CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Trade Finance/Commercial Risk - Wikiversity</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikiversitymwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e351d643-4adf-44ad-9a61-4b8b10b163c2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk","wgTitle":"Trade Finance/Commercial Risk","wgCurRevisionId":2604053,"wgRevisionId":2604053,"wgArticleId":42313,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Finance"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk","wgRelevantArticleId":42313,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikiversity","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":5000,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.101"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Trade Finance/Commercial Risk - Wikiversity"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&action=edit"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikiversity.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikiversity (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikiversity.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikiversity Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Trade_Finance_Commercial_Risk rootpage-Trade_Finance skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Main-Page" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page"><span>Main Page</span></a></li><li id="n-Browse" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Browse"><span>Browse</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-Guided-tours" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Guides"><span>Guided tours</span></a></li><li id="n-Random" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomRootpage"><span>Random</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to find out"><span>Help</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-community" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-community" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Community </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Community_Portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Portal</span></a></li><li id="n-Colloquium" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Colloquium"><span>Colloquium</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:News" title="Find background information on current events"><span>News</span></a></li><li id="n-Projects" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Community_projects"><span>Projects</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandbox" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Sandbox"><span>Sandbox</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikiversity.svg" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikiversity" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikiversity-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 9.125em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikiversity [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikiversity" aria-label="Search Wikiversity" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikiversity [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikiversity.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trade+Finance%2FCommercial+Risk" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trade+Finance%2FCommercial+Risk" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikiversity.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Trade+Finance%2FCommercial+Risk" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Trade+Finance%2FCommercial+Risk" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Edismiss\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"center\" style=\"\"\u003E\n\u003Cbig\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikiversity:Why_create_an_account%3F\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Wikiversity:Why create an account?\"\u003EWhy create a Wikiversity account?\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/big\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Module_3:_Commercial_Risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Module_3:_Commercial_Risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Module 3: Commercial Risk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Module_3:_Commercial_Risk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Module 3: Commercial Risk subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Module_3:_Commercial_Risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Module_Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Module_Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Module Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Module_Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Module_Sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Module_Sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Module Sections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Module_Sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-About_this_Resource" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#About_this_Resource"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>About this Resource</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-About_this_Resource-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trade Finance/Commercial Risk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:NewItem?site=enwikiversity&page=Trade+Finance%2FCommercial+Risk" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Resource</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuss</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&oldid=2604053" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Trade_Finance%2FCommercial_Risk&id=2604053&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiversity.org%2Fwiki%2FTrade_Finance%2FCommercial_Risk"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiversity.org%2Fwiki%2FTrade_Finance%2FCommercial_Risk"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikimedia_projects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikimedia_projects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedia Projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Commons" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikibooks" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Project:Main_Page"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikidata" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page"><span>Wikidata</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikinews" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikiquote" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikisource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikispecies" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikivoyage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="n-Wiktionary" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Project:Main_Page"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="n-Meta-Wiki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Meta-Wiki</span></a></li><li id="n-Outreach" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Outreach</span></a></li><li id="n-MediaWiki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki"><span>MediaWiki</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikimania" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimania"><span>Wikimania</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Trade+Finance%2FCommercial+Risk"><span>Create a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Trade_Finance%2FCommercial_Risk&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikiversity</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance" title="Trade Finance">Trade Finance</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><table width="100%" style="clear: both; border: 1px solid #aaa; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0.2em; margin: 0; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 1px;"> <tbody><tr valign="top" style="background: #EEF3E2"> <td style="width: 25px; padding-left: 0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gftp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gftp.svg/48px-Gftp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gftp.svg/72px-Gftp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gftp.svg/96px-Gftp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></td> <td style="width: 115px; white-space: nowrap; padding: 4px 1em 0 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid #aaa;"><span style="color: #616E1C"><a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance" title="Trade Finance"><b>Trade Finance</b></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 1px 1em 0; background: #F6F9ED;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance" title="Trade Finance">Introduction</a> | <a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance/Political_and_Economic_Risk" title="Trade Finance/Political and Economic Risk"><b>M.1</b> Political and Economic Risk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance/Risk_Mitigation_Techniques" title="Trade Finance/Risk Mitigation Techniques"><b>M.2</b> Risk Mitigation Techniques</a> | <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>M.3</b> Commercial Risk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance/Payment_Methods" title="Trade Finance/Payment Methods"><b>M.4</b> Payment Methods</a> | <a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance/Selecting_Payment_Methods" title="Trade Finance/Selecting Payment Methods"><b>M.5</b> Selecting Payment Methods</a> | <a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance/Financial_Plan" title="Trade Finance/Financial Plan"><b>M.6</b> Financial Plan</a> | <a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance/Short-term_Financing" title="Trade Finance/Short-term Financing"><b>M.7</b> Short-term Financing</a> | <a href="/wiki/Trade_Finance/Medium-_and_Long-term_Financing" title="Trade Finance/Medium- and Long-term Financing"><b>M.8</b> Medium- and Long-term Financing</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Module_3:_Commercial_Risk">Module 3: Commercial Risk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Module 3: Commercial Risk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Module 3: Commercial Risk"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Module_Introduction">Module Introduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Module Introduction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Module Introduction"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The objective of this module is to research and analyze credit history and payment capacity of potential buyers/partners to assess the commercial risk of a buyer and maintain credit management and control procedures and documentation. </p><p>This resource on international finance is focused on the global business professional who is a generalist who may be involved in the sale of goods and/or services internationally. A global business professional needs to be able to research and analyze the credit history and payment capacity of potential buyers/partners in order to assess the commercial risks of buyers and maintain credit management and control procedures and documentation. This statement can seem overwhelming to those who are new to international finance [business]. We will break it down into pieces and discuss each piece. </p><p>The section on researching and analyzing payment capacity of potential buyers considers the most frequently used tool to perform such an analysis, the credit report. </p><p>The second part considers the aspects of risk. Assessing the commercial risks of a buyer is assessing a credit history. If you have a credit card or a loan, you as an individual have a credit history. This credit history was created by how well you paid your credit card bills or your car loan payment or your mortgage each month. With the onset of the Internet, you may have seen commercials for yourcreditreport.com or commercials that show a couple who want to buy a house and learn that their credit report does not show favorable repayment histories, so they can’t buy their dream home. Now, consider a business that wants credit in order to obtain goods without having to pay in advance. The concept is similar, but the process and the data used to assess a business to see if it has a track record of repaying business obligations is a little different. </p><p>The last part about maintaining credit management and control procedures and documentation involves the number of credit transactions a business might need to process as well as the process for managing credit decisions. These processes should be documented because extending business-to-business credit (selling on open account) can be quite complex, depending on the amount of credit, how long the buyer wants the credit for, whether a buyer and a seller are located in the same country, and what information is available. </p><p>Some may argue that the topic of credit reports alone can be a small course in itself. In this module, the focus is on the following topics: </p> <ul><li>the purpose of the credit report and what the data means to both a seller and a buyer.</li> <li>the sources of credit reports. When it comes to commercial credit reports, it isn’t quite as simple as logging onto yourcreditreport.com. This module reviews several sources of credit that a seller or lender might use to research a credit history.</li> <li>credit information and risk assessment. Once you locate a credit report for a buyer, you need to interpret the information in context with the potential risk of a buyer faulting or not repaying.</li> <li>risks associated with methods of payment. A buyer wishing credit may have a great track record when it comes to short-term credit lines but not when it comes to long-term repayment. If a buyer needs long-term credit, the possibility of nonpayment increases since over longer periods of time the uncertainty regarding a buyer’s ongoing creditworthiness is greater. There are options for a seller and a buyer. Modules 7 and 8 provide more details on short, medium and long-term financing whereas this module will just provide an introduction to some types of payment and not necessarily terms.</li> <li>risk mitigation techniques. The methods of payment are actually one way to mitigate the risk that a seller may not be repaid by a buyer. However, there are some more commonly used techniques that will be introduced here.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Module_Sections">Module Sections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Module Sections" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Module Sections"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_Credit_Reports" title="Sources of Credit Reports">Unit 3.1: Sources of Credit Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costs_and_Value_of_Credit_Reports" title="Costs and Value of Credit Reports">Unit 3.2: Costs and Value of Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Late_or_Non-payments" title="Effects of Late or Non-payments">Unit 3.3: Effects of Late or Non-payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_Methods_for_International_Transactions" title="Payment Methods for International Transactions">Unit 3.4: Payment Methods for International Transactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigating_Techniques_for_Commercial_Risk" title="Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk">Unit 3.5: Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="About_this_Resource">About this Resource</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: About this Resource" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: About this Resource"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These resources were developed by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msuglobal.com">MSU Global</a> with funding provided by a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed.gov/programs/iegpsbie/index.html">U.S. Department of Education, Business in International Education</a> Title VIB grant. </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&oldid=2604053">https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&oldid=2604053</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finance" title="Category:Finance">Finance</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 February 2024, at 09:05.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy.</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:About">About Wikiversity</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikiversity.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_Finance/Commercial_Risk&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-684ff6bbf5-hq96l","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.014","walltime":"0.025","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1169,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 11.251 1 Template:TFintro","100.00% 11.251 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-664bf89c8-qmtrd","timestamp":"20241107133618","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>