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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Spanish Syndical Organization</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Organización Sindical Española</i>; OSE), popularly known in Spain as the <b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Sindicato Vertical</i></span></b> (the "Vertical Trade Union"), was the sole legal <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> for most of the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist dictatorship</a>. A public-law entity created in 1940, the vertically-structured OSE was a core part of the project for frameworking the Economy and the State in Francoist Spain, following the trend of the new type of "harmonicist" and <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> understanding of labour relations vouching for worker–employer collaboration developed in <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> regimes such as those of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> in the first half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiménez_Martínez2015223,_232_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGim%C3%A9nez_Mart%C3%ADnez2015223,_232-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up until the early 1950s, it internally worked—at least on a rhetorical basis—according to the discourse of <a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">national syndicalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous unions, like the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">UGT</a>, were outlawed and driven underground, and joining the OSE was mandatory for all employed citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was disbanded in 1977. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Spanish Syndical Organization</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="Spanish">Organización Sindical Española</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindicato_Vertical_logo,_early_version.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sindicato_Vertical_logo%2C_early_version.svg/220px-Sindicato_Vertical_logo%2C_early_version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sindicato_Vertical_logo%2C_early_version.svg/330px-Sindicato_Vertical_logo%2C_early_version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sindicato_Vertical_logo%2C_early_version.svg/440px-Sindicato_Vertical_logo%2C_early_version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="551"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">26 January 1940<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1940-01-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">6 December 1977<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1977-12-06</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Casa_Sindical" title="Casa Sindical">Casa Sindical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Members </div></th><td class="infobox-data">All employed citizens</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="#Leadership">Leadership</a> section</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Clandestine_PCE_presence"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Clandestine PCE presence</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Leadership"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Leadership</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Syndical_Organization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The OSE was founded in 1940, established in a January 1940 Law of "Syndical Unity", while its structure was developed through a December 1940 law, in which the OSE was defined as subordinated to the (single) party.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its ideological fundamentals date back to the 1938 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuero_del_Trabajo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuero del Trabajo (page does not exist)">Fuero del Trabajo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuero_del_Trabajo" class="extiw" title="es:Fuero del Trabajo">es</a>]</span> law.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OSE held its first congress February 27, 1961 – March 4, 1961. The organisation itself claimed to have roots in the trade union activity of the <i><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National-Syndicalist</a> Workers Central</i> (CONS), founded in 1935. CONS had been, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">Unification Decree</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falangists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a> in 1937, fused with the <i>National-Syndicalist Employers Central</i> (CENS) into the National-Syndical Centrals (<i>Centrales Nacional-Sindicalistas</i>). The idea of organising workers, technicians and employers within one "vertical" structure was also integrated in OSE, and the CNS were incorporated into OSE.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the very beginning of the Francoist State, <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wages</a> were directly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fixed_wage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fixed wage (page does not exist)">fixed</a> by the state and only later could workers and employers agree upon their wages through this <i>vertical union</i>. This organisation was the practical consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> ideal for industrial relations in a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_statism" title="Corporate statism">corporate state</a>. In it, all the workers, called "producers," and their employers had the right to choose their representatives through elections. </p><p>In this organisation, workers and employers supposedly bargained equally. <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strikes</a> were forbidden and firing a worker was very expensive and difficult, as the fascism had "bettered <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>" and had "succeeded in harmonically balancing workers' and employers' interests". In reality, candidates for these elections had to be approved by Francoist Spain and all the process was heavily controlled, as fascism had a very interventionist policy towards the labour market: <a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">full employment</a> for men, even at the expense of low wages or <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, almost no right to work for married women and no <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> benefits at all. </p><p>At the very end of the Francoist State, the <i>sindicato vertical</i> lost its always limited power and illegal trade unions gained force. This led some pragmatic employers to deal with these illegal unions and forsake the "vertical" one. It disappeared in 1977, during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clandestine_PCE_presence">Clandestine PCE presence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Syndical_Organization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clandestine PCE presence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The banned <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a> (PCE) considered that the "union" was heavily lopsided in favour of capital but was there to stay, and decided to infiltrate it with their candidates in order to achieve practical gains for the workers' conditions. This was the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Commissions" title="Workers' Commissions">Workers' Commissions</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Syndical_Organization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leadership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2">Portrait </th> <th rowspan="2">Name<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(Birth–Death)</span> </th> <th colspan="3">Term </th> <th rowspan="2">Political party </th></tr> <tr> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th> <th>Time in office </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">National Delegates </th></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#708090; color:black;">1</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gerardo Salvador Merino [es]"><noscript><img alt="Gerardo Salvador Merino [es]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" data-alt="Gerardo Salvador Merino [es]" data-width="100" data-height="100" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerardo_Salvador_Merino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerardo Salvador Merino (page does not exist)">Gerardo Salvador Merino</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Salvador_Merino" class="extiw" title="es:Gerardo Salvador Merino">es</a>]</span></b><br><small>(1910–1971)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">9 September 1939</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">13 September 1941</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">2 years, 4 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">National Movement</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#708090; color:black;">–</td><td style="; background: #E6E6AA"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Manuel Valdés Larrañaga [es]"><noscript><img alt="Manuel Valdés Larrañaga [es]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" data-alt="Manuel Valdés Larrañaga [es]" data-width="100" data-height="100" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background: #E6E6AA"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Vald%C3%A9s_Larra%C3%B1aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Valdés Larrañaga (page does not exist)">Manuel Valdés Larrañaga</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Vald%C3%A9s_Larra%C3%B1aga" class="extiw" title="es:Manuel Valdés Larrañaga">es</a>]</span></b><br><small>(1909–2001)</small><br><small><i>Acting</i></small></td><td style="text-align:center; background: #E6E6AA">13 September 1941</td><td style="text-align:center; background: #E6E6AA">18 December 1941</td><td style="text-align:center; background: #E6E6AA">96 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background: #E6E6AA"><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">National Movement</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#708090; color:black;">2</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferm%C3%ADn_Sanz-Orrio_y_Sanz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fermín Sanz-Orrio"><noscript><img alt="Fermín Sanz-Orrio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ferm%C3%ADn_Sanz-Orrio_y_Sanz.jpg/100px-Ferm%C3%ADn_Sanz-Orrio_y_Sanz.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="708"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ferm%C3%ADn_Sanz-Orrio_y_Sanz.jpg/100px-Ferm%C3%ADn_Sanz-Orrio_y_Sanz.jpg" data-alt="Fermín Sanz-Orrio" data-width="100" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ferm%C3%ADn_Sanz-Orrio_y_Sanz.jpg/150px-Ferm%C3%ADn_Sanz-Orrio_y_Sanz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ferm%C3%ADn_Sanz-Orrio_y_Sanz.jpg/200px-Ferm%C3%ADn_Sanz-Orrio_y_Sanz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Sanz-Orrio" title="Fermín Sanz-Orrio">Fermín Sanz-Orrio</a></b><br><small>(1901–1998)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">18 December 1941</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">7 September 1951</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">9 years, 263 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">National Movement</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#708090; color:black;">3</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Colecci%C3%B3n_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria)_Discurso_del_ministro_del_Movimiento_Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_en_el_cincuentenario_del_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="José Solís Ruiz"><noscript><img alt="José Solís Ruiz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%28Colecci%C3%B3n_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria%29_Discurso_del_ministro_del_Movimiento_Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_en_el_cincuentenario_del_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-%28Colecci%C3%B3n_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria%29_Discurso_del_ministro_del_Movimiento_Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_en_el_cincuentenario_del_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1225"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%28Colecci%C3%B3n_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria%29_Discurso_del_ministro_del_Movimiento_Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_en_el_cincuentenario_del_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-%28Colecci%C3%B3n_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria%29_Discurso_del_ministro_del_Movimiento_Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_en_el_cincuentenario_del_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="José Solís Ruiz" data-width="100" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%28Colecci%C3%B3n_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria%29_Discurso_del_ministro_del_Movimiento_Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_en_el_cincuentenario_del_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-%28Colecci%C3%B3n_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria%29_Discurso_del_ministro_del_Movimiento_Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_en_el_cincuentenario_del_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%28Colecci%C3%B3n_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria%29_Discurso_del_ministro_del_Movimiento_Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_en_el_cincuentenario_del_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-%28Colecci%C3%B3n_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria%29_Discurso_del_ministro_del_Movimiento_Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_en_el_cincuentenario_del_Cabildo_de_Gran_Canaria_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_Ruiz" title="José Solís Ruiz">José Solís Ruiz</a></b><br><small>(1913–1990)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">7 September 1951</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">29 October 1969</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">18 years, 52 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">National Movement</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#708090; color:black;">4</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Enrique García-Ramal"><noscript><img alt="Enrique García-Ramal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" data-alt="Enrique García-Ramal" data-width="100" data-height="100" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Garc%C3%ADa-Ramal" title="Enrique García-Ramal">Enrique García-Ramal</a></b><br><small>(1914–1987)</small><br><span style="font-size:85%;">Cabinet-level official in the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_government_of_Francisco_Franco" title="Eighth government of Francisco Franco">Franco VIII Government</a></span></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">29 October 1969</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">11 June 1973</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">3 years, 225 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">National Movement</a></td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Ministers of Trade Union Relations </th></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#708090; color:black;">1</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Enrique García-Ramal"><noscript><img alt="Enrique García-Ramal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" data-alt="Enrique García-Ramal" data-width="100" data-height="100" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Garc%C3%ADa-Ramal" title="Enrique García-Ramal">Enrique García-Ramal</a></b><br><small>(1914–1987)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">11 June 1973</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">3 January 1974</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">206 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">National Movement</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#708090; color:black;">2</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Alejandro Fernández Sordo"><noscript><img alt="Alejandro Fernández Sordo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" data-alt="Alejandro Fernández Sordo" data-width="100" data-height="100" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Sordo" title="Alejandro Fernández Sordo">Alejandro Fernández Sordo</a></b><br><small>(1921–2009)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">3 January 1974</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">11 December 1975</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">1 year, 342 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">National Movement</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#708090; color:black;">3</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Mart%C3%ADn_Villa)_Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez_conversa_con_el_lehendakari_del_Gobierno_Vasco_en_presencia_del_ministro_de_Administraci%C3%B3n_Territorial_en_el_Palacio_de_Ajuria_Enea_-_Pool_Moncloa_(1980-12-09)_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rodolfo Martín Villa"><noscript><img alt="Rodolfo Martín Villa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%28Mart%C3%ADn_Villa%29_Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez_conversa_con_el_lehendakari_del_Gobierno_Vasco_en_presencia_del_ministro_de_Administraci%C3%B3n_Territorial_en_el_Palacio_de_Ajuria_Enea_-_Pool_Moncloa_%281980-12-09%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg/100px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="405"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%28Mart%C3%ADn_Villa%29_Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez_conversa_con_el_lehendakari_del_Gobierno_Vasco_en_presencia_del_ministro_de_Administraci%C3%B3n_Territorial_en_el_Palacio_de_Ajuria_Enea_-_Pool_Moncloa_%281980-12-09%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg/100px-thumbnail.jpeg" data-alt="Rodolfo Martín Villa" data-width="100" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%28Mart%C3%ADn_Villa%29_Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez_conversa_con_el_lehendakari_del_Gobierno_Vasco_en_presencia_del_ministro_de_Administraci%C3%B3n_Territorial_en_el_Palacio_de_Ajuria_Enea_-_Pool_Moncloa_%281980-12-09%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg/150px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%28Mart%C3%ADn_Villa%29_Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez_conversa_con_el_lehendakari_del_Gobierno_Vasco_en_presencia_del_ministro_de_Administraci%C3%B3n_Territorial_en_el_Palacio_de_Ajuria_Enea_-_Pool_Moncloa_%281980-12-09%29_%28cropped%29.jpeg/200px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Mart%C3%ADn_Villa" title="Rodolfo Martín Villa">Rodolfo Martín Villa</a></b><br><small>(born 1934)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">11 December 1975</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">7 July 1976</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">209 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">National Movement</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#708090; color:black;">4</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrique_de_la_Mata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Enrique de la Mata"><noscript><img alt="Enrique de la Mata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Enrique_de_la_Mata.jpg/100px-Enrique_de_la_Mata.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Enrique_de_la_Mata.jpg/100px-Enrique_de_la_Mata.jpg" data-alt="Enrique de la Mata" data-width="100" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Enrique_de_la_Mata.jpg/150px-Enrique_de_la_Mata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Enrique_de_la_Mata.jpg/200px-Enrique_de_la_Mata.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Enrique_de_la_Mata" title="Enrique de la Mata">Enrique de la Mata</a></b><br><small>(1933–1987)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">7 July 1976</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">4 July 1977</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">362 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">National Movement</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Syndical_Organization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">Movimiento Nacional</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Trade_Union_Relations" title="Minister for Trade Union Relations">Minister for Trade Union Relations</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Syndical_Organization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWitney1966" class="citation journal cs1">Witney, Fred (1966). "Labor and the Spanish Syndical System". <i>Monthly Labor Review</i>. <b>89</b> (8): 867–870. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-1818">0098-1818</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41836594">41836594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Labor+Review&rft.atitle=Labor+and+the+Spanish+Syndical+System&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=867-870&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41836594%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0098-1818&rft.aulast=Witney&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Syndical+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoweraker1987" class="citation journal cs1">Foweraker, Joe (1987). "Corporatist Strategies and the Transition to Democracy in Spain". <i>Comparative Politics</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 57–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F421920">10.2307/421920</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4159">0010-4159</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/421920">421920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Corporatist+Strategies+and+the+Transition+to+Democracy+in+Spain&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-72&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0010-4159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F421920%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F421920&rft.aulast=Foweraker&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Syndical+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellWindmuller1992" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Joan; Windmuller, John P. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=23dUzlVxphMC&pg=PA426"><i>European Labor Unions</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313263712" title="Special:BookSources/9780313263712"><bdi>9780313263712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Labor+Unions&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780313263712&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Windmuller%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D23dUzlVxphMC%26pg%3DPA426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Syndical+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiménez_Martínez2015223,_232-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGim%C3%A9nez_Mart%C3%ADnez2015223,_232_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGim%C3%A9nez_Mart%C3%ADnez2015">Giménez Martínez 2015</a>, pp. 223, 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoto_Carmona1995" class="citation journal cs1">Soto Carmona, Álvaro (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie5-BC7C6343-1DDF-3394-322F-267B5DE219E1&dsID=Documento.pdf">"Auge y caída de la Organización Sindical Española"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie V, Historia Contemporánea</i>. <b>8</b>. <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Educaci%C3%B3n_a_Distancia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia">Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Espacio+Tiempo+y+Forma.+Serie+V%2C+Historia+Contempor%C3%A1nea&rft.atitle=Auge+y+ca%C3%ADda+de+la+Organizaci%C3%B3n+Sindical+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.volume=8&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Soto+Carmona&rft.aufirst=%C3%81lvaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-spacio.uned.es%2Ffez%2Feserv.php%3Fpid%3Dbibliuned%3AETFSerie5-BC7C6343-1DDF-3394-322F-267B5DE219E1%26dsID%3DDocumento.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Syndical+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarred2006" class="citation book cs1">Barred, Mikel (2006). <i>La Democracia española: realidades y desafíos. Análisis del sistema político español</i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_University_of_Catalonia" title="Open University of Catalonia">Open University of Catalonia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Democracia+espa%C3%B1ola%3A+realidades+y+desaf%C3%ADos.+An%C3%A1lisis+del+sistema+pol%C3%ADtico+espa%C3%B1ol.&rft.pub=Open+University+of+Catalonia&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Barred&rft.aufirst=Mikel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Syndical+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2013" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Sima (2013-11-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ78AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA327"><i>The Contemporary Spanish Economy: A Historical Perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136590351" title="Special:BookSources/9781136590351"><bdi>9781136590351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contemporary+Spanish+Economy%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=9781136590351&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Sima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQ78AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Syndical+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiménez_Martínez2015" class="citation journal cs1">Giménez Martínez, Miguel Ángel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.juridicas.unam.mx/index.php/historia-derecho/article/view/10213/12532">"El sindicalismo vertical en la España franquista: principios doctrinales, estructura y desarrollo"</a>. <i>Revista Mexicana de Historia del Derecho</i>. <b>XXXI</b>. Mexico: <a href="/wiki/UNAM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAM">UNAM</a>: 228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22201%2Fiij.24487880e.2015.31.10213">10.22201/iij.24487880e.2015.31.10213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Mexicana+de+Historia+del+Derecho&rft.atitle=El+sindicalismo+vertical+en+la+Espa%C3%B1a+franquista%3A+principios+doctrinales%2C+estructura+y+desarrollo&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.pages=228&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22201%2Fiij.24487880e.2015.31.10213&rft.aulast=Gim%C3%A9nez+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Miguel+%C3%81ngel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.juridicas.unam.mx%2Findex.php%2Fhistoria-derecho%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10213%2F12532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Syndical+Organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Organización Sindical Española, <i>Escuela Sindical 1961</i>. 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