTexte%3D%26categorieLien%3Dcid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cdw.html">"U.N. Convention on Discrimination against Women"</a>. <i>hrweb.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrweb.org&rft.atitle=U.N.+Convention+on+Discrimination+against+Women&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrweb.org%2Flegal%2Fcdw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000685234">Circular of 26 June 1986 implementing Article 43 of Law No. 85-1372 of 23 December 1985.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Journal officiel de la République française">JORF</a> No. 153 of 3 July 1986, pp. 8245–8247, sur <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gifrance" title="Légifrance">Légifrance</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geopatronyme.com/cgi-bin/carte/hitnom.cgi?periode=5">"LES NOMS DE FAMILLE LES PLUS PORTES PAR NAISSANCE EN FRANCE entre 1891 et 1990"</a>. <i>geopatronyme.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geopatronyme.com&rft.atitle=LES+NOMS+DE+FAMILLE+LES+PLUS+PORTES+PAR+NAISSANCE+EN+FRANCE+entre+1891+et+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geopatronyme.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcarte%2Fhitnom.cgi%3Fperiode%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geopatronyme.com/cgi-bin/carte/hitnom.cgi?periode=4">"LES NOMS DE FAMILLE LES PLUS PORTES PAR NAISSANCE EN FRANCE entre 1966 et 1990"</a>. <i>geopatronyme.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geopatronyme.com&rft.atitle=LES+NOMS+DE+FAMILLE+LES+PLUS+PORTES+PAR+NAISSANCE+EN+FRANCE+entre+1966+et+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geopatronyme.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcarte%2Fhitnom.cgi%3Fperiode%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linternaute.com/femmes/nom-de-famille/">Noms de famille: les noms de famille les plus portés, l'origine de votre nom de famille</a> (French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726172333/http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/statistiques/chiffres/population/autres/noms/fam/">"Noms de famille les plus fréquents en 2008 – Belgique et Régions (Top 100)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/statistiques/chiffres/population/autres/noms/fam/">the original</a> on 2013-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noms+de+famille+les+plus+fr%C3%A9quents+en+2008+%E2%80%93+Belgique+et+R%C3%A9gions+%28Top+100%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Fchiffres%2Fpopulation%2Fautres%2Fnoms%2Ffam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/demograp/noms_famille.htm">Les noms de famille au Québec : aspects statistiques et distribution spatiale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131118085330/http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/demograp/noms_famille.htm">Archived</a> 2013-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geopatronyme.com/cdip/region2.htm">"LES NOMS DE FAMILLE LES PLUS PORTES EN FRANCE PAR REGION"</a>. <i>geopatronyme.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geopatronyme.com&rft.atitle=LES+NOMS+DE+FAMILLE+LES+PLUS+PORTES+EN+FRANCE+PAR+REGION&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geopatronyme.com%2Fcdip%2Fregion2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation citeseerx cs1">"The surname of married women in the European Union". <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.218.5543">10.1.1.218.5543</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=CiteSeerX&rft.atitle=The+surname+of+married+women+in+the+European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.218.5543%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_%26_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Population & Sociétés">fr:Population & Sociétés</a> No. 367 of April 2001</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_name&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130222/http://www.prefecturedepolice.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/6610/54315/file/Liste%20des%20pr%C3%A9noms.pdf">"Liste alphabétique des prénoms"</a> [Official list of French given names] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_Police" title="Prefecture of Police">Prefecture of Police</a>. October 22, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prefecturedepolice.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/6610/54315/file/Liste%20des%20pr%C3%A9noms.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liste+alphab%C3%A9tique+des+pr%C3%A9noms&rft.pub=Prefecture+of+Police&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prefecturedepolice.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F6610%2F54315%2Ffile%2FListe%2520des%2520pr%25C3%25A9noms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+name" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708151830/http://frenchbabynames.org/">More French Baby names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://french.about.com/od/culture/a/frenchnames_3.htm">French female names</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123103151/http://french.about.com/od/culture/a/frenchnames_3.htm">Archived</a> 2016-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback 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title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_name&oldid=1258397548">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_name&oldid=1258397548</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_given_names" 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