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href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&returnto=%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מומלץ ליצור חשבון ולהיכנס אליו, אך אין חובה לעשות זאת" class=""><span>יצירת חשבון</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&returnto=%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מומלץ להיכנס לחשבון, אך אין חובה לעשות זאת [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>כניסה לחשבון</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="אפשרויות נוספות" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_he.wikipedia.org&uselang=he"><span>תרומה לוויקיפדיה</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&returnto=%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מומלץ ליצור חשבון ולהיכנס אליו, אך אין חובה לעשות זאת"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>יצירת חשבון</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&returnto=%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מומלץ להיכנס לחשבון, אך אין חובה לעשות זאת [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>כניסה לחשבון</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> דפים לעורכים שלא נכנסו לחשבון <a href="/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%94:%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" aria-label="מידע נוסף על עריכה"><span>מידע נוסף</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99" title="רשימת העריכות שנעשו מכתובת IP זו [y]" accesskey="y"><span>תרומות</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99" title="דיון על העריכות שנעשו מכתובת IP זו [n]" 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<li id="toc-היסטוריה" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#היסטוריה"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>היסטוריה</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-היסטוריה-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-לקריאה_נוספת" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#לקריאה_נוספת"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>לקריאה נוספת</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-לקריאה_נוספת-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-הערות_שוליים" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#הערות_שוליים"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>הערות שוליים</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-הערות_שוליים-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="תוכן עניינים" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="מצב תוכן העניינים" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">מצב תוכן העניינים</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">יינון עצמי של מים</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="מעבר לערך בשפה אחרת. זמין ב־27 שפות" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 שפות</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water" title="Self-ionization of water – אנגלית" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Self-ionization of water" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="אנגלית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="تأين ذاتي للماء – ערבית" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأين ذاتي للماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ערבית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionitzaci%C3%B3_de_l%27aigua" title="Ionització de l'aigua – קטלאנית" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ionització de l'aigua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="קטלאנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D9%88%DB%95_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88" title="لەخۆوە ئایۆنێنی ئاو – כורדית סוראנית" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لەخۆوە ئایۆنێنی ئاو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="כורדית סוראנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoionizace_vody" title="Autoionizace vody – צ׳כית" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autoionizace vody" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="צ׳כית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vands_autohydronolyse" title="Vands autohydronolyse – דנית" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vands autohydronolyse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="דנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoprotolyse" title="Autoprotolyse – גרמנית" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autoprotolyse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="גרמנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Αυτοϊοντισμός νερού – יוונית" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοϊοντισμός νερού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="יוונית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoionizaci%C3%B3n_del_agua" title="Autoionización del agua – ספרדית" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autoionización del agua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ספרדית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraren_produktu_ioniko" title="Uraren produktu ioniko – בסקית" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uraren produktu ioniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="בסקית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="خودیونش آب – פרסית" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودیونش آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="פרסית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veden_ionitulo" title="Veden ionitulo – פינית" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veden ionitulo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="פינית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoprotolyse_de_l%27eau" title="Autoprotolyse de l'eau – צרפתית" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autoprotolyse de l'eau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="צרפתית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaionisasi_air" title="Swaionisasi air – אינדונזית" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Swaionisasi air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="אינדונזית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoionizzazione_dell%27acqua" title="Autoionizzazione dell'acqua – איטלקית" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autoionizzazione dell'acqua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="איטלקית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A2" title="自己解離 – יפנית" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自己解離" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="יפנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Автојонизација на водата – מקדונית" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Автојонизација на водата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="מקדונית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoprotolyse_van_water" title="Autoprotolyse van water – הולנדית" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Autoprotolyse van water" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="הולנדית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannets_egenprotolyse" title="Vannets egenprotolyse – נורווגית ספרותית" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vannets egenprotolyse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="נורווגית ספרותית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodysocjacja_wody" title="Autodysocjacja wody – פולנית" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Autodysocjacja wody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="פולנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoioniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_%C3%A1gua" title="Autoionização da água – פורטוגזית" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autoionização da água" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="פורטוגזית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-ionizarea_apei" title="Auto-ionizarea apei – רומנית" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Auto-ionizarea apei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="רומנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattnets_autoprotolys" title="Vattnets autoprotolys – שוודית" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vattnets autoprotolys" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="שוודית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நீரின் தன்னயனாக்கல் – טמילית" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீரின் தன்னயனாக்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="טמילית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="నీటి అయనీకరణము – טלוגו" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నీటి అయనీకరణము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="טלוגו" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_t%E1%BB%B1_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_ly_c%E1%BB%A7a_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Sự tự điện ly của nước – וייטנאמית" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự tự điện ly của nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="וייטנאמית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">מראה</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">העברה לסרגל הצד</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">הסתרה</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">מתוך ויקיפדיה, האנציקלופדיה החופשית</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="he" dir="rtl"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:Autoprotolyse_eau.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Autoprotolyse_eau.svg/275px-Autoprotolyse_eau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Autoprotolyse_eau.svg/413px-Autoprotolyse_eau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Autoprotolyse_eau.svg/550px-Autoprotolyse_eau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="86" /></a><figcaption>יינון עצמי של מים</figcaption></figure> <p><b>יינון עצמי של מים</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> הוא תגובת יינון במים טהורים או ב<a href="/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תמיסה מימית">תמיסה מימית</a>, שבה מולקולת <a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מים">מים</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/373648858d1d59d300f88386b46dd95e01f04c5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.605ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"></span>, מתפרקת (מאבדת את הגרעין של אחד מאטומי המימן שלה) והופכת ליון <a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93" title="הידרוקסיד">הידרוקסיד</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67df34a451cb63d51af2da3befde8d614e821737" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.062ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"></span>. <a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הידרון">גרעין המימן</a>,<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/474f66456168f5fd00301be7b96b2539cf2760b9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.254ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}"></span>, גורם לפרוטונציה של מולקולת מים נוספת ליצירת הקטיון <a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="הידרוניום">הידרוניום</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe37c1063c3897905219e48befa6b3871fbcb331" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.116ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}"></span>. זוהי דוגמה ל<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="אוטופרוטוליזה (הדף אינו קיים)">אוטופרוטוליזה</a>, ומדגימה את האופי ה<a href="/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אמפוטריות">אמפוטרי</a> של מים<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="היסטוריה"><span id=".D7.94.D7.99.D7.A1.D7.98.D7.95.D7.A8.D7.99.D7.94"></span>היסטוריה</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D&action=edit&section=1" title="עריכת קוד המקור של הפרק: היסטוריה"><span>עריכת קוד מקור</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D&veaction=edit&section=1" title="עריכת פסקה: "היסטוריה"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>עריכה</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>היינון העצמי של מים הוצע לראשונה בשנת 1884 על ידי סוונטה ארניוס כחלק מהתיאוריה של פירוק יוני, שאותה הציע כדי להסביר את המוליכות של אלקטרוליטים כולל מים. ארניוס כתב את היינון העצמי בתור <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O <=> H+ + OH-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O <=> H+ + OH-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a343fc8c9ff92ce904ddf5b3f1fdba5c387082f5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.41ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O <=> H+ + OH-}}}"></span>. באותו זמן, עדיין לא היה ידוע דבר על מבנה אטומי או חלקיקים תת-אטומיים, ולכן לא הייתה לו סיבה לשקול היווצרות של יון <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/474f66456168f5fd00301be7b96b2539cf2760b9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.254ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}"></span> מאטום מימן באלקטרוליזה כסביר פחות מאשר, נניח, היווצרות של יון <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3cd60e5dc2440b4978aea083de518303122c45c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.416ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+}}}"></span> מאטום נתרן. </p><p>בשנת 1923 הציעו <a href="/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%93" title="יוהאנס ניקולאוס ברונסטד">יוהנאס ניקולאוס ברונסטד</a> ו<a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מרטין לאורי">מרטין לאורי</a> כי יינון עצמי של מים כולל למעשה שתי מולקולות מים: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O + H2O <=> H3O+ + OH-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O + H2O <=> H3O+ + OH-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dab489f736635d3a120cee662d56870c75ed984a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.718ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O + H2O <=> H3O+ + OH-}}}"></span>. בשלב זה האלקטרון והגרעין התגלו ו<a href="/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ארנסט רתרפורד">רתרפורד</a> הראה שגרעין קטן מאוד מאטום. זה יכלול יון פשוט <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/474f66456168f5fd00301be7b96b2539cf2760b9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.254ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}"></span> שיתאים לפרוטון עם אפס אלקטרונים. ברונסטד ולאורי הציעו שיון זה אינו קיים חופשי בתמיסה, אלא תמיד מתחבר למולקולת מים (או ממס אחר) כדי ליצור את יון ה<a href="/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="הידרוניום">הידרוניום</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe37c1063c3897905219e48befa6b3871fbcb331" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.116ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}"></span> (או ממס אחר שעובר פרוטונציה). </p><p>עדויות ספקטרוסקופיות מאוחרות יותר הראו כי פרוטונים רבים למעשה ממוימים על ידי יותר ממולקולת מים אחת. הסימון התיאורי ביותר עבור היון הממוים הוא <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H+ (aq)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H+ (aq)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b924f84d290576c719d4f3ba85523c20afcd8ddb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.453ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H+ (aq)}}}"></span>, כאשר aq (עבור "מימי") מציין מספר בלתי מוגדר או משתנה של מולקולות מים. עם זאת, הסימונים <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/474f66456168f5fd00301be7b96b2539cf2760b9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.254ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}"></span> ו-<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe37c1063c3897905219e48befa6b3871fbcb331" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.116ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H3O+}}}"></span> עדיין נמצאים בשימוש נרחב גם בגלל חשיבותם ההיסטורית. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="לקריאה_נוספת"><span id=".D7.9C.D7.A7.D7.A8.D7.99.D7.90.D7.94_.D7.A0.D7.95.D7.A1.D7.A4.D7.AA"></span>לקריאה נוספת</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D&action=edit&section=2" title="עריכת קוד המקור של הפרק: לקריאה נוספת"><span>עריכת קוד מקור</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D&veaction=edit&section=2" title="עריכת פסקה: "לקריאה נוספת"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>עריכה</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span id="דניסטון,_טופינג,_וודראם_וקארט" class="citation">קתרין דניסטון, ג'וזף טופינג, קים וודראם, רוברט קארט, "<b>עולם הכימיה</b>", הוצאת האוניברסיטה הפתוחה, 2017</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="הערות_שוליים"><span id=".D7.94.D7.A2.D7.A8.D7.95.D7.AA_.D7.A9.D7.95.D7.9C.D7.99.D7.99.D7.9D"></span>הערות שוליים</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D&action=edit&section=3" title="עריכת קוד המקור של הפרק: הערות שוליים"><span>עריכת קוד מקור</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D&veaction=edit&section=3" title="עריכת פסקה: "הערות שוליים"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>עריכה</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-small"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">דניסטון, טופינג, וודראם וקארט, עמ' 287</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="navbox nowraplinks" style="width: 90%; clear: both; margin: 0.5em auto; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-top: 0.1em; padding-bottom: 0.1em; color: black; background:#d1eeee; font-weight: bold;">סוגי חומצות ובסיסים </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color: #F2F3F4; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png/250px-Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png/375px-Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png/500px-Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="513" /></a></span><br />ערך זה הוא חלק מסדרת <b>חומצות ובסיסים</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #F2F3F4; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 5px;">מושגי יסוד </td> <td style="padding-right: 5px; text-align: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94" title="חומצה">חומצה</a></b> • <b><a href="/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_(%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="בסיס (כימיה)">בסיס</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="סתירה (כימיה)">סתירה</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="תגובת חומצה בסיס (הדף אינו קיים)">תגובת חומצה בסיס</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%96%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1" title="מאזן חומצה ובסיס">מאזן חומצה ובסיס</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A7_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="חוזק חומצה (הדף אינו קיים)">חוזק חומצה</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="פונקציית חומציות (הדף אינו קיים)">פונקציית חומציות</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אמפוטריות">אמפוטריות</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="בופר">בופר</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="קבוע דיסוציאציה">קבוע דיסוציאציה</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="מיצוי חומצה-בסיס (הדף אינו קיים)">מיצוי חומצה-בסיס</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="פונקציית חומציות האמט (הדף אינו קיים)">פונקציית חומציות האמט</a> • <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="אפיניות פרוטונים (הדף אינו קיים)">אפיניות פרוטונים</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">יינון עצמי של מים</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="טיטרציית חומצה-בסיס (הדף אינו קיים)">טיטרציית חומצה-בסיס</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="פרוטונציה">פרוטונציה</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D7%93%D7%94-%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="דה-פרוטונציה">דה-פרוטונציה</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #F2F3F4; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 5px;">תאוריות </td> <td style="padding-right: 5px; text-align: right;"><a 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