Akkad and the Akkadian Empire - World History Encyclopedia

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It is also famous for the first writer in world history known by name, Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon of Akkad. "}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Where was Akkad located?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"No one knows where Akkad was located except that it rose on the western bank of the Euphrates River in ancient Mesopotamia. "}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Who founded the Akkadian Empire?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"The Akkadian Empire was founded by Sargon the Great (also known as Sargon of Akkad) who ruled 2334-2279 BCE."}},{"@type":"Question","name":"What caused the fall of the Akkadian Empire? ","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"The cause of the fall of the Akkadian Empire is unknown. It was traditionally ascribed to the Gutian Invasion but modern scholars think it may have been caused by climate change, famine, and disruption in trade along with, possibly, the invasion by the Gutians. 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</script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/akkad/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/160.png" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/akkad/" data-pin-description="Akkad was the seat of the Akkadian Empire (2334-2218 BCE), the first multi-national political entity in the world, founded by Sargon the Great (r. 2334-2279 BCE) who unified Mesopotamia under his rule and set the model for later Mesopotamian kings to follow or attempt to surpass. The Akkadian Empire..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Joshua J. Mark" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-JPryst.JPG" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a> <br/> published on 28 April 2011 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/ar/1-363/" class="translation_link ar " rel="alternate">Arabic</a>, <a href="/trans/fr/1-363/akkad/" class="translation_link fr " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/de/1-363/akkad-und-das-akkadische-reich/" class="translation_link de " rel="alternate">German</a>, <a href="/trans/el/1-363/" class="translation_link el " rel="alternate">Greek</a>, <a href="/trans/fa/1-363/" class="translation_link fa " rel="alternate">Persian</a>, <a href="/trans/ru/1-363/" class="translation_link ru " rel="alternate">Russian</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-363/acadia-y-el-imperio-acadio/" class="translation_link es " rel="alternate">Spanish</a>, <a href="/trans/sv/1-363/akkad/" class="translation_link sv " rel="alternate">Swedish</a></div> </div> <div id="audio-outer-wrapper"> <iframe id="audio-frame-contents" data-src="/audioplayer/en/1-363/" height="80" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <script> pageReady.then(()=>{ jsQueue(()=>{ let litPlayer = $('#audio-frame-contents'); if (litPlayer) { litPlayer.attr('src',litPlayer.attr('data-src')); } }); }); </script> <style> #audio-outer-wrapper { height: 80px; width: 100%; margin: 1em 0em; } #audio-frame-contents { background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-height: 80px; } </style> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=akkad+Akkadian_Empire+Enheduanna+eridu+Inanna+sumer+ur+uruk" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/160/map-of-the-akkadian-empire/" title="Map of the Akkadian Empire"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/160.png.webp?v=1715194929 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/160.png.webp?v=1715194929 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/160.png?v=1715194929 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/160.png?v=1715194929 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/160.png?v=1715194929" width="300" height="177" alt="Map of the Akkadian Empire (by Nareklm, GNU FDL)" title="Map of the Akkadian Empire (by Nareklm, GNU FDL)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Map of the Akkadian Empire</div><div class="figauthor">Nareklm (GNU FDL)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/160/map-of-the-akkadian-empire/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/160/map-of-the-akkadian-empire/","caption":"The empire of Sargon, late 24th century BCE.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/160.png","copyrightNotice":"Nareklm - GNU FDL - Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Nareklm"},"creditText":"Nareklm / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-04-02T14:57:04+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Map of the Akkadian Empire","height":"471","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orientmitja2300aC.png"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.en.html","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/160/map-of-the-akkadian-empire/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/160/map-of-the-akkadian-empire/","width":"800"} </script> <p>Akkad was the seat of the <a href="/disambiguation/akkadian/">Akkadian</a> <a href="/empire/">Empire</a> (2334-2218 BCE), the first multi-national political entity in the world, founded by <a href="/Sargon_of_Akkad/">Sargon the Great</a> (r. 2334-2279 BCE) who unified <a href="/Mesopotamia/">Mesopotamia</a> under his rule and set the model for later Mesopotamian kings to follow or attempt to surpass. The Akkadian Empire set a number of "firsts' which would later become standard.</p> <p>No one knows where the <a href="/city/">city</a> of Akkad was located, how it rose to prominence, or how, precisely, it fell; yet once it was the seat of the Akkadian Empire which ruled over a vast expanse of the region of ancient Mesopotamia. It is known that Akkad (also given as Agade) was a city located along the western bank of the Euphrates River possibly between the <a href="/city/">cities</a> of Sippar and Kish (or, perhaps, between <a href="/mari/">Mari</a> and <a href="/babylon/">Babylon</a> or, even, elsewhere along the Euphrates). According to legend, it was built by the king <a href="/disambiguation/sargon/">Sargon</a> the Great who unified Mesopotamia under the rule of his Akkadian Empire and set the standard for future forms of government in Mesopotamia.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <p>Sargon (or his scribes) claimed that the Akkadian Empire stretched from the Persian Gulf through modern-day Kuwait, Iraq, <a href="/Jordan/">Jordan</a>, <a href="/syria/">Syria</a> (possibly Lebanon) through the lower part of <a href="/Asia_Minor/">Asia Minor</a> to the <a href="/disambiguation/mediterranean/">Mediterranean</a> Sea and <a href="/cyprus/">Cyprus</a> (there is also a claim it stretched as far as <a href="/crete/">Crete</a> in the <a href="/aegean/">Aegean</a>). While the size and scope of the empire based in Akkad is disputed, there is no doubt that Sargon the Great created the first multinational empire in the world.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <h3>The King of <a href="/uruk/">Uruk</a> & the Rise of Sargon</h3> <p>The language of the city, Akkadian, was already in use before the rise of the Akkadian Empire (notably in the wealthy city of Mari where vast <a href="/cuneiform/">cuneiform</a> tablets have helped to define events for later historians), and it is possible that Sargon restored Akkad, rather than built it. It should also be noted that Sargon was not the first ruler to unite the disparate cities and tribes under one rule. The King of Uruk, Lugalzagesi, had already accomplished this, though on a much smaller scale, under his own rule.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <p>He was defeated by Sargon who, improving on the model given him by Uruk, made his own dynasty larger and stronger. The historian Gwendolyn Leick writes, "According to his own inscriptions, he [Sargon] campaigned widely beyond Mesopotamia and secured access to all the major <a href="/disambiguation/trade/">trade</a> routes, by sea and by land" (8). While Lugalzagesi had succeeded in subjugating the cities of <a href="/sumer/">Sumer</a>, Sargon was intent on conquering the known world. The historian Will Durant writes:</p> <blockquote> <p>East and west, north and south, the mighty warrior marched, conquering <a href="/elam/">Elam</a>, washing his weapons in symbolic <a href="/Roman_Triumph/">triumph</a> in the Persian Gulf, crossing western Asia, reaching the Mediterranean, and establishing the first great empire in history. (121-122)</p> </blockquote> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="161"> <a href="/image/161/akkadian-ruler/" title="Akkadian Ruler" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/161.jpg.webp?v=1739462586 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/161.jpg.webp?v=1739462586 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/161.jpg?v=1739462586 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/161.jpg?v=1739462586 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/161.jpg?v=1739462586" alt="Akkadian Ruler" class="in_text_image" width="280" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Akkadian Ruler</div><div class="figauthor">Sumerophile (Public Domain)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/161/akkadian-ruler/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/161/akkadian-ruler/","caption":"Bronze head of an Akkadian ruler, probably Sargon the Great, c. 23rd - 22nd century BCE.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/161.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Sumerophile - Public Domain - This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sumerophile"},"creditText":"Sumerophile / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-04-02T14:57:04+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Akkadian Ruler","height":"864","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AkkadianHead.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/161/akkadian-ruler/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/161/akkadian-ruler/","width":"483"} </script> </p> <p>This empire stabilized the region of Mesopotamia and allowed for the development of art, <a href="/literature/">literature</a>, <a href="/science/">science</a>, agricultural advances, and <a href="/religion/">religion</a>. According to the <a href="/Sumerians/">Sumerian</a> King List, there were five rulers of Akkad: Sargon, Rimush, Manishtusu, <a href="/Naram-Sin/">Naram-Sin</a> (also known as Naram-Suen), and Shar-<a href="/Kali/">Kali</a>-Sharri who maintained the dynasty for 142 years before it collapsed. In this time Akkadian came to replace Sumerian as the lingua franca except in sacred services and Akkadian dress, <a href="/writing/">writing</a>, and religious practices infiltrated the customs of the conquered in the region. A thorough understanding of the rise and fall of Akkad (relatively speaking) is best gained through an examination of the rulers of the city and the empire they maintained.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>Sargon's Rule</h3> <div class="big_quote">Sargon the Great either founded or restored the city of Akkad, conquered "the four corners of the universe," & maintained order in his empire.</div> <p>Sargon the Great either founded or restored the city of Akkad and ruled from 2334-2279 BCE. He conquered what he called "the four corners of the universe" and maintained order in his empire through repeated military campaigns. The stability provided by this empire gave rise to the construction of roads, improved irrigation, a wider sphere of influence in trade, as well as the abovementioned developments in arts and sciences.</p> <p>The Akkadian Empire created the first postal system where clay tablets inscribed in cuneiform Akkadian <a href="/script/">script</a> were wrapped in outer clay envelopes marked with the name and address of the recipient and the seal of the sender. These letters could not be opened except by the person they were intended for because there was no way to open the clay envelope save by breaking it.</p> <p>In order to maintain his presence throughout his empire, Sargon strategically placed his best and most trusted men in positions of power in the various cities. The "Citizens of Akkad", as a later Babylonian text calls them, were the governors and administrators in over 65 different cities. Sargon also cleverly placed his daughter, <a href="/Enheduanna/">Enheduanna</a>, as High Priestess of <a href="/Inanna/">Inanna</a> at <a href="/ur/">Ur</a> and, through her, seems to have been able to manipulate religious/cultural affairs from afar. Enheduanna is recognized today as the world's first writer known by name and, from what is known of her life, she seems to have been a very able and powerful priestess in addition to creating her impressive hymns to Inanna.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>Sargon's Successors: Rimush & Manishtusu</h3> <p>Sargon reigned for 56 years and after his <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">death</a> was succeeded by his son Rimush (r. 2279-2271 BCE) who maintained his father's policies closely. The cities rebelled after Sargon's death, and Rimush spent the early years of his reign restoring order. He campaigned against Elam, whom he defeated, and claimed in an inscription to bring great wealth back to Akkad. He ruled for only nine years before he died and was succeeded by his brother Manishtusu (r. 2271-2261 BCE). There is some speculation that Manishtusu brought about his brother's death to gain the throne.</p> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper"><div class="youtube-embed-container"><iframe data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kw1D1waMRrE?autoplay=0&cc_lang_pref=en" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen title="Cradles of Civilization - Sargon of Akkad"></iframe></div></div> <p>History repeated itself after the death of Rimush, and Manishtusu had to quell widespread revolts across the empire before engaging in the business of governing his lands. He increased trade and, according to his inscriptions, engaged in long-distance trade with Magan and Meluhha (modern-day Oman/UAE and the <a href="/Indus_Valley_Civilization/">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, respectively). He also undertook great construction projects throughout the empire and is thought to have decreed the work on the <a href="/ishtar/">Ishtar</a> <a href="/temple/">Temple</a> at <a href="/nineveh/">Nineveh</a>, which was considered a very impressive piece of <a href="/disambiguation/architecture/">architecture</a>.</p> <p>Further, he undertook land reform and, from what is known, improved upon the empire of his father and brother. Manishtusu's obelisk, describing the distribution of parcels of land, may be viewed today in the Louvre Museum, <a href="/disambiguation/paris/">Paris</a>. His death is somewhat of a mystery but, according to some scholars, Leick among them, "Manishtusu was killed by his courtiers with their cylinder seals" though no definite motive has been offered for the killing (111).</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>Naram-Sin: Greatest of the Akkadian Kings</h3> <p>Manishtusu was succeeded by his son Naram-Sin (also Naram-Suen) who reigned from 2261-2224 BCE. Like his father and uncle before him, Naram-Sin had to suppress rebellions across the empire before he could begin to govern but, once he began, the empire flourished under his reign. In the 36 years he ruled, he expanded the boundaries of the empire, kept order within, increased trade, and personally campaigned with his army beyond the Persian Gulf and, possibly, even to <a href="/egypt/">Egypt</a>.</p> <p>The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin (presently housed in the Louvre) celebrates the victory of the Akkadian monarch over Satuni, king of the Lullubi (a tribe in the Zagros Mountains) and depicts Naram-Sin ascending the mountain, trampling on the bodies of his enemies, in the image of a <a href="/God/">god</a>. Like his grandfather, he claimed himself "king of the four quarters of the universe" but, in a bolder move, began writing his name with a sign designating himself a god on equal footing with any in the <a href="/article/221/the-mesopotamian-pantheon/">Mesopotamian pantheon</a>.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="356"> <a href="/image/356/victory-stele-of-naram-sin/" title="Victory Stele of Naram-Sin" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/356.jpg.webp?v=1715194926 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/356.jpg.webp?v=1715194926 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/356.jpg?v=1715194926 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/356.jpg?v=1715194926 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/356.jpg?v=1715194926" alt="Victory Stele of Naram-Sin" class="in_text_image" width="258" height="501" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Victory Stele of Naram-Sin</div><div class="figauthor">Jan van der Crabben (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/356/victory-stele-of-naram-sin/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/356/victory-stele-of-naram-sin/","caption":"Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, king of Akkad. c. 2250 BCE. Brought from Sippar to Susa in the 12th century BCE. Restored in 1992 CE. (Louvre Museum, Paris)","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/356.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Jan van der Crabben - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/jvdc/#person","name":"Jan van der Crabben","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/jvdc/","sameAs":["https://www.linkedin.com/in/janvdc/"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-jvdc.jpg","description":"Jan is the Founder and CEO of World History Encyclopedia. He holds an MA War Studies from King's College, and he has worked in the field of history-related digital media since 2006.","jobTitle":"Chief Executive Officer","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Jan van der Crabben / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-04-02T14:57:04+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Victory Stele of Naram-Sin","height":"1752","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/356/victory-stele-of-naram-sin/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/356/victory-stele-of-naram-sin/","width":"904"} </script> </p> <p>In spite of his spectacular reign, considered the height of the Akkadian Empire, later generations would associate him with <em>The Curse of Agade</em>, a literary text (of the <a href="/Mesopotamian_Naru_Literature/">Mesopotamian Naru Literature</a> genre) ascribed to the Third Dynasty of Ur but which could have been written earlier. It tells the fascinating story of one man's attempt to wrest an answer from the gods by force, and that man is Naram-Sin. According to the text, the great Sumerian god <a href="/Enlil/">Enlil</a> withdrew his pleasure from the city of Akkad and, in so doing, prohibited the other gods from entering the city and blessing it any longer with their presence.</p><div class="intext_6 ahe-ad book_rec_banner"></div> <p>Naram-Sin does not know what he could have done to incur this displeasure and so prays, asks for signs and omens, and falls into a seven-year depression as he waits for an answer from the god. Finally, tired of waiting, he draws up his army and marches on Enlil's temple at the Ekur in the city of <a href="/disambiguation/nippur/">Nippur</a> which he destroys. He "sets his spades against its roots, his axes against the foundations until the temple, like a dead soldier, falls prostrate" (Leick, 106).</p> <p>This attack, of course, provokes the wrath not only of Enlil but of the other gods who send the <a href="/Gutians/">Gutians</a> "a people who know no inhibition, with human instincts but canine intelligence and with monkey features" (Leick, 106) to invade Akkad and lay it waste. There is widespread famine after the invasion of the Gutians, the dead remain rotting in the streets and houses, and the city is in ruin and so, according to the tale, ends the city of Akkad and the Akkadian Empire, a victim of one king's arrogance in the face of the gods.</p> <p>There is, however, no historical record of Naram-Sin ever reducing the Ekur at Nippur by force nor destroying the temple of Enlil and it is thought that <em>The Curse of Agade</em> was a much later piece written to express "an ideological concern for the right relationship between the gods and the absolute monarch" (Leick, 107) whose author chose Akkad and Naram-Sin as subjects because of their, by then, legendary status. According to historical record, Naram-Sin honored the gods, had his own image placed beside theirs in the temples, and was succeeded by his son, Shar-Kali-Sharri who reigned from 2223-2198 BCE.</p><div id="mobilenewsletter" class="grey_box mobilenewsletter"> <div class="headline">Love History?</div> <p>Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter!</p> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mailchimp-mobile-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL-mobile" style="width:60%;" required> <input type="submit" value="Sign Up" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-mobile" style="margin-top: 10px;">  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> </form> </div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="15308"> <a href="/image/15308/third-dynasty-of-ur-c2050---1950-bce/" title="Third Dynasty of Ur, c.2050 - 1950 BCE" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/15308.png.webp?v=1712669943 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/15308.png.webp?v=1712669943 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/15308.png.webp?v=1712669943 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/15308.png.webp?v=1712669943 1500w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/15308.png?v=1712669943 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/15308.png?v=1712669943 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/15308.png?v=1712669943 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/15308.png?v=1712669943 1500w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/15308.png?v=1712669943" alt="Third Dynasty of Ur, c.2050 - 1950 BCE" class="in_text_image" width="750" height="422" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Third Dynasty of Ur, c.2050 - 1950 BCE</div><div class="figauthor">Simeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-ND)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15308/third-dynasty-of-ur-c2050---1950-bce/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15308/third-dynasty-of-ur-c2050---1950-bce/","caption":"A map illustrating the rise of the Sumerian city-state of Ur out of the collapse of the Akkadian Empire and the forging of the Kingdom of the Third Dynasty of Ur (also known as the Sumerian Renaissance or the Ur III Empire) by its first king - Ur-Namma. Ur-Namma, and later, his son and successor Shulgi, created an empire that ruled Mesopotamia in the 21st century BCE for the third and final time in history.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/15308.png","copyrightNotice":"Simeon Netchev - CC BY-NC-ND - This licence only allows others to download this content and share it with others as long as the author is credited, but they can't change the content in any way or use it commercially. 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He believes every image should tell a story and invite interaction, while every map should lead on a journey \u2014 blending imagination with e","jobTitle":"Graphic Designer","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Simeon Netchev / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-04-02T14:57:04+0000","datePublished":"2022-03-03T07:37:18+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Third Dynasty of Ur, c.2050 - 1950 BCE","height":2791,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15308/third-dynasty-of-ur-c2050---1950-bce/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15308/third-dynasty-of-ur-c2050---1950-bce/","width":4961} </script> </p> <h3>The Decline of Akkad</h3> <p>Shar-Kali-Sharri's reign was difficult from the beginning in that he, too, had to expend a great deal of effort in putting down revolts after his father's death but, unlike his predecessors, seemed to lack the ability to maintain order and was unable to prevent further attacks on the empire from without. Leick writes:</p> <blockquote> <p>Despite his efforts and successful military campaigns, he was not able to protect his state from disintegration and, after his death, written sources dried up in a time of increased anarchy and confusion. (159)</p> </blockquote> <p>Interestingly, it is known that "his most important building project was the reconstruction of the Temple of Enlil at Nippur" and perhaps this event, coupled with the invasion of the Gutians and widespread famine, gave rise to the later legend which grew into <em>The Curse of Agade</em>. Shar-Kali-Sarri waged almost continual <a href="/war/">war</a> against the Elamites, the Amorites, and the invading Gutians, but it is the <a href="/Gutians/">Gutian</a> invasion which has been most commonly credited with the collapse of the Akkadian Empire and the Mesopotamian dark age which ensued.</p> <p>Recent studies, however, claim that it was most likely climate change which caused famine and, perhaps, disruption in trade, weakening the empire to the point where the type of invasions and rebellions which, in the past, were crushed, could no longer be dealt with so easily. The last two kings of Akkad following the death of Shar-Kali-Sharri, Dudu, and his son Shu-Turul, ruled only the area around the city and are rarely mentioned in association with the empire. As with the rise of the city of Akkad, its fall is a mystery and all that is known today is that, once, such a city existed whose kings ruled a vast empire, the first empire in the world, and then passed on into memory and legend.</p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=akkad+Akkadian_Empire+Enheduanna+eridu+Inanna+sumer+ur+uruk" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This human-authored article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__96a57cb611ccbbef5cdb4fa16e7bacf5"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0195183649/" rel="sponsored">Bertman, S. <i>Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia.</i> Oxford University Press, 2005.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__60611fa923a81b49d1c01557d9757713"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B00005WJGO/" rel="sponsored">Durant, W. <i>Our Oriental Heritage.</i> Simon & Schuster, 1954.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__54fc323a6c7791c78ec2b8fd91dd6c01"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0226452387/" rel="sponsored">Kramer, S. N. <i>The Sumerians.</i> University of Chicago Press, 1971.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__271db858bda5a362a15ac00f95dd5096"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1250054168/" rel="sponsored">Kriwaczek, P. <i>Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization.</i> St. Martin's Griffin, 2012.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__31e07a1ecde17b97a711d4bc88fcde0c"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/8449312752/" rel="sponsored">Leick, G. <i>Mesopotamia / Mesopotamia/ The Invention of the City (Origenes/ Origins).</i> Paidos Iberica Ediciones S a, 2002.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__c0cef29449a178cf4aa4749ed647dddf"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/obelisk" class="reference_link" rel="external" title="Obelisk | Louvre Museum | Paris">Obelisk | Louvre Museum | Paris</a><span class="accessed_date">, accessed 1 Dec 2016.</span></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__7c7bf8bf0bbda5c4a44f1c2d3ae0c346"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/ocp/arch/examples.shtml" class="reference_link" rel="external" title="Two examples of abrupt climate change">Two examples of abrupt climate change</a><span class="accessed_date">, accessed 1 Dec 2016.</span></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__87ec7c33c48930a10cce1b8f37109053"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1405149116/" rel="sponsored">Van De Mieroop, M. <i>A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC, 2nd Edition.</i> Blackwell Publishing, 2006.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__b335aae44e235d385373f0fabfcef540"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/victory-stele-naram-sin" class="reference_link" rel="external" title="Victory Stele of Naram-Sin | Louvre Museum | Paris">Victory Stele of Naram-Sin | Louvre Museum | Paris</a><span class="accessed_date">, accessed 1 Dec 2016.</span></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__6aa433bce8712ecc1898ce1a9228dfa7"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/039305974X/" rel="sponsored">Wise Bauer, S. <i>The History of the Ancient World.</i> W. W. Norton & Company, 2007.</a></cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=JPryst" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="nofollow" title="Joshua J. Mark"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-JPryst.JPG?v=1459726565" width="100" height="100" alt="Joshua J. Mark" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Joshua J. Mark is World History Encyclopedia's co-founder and Content Director. He was previously a professor at Marist College (NY) where he taught history, philosophy, literature, and writing. He has traveled extensively and lived in Greece and Germany. </div> <div class="sm_links"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pub/joshua-j-mark/38/614/339" title="Joshua J. Mark" class="sm_tiny_sprite linkedin no_external"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="translations_notice"> <h2 class="translations">Translations</h2> <a href="/trans/ar/1-363/" class="translation_link ar outline_button" rel="alternate">Arabic</a> <a href="/trans/fr/1-363/akkad/" class="translation_link fr outline_button" rel="alternate">French</a> <a href="/trans/de/1-363/akkad-und-das-akkadische-reich/" class="translation_link de outline_button" rel="alternate">German</a> <a href="/trans/el/1-363/" class="translation_link el outline_button" rel="alternate">Greek</a> <a href="/trans/fa/1-363/" class="translation_link fa outline_button" rel="alternate">Persian</a> <a href="/trans/ru/1-363/" class="translation_link ru outline_button" rel="alternate">Russian</a> <a href="/trans/es/1-363/acadia-y-el-imperio-acadio/" class="translation_link es outline_button" rel="alternate">Spanish</a> <a href="/trans/sv/1-363/akkad/" class="translation_link sv outline_button" rel="alternate">Swedish</a> <p>We want people all over the world to learn about history. Help us and <a href="/trans/x/1-363/edit/" class="translation_add_button" rel="nofollow">translate this definition</a> into another language!</p> </div> <div class="faq"> <h2>Questions & Answers</h2> <dl> <dt><h4>What is the Akkadian Empire known for?</h4></dt> <dd>The Akkadian Empire was the first multi-national empire in the world. It is also famous for the first writer in world history known by name, Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon of Akkad.</dd> <dt><h4>Where was Akkad located?</h4></dt> <dd>No one knows where Akkad was located except that it rose on the western bank of the Euphrates River in ancient Mesopotamia.</dd> <dt><h4>Who founded the Akkadian Empire?</h4></dt> <dd>The Akkadian Empire was founded by Sargon the Great (also known as Sargon of Akkad) who ruled 2334-2279 BCE.</dd> <dt><h4>What caused the fall of the Akkadian Empire?</h4></dt> <dd>The cause of the fall of the Akkadian Empire is unknown. It was traditionally ascribed to the Gutian Invasion but modern scholars think it may have been caused by climate change, famine, and disruption in trade along with, possibly, the invasion by the Gutians.</dd> </dl> </div> <style> .faq h4 { font-family: "Libre Baskerville", "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif; } .faq { margin-bottom: 40px; } </style> <div id="ci_related_wrapper"> <div class="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" id="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper"> <h2>Related Content</h2> <div id="ci_related_type_list"> <span class="filter_label">Filters:</span> <div rel="0" class="ci_type_0 ci_rel_type selected">All<span class="ci_rel_type_count"> </span></div> <div rel="1" class="ci_type_1 ci_rel_type ">Definitions<span class="ci_rel_type_count">45</span></div> <div rel="2" class="ci_type_2 ci_rel_type ">Articles<span class="ci_rel_type_count">33</span></div> <div rel="3" class="ci_type_3 ci_rel_type ">Images<span class="ci_rel_type_count">17</span></div> <div rel="6" 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class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Uruk</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Uruk was one of the most important cities (at one time, the most... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Enheduanna/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-10021" data-score="2211441" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/93.jpg.webp?v=1734024188 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/93.jpg.webp?v=1734024188 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/93.jpg?v=1734024188 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/93.jpg?v=1734024188 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/93.jpg?v=1734024188" width="360" height="202" alt="Enheduanna" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Enheduanna</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Akkadian poet Enheduanna (l. 2285-2250 BCE) is the world's... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/eridu/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-129" data-score="2084379" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6155.jpg.webp?v=1730752085 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/6155.jpg.webp?v=1730752085 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6155.jpg?v=1730752085 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/6155.jpg?v=1730752085 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6155.jpg?v=1730752085" width="360" height="202" alt="Eridu" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Eridu</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Eridu (present day Abu Shahrein, Iraq) was considered the first... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Inanna/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-10035" data-score="1935199" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2636.gif.webp?v=1710337263 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/2636.gif.webp?v=1710337263 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2636.gif?v=1710337263 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/2636.gif?v=1710337263 720w" type="image/gif"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2636.gif?v=1710337263" width="360" height="202" alt="Inanna" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Inanna</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Inanna is the ancient Sumerian goddess of love, sensuality, fertility... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Sumerians/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-428" data-score="1661221" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/8428.jpg.webp?v=1734024191 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/8428.jpg.webp?v=1734024191 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/8428.jpg?v=1734024191 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/8428.jpg?v=1734024191 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/8428.jpg?v=1734024191" width="360" height="202" alt="Sumerians" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Sumerians</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Sumerians were the people of southern Mesopotamia whose civilization... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/article/215/inannas-descent-a-sumerian-tale-of-injustice/" class="content_item 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Akkad and the Akkadian Empire - World History Encyclopedia