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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arbiter on a node in packet switching communication network</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about scheduling in networking. For scheduling in computing generally, see <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling (computing)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Data_Queue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Data_Queue.svg/250px-Data_Queue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Data_Queue.svg/375px-Data_Queue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Data_Queue.svg/500px-Data_Queue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Packets queuing in a <a href="/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">FIFO</a> (first in, first out) data structure.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>network scheduler</b>, also called <b>packet scheduler</b>, <b>queueing discipline</b> (<b>qdisc</b>) or <b>queueing algorithm</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Arbiter_(electronics)" title="Arbiter (electronics)">arbiter</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> communication network. It manages the sequence of <a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">network packets</a> in the transmit and receive <a href="/wiki/Queue_(abstract_data_type)" title="Queue (abstract data type)">queues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_stack" title="Protocol stack">protocol stack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface controller</a>. There are several network schedulers available for the different <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, that implement many of the existing network <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduling algorithm">scheduling algorithms</a>. </p><p>The network scheduler logic decides which network packet to forward next. The network scheduler is associated with a queuing system, storing the network packets temporarily until they are transmitted. Systems may have a single or multiple queues in which case each may hold the packets of one <a href="/wiki/Traffic_flow_(computer_networking)" title="Traffic flow (computer networking)">flow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_classification" title="Traffic classification">classification</a>, or priority. </p><p>In some cases it may not be possible to schedule all transmissions within the constraints of the system. In these cases the network scheduler is responsible for deciding which traffic to forward and what gets <a href="/wiki/Packet_loss" title="Packet loss">dropped</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_responsibilities">Terminology and responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_scheduler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology and responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A network scheduler may have responsibility in implementation of specific <a href="/wiki/Network_traffic_control" title="Network traffic control">network traffic control</a> initiatives. Network traffic control is an umbrella term for all measures aimed at reducing <a href="/wiki/Network_congestion" title="Network congestion">network congestion</a>, latency and packet loss. Specifically, <a href="/wiki/Active_queue_management" title="Active queue management">active queue management</a> (AQM) is the selective dropping of queued network packets to achieve the larger goal of preventing excessive network congestion. The scheduler must choose which packets to drop. <a href="/wiki/Traffic_shaping" title="Traffic shaping">Traffic shaping</a> smooths the bandwidth requirements of traffic flows by delaying transmission packets when they are queued in bursts. The scheduler decides the timing for the transmitted packets. <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">Quality of service</a> (QoS) is the prioritization of traffic based on service class (<a href="/wiki/Differentiated_services" title="Differentiated services">Differentiated services</a>) or reserved connection (<a href="/wiki/Integrated_services" title="Integrated services">Integrated services</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algorithms">Algorithms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_scheduler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Algorithms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the course of time, many network queueing disciplines have been developed. Each of these provides specific reordering or dropping of network packets inside various transmit or receive <a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">buffers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queuing disciplines are commonly used as attempts to compensate for various networking conditions, like reducing the <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a> for certain classes of network packets, and are generally used as part of QoS measures.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Classful</i> queueing disciplines allow the creation of classes, which work like branches on a tree. Rules can then be set to filter packets into each class. Each class can itself have assigned other classful or <i>classless</i> queueing discipline. Classless queueing disciplines do not allow adding more queueing disciplines to it.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of algorithms suitable for managing network traffic include: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Queueing Algorithms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Algorithm </th> <th>Acronym </th> <th>Type </th> <th>HW Support </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Generic_cell_rate_algorithm" title="Generic cell rate algorithm">Generic cell rate algorithm</a> </td> <td>GCRA </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CHOose and Kill for unresponsive flows </td> <td>CHOKe </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CoDel" title="CoDel">Controlled delay</a> </td> <td>CoDel </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CAKE_(queue_management_algorithm)" class="mw-redirect" title="CAKE (queue management algorithm)">Common Applications Kept Enhanced</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>CAKE </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Earliest TxTime First </td> <td>ETF </td> <td>Classless </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">First in, first out</a> </td> <td>FIFO </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fair_queuing" title="Fair queuing">Fair queuing</a> </td> <td>FQ </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FQ-CoDel" class="mw-redirect" title="FQ-CoDel">Fair Queuing Controlled Delay</a> </td> <td>FQ-CoDel </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flow Queuing with Proportional Integral controller Enhanced </td> <td>FQ-PIE </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Generalized Random Early Detection </td> <td>GRED </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heavy-Hitter Filter<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>HHF </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multiqueue Priority </td> <td>MQ-PRIO </td> <td>Classless </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multiqueue </td> <td>MULTIQ </td> <td>Classless </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netem" class="mw-redirect" title="Netem">Network Emulator</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>NETEM </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Proportional Integral controller-Enhanced<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>PIE </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Random_early_detection" title="Random early detection">Random early detection</a> </td> <td>RED </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_fair_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Stochastic fair Blue">Stochastic fair Blue</a> </td> <td>SFB </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stochastic Fairness Queueing </td> <td>SFQ </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Token_Bucket_Filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Token Bucket Filter">Token Bucket Filter</a> </td> <td>TBF </td> <td>Classless </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Class-based_queueing" title="Class-based queueing">Class-based queueing</a> </td> <td>CBQ </td> <td>Classful </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Credit-based_fair_queuing" title="Credit-based fair queuing">Credit-Based Shaper</a> </td> <td>CBS </td> <td>Classful </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deficit_round_robin" title="Deficit round robin">Deficit round robin</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>DRR </td> <td>Classful </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Transmission_Selection" title="Enhanced Transmission Selection">Enhanced Transmission Selection</a> </td> <td>ETS </td> <td>Classful </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_fair-service_curve" title="Hierarchical fair-service curve">Hierarchical fair-service curve</a> </td> <td>HFSC </td> <td>Classful </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_Token_Bucket" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical Token Bucket">Hierarchical Token Bucket</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>HTB </td> <td>Classful </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Priority </td> <td>PRIO </td> <td>Classful </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quick Fair Queueing<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>QFQ </td> <td>Classful </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Time Aware Priority Shaper </td> <td>TAPRIO </td> <td>Classful </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several of the above have been implemented as <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux kernel module">Linux kernel modules</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">freely available</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bufferbloat">Bufferbloat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_scheduler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bufferbloat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bufferbloat" title="Bufferbloat">Bufferbloat</a> is a phenomenon in packet-switched networks in which excess <a href="/wiki/Buffer_(telecommunication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer (telecommunication)">buffering</a> of packets causes high <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Packet_delay_variation" title="Packet delay variation">packet delay variation</a>. Bufferbloat can be addressed by a network scheduler that strategically discards packets to avoid an unnecessarily high buffering backlog. Examples include <a href="/wiki/CoDel" title="CoDel">CoDel</a>, <a href="/wiki/FQ-CoDel" class="mw-redirect" title="FQ-CoDel">FQ-CoDel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Random_early_detection" title="Random early detection">random early detection</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_scheduler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_scheduler&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linux_kernel">Linux kernel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_scheduler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Linux kernel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simplified_Structure_of_the_Linux_Kernel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Simplified_Structure_of_the_Linux_Kernel.svg/220px-Simplified_Structure_of_the_Linux_Kernel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Simplified_Structure_of_the_Linux_Kernel.svg/330px-Simplified_Structure_of_the_Linux_Kernel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Simplified_Structure_of_the_Linux_Kernel.svg/440px-Simplified_Structure_of_the_Linux_Kernel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The Linux kernel's packet scheduler is part of the network stack, together with <a href="/wiki/Netfilter" title="Netfilter">netfilter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nftables" title="Nftables">nftables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Packet_Filter" title="Berkeley Packet Filter">Berkeley Packet Filter</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Linux kernel packet scheduler is an integral part of the Linux kernel's network stack and manages the transmit and receive <a href="/wiki/Ring_buffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring buffer">ring buffers</a> of all NICs. </p><p>The packet scheduler is configured using the utility called <code><a href="/wiki/Tc_(Linux)" title="Tc (Linux)">tc</a></code> (short for <i>traffic control</i>). As the default queuing discipline, the packet scheduler uses a FIFO implementation called <i>pfifo_fast</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a> since its version 217 changes the default queuing discipline to <code>fq_codel</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <code><a href="/wiki/Ifconfig" title="Ifconfig">ifconfig</a></code> and <code><a href="/wiki/Iproute2" title="Iproute2">ip</a></code> utilities enable system administrators to configure the buffer sizes <code>txqueuelen</code> and <code>rxqueuelen</code> for each device separately in terms of number of Ethernet frames regardless of their size. The Linux kernel's network stack contains several other buffers, which are not managed by the network scheduler.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Packet_Filter" title="Berkeley Packet Filter">Berkeley Packet Filter</a> filters can be attached to the packet scheduler's classifiers. The <a href="/wiki/EBPF" title="EBPF">eBPF</a> functionality brought by version 4.1 of the Linux kernel in 2015 extends the classic BPF programmable classifiers to eBPF.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These can be compiled using the <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> eBPF backend and loaded into a running kernel using the <code>tc</code> utility.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BSD_and_OpenBSD">BSD and OpenBSD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_scheduler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: BSD and OpenBSD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ALTQ" title="ALTQ">ALTQ</a> is the implementation of a network scheduler for <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSDs</a>. As of OpenBSD version 5.5 ALTQ was replaced by the HFSC scheduler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_scheduler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">Queueing theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_time-division_multiplexing" title="Statistical time-division multiplexing">Statistical time-division multiplexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_of_service" title="Type of service">Type of service</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_scheduler&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The overall size of all buffers has been the point of critique by the <a href="/wiki/Bufferbloat" title="Bufferbloat">Bufferbloat</a> project, which provided a partial solution with CoDel that has been primarily tested in <a href="/wiki/OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_scheduler&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Traffic-Control-HOWTO/classless-qdiscs.html">"Traffic Control HOWTO: Classless Queuing Disciplines (qdiscs)"</a>. <i>tldp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise 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href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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