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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ويليام غاديس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام غاديس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Γουίλιαμ Γκάντις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουίλιαμ Γκάντις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EA%B0%9C%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4" title="윌리엄 개디스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 개디스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Ուիլյամ Գեդդիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Գեդդիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="विलियम गैडिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलियम गैडिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Gaddis" title="Gulielmus Gaddis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ გედისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უილიამ გედისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ويليام جاديس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام جاديس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9" title="ウィリアム・ギャディス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・ギャディス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Гэддис, Уильям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гэддис, Уильям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Gaddis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D2%90%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81" title="Вільям Ґеддіс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Ґеддіс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·蓋迪斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·蓋迪斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q456958#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">American novelist (1922–1998)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">William Gaddis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Gaddis_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaddis in 1975"><img alt="Gaddis in 1975" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_Gaddis_1975.jpg/220px-William_Gaddis_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_Gaddis_1975.jpg/330px-William_Gaddis_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/William_Gaddis_1975.jpg/440px-William_Gaddis_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="607" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Gaddis in 1975</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">William Thomas Gaddis, Jr.<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1922-12-29</span>)</span>December 29, 1922<br />New York City, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">December 16, 1998<span style="display:none">(1998-12-16)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/East_Hampton_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="East Hampton (town), New York">East Hampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1955–1998</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodernism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Recognitions" title="The Recognitions">The Recognitions</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J_R" title="J R">J R</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Frolic_of_His_Own" title="A Frolic of His Own">A Frolic of His Own</a></i> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Patricia Black</li> <li>Judith Thompson</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">2</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Thomas Gaddis Jr.</b> (December 29, 1922 – December 16, 1998) was an American novelist.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first and longest of his five novels, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Recognitions" title="The Recognitions">The Recognitions</a></i>, was named one of <a href="/wiki/TIME_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME (magazine)">TIME magazine's</a> <a href="/wiki/TIME%27s_List_of_the_100_Best_Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME's List of the 100 Best Novels">100 best novels from 1923 to 2005</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two others, <i><a href="/wiki/J_R" title="J R">J R</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Frolic_of_His_Own" title="A Frolic of His Own">A Frolic of His Own</a></i>, won the annual U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="National Book Award for Fiction">National Book Award for Fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-winners_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winners-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collection of his essays was published posthumously as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rush_for_Second_Place" title="The Rush for Second Place">The Rush for Second Place</a></i> (2002). <i>The Letters of William Gaddis</i> was published by <a href="/wiki/Dalkey_Archive_Press" title="Dalkey Archive Press">Dalkey Archive Press</a> in February 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellow</a>, Gaddis is widely considered one of the first and most important American <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">postmodern writers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Gaddis_2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Gaddis_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gaddis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaddis was born in New York City to William Thomas Gaddis, who worked "on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> and in politics", and Edith (Charles) Gaddis, who worked her way up from being secretary to the president of the New York Steam Corporation to an executive position as its chief purchasing agent.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was three, his parents separated and Gaddis was subsequently raised by his mother in <a href="/wiki/Massapequa" class="mw-redirect" title="Massapequa">Massapequa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>. At age 5 he was sent to Merricourt Boarding School in <a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Connecticut" title="Berlin, Connecticut">Berlin, Connecticut</a>. He continued in private school until the eighth grade, after which he returned to Long Island to receive his diploma at Farmingdale High School in 1941. He entered Harvard in 1941 where he was a member of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Lampoon" title="The Harvard Lampoon">The Harvard Lampoon</a></i> (where he eventually served as president), but was asked to leave in 1944 due to an altercation with police.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked as a <a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">fact checker</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> for little over a year (late February 1945 until late April 1946), then spent five years traveling in Mexico, Central America, Spain, France, England, and North Africa, returning to the United States in 1951. </p><p>His first novel, <i>The Recognitions</i>, appeared in 1955. A lengthy, complex, and allusive work, it had to wait to find its audience. Newspaper reviewers considered it overly intellectual, overwritten, and disgusting. Seven years later, the book was defended by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Green_(critic)" title="Jack Green (critic)">Jack Green</a> in a series of broadsheets blasting the critics; the series was collected later under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Fire_the_Bastards!" title="Fire the Bastards!">Fire the Bastards!</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-green_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaddis then turned to <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> work and the making of documentary films to support himself and his family. In this role he worked for <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, among others. He also received a <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Arts_and_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Arts and Letters">National Institute of Arts and Letters</a> grant, a <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller grant</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> grants, all of which helped him write his second novel. In 1975 he published <i><a href="/wiki/J_R" title="J R">J R</a></i>, told almost entirely in unattributed dialogue. Its eponymous protagonist, an 11-year-old, learns enough about the stock market from a class field trip to build a financial empire of his own. Critical opinion had caught up with him, and the book won the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="National Book Award for Fiction">National Book Award for Fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nba1976_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nba1976-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Carpenter%27s_Gothic" title="Carpenter's Gothic">Carpenter's Gothic</a></i> (1985) offered a shorter and more accessible picture of Gaddis's sardonic worldview, focusing on religious fundamentalism and apocalyptic thinking. Instead of struggling against misanthropy (as in <i>The Recognitions</i>) or reluctantly giving ground to it (as in <i>J R</i>), <i>Carpenter's Gothic</i> wallows in it. The continual litigation that was a theme in that book becomes the central theme and plot device in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Frolic_of_His_Own" title="A Frolic of His Own">A Frolic of His Own</a></i> (1994)—which earned him his second National Book Award<sup id="cite_ref-nba1994_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nba1994-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a finalist for the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Fiction" title="National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction">National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction</a>. </p><p>Gaddis died at home in <a href="/wiki/East_Hampton_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="East Hampton (town), New York">East Hampton, New York</a>, of prostate cancer on December 16, 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not before creating his final work, <i><a href="/wiki/Agap%C4%93_Agape" title="Agapē Agape">Agapē Agape</a></i> (the first word of the title is the Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Agap%C4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Agapē">agapē</a></i>, meaning divine, unconditional love), which was published in 2002, a novella in the form of the last words of a character similar but not identical to his creator. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rush_for_Second_Place" title="The Rush for Second Place">The Rush for Second Place</a></i>, published at the same time, collected most of Gaddis's previously published nonfiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_life">Family life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gaddis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1955 Gaddis eloped with Patsy Thompson Black (1928–2000), a model and actress who had come to New York from North Carolina to break into theater.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two children: Sarah (b. September 1955)—who wrote a novel, <i>Swallow Hard</i> (1991), inspired by her relationship with her father—and Matthew (b. January 1958). Their marriage ended in divorce in 1965. In 1968 Gaddis married Judith Thompson (1940–2022), a journalist and later an antiques dealer. They separated in 1978, and the following year he reunited with Muriel Murphy Oxenberg (1926–2008), whom he had first met in 1953. They lived together until around the time when <i>A Frolic of His Own</i> was published (1994), which is dedicated to her. Gaddis lived alone for the remainder of his life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_influence">Legacy and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gaddis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among fans of post-modern fiction, Gaddis is often acknowledged as being one of the greatest of American post-war novelists. A critic who early on appreciated his work and recognized its value is <a href="/wiki/Steven_Moore_(author)" title="Steven Moore (author)">Steven Moore</a>: in 1982 he published <i>A Reader's Guide to William Gaddis's "The Recognitions"</i> and in 1989 a monograph on Gaddis in the Twayne series. Gaddis's influence is vast (although frequently subterranean): for example, postmodern authors such as <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pynchon_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pynchon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seem to have been influenced by Gaddis (indeed, upon publication of <i><a href="/wiki/V." title="V.">V.</a></i>, Pynchon was actually speculated to have been a pen name for Gaddis due to the similarity of styles and the dearth of information about the two authors; the <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Tinasky" title="Wanda Tinasky">Wanda Tinasky</a> letters also claimed that Gaddis, Pynchon, and Jack Green were the same person),<sup id="cite_ref-Pynchon_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pynchon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as authors such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McElroy" title="Joseph McElroy">Joseph McElroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Gass" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gass">William Gass</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Markson" title="David Markson">David Markson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a>, who have all stated their admiration for Gaddis in general and <i>The Recognitions</i> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Gaddis_2003_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Gaddis_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a>, who in an essay in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> called Gaddis "an old literary hero of mine", dubbed him 'Mr. Difficult', stating that "by a comfortable margin, the most difficult book I ever voluntarily read in its entirety was Gaddis' nine-hundred-and-fifty-six-page first novel, <i>The Recognitions</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-franzen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franzen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franzen continued: "In the four decades following the publication of <i>The Recognitions</i>, Gaddis's work grew angrier and angrier. It's a signature paradox of literary postmodernism: the writer whose least angry work was written first." </p><p>Characters in fiction based on Gaddis include Harry Lees in <a href="/wiki/Chandler_Brossard" title="Chandler Brossard">Chandler Brossard</a>'s 1952 novel <i>Who Walk in Darkness</i>, Harold Sand in <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>'s autobiographical 1958 novella <i><a href="/wiki/The_Subterraneans" title="The Subterraneans">The Subterraneans</a></i> and possibly Bill Gray in <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a>'s 1991 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Mao_II" title="Mao II">Mao II</a></i>. (DeLillo was a friend of Gaddis.) The characters Richard Whitehurst in Kurt Wenzel's <i>Lit Life: A Novel</i> (2001) and Joshua Gel in Stephen Dixon's <i>I: A Novel</i> (2002) likely are based on Gaddis. Other authors who allude to Gaddis in their books include <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Corrections" title="The Corrections">The Corrections</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/David_Markson" title="David Markson">David Markson</a> (<i>Epitaph for a Tramp</i>), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McElroy" title="Joseph McElroy">Joseph McElroy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Smuggler%27s_Bible" title="A Smuggler's Bible">A Smuggler's Bible</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elkin" title="Stanley Elkin">Stanley Elkin</a> (<i>The Magic Kingdom</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His life and work are the subject of a comprehensive website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williamgaddis.org">The Gaddis Annotations</a>, which has been noted in at least one academic journal as a superior example of scholarship using <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a> resources.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaddis's papers are collected at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>. The first book-length biography, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tabbi" title="Joseph Tabbi">Joseph Tabbi</a>'s <i>Nobody Grew but the Business: On the Life and Work of William Gaddis,</i> was published by <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a> in May 2015. </p><p>His works have been translated into a number of foreign languages, including French, German, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Swedish, Chinese, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gaddis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beside the awards for particular works, Gaddis has received three other awards and honors: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a>’s "Genius Award" (1982);</li> <li>Election to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_and_Institute_of_Arts_and_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters">American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters</a> (1989);</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lannan_Literary_Awards" title="Lannan Literary Awards">Lannan Literary Award</a> for Lifetime Achievement (1993).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gaddis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Fiction</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Recognitions" title="The Recognitions">The Recognitions</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J_R" title="J R">J R</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpenter%27s_Gothic" title="Carpenter's Gothic">Carpenter's Gothic</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Frolic_of_His_Own" title="A Frolic of His Own">A Frolic of His Own</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agap%C4%93_Agape" title="Agapē Agape">Agapē Agape</a></i> (completed 1998, published 2002)</li></ul> <p><b>Non-fiction</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rush_for_Second_Place" title="The Rush for Second Place">The Rush for Second Place</a></i> (collection, published 2002)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gaddis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novelists_from_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of novelists from the United States">List of novelists from the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gaddis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlberts,_Crystal2005" class="citation web cs1">Alberts, Crystal (August 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040912051827/http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/manuscripts/mlc/gaddis/gaddis.html">"William Gaddis, 1922–1998. American author"</a>. Washington University Libraries, Department of Special Collections. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/manuscripts/mlc/gaddis/gaddis.html">the original</a> on September 12, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Gaddis%2C+1922%E2%80%931998.+American+author&rft.pub=Washington+University+Libraries%2C+Department+of+Special+Collections&rft.date=2005-08-11&rft.au=Alberts%2C+Crystal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.wustl.edu%2Funits%2Fspec%2Fmanuscripts%2Fmlc%2Fgaddis%2Fgaddis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTobit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGussow1998" class="citation news cs1">Gussow, Mel (December 17, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/17/us/william-gaddis-75-innovative-author-of-complex-demanding-novels-is-dead.html?pagewanted=1">"William Gaddis, 75, Innovative Author Of Complex, Demanding Novels, Is Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114725/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/17/us/william-gaddis-75-innovative-author-of-complex-demanding-novels-is-dead.html?pagewanted=1">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=William+Gaddis%2C+75%2C+Innovative+Author+Of+Complex%2C+Demanding+Novels%2C+Is+Dead&rft.date=1998-12-17&rft.aulast=Gussow&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F12%2F17%2Fus%2Fwilliam-gaddis-75-innovative-author-of-complex-demanding-novels-is-dead.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051019053903/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html">"All Time 100 Novels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. October 16, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=All+Time+100+Novels&rft.date=2005-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2F2005%2F100books%2Fthe_complete_list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winners-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winners_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Book Foundation: Awards: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalbook.org/nbawinners_category.html">"National Book Award Winners: 1950–2009"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528173755/http://www.nationalbook.org/nbawinners_category.html">Archived</a> May 28, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved March 28, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An expanded edition, with further letters and photographs, was published by New York Review Books in 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_Gaddis_2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_Gaddis_2003_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_Gaddis_2003_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moody, Rick, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conjunctions.com/print/archive/conjunctions41">"William Gaddis: A Portfolio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Conjunctions_(journal)" title="Conjunctions (journal)">Conjunctions</a></i>. <b>41</b>: 373–415.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conjunctions&rft.atitle=William+Gaddis%3A+A+Portfolio&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=373-415&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conjunctions.com%2Fprint%2Farchive%2Fconjunctions41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaban2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Raban, Jonathan (October 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/10/10/william-gaddis-americas-best-unknown-writer/">"America's Best Unknown Writer: The letters of William Gaddis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416011616/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/10/10/william-gaddis-americas-best-unknown-writer/">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=America%27s+Best+Unknown+Writer%3A+The+letters+of+William+Gaddis&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft.aulast=Raban&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F10%2F10%2Fwilliam-gaddis-americas-best-unknown-writer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeschel1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peschel, Bill (1999). "Gaddis, William". <i><a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography">American National Biography</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1603402">10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1603402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaddis%2C+William&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1603402&rft.aulast=Peschel&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutkin2013" class="citation web cs1">Gutkin, Len (June 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lareviewofbooks.org/review/the-last-obscenity-william-gaddiss-collected-correspondence">"The Last Obscenity: William Gaddis's Collected Correspondence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books" title="Los Angeles Review of Books">Los Angeles Review of Books</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327045913/https://lareviewofbooks.org/review/the-last-obscenity-william-gaddiss-collected-correspondence/">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Last+Obscenity%3A+William+Gaddis%27s+Collected+Correspondence&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft.aulast=Gutkin&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flareviewofbooks.org%2Freview%2Fthe-last-obscenity-william-gaddiss-collected-correspondence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-green_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Connell2012" class="citation magazine cs1">O’Connell, Mark (February 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/fire-the-bastards-the-great-defender-of-william-gaddis">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Fire The Bastards!': The Great Defender of William Gaddis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217014716/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2012/02/william-gaddis-the-recognitions.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Book+Foundation&rft.atitle=National+Book+Awards+1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalbook.org%2Fawards-prizes%2Fnational-book-awards-1976%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPost2009" class="citation web cs1">Post, Chad (August 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901064444/http://www.nbafictionblog.org/nba-winning-books-blog/1976.html">"JR by William Gaddis"</a>. <i>National Book Award Fiction Blog</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbafictionblog.org/nba-winning-books-blog/1976.html">the original</a> on September 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Book+Award+Fiction+Blog&rft.atitle=JR+by+William+Gaddis&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbafictionblog.org%2Fnba-winning-books-blog%2F1976.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nba1994-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nba1994_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1994/">"National Book Awards 1994"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Book_Foundation" title="National Book Foundation">National Book Foundation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603140609/https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1994/">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Book+Foundation&rft.atitle=National+Book+Awards+1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalbook.org%2Fawards-prizes%2Fnational-book-awards-1994%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugenbraum2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Augenbraum" title="Harold Augenbraum">Augenbraum, Harold</a> (September 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914005224/http://www.nbafictionblog.org/nba-winning-books-blog/1994.html">"A Frolic of His Own by William Gaddis"</a>. <i>National Book Award Fiction Blog</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbafictionblog.org/nba-winning-books-blog/1994.html">the original</a> on September 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Book+Award+Fiction+Blog&rft.atitle=A+Frolic+of+His+Own+by+William+Gaddis&rft.date=2009-09-06&rft.aulast=Augenbraum&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbafictionblog.org%2Fnba-winning-books-blog%2F1994.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The source for all details in this section is <i>The Letters of William Gaddis,</i> ed. Steven Moore (Dalkey Archive Press, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pynchon-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pynchon_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pynchon_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestrope2000" class="citation web cs1">Westrope, Alan (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyx.net/~awestrop/gaddis/whoswho.html">"Who's Writing Whose Writing? Gaddis, Green, Pynchon and Tinasky"</a>. <i>www.nyx.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512194718/http://www.nyx.net/~awestrop/gaddis/whoswho.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nyx.net&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Writing+Whose+Writing%3F+Gaddis%2C+Green%2C+Pynchon+and+Tinasky&rft.date=2000-11&rft.aulast=Westrope&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyx.net%2F~awestrop%2Fgaddis%2Fwhoswho.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-franzen-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-franzen_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranzen2002" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Franzen, Jonathan</a> (September 30, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adilegian.com/FranzenGaddis.htm">"Mr. Difficult: William Gaddis and the Problem of Hard-to-Read Books"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110122093922/http://adilegian.com/FranzenGaddis.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Mr.+Difficult%3A+William+Gaddis+and+the+Problem+of+Hard-to-Read+Books&rft.date=2002-09-30&rft.aulast=Franzen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadilegian.com%2FFranzenGaddis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Moore_(author)" title="Steven Moore (author)">Moore, Steven</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williamgaddis.org/infiction/index.shtml">"The Gaddis Annotations: Gaddis in Fiction"</a>. <i>The Gaddis Annotations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610100540/http://www.williamgaddis.org/infiction/index.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gaddis+Annotations&rft.atitle=The+Gaddis+Annotations%3A+Gaddis+in+Fiction&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.williamgaddis.org%2Finfiction%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Grayson, Erik (2005). "Review: The Gaddis Annotations". <i>Modern Language Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 107–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F30039831">10.2307/30039831</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30039831">30039831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Gaddis+Annotations&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-109&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F30039831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30039831%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Moore_(author)" title="Steven Moore (author)">Moore, Steven</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.williamgaddis.org/bibliography.shtml#pri-d">"Gaddis Bibliography: D. Translations of Gaddis's Works"</a>. <i>The Gaddis Annotations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314183013/http://www.williamgaddis.org/bibliography.shtml#pri-d">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gaddis+Annotations&rft.atitle=Gaddis+Bibliography%3A+D.+Translations+of+Gaddis%27s+Works&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.williamgaddis.org%2Fbibliography.shtml%23pri-d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gaddis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williamgaddis.org">The Gaddis Annotations</a>, a comprehensive scholarly site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130105111232/http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/manuscripts/gaddis.html">The William Gaddis Papers</a> at Washington University in St. Louis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051211003009/http://www.themodernword.com/scriptorium/gaddis.html">The William Gaddis pages</a> at The Modern Word</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoltán_Abádi-Nagy1987" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Zoltán Abádi-Nagy (Winter 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2577/the-art-of-fiction-no-101-william-gaddis">"William Gaddis, The Art of Fiction No. 101"</a>. <i>Paris Review</i>. Winter 1987 (105).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paris+Review&rft.atitle=William+Gaddis%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+101&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=Winter+1987&rft.issue=105&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Zolt%C3%A1n+Ab%C3%A1di-Nagy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F2577%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-101-william-gaddis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Sherry1999" class="citation journal cs1">John Sherry (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyx.net/~awestrop/gaddis/sherry.htm">"In Recognition. Remembering William Gaddis"</a>. <i>Hamptons Country</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hamptons+Country&rft.atitle=In+Recognition.+Remembering+William+Gaddis.&rft.date=1999-06&rft.au=John+Sherry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyx.net%2F~awestrop%2Fgaddis%2Fsherry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/n81043116">William Gaddis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Authorities, with 15 catalog records</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gaddis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsLeiseVanwesenbeeck2009" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Crystal; Leise, Christopher; Vanwesenbeeck, Birger, eds. (2009). <i>William Gaddis, 'The Last of Something'<span></span></i>. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4309-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4309-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-4309-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Gaddis%2C+%27The+Last+of+Something%27&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4309-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold2004" class="citation book cs1">Harold, Bloom, ed. (2004). <i>William Gaddis</i>. Bloom's Modern Critical Views. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791076644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791076644"><bdi>978-0791076644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Gaddis&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Bloom%27s+Modern+Critical+Views&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0791076644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunelGresset1994" class="citation book cs1">Brunel, Jean-Louis; Gresset, Michel, eds. (1994). <i>William Gaddis</i>. Profils Americains. Vol. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Gaddis&rft.series=Profils+Americains&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chetwynd, Ali, and Marie Fahd, eds. <i>Gaddis at His Centenary. Electronic Book Review,</i> February 2024: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://electronicbookreview.com/gathering/william-gaddis-at-his-centenary/">https://electronicbookreview.com/gathering/william-gaddis-at-his-centenary/</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComnes1994" class="citation book cs1">Comnes, Gregory (1994). <i>The Ethics of Indeterminacy in the Novels of William Gaddis</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813012513" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813012513"><bdi>978-0813012513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Indeterminacy+in+the+Novels+of+William+Gaddis&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0813012513&rft.aulast=Comnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFélix2007" class="citation book cs1">Félix, Brigitte, ed. (2007). <i>Reading William Gaddis: A Collective Volume of Essays on William Gaddis's Novels, from J R to Agape Agape</i>. Orléans: Presses Universitaires d'Orléans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+William+Gaddis%3A+A+Collective+Volume+of+Essays+on+William+Gaddis%27s+Novels%2C+from+J+R+to+Agape+Agape&rft.place=Orl%C3%A9ans&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+d%27Orl%C3%A9ans&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Green_(critic)" title="Jack Green (critic)">Green, Jack</a> (1992). <i><a href="/wiki/Fire_the_Bastards!" title="Fire the Bastards!">Fire the Bastards!</a></i>. Normal, Illinois: Dalkey Archive Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+the+Bastards%21&rft.place=Normal%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Dalkey+Archive+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span> Reprint with an introduction by Steven Moore.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1990" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, John (1990). <i>Carnival of Repetition: Gaddis's "The Recognitions" and Postmodern Theory</i>. Penn Studies in Contemporary American Fiction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812281798" title="Special:BookSources/9780812281798"><bdi>9780812281798</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv5132hq">j.ctv5132hq</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carnival+of+Repetition%3A+Gaddis%27s+%22The+Recognitions%22+and+Postmodern+Theory&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Penn+Studies+in+Contemporary+American+Fiction&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv5132hq%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780812281798&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1997" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Christopher J. (1997). <i>Hints & Guesses: William Gaddis's Fiction of Longing</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299153045" title="Special:BookSources/9780299153045"><bdi>9780299153045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hints+%26+Guesses%3A+William+Gaddis%27s+Fiction+of+Longing&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780299153045&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuehlMoore1984" class="citation book cs1">Kuehl, John Richard; Moore, Steven, eds. (1984). <i>In Recognition of William Gaddis</i>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815623069" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815623069"><bdi>978-0815623069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Recognition+of+William+Gaddis&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0815623069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moody, Rick, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conjunctions.com/print/archive/conjunctions41">"William Gaddis: A Portfolio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Conjunctions_(journal)" title="Conjunctions (journal)">Conjunctions</a></i>. <b>41</b>: 373–415.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conjunctions&rft.atitle=William+Gaddis%3A+A+Portfolio&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=373-415&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conjunctions.com%2Fprint%2Farchive%2Fconjunctions41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1982" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Steven (1982). <i>A Reader's Guide to William Gaddis's The Recognitions</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803230729" title="Special:BookSources/9780803230729"><bdi>9780803230729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reader%27s+Guide+to+William+Gaddis%27s+The+Recognitions&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780803230729&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span> Expanded edition on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williamgaddis.org">The Gaddis Annotations</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2015" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Steven (2015). <i>William Gaddis: Expanded Edition</i>. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781501304941">10.5040/9781501304941</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6289-2645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6289-2645-3"><bdi>978-1-6289-2645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Gaddis%3A+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781501304941&rft.isbn=978-1-6289-2645-3&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Brien1982" class="citation journal cs1">O’Brien, John, ed. (1982). "William Gaddis / Nicholas Mosley Number". <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Contemporary_Fiction" title="Review of Contemporary Fiction">Review of Contemporary Fiction</a></i>. <b>2</b> (2): 4–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Contemporary+Fiction&rft.atitle=William+Gaddis+%2F+Nicholas+Mosley+Number&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=4-56&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabbi2015" class="citation book cs1">Tabbi, Joseph (2015). <i>Nobody Grew but the Business On the Life and Work of William Gaddis</i>. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810131422" title="Special:BookSources/9780810131422"><bdi>9780810131422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobody+Grew+but+the+Business+On+the+Life+and+Work+of+William+Gaddis&rft.place=Evanston&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780810131422&rft.aulast=Tabbi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabbiShavers2007" class="citation book cs1">Tabbi, Joseph; Shavers, Rone, eds. (2007). <i>Paper Empire: William Gaddis and the World System</i>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817354060" title="Special:BookSources/9780817354060"><bdi>9780817354060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+Empire%3A+William+Gaddis+and+the+World+System&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780817354060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe1997" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Peter (1997). <i>A Vision of His Own: The Mind and Art of William Gaddis</i>. Madison & Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838636947" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838636947"><bdi>978-0838636947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vision+of+His+Own%3A+The+Mind+and+Art+of+William+Gaddis&rft.place=Madison+%26+Teaneck%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0838636947&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Gaddis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:William_Gaddis" title="Template:William Gaddis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Gaddis" title="Template talk:William Gaddis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Gaddis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Gaddis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Gaddis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Gaddis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Recognitions" title="The Recognitions">The Recognitions</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J_R" title="J R">J R</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpenter%27s_Gothic" title="Carpenter's Gothic">Carpenter's Gothic</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Frolic_of_His_Own" title="A Frolic of His Own">A Frolic of His Own</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agap%C4%93_Agape" title="Agapē Agape">Agapē Agape</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters and essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rush_for_Second_Place" title="The Rush for Second Place">The Rush for Second Place</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Letters_of_William_Gaddis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Letters of William Gaddis (page does not exist)">The Letters of William Gaddis</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_the_Bastards!" title="Fire the Bastards!">Fire the Bastards!</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mr._Difficult" title="Mr. Difficult">Mr. Difficult</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Moore_(author)" title="Steven Moore (author)">Steven Moore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Template:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Template talk:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="National Book Award for Fiction">National Book Award for Fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Arm_(novel)" title="The Man with the Golden Arm (novel)">The Man with the Golden Arm</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Algren" title="Nelson Algren">Nelson Algren</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Stories_of_William_Faulkner" title="Collected Stories of William Faulkner">Collected Stories of William Faulkner</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity_(novel)" title="From Here to Eternity (novel)">From Here to Eternity</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Jones_(author)" title="James Jones (author)">James Jones</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Man" title="Invisible Man">Invisible Man</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March" title="The Adventures of Augie March">The Adventures of Augie March</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fable" title="A Fable">A Fable</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_North_Frederick" title="Ten North Frederick">Ten North Frederick</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Hara" title="John O'Hara">John O'Hara</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Field_of_Vision" title="The Field of Vision">The Field of Vision</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wright_Morris" title="Wright Morris">Wright Morris</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wapshot_Chronicle" title="The Wapshot Chronicle">The Wapshot Chronicle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Barrel" title="The Magic Barrel">The Magic Barrel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Columbus" title="Goodbye, Columbus">Goodbye, Columbus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waters_of_Kronos" title="The Waters of Kronos">The Waters of Kronos</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Richter" title="Conrad Richter">Conrad Richter</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moviegoer" title="The Moviegoer">The Moviegoer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Walker_Percy" title="Walker Percy">Walker Percy</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Morte_d%27Urban" title="Morte d'Urban">Morte d'Urban</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._F._Powers" title="J. F. Powers">J. F. Powers</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Centaur" title="The Centaur">The Centaur</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Herzog_(novel)" title="Herzog (novel)">Herzog</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter">The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Katherine Anne Porter</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_(novel)" title="The Fixer (novel)">The Fixer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_Day_(Wilder_novel)" title="The Eighth Day (Wilder novel)">The Eighth Day</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Steps_(book)" title="Steps (book)">Steps</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kosi%C5%84ski" title="Jerzy Kosiński">Jerzy Kosiński</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Them_(novel)" title="Them (novel)">them</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Joyce Carol Oates</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Sammler%27s_Planet" title="Mr. Sammler's Planet">Mr. Sammler's Planet</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Stories_(O%27Connor)" title="The Complete Stories (O'Connor)">The Complete Stories</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(Barth_novel)" title="Chimera (Barth novel)">Chimera</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(Williams_novel)" title="Augustus (Williams novel)">Augustus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Williams" title="John Edward Williams">John Williams</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Crown_of_Feathers_and_Other_Stories" title="A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories">A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dog_Soldiers_(novel)" title="Dog Soldiers (novel)">Dog Soldiers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stone_(novelist)" title="Robert Stone (novelist)">Robert Stone</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hair_of_Harold_Roux" title="The Hair of Harold Roux">The Hair of Harold Roux</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Williams_(writer)" title="Thomas Williams (writer)">Thomas Williams</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J_R" title="J R">J R</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Gaddis</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_Bird" title="The Spectator Bird">The Spectator Bird</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Tie_(Settle_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Tie (Settle novel)">Blood Tie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lee_Settle" title="Mary Lee Settle">Mary Lee Settle</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Going_After_Cacciato" title="Going After Cacciato">Going After Cacciato</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_O%27Brien_(author)" title="Tim O'Brien (author)">Tim O'Brien</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(novel)" title="Sophie's Choice (novel)">Sophie's Choice</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp" title="The World According to Garp">The World According to Garp</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Irving" title="John Irving">John Irving</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>Plains Song: For Female Voices</i> by <a href="/wiki/Wright_Morris" title="Wright Morris">Wright Morris</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_John_Cheever" title="The Stories of John Cheever">The Stories of John Cheever</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Is_Rich" title="Rabbit Is Rich">Rabbit Is Rich</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/So_Long,_See_You_Tomorrow_(novel)" title="So Long, See You Tomorrow (novel)">So Long, See You Tomorrow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Keepers_Maxwell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Keepers Maxwell, Jr.">William Maxwell</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple" title="The Color Purple">The Color Purple</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Eudora_Welty" title="The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty">The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>Victory Over Japan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gilchrist" title="Ellen Gilchrist">Ellen Gilchrist</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/White_Noise_(novel)" title="White Noise (novel)">White Noise</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair_(novel)" title="World's Fair (novel)">World's Fair</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/E._L._Doctorow" title="E. L. Doctorow">E. L. Doctorow</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paco%27s_Story" title="Paco's Story">Paco's Story</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Heinemann" title="Larry Heinemann">Larry Heinemann</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Trout_(novel)" title="Paris Trout (novel)">Paris Trout</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pete_Dexter" title="Pete Dexter">Pete Dexter</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Spartina_(novel)" title="Spartina (novel)">Spartina</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Casey_(novelist)" title="John Casey (novelist)">John Casey</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Johnson" title="Charles R. Johnson">Charles Johnson</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mating_(novel)" title="Mating (novel)">Mating</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rush" title="Norman Rush">Norman Rush</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Pretty_Horses_(novel)" title="All the Pretty Horses (novel)">All the Pretty Horses</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shipping_News" title="The Shipping News">The Shipping News</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Proulx" title="Annie Proulx">E. Annie Proulx</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Frolic_of_His_Own" title="A Frolic of His Own">A Frolic of His Own</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Gaddis</a> (1994) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sabbath%27s_Theater" title="Sabbath's Theater">Sabbath's Theater</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>Ship Fever and Other Stories</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Barrett" title="Andrea Barrett">Andrea Barrett</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Cold_Mountain_(novel)" title="Cold Mountain (novel)">Cold Mountain</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frazier" title="Charles Frazier">Charles Frazier</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Charming_Billy" title="Charming Billy">Charming Billy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_McDermott" title="Alice McDermott">Alice McDermott</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_(novel)" title="Waiting (novel)">Waiting</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ha_Jin" title="Ha Jin">Ha Jin</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_America_(novel)" title="In America (novel)">In America</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Corrections" title="The Corrections">The Corrections</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Junes" title="Three Junes">Three Junes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Glass" title="Julia Glass">Julia Glass</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Fire_(Hazzard_novel)" title="The Great Fire (Hazzard novel)">The Great Fire</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hazzard" title="Shirley Hazzard">Shirley Hazzard</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_News_from_Paraguay" title="The News from Paraguay">The News from Paraguay</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tuck" title="Lily Tuck">Lily Tuck</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Europe_Central" title="Europe Central">Europe Central</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_T._Vollmann" title="William T. Vollmann">William T. Vollmann</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Echo_Maker" title="The Echo Maker">The Echo Maker</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Smoke" title="Tree of Smoke">Tree of Smoke</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Johnson" title="Denis Johnson">Denis Johnson</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Country" title="Shadow Country">Shadow Country</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthiessen" title="Peter Matthiessen">Peter Matthiessen</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Let_the_Great_World_Spin" title="Let the Great World Spin">Let the Great World Spin</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colum_McCann" title="Colum McCann">Colum McCann</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule_(novel)" title="Lord of Misrule (novel)">Lord of Misrule</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jaimy_Gordon" title="Jaimy Gordon">Jaimy Gordon</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salvage_the_Bones" title="Salvage the Bones">Salvage the Bones</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward" title="Jesmyn Ward">Jesmyn Ward</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Round_House_(novel)" title="The Round House (novel)">The Round House</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird" title="The Good Lord Bird">The Good Lord Bird</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_McBride_(writer)" title="James McBride (writer)">James McBride</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Redeployment_(short_story_collection)" title="Redeployment (short story collection)">Redeployment</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Phil_Klay" title="Phil Klay">Phil Klay</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_Smiles" title="Fortune Smiles">Fortune Smiles</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnson_(writer)" title="Adam Johnson (writer)">Adam Johnson</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)"> The Underground Railroad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sing,_Unburied,_Sing" title="Sing, Unburied, Sing">Sing, Unburied, Sing</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward" title="Jesmyn Ward">Jesmyn Ward</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Friend_(novel)" title="The Friend (novel)">The Friend</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Nunez" title="Sigrid Nunez">Sigrid Nunez</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Trust_Exercise" title="Trust Exercise">Trust Exercise</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Choi" title="Susan Choi">Susan Choi</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Interior_Chinatown" title="Interior Chinatown">Interior Chinatown</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Yu" title="Charles Yu">Charles Yu</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hell_of_a_Book" title="Hell of a Book">Hell of a Book</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Mott" title="Jason Mott">Jason Mott</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rabbit_Hutch" title="The Rabbit Hutch">The Rabbit Hutch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tess_Gunty" title="Tess Gunty">Tess Gunty</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackouts_(novel)" title="Blackouts (novel)">Blackouts</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Torres" title="Justin Torres">Justin Torres</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456958#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456958#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456958#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121475177">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/109910493">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/71376/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfX3hM3MGV4pk3Ht8Rh73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119015269">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81043116">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120321820">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120321820">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00834558">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup20030000029872&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX987771">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/363076">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068478240">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gaddis, William, 1922-1998"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000212184&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr57792c5m41c4q">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810638343205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302944705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14532877">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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