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href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%98%D0%B0_2024.\" title=\"Википедија:Уређивачки маратон Вики воли јавну уметност и гробна обележја 2024.\"\u003EУређивачком маратону Вики воли јавну уметност и гробна обележја 2024\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E.\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сајт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" 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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Почетак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definicije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definicije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Definicije </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definicije-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Садржај одељка Definicije </button> <ul id="toc-Definicije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Na_bazi_rasuđivanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Na_bazi_rasuđivanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Na bazi rasuđivanja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Na_bazi_rasuđivanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Na_osnovu_kriterijuma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Na_osnovu_kriterijuma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Na osnovu kriterijuma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Na_osnovu_kriterijuma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teritorija_periodnog_sistema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teritorija_periodnog_sistema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Teritorija periodnog sistema </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teritorija_periodnog_sistema-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Садржај одељка Teritorija periodnog sistema </button> <ul id="toc-Teritorija_periodnog_sistema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lokacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Lokacija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lokacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternativni_tretmani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternativni_tretmani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Alternativni tretmani </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternativni_tretmani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svojstva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svojstva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Svojstva </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Svojstva-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Садржај одељка Svojstva </button> <ul id="toc-Svojstva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poređenje_sa_metalima_i_nemetalima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poređenje_sa_metalima_i_nemetalima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Poređenje sa metalima i nemetalima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poređenje_sa_metalima_i_nemetalima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uobičajene_aplikacije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uobičajene_aplikacije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Uobičajene aplikacije </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uobičajene_aplikacije-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Садржај одељка Uobičajene aplikacije </button> <ul id="toc-Uobičajene_aplikacije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Legure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biološki_agensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biološki_agensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Biološki agensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biološki_agensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katalizatori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katalizatori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Katalizatori </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katalizatori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usporivači_plamena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usporivači_plamena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Usporivači plamena </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usporivači_plamena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formiranje_stakla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formiranje_stakla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Formiranje stakla </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formiranje_stakla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optičko_skladištenje_i_optoelektronika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optičko_skladištenje_i_optoelektronika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Optičko skladištenje i optoelektronika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optičko_skladištenje_i_optoelektronika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pirotehnika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pirotehnika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Pirotehnika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pirotehnika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poluprovodnici_i_elektronika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poluprovodnici_i_elektronika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Poluprovodnici i elektronika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poluprovodnici_i_elektronika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenklatura_i_istorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenklatura_i_istorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Nomenklatura i istorija </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nomenklatura_i_istorija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Садржај одељка Nomenklatura i istorija </button> <ul id="toc-Nomenklatura_i_istorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Izvođenje_i_drugi_nazivi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvođenje_i_drugi_nazivi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Izvođenje i drugi nazivi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvođenje_i_drugi_nazivi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poreklo_i_upotreba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poreklo_i_upotreba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Poreklo i upotreba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poreklo_i_upotreba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elementi_koji_se_obično_prepoznaju_kao_metaloidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementi_koji_se_obično_prepoznaju_kao_metaloidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Elementi koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elementi_koji_se_obično_prepoznaju_kao_metaloidi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Садржај одељка Elementi koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi </button> <ul id="toc-Elementi_koji_se_obično_prepoznaju_kao_metaloidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Bor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silicijum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silicijum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Silicijum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silicijum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanijum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanijum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Germanijum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanijum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Arsen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antimon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Antimon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Telur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elementi_koji_se_ređe_prepoznaju_kao_metaloidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementi_koji_se_ređe_prepoznaju_kao_metaloidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Elementi koji se ređe prepoznaju kao metaloidi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elementi_koji_se_ređe_prepoznaju_kao_metaloidi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Садржај одељка Elementi koji se ređe prepoznaju kao metaloidi </button> <ul id="toc-Elementi_koji_se_ređe_prepoznaju_kao_metaloidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ugljenik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugljenik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ugljenik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugljenik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aluminijum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aluminijum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Aluminijum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aluminijum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Selen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polonijum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polonijum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Polonijum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polonijum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Astat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezani_koncepti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezani_koncepti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Povezani koncepti </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Povezani_koncepti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Садржај одељка Povezani koncepti </button> <ul id="toc-Povezani_koncepti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blizu_metaloida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blizu_metaloida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Blizu metaloida </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blizu_metaloida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alotropi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alotropi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Alotropi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alotropi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obilje,_ekstrakcija_i_cena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obilje,_ekstrakcija_i_cena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Obilje, ekstrakcija i cena </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obilje,_ekstrakcija_i_cena-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Садржај одељка Obilje, ekstrakcija i cena </button> <ul id="toc-Obilje,_ekstrakcija_i_cena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obilje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obilje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Obilje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obilje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekstrakcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekstrakcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Ekstrakcija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekstrakcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trošak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trošak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Trošak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trošak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napomene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napomene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Napomene </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napomene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Reference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Literatura </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoljašnje_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Spoljašnje veze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Садржај" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Прикажи/сакриј садржај" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Прикажи/сакриј садржај </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Metaloid</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Чланак на другим језицима. Доступан на: 91" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 језик </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo%C3%AFed" title="Metalloïed — африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metalloïed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="شبه فلز — арапски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبه فلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арапски" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide — арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metaloide" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide — астуријски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metaloide" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астуријски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepoti_nunga" title="Kuarepoti nunga — гварани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepoti nunga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гварани" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloidl%C9%99r" title="Metalloidlər — азербејџански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metalloidlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербејџански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid — индонежански" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонежански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid — малајски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малајски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Металоид — бугарски" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Металоид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="бугарски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABi-kim-sio%CC%8Dk" title="Lūi-kim-sio̍k — Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lūi-kim-sio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Паўметалы — белоруски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўметалы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белоруски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Паўмэталы — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўмэталы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="ধাতুকল্প — бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধাতুকল্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polumetali" title="Polumetali — босански" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polumetali" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimetall" title="Semimetall — каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Semimetall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid — велшки" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="велшки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Металлоид — чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Металлоид" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polokovy" title="Polokovy — чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polokovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvmetal" title="Halvmetal — дански" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Halvmetal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halbmetalle" title="Halbmetalle — немачки" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Halbmetalle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немачки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolmetallid" title="Poolmetallid — естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poolmetallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE" title="Μεταλλοειδή — грчки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταλλοειδή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грчки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="сјајан чланак"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid — енглески" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Metalloid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="енглески" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal — шпански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Semimetal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="шпански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloido" title="Metaloido — есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metaloido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide — баскијски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metaloide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскијски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="شبه‌فلز — персијски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌فلز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персијски" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Metalloid" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tallo%C3%AFde" title="Métalloïde — француски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métalloïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotal%C3%B3ideach" title="Miotalóideach — ирски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotalóideach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide — галицијски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metaloide" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галицијски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81" title="અર્ધધાતુ — гуџарати" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અર્ધધાતુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуџарати" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui-k%C3%AEm-su%CC%8Dk" title="Lui-kîm-su̍k — Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lui-kîm-su̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%94" title="מתכת למחצה — хебрејски" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתכת למחצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="хебрејски" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="उपधातु — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपधातु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polumetali" title="Polumetali — хрватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polumetali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloido" title="Metaloido — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metaloido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloide" title="Metalloide — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Metalloide" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%80%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æрдæгзгъæртæ — осетински" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æрдæгзгъæртæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетински" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lmungur" title="Málmungur — исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málmungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloide" title="Metalloide — италијански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metalloide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италијански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добар чланак"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="半金属 — јапански" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="半金属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="јапански" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid — јавански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="јавански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Металлоиддер — киргиски" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Металлоиддер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргиски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AD" title="ಲೋಹಾಭ — канада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೋಹಾಭ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="канада" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%80%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="준금속 — корејски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="준금속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корејски" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloides" title="Metalloides — латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metalloides" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusmet%C4%81li" title="Pusmetāli — летонски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pusmetāli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="летонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusmetaliai" title="Pusmetaliai — литвански" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pusmetaliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литвански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloied" title="Metalloied — лимбуршки" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Metalloied" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбуршки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-metai" title="Semi-metai — ломбард" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Semi-metai" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбард" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lf%C3%A9mek" title="Félfémek — мађарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Félfémek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="мађарски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Металоид — македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Металоид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4i-g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k" title="Lôi-gĭng-sṳ̆k — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lôi-gĭng-sṳ̆k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ഉപലോഹങ്ങൾ — малајалам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപലോഹങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малајалам" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="တပိုင်းသတ္တု — бурмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တပိုင်းသတ္တု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бурмански" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo%C3%AFde" title="Metalloïde — холандски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metalloïde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="холандски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hualewmetal" title="Hualewmetal — севернофризијски" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hualewmetal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="севернофризијски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvmetall" title="Halvmetall — норвешки букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Halvmetall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвешки букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvmetall" title="Halvmetall — норвешки нинорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Halvmetall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвешки нинорск" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo%C3%AFd" title="Metalloïd — окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metalloïd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gariin_sibiila" title="Gariin sibiila — оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gariin sibiila" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਧਾਤਨੁਮਾ — пенџапски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਾਤਨੁਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенџапски" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfmetall" title="Halfmetall — нисконемачки" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Halfmetall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нисконемачки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82metale" title="Półmetale — пољски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Półmetale" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="пољски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal — португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Semimetal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid — румунски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румунски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqa_q%27illay" title="Yaqa q'illay — кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaqa q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Полуметаллы — руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полуметаллы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Металлоид — саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Металлоид" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid — шкотски" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Metalloid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шкотски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polokov" title="Polokov — словачки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polokov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словачки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkovina" title="Polkovina — словеначки" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polkovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словеначки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_la_Mood" title="Bir la Mood — сомалски" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bir la Mood" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомалски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid — српскохрватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metaloid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="српскохрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolimetalli" title="Puolimetalli — фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolimetalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvmetall" title="Halvmetall — шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Halvmetall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="உலோகப்போலி — тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலோகப்போலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azunsin" title="Azunsin — кабиле" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azunsin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабиле" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0" title="ธาตุกึ่งโลหะ — тајски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุกึ่งโลหะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тајски" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81_kim" title="Á kim — вијетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Á kim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вијетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A" title="ಲೋಹಾಬೊ — Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲೋಹಾಬೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yar%C4%B1_metal" title="Yarı metal — турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yarı metal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Напівметали — украјински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Напівметали" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украјински" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloyd" title="Metaloyd — варајски" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metaloyd" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варајски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="类金属 — ву кинески" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="类金属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="האלבמעטאלן — јидиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האלבמעטאלן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="јидиш" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B9%CC%81t%C3%A1l%E1%BB%8D%CC%81%C3%ACd%C3%AC" title="Mẹ́tálọ́ìdì — јоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mẹ́tálọ́ìdì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="јоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="类金属 — кинески" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="类金属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="類金屬 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="類金屬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="類金屬 — кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="類金屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19596#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Уреди међујезичке везе" class="wbc-editpage">Уреди везе</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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измене</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Википедија:Водич_за_отпремање" title="Поставите слике и снимке [u]" accesskey="u">Отпреми датотеку</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Списак свих посебних страница [q]" accesskey="q">Посебне странице</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&oldid=28853553" title="Трајна веза до ове измене на овој страници">Трајна веза</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=info" title="Више информација о овој страници">Подаци о страници</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98&page=Metaloid&id=28853553&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Информације о 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metaloidi<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25469611">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="min-width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халоген">17</a> </th> <th scope="col"> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:2.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:4px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big>B</big> <a href="/wiki/Boron" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron">Bor</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>C</big> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon">Ugljenik</a> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>N</big> Azot </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>O</big> Kiseonik </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>F</big> Fluor </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:2.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td style="background:#ffffba; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey;"><big>Al</big> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium">Aluminijum</a> </td> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big>Si</big> <a href="/wiki/Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon">Silicijum</a> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>P</big> Fosfor </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>S</big> Sumpor </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Cl</big> Hlor </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:2.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td style="background:white; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Ga</big> Galijum </td> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey;"><big>Ge</big> <a href="/wiki/Germanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium">Germanijum</a> </td> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big>As</big> <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic">Arsen</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffbadc; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Se</big> <a href="/wiki/Selenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium">Selenijum</a> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Br</big> Brom </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:2.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td style="background:white; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>In</big> Indijum </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Sn</big> Kalaj </td> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey;"><big>Sb</big> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон">Antimon</a> </td> <td style="background:#baffba; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big>Te</big> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Телур">Telur</a> </td> <td style="background:white; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>I</big> Jod </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:2.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td style="background:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Tl</big> Talijum </td> <td style="background:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Pb</big> Olovo </td> <td style="background:white; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black;"><big>Bi</big> Bizmut </td> <td style="background:#badcff; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey;"><big>Po</big> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полонијум">Polonijum</a> </td> <td style="background:#badcff; border-bottom:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey;"><big>At</big> <a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">Astat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="line-height:50%;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.5em; font-size:90%; background:#f8f8f8;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r27727075">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Opštepriznati (86–99%): B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27727075"><div class="legend">  Nepravilno priznati (40–49%): Po, At</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27727075"><div class="legend">  Manje uobičajeno priznati (24%): Se</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27727075"><div class="legend">  Retko priznati (8–10%): C, Al</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27727075"><div class="legend">  (Svi ostali elementi su citirani u manje od 6% izvora)</div> <div class="legend">  Proizvoljna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals (страница не постоји)">linija razdvajanja metal-nemetal</a>: između Be i B, Al i Si, Ge i As, Sb i Te, Po i At</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:2px; font-size:90%;" colspan="7"> Status prepoznavanja, kao metaloida, nekih elemenata u p-bloku periodnog sistema. Procenti su srednje učestalosti pojavljivanja na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_metalloids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lists of metalloids (страница не постоји)">listama metaloida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[n 1]</a> Linija u obliku stepeništa je tipičan primer proizvoljne linije razdvajanja metal-nemetal koja se nalazi na nekim periodnim tablicama. </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25469611"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28459536">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:25.25em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Deo <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Категорија:Периодни систем">serije</a> članaka o</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Периодни систем">periodnom sistemu</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Formati periodnog sistema</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Периодни систем">18 kolona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5)" title="Периодни систем (велике ћелије)">velike ćelije</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5)" title="Периодни систем (велике ћелије)">32 kolone (velike ćelije)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Алтернативни периодни системи">Alternativni oblici</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хемијска галаксија">Hemijska galaksija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Алтернативни периодни системи">Levostepenasti sistem</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Проширени периодни систем">Više od 7 perioda</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Фрикеов модел">Frike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Проширени периодни систем (велика верзија)">velike ćelije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Пикеов модел">Pike</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Историја периодног система">Istorija periodnog sistema</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Дмитриј Мендељејев">Dmitrij Mendeljejev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Предвиђени елементи Дмитрија Мендељејева">predviđanja</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Хронологија открића хемијских елемената">Otkriće elemenata</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imenovanje_hemijskih_elemenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imenovanje hemijskih elemenata (страница не постоји)">Imenovanje elemenata</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_etimologije_imena_hemijskih_elemenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak etimologije imena hemijskih elemenata (страница не постоји)">etimologija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_mesta_kori%C5%A1%C4%87enih_u_imenima_hemijskih_elemenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak mesta korišćenih u imenima hemijskih elemenata (страница не постоји)">mesta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_nau%C4%8Dnika_%C4%8Dija_se_imena_koriste_u_imenima_hemijskih_elemenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak naučnika čija se imena koriste u imenima hemijskih elemenata (страница не постоји)">naučnici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_kontroverzi_pri_imenovanju_hemijskih_elemenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak kontroverzi pri imenovanju hemijskih elemenata (страница не постоји)">kontroverze</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistematska_imena_elemenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistematska imena elemenata (страница не постоји)">Sistematska imena elemenata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Имена за сетове хемијских елемената">Setovi elemenata</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">po strukturi sistema:</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Група (периодни систем)">Grupe</a> (1—18)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алкални метал">1 (alkalni metali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Земноалкални метал">2 (zemnoalkalni metali)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="3. група хемијских елемената">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="4. група хемијских елемената">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="5. група хемијских елемената">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="6. група хемијских елемената">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="7. група хемијских елемената">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="8. група хемијских елемената">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="9. група хемијских елемената">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="10. група хемијских елемената">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="11. група хемијских елемената">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="12. група хемијских елемената">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="13. група хемијских елемената">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="14. група хемијских елемената">14</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="15. група хемијских елемената">15 (pniktogeni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="16. група хемијских елемената">16 (halkogeni)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халоген">17 (halogeni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Племенити гас">18 (plemeniti gasovi)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Периода (периодни систем)">Periode</a> (1—7+)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="1. периода хемијских елемената">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="2. периода хемијских елемената">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="3. периода хемијских елемената">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="4. периода хемијских елемената">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="5. периода хемијских елемената">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="6. периода хемијских елемената">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="7. периода хемијских елемената">7</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Проширени периодни систем">8 i više</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Pro%C5%A1ireni_periodni_sistem_(Aufbau,_50_kolona,_perioda_8)-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Prošireni periodni sistem (Aufbau, 50 kolona, perioda 8)-lat (страница не постоји)">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Pro%C5%A1ireni_periodni_sistem_(Frike,_52_kolone,_periode_8%E2%80%949)-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Prošireni periodni sistem (Frike, 52 kolone, periode 8—9)-lat (страница не постоји)">Frike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Pro%C5%A1ireni_periodni_sistem_(Pike,_50_kolona,_periode_8%E2%80%949)-lat" title="Шаблон:Prošireni periodni sistem (Pike, 50 kolona, periode 8—9)-lat">Pike</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Блок (периодни систем)">Blokovi</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Блок (периодни систем)">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Блок (периодни систем)">p</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Блок (периодни систем)">d</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Блок (периодни систем)">f</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Блок (периодни систем)">+</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Атомска орбитала">Atomske orbitale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aufbauev_princip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aufbauev princip (страница не постоји)">Aufbauev princip</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">po <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svojstva_metala,_metaloida_i_nemetala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svojstva metala, metaloida i nemetala (страница не постоји)">(ne)metalnim osobinama</a>:</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">Metali</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алкални метал">alkalni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Земноалкални метал">zemnoalkalni</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Прелазни метал">prelazni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprelazni_metal" title="Postprelazni metal">postprelazni</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Лантаноид">lantanoidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Актиноид">aktinoidi</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Суперактиноид">super-</a>/<a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ека-суперактиноид">eka-super-</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metaloidi</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linija_podele_izme%C4%91u_metala_i_nemetala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linija podele između metala i nemetala (страница не постоји)">podela metala i nemetala</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал">Nemetali</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Полиатомски неметал">poliatomski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Диатомски неметал">diatomski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Племенити гас">monoatomski</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">po ostalim karakteristikama:</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovani_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovani metal (страница не постоји)">Kovani metali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platinumska_grupa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platinumska grupa (страница не постоји)">Elementi platinumske grupe</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragoceni_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dragoceni metal (страница не постоји)">Dragoceni metali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refraktorni_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refraktorni metal (страница не постоји)">Refraktorni metali</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te%C5%A1ki_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teški metal (страница не постоји)">Teški metali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laki metal (страница не постоји)">Laki metali</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izvorni_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izvorni metal (страница не постоји)">Izvorni metali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plemeniti_metal" title="Plemeniti metal">Plemeniti metali</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementi_glavne_grupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementi glavne grupe (страница не постоји)">Elementi glavne grupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retki_zemni_elementi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retki zemni elementi (страница не постоји)">Retki zemni elementi</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transuranijumski_element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transuranijumski element (страница не постоји)">Transuranijumski</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transplutonijumski_element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transplutonijumski element (страница не постоји)">transplutonijumski elementi</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glavni_aktinoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glavni aktinoid (страница не постоји)">Glavni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sporedni_aktinoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sporedni aktinoid (страница не постоји)">sporedni</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transaktinoidski_element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transaktinoidski element (страница не постоји)">transaktinoidi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хемијски елемент">Elementi</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Списак елемената">Spiskovi elemenata</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Заступљеност хемијских елемената">po zastupljenosti</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sastav_ljudskog_tela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sastav ljudskog tela (страница не постоји)">u ljudskom telu</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_elemenata_po_atomskim_svojstvima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak elemenata po atomskim svojstvima (страница не постоји)">po atomskim svojstvima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_elemenata_po_stabilnosti_izotopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak elemenata po stabilnosti izotopa (страница не постоји)">po stabilnosti izotopa</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Списак светске производње хемијских елемената">po godišnjoj proizvodnji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbol_(hemija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbol (hemija) (страница не постоји)">po simbolima</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хемијски елемент">Svojstva elemenata</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">{{}} = u šablonu periodnog sistema</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Атомска тежина">Atomska težina</a> {<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Periodni_sistem_(atomska_te%C5%BEina)-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Periodni sistem (atomska težina)-lat (страница не постоји)">{}</a>}</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристална структура">Kristalna struktura</a> {<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Periodni_sistem_(kristalna_struktura)-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Periodni sistem (kristalna struktura)-lat (страница не постоји)">{}</a>}</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон">Elektronski</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektronski_afinitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronski afinitet">afinitet</a> {<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Periodni_sistem_(elektronski_afiniteti)-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Periodni sistem (elektronski afiniteti)-lat (страница не постоји)">{}</a>} i <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Електронска конфигурација">konfiguracija</a> {<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Periodni_sistem_(elektronske_konfiguracije)-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Periodni sistem (elektronske konfiguracije)-lat (страница не постоји)">{}</a>}</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativnost" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronegativnost">Elektronegativnost</a> {{<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Periodni_sistem_(elektronegativnost_po_Alenovoj_skali)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Periodni sistem (elektronegativnost po Alenovoj skali) (страница не постоји)">Alen</a>}} {{<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Periodni_sistem_(elektronegativnost_po_Polingovoj_skali)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Periodni sistem (elektronegativnost po Polingovoj skali) (страница не постоји)">Poling</a>}}</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold%C5%A1mitova_klasifikacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldšmitova klasifikacija (страница не постоји)">Goldšmitova klasifikacija</a> {<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Periodni_sistem_(Gold%C5%A1mitova_klasifikacija)-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Periodni sistem (Goldšmitova klasifikacija)-lat (страница не постоји)">{}</a>}</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dijetetski_element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dijetetski element (страница не постоји)">Dijetetske potrebe</a> {<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Periodni_sistem_(prehrambeni_elementi)-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Periodni sistem (prehrambeni elementi)-lat (страница не постоји)">{}</a>}</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentnost_(hemija)" title="Valentnost (hemija)">Valentnost</a> {<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Periodni_sistem_(valentnost)-lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шаблон:Periodni sistem (valentnost)-lat (страница не постоји)">{}</a>}</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Stranice sa podacima</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zastupljenost_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zastupljenost elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Zastupljenost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomski_radijusi_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomski radijusi elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Atomski radijus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%C4%8Dke_klju%C4%8Danja_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tačke ključanja elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Tačka ključanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriti%C4%8Dne_ta%C4%8Dke_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritične tačke elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Kritična tačka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustine_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustine elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Gustina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elasti%C4%8Dna_svojstva_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elastična svojstva elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Elastičnost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektri%C4%8Dne_otpornosti_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Električne otpornosti elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Električna otpornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон">Elektronski</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronski_afinitet_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronski afinitet (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">afinitet</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronske_konfiguracije_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronske konfiguracije elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">konfiguracija</a></li> <li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronegativnosti_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronegativnosti elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Elektronegativnost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tvrdo%C4%87e_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tvrdoće elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Tvrdoća</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Топлота">Toplotni</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplotni_kapaciteti_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toplotni kapaciteti elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">kapacitet</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplote_fuzije_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toplote fuzije elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">faktor fuzije</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toplote_isparavanja_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toplote isparavanja elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">isparavanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energije_jonizacije_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energije jonizacije elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Energija jonizacije</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%C4%8Dke_topljenja_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tačke topljenja elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Tačka topljenja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_oksidacionih_stanja_elemenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak oksidacionih stanja elemenata (страница не постоји)">Oksidaciono stanje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brzine_zvuka_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brzine zvuka elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Brzina zvuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Топлота">Termička</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termi%C4%8Dke_provodnosti_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termičke provodnosti elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">provodnost</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koeficijenti_termi%C4%8Dkog_%C5%A1irenja_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koeficijenti termičkog širenja elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">koeficijent širenja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pritisci_pare_elemenata_(stranica_sa_podacima)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pritisci pare elemenata (stranica sa podacima) (страница не постоји)">Pritisak pare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#eeeeff;"> <ul><li></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Категорија:Периодни систем">Kategorija</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Хемија">Portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25469611"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24365379"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-прикажи"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Шаблон:Сајдбар периодни систем"><abbr title="Погледајте шаблон">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-разговор"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BE_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Разговор о шаблону:Сајдбар периодни систем"><abbr title="Разговарајте о шаблону">р</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-уреди"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Sajdbar_periodni_sistem" title="Посебно:Уреди страницу/Шаблон:Sajdbar periodni sistem"><abbr title="Уредите шаблон">у</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Metaloid je <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical element">hemijski element</a> koji ima prevagu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Material_property&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Material property (страница не постоји)">svojstva</a> između, ili koja su mešavina, svojstva <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metala</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nemetala</a>. Reč metaloid potiče od <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">latinskog</a> metallum („metal“) i <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek language">grčkog</a> oeides („sličan po obliku ili izgledu“).<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> Ne postoji standardna definicija metaloida i ne postoji potpuna saglasnost o tome koji su elementi metaloidi. Uprkos nedostatku specifičnosti, termin ostaje u upotrebi u literaturi. Šest uobičajeno priznatih metaloida su <a href="/wiki/Boron" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron">bor</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Силицијум">silicijum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Германијум">germanijum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен">arsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон">antimon</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Телур">telur</a>. Pet elemenata se ređe tako klasifikuju: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угљеник">ugljenik</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алуминијум">aluminijum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Селен">selen</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полонијум">polonijum</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Астат">astat</a>. Na standardnom periodičnom sistemu, svih jedanaest elemenata nalazi se u dijagonalnom regionu <a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-bloka</a> koji se proteže od bora u gornjem levom uglu do astata u donjem desnom uglu. Neki periodični sistemi uključuju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals (страница не постоји)">liniju razdvajanja</a> između metala i nemetala, a metaloidi se mogu naći blizu ove linije. Tipični metaloidi imaju metalni izgled, mogu biti krti i samo su umereni <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductor">provodnici električne energije</a>. Oni mogu da formiraju <a href="/wiki/Alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloy">legure</a> sa <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metalima</a>, a mnoga njihova druga <a href="/wiki/Physical_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical property">fizička</a> i <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical property">hemijska svojstva</a> su srednja između onih metalnih i nemetalnih elemenata. Oni i njihova jedinjenja se koriste u legurama, biološkim agensima, <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">katalizatorima</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_retardant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flame retardant (страница не постоји)">usporivačima plamena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass">staklu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_storage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optical storage (страница не постоји)">optičkim skladištima</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optoelectronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optoelectronics (страница не постоји)">optoelektronici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrotechnics">pirotehnici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor">poluprovodnicima</a> i elektronici. Termin metaloid se prvobitno odnosio na <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal">nemetale</a>. Njegovo novije značenje, kao kategorije elemenata sa srednjim ili hibridnim svojstvima, postalo je široko rasprostranjeno tokom 1940–1960. Metaloidi se ponekad nazivaju polumetalima, što je praksa koja je obeshrabrena,<a href="#cite_note-Atkins2010p20-3">[2]</a> pošto se termin <a href="/wiki/Polumetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Polumetal">polumetal</a> češće koristi kao specifična vrsta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_band_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronic band structure (страница не постоји)">elektronske trakaste strukture</a> supstance. U ovom kontekstu, samo <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен">arsen</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон">antimon</a> su polumetali i obično se prepoznaju kao metaloidi. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definicije">Definicije</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Уредите одељак „Definicije”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=1" title="Уреди извор одељка: Definicije">уреди извор</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24414138">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Види још: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiskovi_metaloida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiskovi metaloida (страница не постоји)">Spiskovi metaloida</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Na_bazi_rasuđivanja">Na bazi rasuđivanja</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Уредите одељак „Na bazi rasuđivanja”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=2" title="Уреди извор одељка: Na bazi rasuđivanja">уреди извор</a>]</div> Metaloid je element čija su preovlađujuća svojstva negde između, ili koja su mešavina svojstava metala i nemetala, i koji je stoga teško klasifikovati kao <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metal</a> ili <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал">nemetal</a>. Ovo je generička definicija koja se oslanja na metaloidne atribute koji se dosledno citiraju u literaturi.<a href="#cite_note-10">[n 2]</a> Teškoća kategorizacije je ključni atribut. Većina elemenata ima mešavinu metalnih i nemetalnih svojstava,<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-11">[9]</a> i mogu se klasifikovati prema tome koji skup svojstava je izraženiji.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[n 3]</a> Samo elementi na ili blizu margina, kojima nedostaje dovoljno jasna prevlast bilo metalnih ili nemetalnih svojstva, klasifikuju se kao metaloidi.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boron" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron">Bor</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Силицијум">silicijum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Германијум">germanijum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен">arsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон">antimon</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Телур">telur</a> se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[n 4]</a> U zavisnosti od autora, jedan ili više elemenata od <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Селен">selena</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полонијум">polonijuma</a> ili <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Астат">astata</a> se ponekad dodaju na listu.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> Bor je ponekad isključen, sam po sebi, ili sa silicijumom.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> Ponekad se <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">telur</a> ne smatra metaloidom.<a href="#cite_note-Swift1962,100-24">[20]</a> Dovedeno je u pitanje i uključivanje <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон">antimona</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полонијум">polonijuma</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Астат">astata</a> kao metaloida.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> Ostali elementi se povremeno klasifikuju kao metaloidi. Ovi elementi uključuju<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Водоник">vodonik</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Берилијум">berilijum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот">azot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rausch-29">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор">fosfor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сумпор">sumpor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк">cink</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Галијум">galijum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Калај">kalaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Јод">jod</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово">olovo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бизмут">bizmut</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Swift1962,100-24">[20]</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Радон">radon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> Termin metaloid se takođe koristi za elemente koji pokazuju metalni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(mineralogy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lustre (mineralogy) (страница не постоји)">sjaj</a> i <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">električnu provodljivost</a>, i koji su <a href="/wiki/Amphoterism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoterism">amfoterni</a>, kao što su <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен">arsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон">antimon</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ванадијум">vanadijum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром">hrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден">molibden</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам">volfram</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Калај">kalaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово">olovo</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алуминијум">aluminijum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal#p-block_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-transition metal">Metali p-bloka</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> i nemetali (kao što su ugljenik ili azot) koji mogu da formiraju <a href="/wiki/Alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloy">legure</a> sa metalima<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> ili modifikuju njihova svojstva<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> takođe se povremeno smatraju metaloidima. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Na_osnovu_kriterijuma">Na osnovu kriterijuma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Уредите одељак „Na osnovu kriterijuma”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=3" title="Уреди извор одељка: Na osnovu kriterijuma">уреди извор</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 75px;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Element </th> <th>IE (kcal/mol) </th> <th>IE (kJ/mol) </th> <th>EN </th> <th nowrap="">Napomena </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bor </td> <td style="text-align:center;">191 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">801 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,04 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor">poluprovodnik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silicijum </td> <td style="text-align:center;">188 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">787 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">1,90 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">poluprovodnik </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germanijum </td> <td style="text-align:center;">182 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">762 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,01 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">poluprovodnik </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arsen </td> <td style="text-align:center;">226 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">944 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,18 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Polumetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Polumetal">polumetal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antimon </td> <td style="text-align:center;">199 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">831 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,05 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">polumetal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Telur </td> <td style="text-align:center;">208 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">869 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,10 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">poluprovodnik </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right">prosek </td> <td style="text-align:center;">199 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">832 </td> <td style="padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">2,05 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%">Elementi koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi, i njihove <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionization energy">energije jonizacije</a> (IE);<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> elektronegativnosti (EN, revidirana Paulingova skala); i elektronske trakaste strukture<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> (termodinamički najstabilniji oblici u uslovima ambijenta). </td></tr></tbody></table> Ne postoji široko prihvaćena definicija metaloida, niti bilo kakva podela periodnog sistema na <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metale</a>, metaloide i <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал">nemetale</a>;<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> Hoks<a href="#cite_note-H1687-44">[40]</a> je doveo u pitanje izvodljivost uspostavljanja specifične definicije, napominjući da se anomalije mogu naći u nekoliko pokušaja definisanja. Šarp je klasifikaciju elementa kao metaloida opisao kao „proizvoljnu”.<a href="#cite_note-Sharp1981-45">[41]</a> Broj i identitet metaloida zavisi od toga koji se kriterijumi klasifikacije koriste. Emsli<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> je prepoznao četiri metaloida (germanijum, arsen, antimon i telur); Džejms et al.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> navode dvanaest (Emslijevi plus bor, ugljenik, silicijum, selen, bizmut, polonijum, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Московијум">moskovijum</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ливерморијум">livermorijum</a>). U proseku, sedam elemenata je uključeno u takve <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_metalloids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lists of metalloids (страница не постоји)">spiskove</a>; pojedinačni aranžmani klasifikacije imaju tendenciju da dele zajedničke osnove i variraju u loše definisanim<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> marginama.<a href="#cite_note-50">[n 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[n 6]</a> Obično se koristi samo jedan kvantitativni kriterijum kao što je <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronegativity">elektronegativnost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> Metaloidi imaju vrednosti elektronegativnosti od 1,8 ili 1,9 do 2,2.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> Dalji primeri uključuju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_packing_factor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic packing factor (страница не постоји)">efikasnost pakovanja</a> (deo zapremine u <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal structure">kristalnoj strukturi</a> koji zauzimaju atomi) i odnos kriterijuma Goldhamer–Hercfelda.<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> Uobičajeno priznati metaloidi imaju efikasnost pakovanja između 34% i 41%.<a href="#cite_note-63">[n 7]</a> Goldhamer–Hercfeldov odnos, otprilike jednak kocki atomskog radijusa podeljenom sa <a href="/wiki/Molar_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar volume">molarnom zapreminom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[n 8]</a> je jednostavna mera koliko je element metalan. Prepoznati metaloidi imaju odnos od oko 0,85 do 1,1 i u proseku 1,0.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[n 9]</a> Drugi autori su se oslanjali na, na primer, atomsku provodljivost<a href="#cite_note-72">[n 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[63]</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Coordination_number#Usage_in_quasicrystal,_liquid_and_other_disordered_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination number">zapreminski koordinacioni broj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a> Džouns, pišući o ulozi klasifikacije u nauci, primetio je da se „[klase] obično definišu sa više od dva atributa“.<a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a> Masterton i Slovinski<a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a> su koristili tri kriterijuma da opišu šest elemenata koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi: metaloidi imaju <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionization energy">energiju jonizacije</a> oko 200 kcal/mol (837 kJ/mol) i vrednosti elektronegativnosti blizu 2,0. Takođe su rekli da su metaloidi tipično poluprovodnici, iako antimon i arsen (polumetali iz perspektive fizike) imaju električnu provodljivost približnu provodljivosti metala. Sumnja se da selen i polonijum nisu u ovoj šemi, dok je status astata neizvesna.<a href="#cite_note-79">[n 11]</a> U tom kontekstu, Vernon je predložio da je metaloid hemijski element koji, u svom standardnom stanju, ima (a) elektronsku trakastu strukturu poluprovodnika ili polumetala; i (b) srednji prvi jonizacioni potencijal "(recimo 750-1.000 kJ/mol)"; i (c) srednju elektronegativnost (1,9–2,2).<a href="#cite_note-80">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teritorija_periodnog_sistema">Teritorija periodnog sistema</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Уредите одељак „Teritorija periodnog sistema”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=4" title="Уреди извор одељка: Teritorija periodnog sistema">уреди извор</a>]</div> <table cellspacing="0" style="float:left; text-align:center; border:1px solid grey; margin-right:1.2em; margin-bottom:1.2em; width:23.5em; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8">Status distribucije i priznavanja elemenata klasifikovanih kao metaloidi </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron group">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon group">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халоген">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gas">18</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen">H</a></big> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-bottom:2px solid grey"> </td> <td style="width:1em;">  </td> <td style="width:2.5em"> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black">  </td> <td style="width:2.5em; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>He</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-top:2px solid grey; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Li</big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium">Be</a></big> </td> <td style="border-left:2px solid grey"> </td> <td style="border-right:2px solid grey"> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Boron" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron">B</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon">C</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#f0f8ff; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen">N</a></big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>O</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>F</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Ne</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Na</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Mg</big> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium">Al</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon">Si</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus">P</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">S</a></big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Cl</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Ar</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>K</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Ca</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f8ff; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Zinc" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc">Zn</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Ga</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Germanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium">Ge</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic">As</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Selenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium">Se</a></big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Br</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Kr</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Rb</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Sr</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Cd</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>In</big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Tin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin">Sn</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Sb</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Te</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">I</a></big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Xe</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Cs</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Ba</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Hg</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Tl</big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Pb</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bi</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Polonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonium">Po</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcdc; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:2px solid grey"><big><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">At</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#f0f8ff; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Радон">Rn</a></big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Fr</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Ra</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Cn</big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Nh</big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerovium">Fl</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">Mc</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Livermorium">Lv</a></big> </td> <td style="background:#faebd7; border-right:2px solid grey; border-top:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Ts</a></big> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black; border-left:2px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid black"><big>Og</big> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:center; font-size:20%">  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; font-size:90%"> <td> </td> <td colspan="10">style="padding-left:0.5em; background:#f8f8f8;" | <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27727075"><div class="legend">  Uobičajeno (93%) do retko (9%) prepoznati kao metaloid: B, C, Al, Si, Ge, As, Se, Sb, Te, Po, At</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27727075"><div class="legend">  Veoma retko (1–5%): H, Be, P, S, Ga, Sn, I, Pb, Bi, Fl, Mc, Lv, Ts</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27727075"><div class="legend">  Sporadično: N, Zn, Rn</div> <div class="legend">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals (страница не постоји)">Linija razdvajanja metal-nemetal</a>: između H i Li, Be i B, Al i Si, Ge i As, Sb i Te, Po i At, i Ts i Og</div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:2px; font-size:90%"> <td colspan="11" style="padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:2px"> Ekstrakt periodnog sistema koji prikazuje grupe 1–2 i 12–18, i liniju razdvajanja između metala i nemetala. Procenti su srednje učestalosti pojavljivanja na <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_metalloid_lists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of metalloid lists (страница не постоји)">listi metaloida</a>. Sporadično prepoznati elementi pokazuju da je metaloidna mreža ponekad bačena veoma široko; iako se ne pojavljuju na listi metaloida, u literaturi se mogu naći izolovane reference na njihovu oznaku kao metaloida (kao što je citirano u ovom članku). </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lokacija">Lokacija</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Уредите одељак „Lokacija”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=5" title="Уреди извор одељка: Lokacija">уреди извор</a>]</div> Metaloidi leže sa obe strane <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals (страница не постоји)">linije podele</a> između metala i nemetala. Ovo se može naći, u različitim konfiguracijama, na nekim <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table">periodnim tabelama</a>. Elementi dole levo od linije generalno pokazuju sve veće metalno ponašanje; elementi u gornjem desnom uglu prikazuju povećanje nemetalnog ponašanja.<a href="#cite_note-Hamm_1969,_p.653-81">[70]</a> Kada se predstave kao obične stepenice, elementi sa najvišom <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">kritičnom temperaturom</a> za svoje grupe (Li, Be, Al, Ge, Sb, Po) leže odmah ispod linije.<a href="#cite_note-82">[71]</a> Dijagonalno pozicioniranje metaloida predstavlja izuzetak od zapažanja da elementi sa sličnim svojstvima imaju tendenciju da se javljaju u vertikalnim <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (periodic table)">grupama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gray91-83">[72]</a>Srodni efekat se može videti u drugim <a href="/wiki/Diagonal_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagonal relationship">dijagonalnim sličnostima</a> između nekih elemenata i njihovih donjih desnih suseda, posebno litijum-magnezijum, berilijum-aluminijum i bor-silicijum. Rejner-Kanam<a href="#cite_note-Rayner2011-84">[73]</a> su tvrdili da se ove sličnosti protežu na ugljenik-fosfor, azot-sumpor i na tri serije <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-blokova</a>. Ovaj izuzetak nastaje zbog suprotstavljenih horizontalnih i vertikalnih trendova u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear charge (страница не постоји)">nuklearnom naboju</a>. Idući duž <a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (periodic table)">periodu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Effective_nuclear_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Effective nuclear charge (страница не постоји)">nuklearni naboj</a> raste sa <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic number">atomskim brojem</a>, kao i broj elektrona. Dodatno povlačenje spoljašnjih elektrona kako se nuklearno naelektrisanje povećava generalno nadmašuje efekat skrininga posedovanja više elektrona. Uz neke nepravilnosti, atomi stoga postaju manji, energija jonizacije se povećava i dolazi do postepene promene karaktera, tokom perioda, od jako metalnih, do slabo metalnih, do slabo nemetalnih, do jako nemetalnih elemenata.<a href="#cite_note-85">[74]</a> Spuštajući se niz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main-group_element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main-group element (страница не постоји)">glavnu grupu</a>, efekat povećanja nuklearnog naboja je generalno nadjačan efektom dodatnih elektrona koji su dalje od jezgra. Atomi generalno postaju veći, energija jonizacije opada, a metalni karakter se povećava.<a href="#cite_note-86">[75]</a> Neto efekat je da se lokacija prelazne zone metal–nemetal pomera udesno pri spuštanju niz grupu,<a href="#cite_note-Gray91-83">[72]</a> a analogne dijagonalne sličnosti se vide na drugim mestima u periodičnoj tabeli, kao što je navedeno.<a href="#cite_note-87">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternativni_tretmani">Alternativni tretmani</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Уредите одељак „Alternativni tretmani”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=6" title="Уреди извор одељка: Alternativni tretmani">уреди извор</a>]</div> Elementi koji se graniče sa linijom razdvajanja metal-nemetal nisu uvek klasifikovani kao metaloidi, uz napomenu da binarna klasifikacija može olakšati uspostavljanje pravila za određivanje tipova veze između metala i nemetala.<a href="#cite_note-roher-88">[77]</a> U takvim slučajevima, dotični autori se fokusiraju na jedan ili više atributa od interesa kako bi doneli svoje odluke o klasifikaciji, umesto da budu zabrinuti zbog marginalne prirode dotičnih elemenata. Njihova razmatranja mogu ili ne moraju biti eksplicitna i ponekad mogu izgledati proizvoljno.<a href="#cite_note-Sharp1981-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[n 12]</a> Metaloidi se mogu grupisati sa metalima;<a href="#cite_note-90">[78]</a> ili smatrati nemetalima;<a href="#cite_note-91">[79]</a> ili tretirati kao potkategorija nemetala.<a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[n 13]</a> Drugi autori su predložili da se neki elementi klasifikuju kao metaloidi „naglašava da se svojstva menjaju postepeno, a ne naglo kako se krećemo preko ili niz periodni sistem“.<a href="#cite_note-brown-95">[82]</a> Neki periodični sistemi razlikuju elemente koji su metaloidi i ne pokazuju formalnu liniju razdvajanja između metala i nemetala. Umesto toga, metaloidi su prikazani kao dijagonalni pojas<a href="#cite_note-96">[83]</a> ili difuzni region.<a href="#cite_note-97">[84]</a> Ključno razmatranje je da se objasni kontekst za taksonomiju koja se koristi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Svojstva">Svojstva</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Уредите одељак „Svojstva”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=7" title="Уреди извор одељка: Svojstva">уреди извор</a>]</div> Metaloidi obično izgledaju kao metali, ali se uglavnom ponašaju kao nemetali. Fizički, to su sjajne, lomljive čvrste materije sa srednjom do relativno dobreelektrične provodljivosti i elektronskom trakastom strukturom polumetala ili poluprovodnika. Hemijski se uglavnom ponašaju kao (slabi) nemetali, imaju srednju energiju jonizacije i vrednosti elektronegativnosti, i amfoterne ili slabo kisele <a href="/wiki/Oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxide">okside</a>. Većina njihovih drugih fizičkih i hemijskih svojstava su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals (страница не постоји)">srednji po prirodi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poređenje_sa_metalima_i_nemetalima">Poređenje sa metalima i nemetalima</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Уредите одељак „Poređenje sa metalima i nemetalima”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=8" title="Уреди извор одељка: Poređenje sa metalima i nemetalima">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osobine_metala,_metaloida_i_nemetala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osobine metala, metaloida i nemetala (страница не постоји)">Osobine metala, metaloida i nemetala</a></div> Karakteristične osobine metala, metaloida i nemetala su sumirane u tabeli.<a href="#cite_note-98">[85]</a> Fizička svojstva su navedena po redosledu lakšeg određivanja; hemijska svojstva idu od opštih do specifičnih, a zatim do opisnih. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Svojstva metala, metaloida i nemetala </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th scope="col" style="width:10em;">Fizička svojstva </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Metali </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Metaloidi </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Nemetali </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row">Forma </td> <td>čvrsti; nekoliko tečnosti na ili blizu sobne temperature (<a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Ga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">Cs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">Fr</a>)<a href="#cite_note-99">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[n 14]</a> </td> <td>čvrsti<a href="#cite_note-Rochow_1966,_p.4-102">[88]</a> </td> <td>većina gasovita<a href="#cite_note-103">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row">Izgled </td> <td>sjajan (barem kada su sveže polomljeni) </td> <td>sjajan<a href="#cite_note-Rochow_1966,_p.4-102">[88]</a> </td> <td>nekoliko bezbojnih; drugi u boji, ili metalno sivi do crnih </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasticity (physics)">Plastičnost</a> </td> <td>tipično elastični, duktilni, savitljivi </td> <td>često krti<a href="#cite_note-McQuarrie85-104">[90]</a> </td> <td>često krti </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">Električna provodljivost</a> </td> <td>dobra do visoke<a href="#cite_note-106">[n 15]</a> </td> <td>srednja<a href="#cite_note-107">[92]</a> do dobre<a href="#cite_note-110">[n 16]</a> </td> <td>loša do dobre<a href="#cite_note-112">[n 17]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Band_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Band structure (страница не постоји)">Trakasta struktura</a> </td> <td>metalična (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> = polumetalična) </td> <td>poluprovodnici su ili, ako nisu (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic">As</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Sb</a> = polumetalni), postoje u poluprovodničkim oblicima<a href="#cite_note-113">[96]</a> </td> <td>poluprovodnici ili <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulator (electricity)">izolatori</a><a href="#cite_note-Swalin-114">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="col" style="width:10em;">Hemijska svojstva </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Metali </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Metaloidi </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20em;">Nemetali </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Opšte hemijsko ponašanje </td> <td>metalični </td> <td>nemetalični<a href="#cite_note-115">[98]</a> </td> <td>nemetalični </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionization energy">Energija jonizacije</a> </td> <td>relativno niska </td> <td>srednje energije jonizacije,<a href="#cite_note-116">[99]</a> obično padaju između metala i nemetala<a href="#cite_note-117">[100]</a> </td> <td>relativno visoka </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronegativity">Elektronegativnost</a> </td> <td>obično niska </td> <td>ima vrednosti elektronegativnosti blizu 2<a href="#cite_note-118">[101]</a> ((revidirana Paulingova skala) ili u opsegu od 1,9–2,2 (Alenova skala)<a href="#cite_note-Mann-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[n 18]</a> </td> <td>visoka </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row">Kada se pomeša sa metalima </td> <td>daje <a href="/wiki/Alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloy">legure</a> </td> <td>može da formira legure<a href="#cite_note-122">[104]</a> </td> <td>jonska ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interstitial_compound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interstitial compound (страница не постоји)">intersticijska jedinjenja</a> se formiraju </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxide">Oksidi</a> </td> <td>niži oksidi <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Base (chemistry)">bazni</a>; viši oksidi sve <a href="/wiki/Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid">kiseliji</a> </td> <td>amfoterni ili slabo kiseli<a href="#cite_note-123">[105]</a> </td> <td>kiseli </td></tr></tbody></table> Gornja tabela odražava hibridnu prirodu metaloida. Svojstva oblika, izgleda, i ponašanja kada se pomešaju sa metalima više liče na metale. Elastičnost i opšte hemijsko ponašanje više liče na nemetale. Električna provodljivost, struktura pojasa, energija jonizacije, elektronegativnost i oksidi su srednji između njih. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uobičajene_aplikacije">Uobičajene aplikacije</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Уредите одељак „Uobičajene aplikacije”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=9" title="Уреди извор одељка: Uobičajene aplikacije">уреди извор</a>]</div> <dl><dd>Fokus ovog odeljka je na priznatim metaloidima. Elementi koji se ređe prepoznaju kao metaloidi se obično klasifikuju kao metali ili nemetali; neki od njih su ovde uključeni u komparativne svrhe.</dd></dl> Metaloidi su previše krti da bi imali bilo kakvu strukturnu upotrebu u svom čistom obliku.<a href="#cite_note-124">[106]</a> Oni i njihova jedinjenja se koriste u legurama, biološkim agensima (toksikološkim, nutritivnim i medicinskim), katalizatorima, usporivačima plamena, staklima (oksidnim i metalnim), optičkim medijima i optoelektronici, pirotehnici, poluprovodnicima i elektronici.<a href="#cite_note-126">[n 19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legure">Legure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Уредите одељак „Legure”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=10" title="Уреди извор одељка: Legure">уреди извор</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Copper_germanium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nekoliko desetina metalnih kuglica, crvenkasto-braon. Imaju veoma uglačan izgled, kao da imaju celofanski premaz." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Copper_germanium.jpg/220px-Copper_germanium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Copper_germanium.jpg/330px-Copper_germanium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Copper_germanium.jpg/440px-Copper_germanium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Pelete od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper-germanium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper-germanium alloy (страница не постоји)">legure bakra i germanijuma</a>, verovatno ~84% Cu; 16% Ge.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2005401-127">[108]</a> Kada se kombinuje sa <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро">srebrom</a>, rezultat je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentium_sterling_silver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argentium sterling silver (страница не постоји)">srebro otporno na mrlje</a>. Takođe su prikazane dve srebrne kuglice.</figcaption></figure> Pišući rano u istoriji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intermetallic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intermetallic (страница не постоји)">intermetalnih jedinjenja</a>, britanski metalurg Sesil Deš je primetio da su „izvesni nemetalni elementi sposobni da formiraju jedinjenja izrazito metalnog karaktera sa metalima, i ovi elementi stoga mogu ući u sastav legura“. On je posebno povezao silicijum, arsen i telur sa elementima koji formiraju legure.<a href="#cite_note-128">[109]</a> Filips i Vilijams<a href="#cite_note-129">[110]</a> su sugerisali da su jedinjenja silicijuma, germanijuma, arsena i antimona sa <a href="/wiki/Other_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Other metal">B metalima</a> „verovatno najbolje klasifikovana kao legure“. Među lakšim metaloidima, legure sa <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metal">prelaznim metalima</a> su dobro zastupljene. Bor može da formira intermetalna jedinjenja i legure sa takvim metalima sastava MnB, ako je n > 2.<a href="#cite_note-130">[111]</a> Ferobor (15% bora) se koristi za uvođenje bora u <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Челик">čelik</a>; legure nikl-bor su sastojci legura za zavarivanje i kompozicija za <a href="/wiki/Case_hardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Case hardening">očvršćavanje kućišta</a> za mašinsku industriju. Legure silicijuma sa <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Гвожђе">gvožđem</a> i aluminijumom se široko koriste u industriji čelika i automobilskoj industriji. Germanijum formira mnoge legure, što je najvažnije sa metalima za <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 11 element">kovani novac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[112]</a> Teži metaloidi nastavljaju trend. Arsen može da formira legure sa metalima, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">platinu</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар">bakar</a>;<a href="#cite_note-132">[113]</a> takođe se dodaje bakru i njegovim legurama radi poboljšanja otpornosti na koroziju<a href="#cite_note-133">[114]</a> i smatra se da daje iste podobnosti kada se doda magnezijumu.<a href="#cite_note-134">[115]</a> Antimon je dobro poznat kao formirač legura, uključujući metale za kovanice. Njegove legure uključuju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pewter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pewter (страница не постоји)">tvrdi kositar</a> (legura kalaja sa do 20% antimona) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Type metal (страница не постоји)">printerski</a> metal (legura olova sa do 25% antimona).<a href="#cite_note-135">[116]</a> Telur se lako legira sa gvožđem, kao ferotelur (50–58% telura), i sa bakrom, u obliku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tellurium_Copper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tellurium Copper (страница не постоји)">bakarnog telura</a> (40–50% telura).<a href="#cite_note-136">[117]</a> Ferotelur se koristi kao stabilizator ugljenika u livenju čelika.<a href="#cite_note-137">[118]</a> Od nemetalnih elemenata koji se ređe prepoznaju kao metaloidi, selen – u obliku feroselena (50–58% selena) – koristi se za poboljšanje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Machinability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machinability (страница не постоји)">obradivosti</a> nerđajućih čelika.<a href="#cite_note-138">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biološki_agensi">Biološki agensi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Уредите одељак „Biološki agensi”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=11" title="Уреди извор одељка: Biološki agensi">уреди извор</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Arsenic_trioxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prozirna staklena posuda na kojoj se nalazi mala gomila belog kristalnog praha." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Arsenic_trioxide.jpg/220px-Arsenic_trioxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Arsenic_trioxide.jpg/330px-Arsenic_trioxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Arsenic_trioxide.jpg/440px-Arsenic_trioxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic trioxide">Arsen trioksid</a> ili beli arsen, jedan od najotrovnijih i najzastupljenijih oblika <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен">arsena</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antileukemic_drug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antileukemic drug (страница не постоји)">Antileukemijska</a> svojstva belog arsena prvi put su objavljena 1878. godine.<a href="#cite_note-139">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> Svih šest elemenata koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi imaju toksična, dijetalna ili lekovita svojstva.<a href="#cite_note-140">[121]</a> Posebno su toksična jedinjenja arsena i antimona; bor, silicijum i verovatno arsen su esencijalni elementi u tragovima. Bor, silicijum, arsen i antimon imaju medicinsku primenu, a smatra se da germanijum i telur imaju potencijal. Bor se koristi u <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Инсектицид">insekticidima</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[122]</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Хербицид">herbicidima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[123]</a> To je suštinski element u tragovima.<a href="#cite_note-SLH-143">[124]</a> Kao <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Boric acid">borna kiselina</a>, ima antiseptička, antifungalna i antivirusna svojstva.<a href="#cite_note-144">[125]</a> Silicijum je prisutan u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silatrane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silatrane (страница не постоји)">silatranu</a>, visoko toksičnom rodenticidu.<a href="#cite_note-145">[126]</a> Dugotrajno udisanje silicijumske prašine izaziva <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicosis">silikozu</a>, smrtonosnu bolest pluća. Silicijum je esencijalni element u tragovima.<a href="#cite_note-SLH-143">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silicone" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicone">Silikonski</a> gel se može primeniti na teško opečenim pacijentima da bi se smanjili ožiljci.<a href="#cite_note-146">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt (chemistry)">Soli</a> germanijuma su potencijalno štetne za ljude i životinje ako se konzumiraju duže vreme.<a href="#cite_note-147">[128]</a> Postoji interesovanje za farmakološka dejstva germanijumskih jedinjenja, ali još uvek nema licenciranih lekova.<a href="#cite_note-148">[129]</a> Arsen je ozloglašeno otrovan i takođe može biti <a href="/wiki/Essential_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential element">esencijalni element</a> u ultra tragovima.<a href="#cite_note-Neilsen-149">[130]</a> Tokom <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="World War I">Prvog svetskog rata</a>, obe strane su koristile „<a href="/wiki/Diphenylchloroarsine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphenylchloroarsine">sredstva</a> za kijanje i povraćanje na bazi arsena...da bi naterali neprijateljske vojnike da skinu <a href="/wiki/WWI_gas_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="WWI gas mask">gas maske</a> pre nego što su ispalili na njih <a href="/wiki/Iperit" title="Iperit">iperit</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosgene">fozgen</a> u drugoj <a href="/wiki/Salvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvo">salvi</a>.“<a href="#cite_note-150">[131]</a> Korišćen je kao farmaceutski agens još od antike, uključujući i za lečenje <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Syphilis">sifilisa</a> pre razvoja <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jaouen-151">[132]</a> Arsen je takođe komponenta <a href="/wiki/Melarsoprol" class="mw-redirect" title="Melarsoprol">melarsoprola</a>, medicinskog leka koji se koristi u lečenju <a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="African trypanosomiasis">afričke tripanosomijaze</a> kod ljudi ili bolesti spavanja. Godine 2003, arsenik trioksid (pod trgovačkim imenom <a href="/wiki/Trisenox" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisenox">trisenoks</a>) ponovo je uveden za lečenje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acute_promyelocytic_leukaemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (страница не постоји)">akutne promijelocitne leukemije</a>, karcinoma krvi i koštane srži.<a href="#cite_note-Jaouen-151">[132]</a> Arsen u vodi za piće, koji izaziva rak pluća i mokraćne bešike, povezan je sa smanjenjem stope smrtnosti od raka dojke.<a href="#cite_note-152">[133]</a> Metalni antimon je relativno netoksičan, ali većina jedinjenja antimona je otrovna.<a href="#cite_note-153">[134]</a> Dva jedinjenja antimona, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_stibogluconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium stibogluconate">natrijum stiboglukonat</a> i <a href="/wiki/Stibophen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stibophen">stibofen</a>, koriste se kao <a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiparasitic">antiparazitski lekovi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[135]</a> Elementarni telur se ne smatra posebno toksičnim; dva grama natrijum telurata, ako se unesu u telo, mogu biti smrtonosna.<a href="#cite_note-155">[136]</a> Ljudi koji su izloženi malim količinama telura u vazduhu odišu neprijatnim i postojanim zadahom nalik belom luku.<a href="#cite_note-156">[137]</a> Telur dioksid je korišćen za lečenje <a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">seboroičnog dermatitisa</a>; druga jedinjenja telura su korišćena kao <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimicrobial">antimikrobna</a> sredstva pre razvoja antibiotika.<a href="#cite_note-157">[138]</a> U budućnosti, takva jedinjenja će možda morati da budu zamena za antibiotike koji su postali neefikasni zbog otpornosti bakterija.<a href="#cite_note-158">[139]</a> Od elemenata koji se ređe prepoznaju kao metaloidi, berilijum i olovo su poznati po svojoj toksičnosti; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_arsenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lead arsenate (страница не постоји)">olovni arsenat</a> se u velikoj meri koristio kao insekticid.<a href="#cite_note-159">[140]</a> Sumpor je jedan od najstarijih fungicida i pesticida. Fosfor, sumpor, cink, selen i jod su esencijalni hranljivi sastojci, a aluminijum, kalaj i olovo mogu biti.<a href="#cite_note-Neilsen-149">[130]</a> Sumpor, galijum, selen, jod i bizmut imaju medicinske primene. Sumpor je sastavni deo <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">sulfonamidnih lekova</a>, koji se još uvek široko koriste za stanja kao što su akne i infekcije urinarnog trakta.<a href="#cite_note-160">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium nitrate">Galijum nitrat</a> se koristi za lečenje neželjenih efekata raka;<a href="#cite_note-161">[142]</a> galijum citrat, <a href="/wiki/Radiopharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiopharmaceutical">radiofarmaceutski</a> lek, olakšava snimanje upaljenih delova tela.<a href="#cite_note-162">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selenium_disulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium disulfide">Selen sulfid</a> se koristi u medicinskim šamponima i za lečenje kožnih infekcija kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinea_versicolor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinea versicolor (страница не постоји)">tinea versicolor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[144]</a> Jod se koristi kao dezinfekciono sredstvo u različitim oblicima. Bizmut je sastojak nekih <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">antibakterijskih</a> sredstava.<a href="#cite_note-164">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katalizatori">Katalizatori</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Уредите одељак „Katalizatori”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=12" title="Уреди извор одељка: Katalizatori">уреди извор</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Boron_trifluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron trifluoride">Bor trifluorid</a> i <a href="/wiki/Boron_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron trichloride">trihlorid</a> se koriste kao homogeni <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">katalizatori</a> u organskoj sintezi i elektronici; <a href="/wiki/Boron_tribromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron tribromide">tribromid</a> se koristi u proizvodnji <a href="/wiki/Diborane" class="mw-redirect" title="Diborane">diborana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[146]</a> Netoksični <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligandi</a> bora mogu zameniti toksične fosforne ligande u nekim katalizatorima prelaznih metala.<a href="#cite_note-166">[147]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silica_sulfuric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silica sulfuric acid (страница не постоји)">Silicijum sumporna kiselina</a> (SiO2OSO3H) se koristi u organskim reakcijama.<a href="#cite_note-167">[148]</a> Germanijum dioksid se ponekad koristi kao katalizator u proizvodnji <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">PET</a> plastike za kontejnere;<a href="#cite_note-168">[149]</a> jeftinija jedinjenja antimona, kao što su trioksid ili <a href="/wiki/Antimony_triacetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony triacetate">triacetat</a>, češće se koriste u istu svrhu<a href="#cite_note-169">[150]</a> uprkos zabrinutosti oko kontaminacije hrane i pića antimonom.<a href="#cite_note-170">[151]</a> Arsen trioksid se koristio u proizvodnji <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas">prirodnog gasa</a>, da bi se podstaklo uklanjanje <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Угљен-диоксид">ugljen-dioksida</a>, kao i <a href="/wiki/Selenous_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenous acid">selenska kiselina</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tellurous_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurous acid">telurna kiselina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[152]</a> Selen deluje kao katalizator u nekim mikroorganizmima.<a href="#cite_note-172">[153]</a> Telur, njegov dioksid i njegov <a href="/wiki/Tellurium_tetrachloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium tetrachloride">tetrahlorid</a> su jaki katalizatori za vazdušnu oksidaciju ugljenika iznad 500 °C.<a href="#cite_note-173">[154]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphite_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graphite oxide (страница не постоји)">Grafitni oksid</a> se može koristiti kao katalizator u sintezi <a href="/wiki/Imine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imine">imina</a> i njihovih derivata.<a href="#cite_note-174">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated carbon">Aktivni ugalj</a> i <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">glinica</a> su korišćeni kao katalizatori za uklanjanje sumpornih zagađivača iz prirodnog gasa.<a href="#cite_note-175">[156]</a> Aluminijum dopiran <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Титанијум">titanijumom</a> je predložen kao zamena za katalizatore <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble metal">plemenitih metala</a> koji se koriste u proizvodnji industrijskih hemikalija.<a href="#cite_note-176">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usporivači_plamena">Usporivači plamena</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Уредите одељак „Usporivači plamena”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=13" title="Уреди извор одељка: Usporivači plamena">уреди извор</a>]</div> Jedinjenja bora, silicijuma, arsena i antimona su korišćena kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flame_retardant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flame retardant (страница не постоји)">usporivači plamena</a>. Bor, u obliku <a href="/wiki/Borax" class="mw-redirect" title="Borax">boraksa</a>, se koristi kao tekstilni usporivač plamena najmanje od 18. veka.<a href="#cite_note-177">[158]</a> Jedinjenja silicijuma, kao što su silikoni, <a href="/wiki/Silane" class="mw-redirect" title="Silane">silani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silsesquioxane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silsesquioxane (страница не постоји)">silseskioksan</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Силицијум диоксид">silicijum dioksid</a> i <a href="/wiki/Silicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate">silikati</a>, od kojih su neki razvijeni kao alternative za toksičnije <a href="/wiki/Halogenation" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogenation">halogenizovane</a> proizvode, mogu značajno poboljšati otpornost na plamen plastičnih materijala.<a href="#cite_note-178">[159]</a> Jedinjenja arsena kao što su <a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium arsenite">natrijum arsenit</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium arsenate">natrijum arsenat</a> su efikasni usporivači plamena za drvo, ali se ređe koriste zbog svoje toksičnosti.<a href="#cite_note-179">[160]</a> Antimon trioksid je usporivač plamena.<a href="#cite_note-180">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium hydroxide">Aluminijum hidroksid</a> se koristi kao sredstvo za usporenje plamena od drvenih vlakana, gume, plastike i tekstila od 1890-ih.<a href="#cite_note-181">[162]</a> Osim aluminijum hidroksida, upotreba usporivača gorenja na bazi fosfora – u obliku, na primer, <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphate">organofosfata</a> – sada prevazilazi upotrebu bilo koje druge glavne vrste usporivača plamena. Oni koriste bor, antimon ili <a href="/wiki/Halogenated_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogenated hydrocarbon">halogenovana ugljovodonična</a> jedinjenja.<a href="#cite_note-182">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formiranje_stakla">Formiranje stakla</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Уредите одељак „Formiranje stakla”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=14" title="Уреди извор одељка: Formiranje stakla">уреди извор</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Fibreoptic4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fibreoptic4.jpg/220px-Fibreoptic4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fibreoptic4.jpg/330px-Fibreoptic4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fibreoptic4.jpg/440px-Fibreoptic4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Optical_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fibers">Optička vlakna</a>, obično napravljena od čistog <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon dioxide">silicijum dioksidnog</a> stakla, sa aditivima kao što su [boron trioxide[bor trioksid</figcaption></figure> ili <a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium dioxide">germanijum dioksid</a> za povećanu osetljivost|alt=Gomila bledo žutih poluprovidnih tankih pramenova, sa jarkim tačkama bele svetlosti na njihovim vrhovima.]] Oksidi <a href="/wiki/Boron_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron trioxide">B2O3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium dioxide">GeO2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic trioxide">As2O3</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony trioxide">Sb2O3</a> lako formiraju <a href="/wiki/Glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass">stakla</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tellurium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium dioxide">TeO2</a> formira staklo, ali to zahteva „herojsku brzinu gašenja“<a href="#cite_note-K2002-183">[164]</a> ili dodavanje nečistoće; inače nastaje kristalni oblik.<a href="#cite_note-K2002-183">[164]</a> Ova jedinjenja se koriste u hemijskom, kućnom i industrijskom staklenom posuđu<a href="#cite_note-184">[165]</a> i optici.<a href="#cite_note-185">[166]</a> Bor trioksid se koristi kao aditiv za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_fibre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glass fibre (страница не постоји)">staklena vlakna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[167]</a> i takođe je komponenta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borosilicate_glass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borosilicate glass (страница не постоји)">borosilikatnog stakla</a>, koje se široko koristi za laboratorijsko stakleno posuđe i posuđe za pećnice zbog svog niskog toplotnog širenja.<a href="#cite_note-187">[168]</a> Većina običnog staklenog posuđa se pravi od silicijum dioksida.<a href="#cite_note-188">[169]</a> Germanijum dioksid se koristi kao aditiv za staklena vlakna, kao i u infracrvenim optičkim sistemima.<a href="#cite_note-189">[170]</a> Arsen trioksid se koristi u industriji stakla kao sredstvo za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_coloring_and_color_marking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glass coloring and color marking (страница не постоји)">obezbojenje</a> i fino čišćenje (za uklanjanje mehurića),<a href="#cite_note-190">[171]</a> kao i antimon trioksid.<a href="#cite_note-191">[172]</a> Telur dioksid nalazi primenu u laserskoj i <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlinear optics">nelinearnoj optici</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[173]</a> Amorfna metalna stakla se generalno najlakše pripremaju ako je jedna od komponenti metaloid ili „bliski metaloid“ kao što su bor, ugljenik, silicijum, fosfor ili germanijum.<a href="#cite_note-193">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[n 20]</a> Osim tankih filmova deponovanih na veoma niskim temperaturama, prvo poznato metalno staklo je legura sastava Au75Si25 objavljena 1960. godine.<a href="#cite_note-196">[176]</a> Metalno staklo koje ima snagu i žilavost koja nije ranije viđena, sastava Pd82.5P6Si9.5Ge2, objavljeno je 2011. godine.<a href="#cite_note-197">[177]</a> Fosfor, selen i olovo, koji se ređe prepoznaju kao metaloidi, takođe se koriste u čašama. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate_glass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphate glass (страница не постоји)">Fosfatno staklo</a> ima supstrat od fosfornog pentoksida (P2O5), a ne od silicijum dioksida (SiO2) konvencionalnih silikatnih stakala. Koristi se, na primer, za pravljenje <a href="/wiki/Sodium_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium lamp">natrijumovih lampi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[178]</a> Jedinjenja selena mogu se koristiti i kao sredstva za obezbojenje i za dodavanje crvene boje staklu.<a href="#cite_note-199">[179]</a> Ukrasno stakleno posuđe od tradicionalnog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_glass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lead glass (страница не постоји)">olovnog stakla</a> sadrži najmanje 30% <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead(II) oxide">olovo(II) oksida</a> (PbO); olovno staklo koje se koristi za zaštitu od zračenja može imati do 65% PbO.<a href="#cite_note-200">[180]</a> Naočare na bazi olova su takođe u velikoj meri korišćene u elektronskim komponentama, materijalima za emajliranje, zaptivanje i zastakljivanje i solarnim ćelijama. Oksidna stakla na bazi bizmuta su se pojavila kao manje toksična zamena za olovo u mnogim od ovih primena.<a href="#cite_note-201">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optičko_skladištenje_i_optoelektronika">Optičko skladištenje i optoelektronika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Уредите одељак „Optičko skladištenje i optoelektronika”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=15" title="Уреди извор одељка: Optičko skladištenje i optoelektronika">уреди извор</a>]</div> Različiti sastavi <a href="/w/index.php?title=GeSbTe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GeSbTe (страница не постоји)">GeSbTe</a> („GST legure“) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=AgInSbTe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AgInSbTe (страница не постоји)">Ag- i In- dopiranog Sb2Te</a> („AIST legure“), koji su primeri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phase-change material (страница не постоји)">materijala za promenu faze</a>, široko se koriste u <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical disc">optičkim diskovima</a> za ponovno upisivanje i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_memory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phase-change memory (страница не постоји)">memorijskim</a> uređajima za promenu faze. Primenom toplote mogu se prebacivati između amorfnog (staklastog) i <a href="/wiki/Crystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline">kristalnog</a> stanja. Promena optičkih i električnih svojstava se može koristiti u svrhe skladištenja informacija.<a href="#cite_note-202">[182]</a> Buduće aplikacije za GeSbTe mogu uključivati „ultrabrze displeje potpuno čvrstog stanja sa pikselima nanometarske skale, polutransparentne 'pametne' naočare, 'pametna' kontaktna sočiva i uređaje za veštačku mrežnjaču."<a href="#cite_note-203">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pirotehnika">Pirotehnika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Уредите одељак „Pirotehnika”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=16" title="Уреди извор одељка: Pirotehnika">уреди извор</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Blue_Light.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man is standing in the dark. He is holding out a short stick at mid-chest level. The end of the stick is alight, burning very brightly, and emitting smoke." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blue_Light.JPG/170px-Blue_Light.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blue_Light.JPG/255px-Blue_Light.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Blue_Light.JPG/340px-Blue_Light.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Arhaični <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_light_(pyrotechnic_signal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue light (pyrotechnic signal) (страница не постоји)">plavi svetlosni signal</a>, podstaknut mešavinom <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium nitrate">natrijum nitrata</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сумпор">sumpora</a> i (crvenog) <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic trisulfide">arsenik trisulfida</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[184]</a></figcaption></figure> Prepoznati metaloidi imaju bilo pirotehničku primenu ili povezana svojstva. Bor i silicijum se često susreću;<a href="#cite_note-Kos-205">[185]</a> oni deluju donekle kao metalna goriva.<a href="#cite_note-206">[186]</a> Bor se koristi u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrotechnic_initiator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrotechnic initiator (страница не постоји)">pirotehničkim inicijatorskim</a> kompozicijama (za paljenje drugih teško zapaljivih kompozicija), kao i u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_composition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delay composition (страница не постоји)">kompozicijama za odlaganje</a> koje sagorevaju konstantnom brzinom.<a href="#cite_note-Conkling82-207">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boron_carbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron carbide">Bor karbid</a> je identifikovan kao moguća zamena za toksičnije mešavine <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Баријум">barijuma</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Hexachloroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexachloroethane">heksahloroetana</a> u dimnoj municiji, signalnim raketama i vatrometima.<a href="#cite_note-208">[188]</a> Silicijum je, kao i bor, komponenta inicijatorskih i odlagačkih mešavina.<a href="#cite_note-Conkling82-207">[187]</a> Dopirani germanijum može delovati kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermite (страница не постоји)">termitno</a> gorivo promenljive brzine.<a href="#cite_note-210">[n 21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic trisulfide">Arsen trisulfid</a> As2S3 je korišćen u starim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_light_(pyrotechnic_signal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue light (pyrotechnic signal) (страница не постоји)">pomorskim signalnim svetlima</a>; u vatrometu da se prave bele zvezde;<a href="#cite_note-211">[190]</a> u mešavini žute <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smoke_screen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smoke screen (страница не постоји)">dimne zavese</a>; i u inicijatorskim kompozicijama.<a href="#cite_note-212">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stibnite" class="mw-redirect" title="Stibnite">Antimon trisulfid</a> Sb2S3 se nalazi u vatrometu bele svetlosti i u mešavinama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flash_powder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flash powder (страница не постоји)">blica i zvuka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[192]</a> Telurm je korišćen u mešavinama za odlaganje i u kompozicijama <a href="/wiki/Blasting_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasting cap">inicijatorskih kapa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ellern-214">[193]</a> Ugljenik, aluminijum, fosfor i selen nastavljaju temu. Ugljenik, u <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">crnom barutu</a>, sastavni je deo raketnog goriva za vatromet, rasprskavajućih punjenja i mešavina efekata, kao i vojnih fitilja i upaljača.<a href="#cite_note-215">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[n 22]</a> Aluminijum je uobičajeni pirotehnički sastojak,<a href="#cite_note-Kos-205">[185]</a> i široko se koristi zbog svog kapaciteta da generiše svetlost i toplotu,<a href="#cite_note-218">[196]</a> uključujući mešavine termita.<a href="#cite_note-219">[197]</a> Fosfor se može naći u dimnoj i zapaljivoj municiji, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armstrong%27s_mixture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armstrong's mixture (страница не постоји)">papirnim kapicama</a> koje se koriste u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cap_gun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cap gun (страница не постоји)">pištoljima za igračke</a>, i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_popper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party popper (страница не постоји)">poperima</a> za zabavu.<a href="#cite_note-220">[198]</a> Selen je korišćen na isti način kao telur.<a href="#cite_note-Ellern-214">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poluprovodnici_i_elektronika">Poluprovodnici i elektronika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Уредите одељак „Poluprovodnici i elektronika”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=17" title="Уреди извор одељка: Poluprovodnici i elektronika">уреди извор</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Semiconductor-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mali kvadratni plastični komad sa tri paralelne žičane izbočine na jednoj strani; veći pravougaoni plastični čip sa više plastičnih i metalnih nožica nalik na igle; i mali crveni svetleći element sa dve dugačke žice koje izlaze iz njegove osnove." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Semiconductor-1.jpg/220px-Semiconductor-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Semiconductor-1.jpg/330px-Semiconductor-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Semiconductor-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Elektronske komponente zasnovane na <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor">poluprovodnicima</a>. S leva na desno: <a href="/wiki/Transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor">tranzistor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated circuit">integrisano kolo</a> i <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a>. Elementi koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi nalaze široku primenu u takvim uređajima, kao elementarni ili sastojci <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compound_semiconductor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compound semiconductor (страница не постоји)">poluprovodničkih jedinjenja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon">Si</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium">Ge</a> ili <a href="/wiki/GaAs" class="mw-redirect" title="GaAs">GaAs</a>, na primer) ili kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doping_(semiconductor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doping (semiconductor) (страница не постоји)">dopinški agensi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Sb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Te</a>, na primer).</figcaption></figure> Svi elementi koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi (ili njihova jedinjenja) korišćeni su u industriji poluprovodnika ili elektronike u čvrstom stanju.<a href="#cite_note-221">[199]</a> Neka svojstva bora ograničila su njegovu upotrebu kao poluprovodnika. On ima visoku tačku topljenja, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кристал">monokristale</a> je relativno teško dobiti, a uvođenje i zadržavanje kontrolisanih nečistoća je teško.<a href="#cite_note-222">[200]</a> Silicijum je vodeći komercijalni poluprovodnik; on čini osnovu moderne elektronike (uključujući standardne solarne ćelije)<a href="#cite_note-Bom-223">[201]</a> i informacionih i komunikacionih tehnologija.<a href="#cite_note-224">[202]</a> Ovo je bilo uprkos tome što je proučavanje poluprovodnika, početkom 20. veka, smatrano „fizikom prljavštine“ i da ne zaslužuje posebnu pažnju.<a href="#cite_note-225">[203]</a> Germanijum je u velikoj meri zamenjen silicijumom u poluprovodničkim uređajima, jer je jeftiniji, otporniji na višim radnim temperaturama i lakši za rad tokom procesa mikroelektronske proizvodnje.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2005401-127">[108]</a> Germanijum je još uvek sastavni deo poluprovodnih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-germanium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-germanium (страница не постоји)">silicijum-germanijumskih</a> „legura“ i one su sve više u upotrebi, posebno za bežične komunikacione uređaje; takve legure koriste veću pokretljivost nosača germanijuma.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2005401-127">[108]</a> Sinteza gramskih količina poluprovodničkog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanane (страница не постоји)">germanana</a> objavljena je 2013. godine. Sastoji se od slojeva atoma germanijuma sa krajnjim vodonikom debljine jednog atoma, analogno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graphane (страница не постоји)">grafanu</a>. On sprovodi elektrone više od deset puta brže od silicijuma i pet puta brže od germanijuma, a smatra se da ima potencijal za optoelektronske i senzorske primene.<a href="#cite_note-226">[204]</a> Razvoj anode na bazi germanijumske žice koja više nego udvostručuje kapacitet <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion battery">litijum-jonskih baterija</a> prijavljen je 2014. godine.<a href="#cite_note-227">[205]</a> Iste godine, Lee et al. izvestio je da se kristali <a href="/wiki/Graphene" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphene">grafena</a> bez defekata koji su dovoljno veliki da bi mogli da se koriste u elektronskom obliku mogu da se uzgajaju na germanijumskom supstratu i uklone sa njega.<a href="#cite_note-228">[206]</a> Arsen i antimon nisu poluprovodnici u svojim <a href="/wiki/Standard_state#Liquids_and_solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard state">standardnim stanjima</a>. Oba formiraju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compound_semiconductor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compound semiconductor (страница не постоји)">poluprovodnike tipa III-V</a> (kao što su GaAs, <a href="/wiki/AlSb" class="mw-redirect" title="AlSb">AlSb</a> ili GaInAsSb) u kojima je prosečan broj valentnih elektrona po atomu isti kao kod elemenata <a href="/wiki/Group_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 14">Grupe 14</a>, ali imaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_band_gap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct band gap (страница не постоји)">direktne praznine</a>. Ova jedinjenja su poželjna za optičke primene.<a href="#cite_note-229">[207]</a> Nanokristali antimona mogu omogućiti da se <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">litijum-jonske baterije</a> zamene snažnijim <a href="/wiki/Sodium-ion_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium-ion battery">natrijum-jonskim baterijama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[208]</a> Telur, koji je poluprovodnik u svom standardnom stanju, koristi se uglavnom kao komponenta u poluprovodničkim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcogenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chalcogenide (страница не постоји)">halkogenidima</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_semiconductor_materials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of semiconductor materials (страница не постоји)">tipa II/VI</a>; oni imaju primenu u elektrooptici i elektronici.<a href="#cite_note-231">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_telluride" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium telluride">Kadmijum telurid</a> (CdTe) se koristi u solarnim modulima zbog svoje visoke efikasnosti konverzije, niskih troškova proizvodnje i velikog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Band_gap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Band gap (страница не постоји)">raspona pojasa</a> od 1,44 eV, što mu omogućava da apsorbuje širok opseg talasnih dužina.<a href="#cite_note-Bom-223">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_telluride" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth telluride">Bizmut telurid</a> (Bi2Te3), legiran selenom i antimonom, je komponenta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoelectric_materials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoelectric materials (страница не постоји)">termoelektričnih uređaja</a> koji se koriste za hlađenje ili prenosnu proizvodnju energije.<a href="#cite_note-232">[210]</a> Pet metaloida – bor, silicijum, germanijum, arsen i antimon – mogu se naći u mobilnim telefonima (zajedno sa najmanje 39 drugih metala i nemetala).<a href="#cite_note-233">[211]</a> Očekuje se da će telur naći takvu upotrebu.<a href="#cite_note-234">[212]</a> Od manje poznatih metaloida, fosfor, galijum (posebno) i selen imaju primenu u poluprovodnicima. Fosfor se koristi u tragovima kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dopant (страница не постоји)">dopant</a> za poluprovodnike <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-type_semiconductor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-type semiconductor (страница не постоји)">n-tipa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[213]</a> U komercijalnoj upotrebi jedinjenja galijuma dominiraju aplikacije poluprovodnika – u integrisanim kolima, mobilnim telefonima, <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser diode">laserskim diodama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-emitting diode">diodama koje emituju svetlost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" class="mw-redirect" title="Photodetector">fotodetektorima</a> i <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cell">solarnim ćelijama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[214]</a> Selen se koristi u proizvodnji solarnih ćelija<a href="#cite_note-237">[215]</a> i u visokoenergetskim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surge_protector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surge protector (страница не постоји)">osiguračima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[216]</a> Bor, silicijum, germanijum, antimon i telur,<a href="#cite_note-239">[217]</a> kao i teži metali i metaloidi kao što su Sm, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi i Se,<a href="#cite_note-240">[218]</a> se mogu naći u <a href="/wiki/Topological_insulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Topological insulator">topološkim izolatorima</a>. To su legure<a href="#cite_note-241">[219]</a> ili jedinjenja koja su, na ultrahladnim temperaturama ili sobnoj temperaturi (u zavisnosti od svog sastava), metalni provodnici na svojim površinama, ali izolatori kroz unutrašnjost.<a href="#cite_note-242">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium arsenide">Kadmijum arsenid</a> Cd3As2, na oko 1 K, je Dirakov polumetal – masovni elektronski analog grafena – u kome elektroni putuju efikasno kao čestice bez mase.<a href="#cite_note-243">[221]</a> Smatra se da ove dve klase materijala imaju potencijalne primene u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topological_quantum_computing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topological quantum computing (страница не постоји)">kvantnom računarstvu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenklatura_i_istorija">Nomenklatura i istorija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Уредите одељак „Nomenklatura i istorija”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=18" title="Уреди извор одељка: Nomenklatura i istorija">уреди извор</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izvođenje_i_drugi_nazivi">Izvođenje i drugi nazivi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Уредите одељак „Izvođenje i drugi nazivi”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=19" title="Уреди извор одељка: Izvođenje i drugi nazivi">уреди извор</a>]</div> Nekoliko naziva se ponekad koristi kao sinonim, iako neki od njih imaju druga značenja koja nisu nužno zamenljiva: amfoterni element,<a href="#cite_note-245">[223]</a> granični element,<a href="#cite_note-246">[224]</a> element na pola puta,''<a href="#cite_note-247">[225]</a> blizu metala,<a href="#cite_note-tyler-248">[226]</a> meta-metal,<a href="#cite_note-249">[227]</a> poluprovodnik,<a href="#cite_note-250">[228]</a> polumetal<a href="#cite_note-251">[229]</a> i podmetal.<a href="#cite_note-252">[230]</a> „Amfoterni element“ se ponekad šire koristi i uključuje prelazne metale koji mogu da formiraju <a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyanion">oksianjone</a>, kao što su <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром">hrom</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган">mangan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[231]</a> „Meta-metal“ se ponekad koristi za označavanje izvesnih metala (<a href="/wiki/Beryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium">Be</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc">Zn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium">In</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">Tl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin#Physical_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin">β-Sn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Pb</a>) koji se nalaze levo od metaloida na standardnim periodnim sistemima.<a href="#cite_note-Klemm-254">[232]</a> Ovi metali imaju tendenciju da imaju iskrivljenu kristalnu strukturu, vrednosti električne provodljivosti na donjem kraju vrednosti metala i amfoterne (slabo bazične) okside.<a href="#cite_note-255">[233]</a> Nazivi amfoterni element i poluprovodnik su problematični, jer neki elementi koji se nazivaju metaloidi ne pokazuju izraženo amfoterno ponašanje (na primer bizmut)<a href="#cite_note-256">[234]</a> ili poluprovodljivost (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полонијум">polonijum</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Cotton_FA_1999,_p.502-257">[235]</a> u svojim najstabilnijim oblicima. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poreklo_i_upotreba">Poreklo i upotreba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Уредите одељак „Poreklo i upotreba”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=20" title="Уреди извор одељка: Poreklo i upotreba">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poreklo_i_upotreba_pojma_metaloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poreklo i upotreba pojma metaloid (страница не постоји)">Poreklo i upotreba pojma metaloid</a></div> Poreklo i upotreba termina metaloid je zamršena. „Priručnik o metaloidima“ objavljen 1864. podelio je sve elemente bilo na metale ili na metaloide.<a href="#cite_note-258">[236]</a>‍:31 Ranija upotreba u <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralogy">mineralogiji</a>, da bi se opisao mineral metalnog izgleda, može se naći već od 1800. godine.<a href="#cite_note-259">[237]</a> Od sredine 20. veka koristi se za označavanje srednjih ili graničnih hemijskih elemenata.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-260">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">Međunarodna unija za čistu i primenjenu hemiju</a> (IUPAC) je ranije preporučila da se napusti termin metaloid, i predložila da se umesto toga koristi termin polumetal.<a href="#cite_note-261">[239]</a> Upotreba ovog potonjeg termina je nedavno bila obeshrabrena od strane Atkinsa et al.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins2010p20-3">[2]</a> jer ima uobičajenije značenje koje se odnosi na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_band_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronic band structure (страница не постоји)">elektronsku trakastu strukturu</a> supstance, a ne na opštu klasifikaciju elementa. Najnovije IUPAC publikacije o nomenklaturi i terminologiji ne sadrže nikakve preporuke o upotrebi termina metaloid ili polumetal.<a href="#cite_note-262">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elementi_koji_se_obično_prepoznaju_kao_metaloidi">Elementi koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Уредите одељак „Elementi koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=21" title="Уреди извор одељка: Elementi koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi">уреди извор</a>]</div> <dl><dd>Svojstva navedena u ovom odeljku odnose se na elemente u njihovim termodinamički najstabilnijim oblicima u uslovima okoline.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bor">Bor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Уредите одељак „Bor”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=22" title="Уреди извор одељка: Bor">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бор">Bor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Boron_R105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nekoliko desetina malih ugaonih oblika nalik kamenu, sivih sa razbacanim srebrnim flekama i pramenovima." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/220px-Boron_R105.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/330px-Boron_R105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boron_R105.jpg/440px-Boron_R105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Bor, prikazan ovde u obliku njegove β-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhombohedral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhombohedral (страница не постоји)">romboedarske</a> faze (njegov termodinamički najstabilniji <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">alotrop</a>)<a href="#cite_note-263">[241]</a></figcaption></figure> Čisti bor je sjajna, srebrno siva kristalna čvrsta supstanca.<a href="#cite_note-264">[242]</a> Manje je gust od aluminijuma (2,34 prema 2,70 g/cm3), tvrd je i krt. Jedva je reaktivan u normalnim uslovima, osim u slučaju napada <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorine">fluorom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-265">[243]</a> i ima tačku topljenja od 2076 °C (cf. čelik ~1370 °C).<a href="#cite_note-266">[244]</a> Bor je poluprovodnik;<a href="#cite_note-267">[245]</a> njegova električna provodljivost na sobnoj temperaturi je 1,5 × 10−6 <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens (unit)">S</a>•cm−1<a href="#cite_note-268">[246]</a> (oko 200 puta manja od one vode iz slavine)<a href="#cite_note-269">[247]</a> i ima pojas od oko 1,56 eV.<a href="#cite_note-270">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[n 23]</a> Mendeljejev je komentarisao da se „bor pojavljuje u slobodnom stanju u nekoliko oblika koji su srednji između metala i nemetala.“<a href="#cite_note-273">[250]</a> U strukturnoj hemiji bora dominira njegova mala atomska veličina i relativno visoka energija jonizacije. Sa samo tri valentna elektrona po atomu bora, jednostavno kovalentno povezivanje ne može ispuniti pravilo okteta.<a href="#cite_note-Rayner-Canham_2006,_p._291-274">[251]</a> Metalno vezivanje je uobičajen rezultat među težim kongenorima bora, ali to generalno zahteva niske energije jonizacije.<a href="#cite_note-275">[252]</a> Umesto toga, zbog svoje male veličine i visokih energija jonizacije, osnovna strukturna jedinica bora (i skoro svih njegovih alotropa)<a href="#cite_note-277">[n 24]</a> je ikosaedarski B12 klaster. Od 36 elektrona povezanih sa 12 atoma bora, 26 se nalazi u 13 delokalizovanih molekularnih orbitala; ostalih 10 elektrona se koristi za formiranje kovalentnih veza sa dva i tri centra između ikosaedara.<a href="#cite_note-278">[254]</a> Isti motiv se može videti, kao i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltahedron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltahedron (страница не постоји)">deltaedarske</a> varijante ili fragmenti, kod metalnih borida i hidridnih derivata, kao i kod nekih halogenida.<a href="#cite_note-279">[255]</a> Vezivanje u boru je opisano kao karakteristično za ponašanje između metala i nemetalnih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Covalent_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Covalent network (страница не постоји)">kovalentnih mreža</a> (kao što je <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Дијамант">dijamant</a>).<a href="#cite_note-280">[256]</a> Energija potrebna za transformaciju B, C, N, Si i P iz nemetalnih u metalna stanja procenjena je na 30, 100, 240, 33 i 50 kJ/mol, respektivno. Ovo ukazuje na blizinu bora graničnoj liniji metal-nemetal.<a href="#cite_note-Fehlner1990-281">[257]</a> Većina hemije bora je nemetalne prirode.<a href="#cite_note-Fehlner1990-281">[257]</a> Za razliku od svojih težih kongenera, nije poznato da formira jednostavan B3+ ili hidratisani [B(H2O)4]3+ katjon.<a href="#cite_note-282">[258]</a> Mala veličina atoma bora omogućava pripremu mnogih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interstitial_compound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interstitial compound (страница не постоји)">međuprostornih</a> borida tipa legure.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood145-283">[259]</a> Analogije između bora i prelaznih metala primećene su u formiranju <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">kompleksa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-284">[260]</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adduct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adduct (страница не постоји)">adukata</a> (na primer, BH3 + <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a> →BH3CO i, slično, Fe(CO)4 + CO →Fe(CO)5),<a href="#cite_note-286">[n 25]</a> kao i u geometrijskim i elektronskim strukturama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cluster_compound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cluster compound (страница не постоји)">vrsta klastera</a> kao što su [B6H6]2− i [Ru6(CO)18]2−.<a href="#cite_note-287">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[n 26]</a> Vodena hemija bora je karakterisana sa mnogo različitih <a href="/wiki/Borate#Polymeric_ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Borate">poliboratnih anjona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[264]</a> S obzirom na njegov visok odnos naboja i veličine, bor se kovalentno vezuje u skoro svim svojim jedinjenjima; <a href="#cite_note-291">[265]</a> izuzeci su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boride (страница не постоји)">boridi</a> jer oni uključuju, u zavisnosti od njihovog sastava, kovalentne, jonske i metalne komponente veze.<a href="#cite_note-292">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[n 27]</a> Jednostavna binarna jedinjenja, kao što je <a href="/wiki/Boron_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron trichloride">bor trihlorid</a> su <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Luisove kiseline</a> jer formiranje tri kovalentne veze ostavlja otvor u <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Octet rule">oktetu</a> koji može popuniti elektronski par doniran <a href="/wiki/Lewis_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis base">Luisovom bazom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rayner-Canham_2006,_p._291-274">[251]</a> Bor ima jak afinitet za <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кисеоник">kiseonik</a> i prilično ekstenzivnu hemiju <a href="/wiki/Borate" class="mw-redirect" title="Borate">borata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood145-283">[259]</a> Oksid B2O3 je <a href="/wiki/Polymeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymeric">polimerne</a> strukture,<a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-296">[269]</a> slabo kiseo,<a href="#cite_note-297">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[n 28]</a> i stvara staklo.<a href="#cite_note-Rao22-304">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometalna jedinjenja</a> bora<a href="#cite_note-306">[n 29]</a> su poznata od 19. veka (videti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoboron_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organoboron chemistry (страница не постоји)">organobornu hemiju</a>).<a href="#cite_note-307">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silicijum">Silicijum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Уредите одељак „Silicijum”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=23" title="Уреди извор одељка: Silicijum">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Силицијум">Silicijum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:SiliconCroda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sjajna plavo siva gruda u obliku krompira sa nepravilnom valovitom površinom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/220px-SiliconCroda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/330px-SiliconCroda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/SiliconCroda.jpg/440px-SiliconCroda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon">Silicijum</a> ima plavo-sivi metalni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(mineralogy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lustre (mineralogy) (страница не постоји)">sjaj</a>.</figcaption></figure> Silicijum je kristalna čvrsta supstanca sa plavo-sivim metalnim sjajem.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood331-308">[279]</a> Poput bora, manje je gust (2,33 g/cm3) od aluminijuma, tvrd je i krt.<a href="#cite_note-309">[280]</a> To je relativno nereaktivan element.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood331-308">[279]</a> Prema Rokovu,<a href="#cite_note-310">[281]</a> masivni kristalni oblik (naročito ako je čist) je „izuzetno inertan za sve kiseline, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofluoric acid">fluorovodoničnu</a>“.<a href="#cite_note-314">[n 30]</a> Manje čisti silicijum i praškasti oblik su različito podložni napadima jakim ili zagrejanim kiselinama, kao i parom i fluorom.<a href="#cite_note-315">[285]</a> Silicijum se rastvara u vrelim vodenim <a href="/wiki/Alkali" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali">alkalijama</a> sa evolucijom <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Водоник">vodonika</a>, kao i metali<a href="#cite_note-316">[286]</a> kao što su berilijum, aluminijum, cink, galijum ili indijum.<a href="#cite_note-317">[287]</a> Topi se na 1414 °C. Silicijum je poluprovodnik sa električnom provodljivošću od 10−4 S•cm−1<a href="#cite_note-318">[288]</a> i širinom pojasa od oko 1,11 eV.<a href="#cite_note-R393-311">[282]</a> Kada se topi, silicijum postaje umereno metalan<a href="#cite_note-319">[289]</a> sa električnom provodljivošću od 1,0–1,3 × 104 S•cm−1, slično onoj tečne žive.<a href="#cite_note-320">[290]</a> Hemija silicijuma je generalno nemetalna (kovalentna) po prirodi.<a href="#cite_note-321">[291]</a> Nije poznato da formira katjon.<a href="#cite_note-322">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[n 31]</a> Silicijum može da formira legure sa metalima kao što su gvožđe i bakar.<a href="#cite_note-324">[293]</a> On pokazuje manje sklonosti ka anjonskom ponašanju od običnih nemetala.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-325">[294]</a> Njegovu hemiju u rastvoru karakteriše formiranje oksianjona.<a href="#cite_note-Hiller225-326">[295]</a> Visoka čvrstoća <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon%E2%80%93oxygen_bond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon–oxygen bond (страница не постоји)">silicijum-kiseonične veze</a> dominira hemijskim ponašanjem silicijuma.<a href="#cite_note-327">[296]</a> Polimerni silikati, izgrađeni od tetraedarskih SiO4 jedinica koje dele svoje atome kiseonika, su najzastupljenija i najvažnija jedinjenja silicijuma.<a href="#cite_note-Bailar513-328">[297]</a> Polimerni borati, koji se sastoje od povezanih trigonalnih i tetraedarskih BO3 ili BO4 jedinica, izgrađeni su na sličnim strukturnim principima.<a href="#cite_note-329">[298]</a> Oksid SiO2 je polimerne strukture,<a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-296">[269]</a> slabo kiseo,<a href="#cite_note-330">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[n 32]</a> i stvara staklo.<a href="#cite_note-Rao22-304">[276]</a> Tradicionalna organometalna hemija uključuje ugljenična jedinjenja silicijuma (videti <a href="/wiki/Organosilicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosilicon">organosilicijum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-335">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanijum">Germanijum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Уредите одељак „Germanijum”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=24" title="Уреди извор одељка: Germanijum">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Германијум">Germanijum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blok sivkastog sjaja sa neravnom površinom cepanja." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/220px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/330px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg/440px-Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Germanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium">Germanijum</a> se ponekad opisuje kao <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metal</a>.</figcaption></figure> Germanijum je sjajna sivo-bela čvrsta supstanca.<a href="#cite_note-336">[304]</a> On ima gustinu od 5,323 g/cm3, tvrd je i krt.<a href="#cite_note-337">[305]</a> Uglavnom je nereaktivan na sobnoj temperaturi,<a href="#cite_note-339">[n 33]</a> ali ga polako napada vruća koncentrovana <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfuric acid">sumporna</a> ili <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Азотна киселина">azotna kiselina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood373-340">[307]</a> Germanijum takođe reaguje sa rastopljenom <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium hydroxide">kaustičnom sodom</a> dajući natrijum germanat Na2GeO3 i gas vodonika.<a href="#cite_note-341">[308]</a> Topi se na 938 °C. Germanijum je poluprovodnik sa električnom provodljivošću od oko 2 × 10−2 S•cm−1<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood373-340">[307]</a> i širinom pojasa od 0,67 eV.<a href="#cite_note-342">[309]</a> Tečni germanijum je metalni provodnik, sa električnom provodljivošću sličnom onoj tečne žive.<a href="#cite_note-343">[310]</a> Većina hemije germanijuma je karakteristična za nemetal.<a href="#cite_note-344">[311]</a> Nejasno je da li germanijum formira katjon ili ne, osim što je prijavljeno postojanje Ge2+ jona u nekoliko ezoteričnih jedinjenja.<a href="#cite_note-357">[n 34]</a> On može da formira legure sa metalima kao što su aluminijum i <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато">zlato</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[324]</a> On pokazuje manje sklonosti ka anjonskom ponašanju od običnih nemetala.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-325">[294]</a> Njegovu hemiju u rastvoru karakteriše formiranje oksianjona.<a href="#cite_note-Hiller225-326">[295]</a> Germanijum generalno formira tetravalentna (IV) jedinjenja, a može da formira i manje stabilna dvovalentna (II) jedinjenja, u kojima se ponaša više kao metal.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-359">[325]</a> Pripremljeni su germanijumski analozi svih glavnih tipova silikata.<a href="#cite_note-360">[326]</a> Metalni karakter germanijuma je takođe sugerisan formiranjem različitih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxoacid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxoacid (страница не постоји)">oksokiselinskih</a> soli. Opisani su fosfat [(HPO4)2Ge·H2O] i visoko stabilan trifluoracetat Ge(OCOCF3)4, kao i Ge2(SO4)2, Ge(ClO4)4 i GeH2(C2O4)3.<a href="#cite_note-361">[327]</a> Oksid GeO2 je polimeran,<a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-296">[269]</a> amfoteričan<a href="#cite_note-362">[328]</a> i stvara staklo.<a href="#cite_note-Rao22-304">[276]</a> Dioksid je rastvorljiv u kiselim rastvorima (monoksid GeO, još više), i to se ponekad koristi da se germanijum klasifikuje kao metal.<a href="#cite_note-363">[329]</a> Do 1930-ih germanijum se smatrao slabo provodljivim metalom;<a href="#cite_note-364">[330]</a> kasniji pisci su ga povremeno klasifikovali kao metal.<a href="#cite_note-365">[331]</a> Kao i kod svih elemenata koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi, germanijum ima utvrđenu organometalnu hemiju (videti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organogermanium_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organogermanium chemistry (страница не постоји)">organogermanijumsku hemiju</a>).<a href="#cite_note-366">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsen">Arsen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Уредите одељак „Arsen”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=25" title="Уреди извор одељка: Arsen">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен">Arsen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Arsen_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dva mutno srebrna klastera kristalnih krhotina." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/220px-Arsen_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/330px-Arsen_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/440px-Arsen_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic">Arsen</a>, zapečaćen u kontejneru da spreči <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarnishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarnishing (страница не постоји)">tamnjenje</a>.</figcaption></figure> Arsen je siva čvrsta materija metaličnog izgleda. On ima gustinu od 5,727 g/cm3, krt je i umereno tvrd (više od aluminijuma; manje od <a href="/wiki/Iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron">gvožđa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-GWM2011-367">[333]</a> Stabilan je na suvom vazduhu, ali na vlažnom vazduhu razvija zlatno bronzanu patinu, koja pri daljem izlaganju pocrni. Arsen napadaju azotna kiselina i koncentrovana sumporna kiselina. On reaguje sa stopljenom kaustičnom sodom dajući arsenat Na3AsO3 i gas vodonik.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_2002,_p._552-368">[334]</a> Arsen [sublimation (phase transition)[|sublimira]] na 615 °C. Para je limunsko žuta i miriše na beli luk.<a href="#cite_note-369">[335]</a> Arsen se topi samo pod pritiskom od 38,6 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a>, na 817 °C.<a href="#cite_note-370">[336]</a> To je polumetal sa električnom provodljivošću od oko 3,9 × 104 S•cm−1<a href="#cite_note-Carapella1968p30-371">[337]</a> i preklapanjem pojasa od 0,5 eV.<a href="#cite_note-Barfuß_1981,_p._967-372">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[n 35]</a> Tečni arsen je poluprovodnik sa širinom pojasa od 0,15 eV.<a href="#cite_note-375">[340]</a> Hemija arsena je pretežno nemetalna.<a href="#cite_note-376">[341]</a> Nejasno je da li arsen formira katjon ili ne.<a href="#cite_note-384">[n 36]</a> Njegove mnoge metalne legure su uglavnom krte.<a href="#cite_note-385">[349]</a> Pokazuje manje sklonosti ka anjonskom ponašanju od običnih nemetala.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-325">[294]</a> Njegovu hemiju rastvora karakteriše formiranje oksianjona.<a href="#cite_note-Hiller225-326">[295]</a> Arsen generalno formira jedinjenja u kojima ima oksidaciono stanje +3 ili +5.<a href="#cite_note-Massey267-386">[350]</a> Halogenidi, i oksidi i njihovi derivati su ilustrativni primeri.<a href="#cite_note-Bailar513-328">[297]</a> U trovalentnom stanju, arsen pokazuje neka inicijalna metalna svojstva.<a href="#cite_note-387">[351]</a> Halogenidi se <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolysed">hidrolizuju</a> vodom, ali ove reakcije, posebno one hlorida, su reverzibilne dodatkom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrohalic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrohalic acid (страница не постоји)">halogenovodonične kiseline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[352]</a> Oksid je kiseo, ali, kao što je navedeno u nastavku, (slabo) amfoteričan. Više, manje stabilno, petovalentno stanje ima jako kisela (nemetalna) svojstva.<a href="#cite_note-389">[353]</a> U poređenju sa fosforom, jači metalni karakter arsena ukazuje na formiranje oksokiselinih soli kao što su AsPO4, As2(SO4)3<a href="#cite_note-392">[n 37]</a> i acetat arsena As(CH3COO)3.<a href="#cite_note-393">[356]</a> Oksid As2O3 je polimeran,<a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-296">[269]</a> amfoteričan,<a href="#cite_note-394">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[n 38]</a> i stvara staklo.<a href="#cite_note-Rao22-304">[276]</a> Arsen ima ekstenzivnu organometalnu hemiju (videti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoarsenic_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organoarsenic chemistry (страница не постоји)">organoarsensku hemiju</a>).<a href="#cite_note-398">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimon">Antimon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Уредите одељак „Antimon”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=26" title="Уреди извор одељка: Antimon">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон">Antimon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Antimony-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sjajni srebrni komad nalik steni, sa plavim nijansama i otprilike paralelnim brazdama." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/220px-Antimony-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/330px-Antimony-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/440px-Antimony-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Antimon</a>, koji ispoljava svoj visok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(mineralogy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lustre (mineralogy) (страница не постоји)">sjaj</a></figcaption></figure> Antimon je srebrno-bela čvrsta materija sa plavim nijansama i briljantnim sjajem.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_2002,_p._552-368">[334]</a> On ima gustinu od 6,697 g/cm3, krt je i umereno tvrd (više od arsena; manje od gvožđa; otprilike isto kao bakar).<a href="#cite_note-GWM2011-367">[333]</a> Stabilan je na vazduhu i vlazi na sobnoj temperaturi. Napada ga koncentrovana azotna kiselina, pri čemu se dobija hidratisani pentoksid Sb2O5. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Царска вода">Carska voda</a> daje pentahlorid SbCl5, a izlaganje vrućoj koncentrovanoj sumpornoj kiselini rezultira stvaranjem <a href="/wiki/Antimony_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony sulfate">sulfata</a> Sb2(SO4)3.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_2002,_p._553-399">[361]</a> Na njega ne utiču rastopljene alkalije.<a href="#cite_note-400">[362]</a> Antimon ima sposobnost istiskivanja vodonika iz vode, kada se zagreje: 2 Sb + 3 H2O → Sb2O3 + 3 H2.<a href="#cite_note-401">[363]</a> Topi se na 631 °C. Antimon je polumetal sa električnom provodljivošću od oko 3,1 × 104 S•cm−1<a href="#cite_note-402">[364]</a> i preklapanjem trake od 0,16 eV.<a href="#cite_note-Barfuß_1981,_p._967-372">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[n 39]</a> Tečni antimon je metalni provodnik sa električnom provodljivošću od oko 5,3 × 5,3 ×. 104 S•cm−1.<a href="#cite_note-405">[366]</a> Većina hemije antimona je karakteristična za nemetal.<a href="#cite_note-406">[367]</a> Antimon ima definitivnu katjonsku hemiju,<a href="#cite_note-407">[368]</a> SbO+ i Sb(OH)2+ su prisutni u kiselom vodenom rastvoru;<a href="#cite_note-408">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[n 40]</a> jedinjenje Sb8(GaCl4)2, koje sadrži homopolikatjon, Sb82+, pripremljeno je u 2004.<a href="#cite_note-411">[371]</a> Antimon može da formira legure sa jednim ili više metala kao što su aluminijum,<a href="#cite_note-412">[372]</a> gvožđe, nikl, bakar, cink, kalaj, olovo i bizmut.<a href="#cite_note-413">[373]</a> Antimon ima manje sklonosti ka anjonskom ponašanju od običnih nemetala.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-325">[294]</a> Njegovu hemiju u rastvoru karakteriše formiranje oksianjona.<a href="#cite_note-Hiller225-326">[295]</a> Poput arsena, antimon generalno formira jedinjenja u kojima ima oksidaciono stanje od +3 ili +5.<a href="#cite_note-Massey267-386">[350]</a> Halogenidi, i oksidi i njihovi derivati su ilustrativni primeri.<a href="#cite_note-Bailar513-328">[297]</a> Stanje +5 je manje stabilno od +3, ali je relativno lakše postići nego sa arsenom. Ovo se objašnjava lošom zaštitom koju jezgro arsena pruža svojim <a href="/w/index.php?title=D_electron_count&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D electron count (страница не постоји)">3d10 elektronima</a>. Poređenja radi, tendenciju antimona (koji je teži atom) da se lakše <a href="/wiki/Redox" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox">oksidira</a> delimično nadoknađuje efekat njegove ljuske 4d10.<a href="#cite_note-414">[374]</a> Tropozitivni antimon je amfoteričan; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penta-&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penta- (страница не постоји)">pentapozitivni</a> antimon je (pretežno) kiseo.<a href="#cite_note-415">[375]</a> U skladu sa povećanjem metalnog karaktera idući niz <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictogen">grupu 15</a>, antimon formira soli uključujući <a href="/wiki/Acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetate">acetat</a> Sb(CH3CO2)3, <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate">fosfat</a> SbPO4, sulfat Sb2(SO4)3 i <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Perchlorate">perhlorat</a> Sb(ClO4)3.<a href="#cite_note-416">[376]</a> Inače kiseli pentoksid Sb2O5 pokazuje izvesno bazno (metalno) ponašanje u smislu da se može rastvoriti u veoma kiselim rastvorima, uz formiranje <a href="/wiki/Oxycation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxycation">oksikatjona</a> SbO+ 2.<a href="#cite_note-417">[377]</a> Oksid Sb2O3 je polimeran,<a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-296">[269]</a> amfoteričan,<a href="#cite_note-Wiberg2001p764-418">[378]</a> i stvara staklo.<a href="#cite_note-Rao22-304">[276]</a> Antimon ima ekstenzivnu organometalnu hemiju (videti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoantimony_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organoantimony chemistry (страница не постоји)">organoantimonku hemiju</a>).<a href="#cite_note-419">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telur">Telur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Уредите одељак „Telur”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=27" title="Уреди извор одељка: Telur">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Телур">Telur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Tellurium2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sjajni srebrno-beli medaljon prugaste površine, spolja nepravilan, sa kvadratnom spiralnom šarom u sredini." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg/220px-Tellurium2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg/330px-Tellurium2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tellurium2.jpg/440px-Tellurium2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Telur</a>, koji je <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Дмитриј Мендељејев">Dmitrij Mendeljejev</a> opisao kao elemena na prelazu između <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metala</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал">nemetala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[380]</a></figcaption></figure> Telur je srebrno-bela sjajna čvrsta supstanca.<a href="#cite_note-421">[381]</a> On ima gustinu od 6,24 g/cm3, krt je i najmekši je od opštepriznatih metaloida, jer je neznatno tvrđi od sumpora.<a href="#cite_note-GWM2011-367">[333]</a> Veliki komadi telura su stabilni u vazduhu. Fino praškasti oblik se oksiduje vazduhom u prisustvu vlage. Telur reaguje sa ključalom vodom, ili kada se sveže istaloži čak i na 50 °C, dajući dioksid i vodonik: Te + 2 H2O → TeO2 + 2 H2.<a href="#cite_note-Kudryavtsev78-422">[382]</a> On reaguje (u različitom stepenu) sa azotnom, sumpornom i hlorovodoničnom kiselinom dajući jedinjenja kao što su <a href="/wiki/Sulfoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfoxide">sulfoksid</a> TeSO3 ili <a href="/wiki/Tellurous_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurous acid">telurska kiselina</a> H2TeO3,<a href="#cite_note-423">[383]</a> bazni nitrat (Te2O4H)+(NO3)−,<a href="#cite_note-424">[384]</a> ili oksid sulfat Te2O3(SO4).<a href="#cite_note-425">[385]</a> Rastvara se u kipućim alkalijama, dajući <a href="/wiki/Tellurite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurite">telurit</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telluride_(chemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telluride (chemistry) (страница не постоји)">telurid</a>: 3 Te + 6 KOH = K2TeO3 + 2 K2Te + 3 H2O, reakcija koja se odvija ili je reverzibilna sa povećanjem ili smanjenjem temperature.<a href="#cite_note-426">[386]</a> Na višim temperaturama telur je dovoljno plastičan za ekstrudiranje.<a href="#cite_note-427">[387]</a> Topi se na 449,51 °C. Kristalni telur ima strukturu koja se sastoji od paralelnih beskonačnih spiralnih lanaca. Veza između susednih atoma u lancu je kovalentna, ali postoje dokazi o slaboj metalnoj interakciji između susednih atoma različitih lanaca.<a href="#cite_note-Stuke1074p178-428">[388]</a> Telur je poluprovodnik sa električnom provodljivošću od oko 1,0 S•cm−1<a href="#cite_note-429">[389]</a> i širinom pojasa od 0,32 do 0,38 eV.<a href="#cite_note-Berger90-430">[390]</a> Tečni telur je poluprovodnik, sa električnom provodljivošću, pri topljenju, od oko 1,9 × 103 S•cm−1.<a href="#cite_note-Berger90-430">[390]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superheated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superheated (страница не постоји)">Pregrejani</a> tečni telur je metalni provodnik.<a href="#cite_note-431">[391]</a> Većina hemije telura je karakteristična za nemetal.<a href="#cite_note-432">[392]</a> On pokazuje izvesno katjonsko ponašanje. Dioksid se rastvara u kiselini da bi se dobio trihidroksotelur(IV) Te(OH)3+ jon;<a href="#cite_note-433">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[n 41]</a> crveni Te42+ i žuto-narandžasti Te62+ joni nastaju kada se telur oksiduje u <a href="/wiki/Fluorosulfuric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorosulfuric acid">fluorosumpornoj kiselini</a> (HSO3F) ili tečnosti <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur dioxide">sumpor dioksida</a> (SO2), respektivno.<a href="#cite_note-437">[396]</a> On može da formira legure sa aluminijumom, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро">srebrom</a> i kalajem.<a href="#cite_note-438">[397]</a> Telur pokazuje manje sklonosti ka anjonskom ponašanju od običnih nemetala.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-325">[294]</a> Njegovu hemiju rastvora karakteriše formiranje oksianjona.<a href="#cite_note-Hiller225-326">[295]</a> Telur generalno formira jedinjenja u kojima ima oksidaciono stanje -2, +4 ili +6. Stanje +4 je najstabilnije.<a href="#cite_note-Kudryavtsev78-422">[382]</a> Teluridi sastava XxTey se lako formiraju sa većinom drugih elemenata i predstavljaju najčešći mineral telura. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-stoichiometric_compound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-stoichiometric compound (страница не постоји)">Nestehiometrija</a> je sveprisutna, posebno sa prelaznim metalima. Mnogi teluridi se mogu smatrati metalnim legurama.<a href="#cite_note-439">[398]</a> Povećanje metalnog karaktera evidentno u teluru, u poređenju sa lakšim <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogen">halkogenima</a>, dalje se odražava u prijavljenom formiranju različitih drugih soli oksikiselina, kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_salt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic salt (страница не постоји)">bazni</a> selenat 2TeO2·SeO3 i analogni perhlorat i <a href="/wiki/Periodate" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodate">perjodat</a> 2TeO2·HXO4.<a href="#cite_note-440">[399]</a> Telur formira polimerni,<a href="#cite_note-Pudd59-296">[269]</a> amfoterni<a href="#cite_note-Wiberg2001p764-418">[378]</a> oksid koji formira staklo<a href="#cite_note-Rao22-304">[276]</a> TeO2. To je „uslovni“ oksid koji stvara staklo – on formira staklo sa vrlo malom količinom aditiva.<a href="#cite_note-Rao22-304">[276]</a> Telur ima ekstenzivnu organometalnu hemiju (videti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organotellurium_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organotellurium chemistry (страница не постоји)">organotelurnu hemiju</a>).<a href="#cite_note-441">[400]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elementi_koji_se_ređe_prepoznaju_kao_metaloidi">Elementi koji se ređe prepoznaju kao metaloidi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Уредите одељак „Elementi koji se ređe prepoznaju kao metaloidi”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=28" title="Уреди извор одељка: Elementi koji se ređe prepoznaju kao metaloidi">уреди извор</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ugljenik">Ugljenik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Уредите одељак „Ugljenik”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=29" title="Уреди извор одељка: Ugljenik">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угљеник">Ugljenik</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Graphite2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sjajni sivo-crni kockasti grumen sa hrapavom površinom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Graphite2.jpg/220px-Graphite2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Graphite2.jpg/330px-Graphite2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Graphite2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угљеник">Ugljenik</a> (kao <a href="/wiki/Graphite" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphite">grafit</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delocalized_electron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delocalized electron (страница не постоји)">Delokalizovani valentni elektroni</a> unutar slojeva grafita daju mu metalni izgled.<a href="#cite_note-442">[401]</a></figcaption></figure> Ugljenik se obično klasifikuje kao nemetal,<a href="#cite_note-443">[402]</a> ali ima neka metalna svojstva i povremeno se klasifikuje kao metaloid.<a href="#cite_note-444">[403]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphite" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphite">Heksagonalni grafitni ugljenik</a> (grafit) je termodinamički najstabilniji <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">alotrop</a> ugljenika u uslovima ambijenta.<a href="#cite_note-445">[404]</a> Ima sjajan izgled<a href="#cite_note-446">[405]</a> i prilično je dobar električni provodnik.<a href="#cite_note-447">[406]</a> Grafit ima slojevitu strukturu. Svaki sloj se sastoji od atoma ugljenika vezanih za tri druga atoma ugljenika u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexagonal_lattice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexagonal lattice (страница не постоји)">heksagonalnom</a> rasporedu rešetke. Slojevi su složeni zajedno i labavo ih drže <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waals force">van der Valsove sile</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delocalized_electron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delocalized electron (страница не постоји)">delokalizovani valentni elektroni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-448">[407]</a> Poput metala, provodljivost grafita u pravcu njegovih ravni opada kako se temperatura povećava;<a href="#cite_note-Atkins320-449">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[n 42]</a> on ima elektronsku trakastu strukturu polumetala.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins320-449">[408]</a> Alotropi ugljenika, uključujući grafit, mogu prihvatiti strane atome ili jedinjenja u svoje strukture supstitucijom, <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercalation (chemistry)">interkalacijom</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dopant (страница не постоји)">dopingom</a>. Dobijeni materijali se ponekad nazivaju „legure ugljenika“.<a href="#cite_note-454">[412]</a> Ugljenik može da formira jonske soli, uključujući vodonik sulfate, perhlorate i nitrate (C+ 24X−.2HX, gde je X = HSO4, ClO4; i C+ 24NO– 3.3HNO3).<a href="#cite_note-455">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[n 43]</a> U <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic chemistry">organskoj hemiji</a>, ugljenik može da formira kompleksne katjone – zvane <a href="/wiki/Carbocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbocation">karbokatjoni</a> – u kojima je pozitivno naelektrisanje na atomu ugljenika; primeri su <a href="/wiki/Carbenium_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbenium ion">CH+ 3</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonium_ion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbonium ion (страница не постоји)">CH+ 5</a> i njihovi derivati.<a href="#cite_note-457">[414]</a> Grafit je pozta kao čvrsto mazivo i ponaša se kao poluprovodnik u pravcu upravnom na njegove ravni.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins320-449">[408]</a> Većina njegove hemije je nemetalna;<a href="#cite_note-458">[415]</a> on ima relativno visoku energiju jonizacije<a href="#cite_note-459">[416]</a> i, u poređenju sa većinom metala, relativno visoku elektronegativnost.<a href="#cite_note-460">[417]</a> Ugljenik može da formira anjone kao što su C4− (<a href="/wiki/Methanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanide">metanid</a>), C2– 2 (<a href="/wiki/Acetylide" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetylide">acetilid</a>), i C3– 4 (<a href="/wiki/Sesquicarbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesquicarbide">seskvikarbid ili alilenid</a>), u jedinjenjima sa metalima glavnih grupa 1–3, kao i sa <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanide">lantanidima</a> i <a href="/wiki/Actinide" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinide">aktinidima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-461">[418]</a> Njegov oksid <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> formira <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonic acid">ugljenu kiselinu</a> H2CO3.<a href="#cite_note-462">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[n 44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aluminijum">Aluminijum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Уредите одељак „Aluminijum”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=30" title="Уреди извор одељка: Aluminijum">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алуминијум">Aluminijum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Aluminium-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Srebrno bela gruda sa polukružnim prugama duž širine gornje površine i grubim brazdama u srednjem delu leve ivice." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/220px-Aluminium-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/330px-Aluminium-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/440px-Aluminium-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алуминијум">Aluminijum</a> visoke čistoće je mnogo mekši od poznatih <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium alloys">legura</a>. Ljudi koji njime rukuju po prvi put često pitaju da li je to realna stvar.<a href="#cite_note-465">[421]</a></figcaption></figure> Aluminijum se obično klasifikuje kao <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-466">[422]</a> On je sjajan, savitljiv i duktilan, i ima visoku električnu i toplotnu provodljivost. Kao i većina metala, ima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-packed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-packed (страница не постоји)">čvrsto zbijenu</a> kristalnu strukturu,<a href="#cite_note-467">[423]</a> i formira katjon u vodenom rastvoru.<a href="#cite_note-468">[424]</a> On ima neka svojstva koja su neobična za metal; uzeta zajedno,<a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe_et_al._1974,_p.539-469">[425]</a> ona se ponekad koriste kao osnova za klasifikaciju aluminijuma kao metaloida.<a href="#cite_note-470">[426]</a> Njegova kristalna struktura pokazuje neke dokaze <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonding_in_solids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonding in solids (страница не постоји)">usmerenog vezivanja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-471">[427]</a> Aluminijum se kovalentno vezuje u većini jedinjenja.<a href="#cite_note-472">[428]</a> Oksid <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium oxide">Al2O3</a> je amfoteran<a href="#cite_note-473">[429]</a> i uslovno stvara staklo.<a href="#cite_note-Rao22-304">[276]</a> Aluminijum može da formira anjonske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminate (страница не постоји)">aluminate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe_et_al._1974,_p.539-469">[425]</a> takvo ponašanje se smatra nemetalnim po karakteru<a href="#cite_note-Hamm_1969,_p.653-81">[70]</a> Klasifikacija aluminijuma kao metaloida je sporna<a href="#cite_note-474">[430]</a> s obzirom na njegova brojna metalna svojstva. Stoga je, verovatno, izuzetak od mnemotehnike da su elementi koji se nalaze pored linije razdvajanja metal-nemetal metaloidi.<a href="#cite_note-475">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[n 45]</a> Stot<a href="#cite_note-478">[433]</a> označava aluminijum kao slab metal. On ima fizička svojstva metala, ali i neka od hemijskih svojstava nemetala. Stil<a href="#cite_note-479">[434]</a> primećuje paradoksalno hemijsko ponašanje aluminijuma: „On podseća na slab metal po svom amfoternom oksidu i po kovalentnom karakteru mnogih njegovih jedinjenja... Ipak, to je veoma <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Electropositivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronegativity">elektropozitivan</a> metal... [sa] <a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_of_standard_electrode_potentials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Table of standard electrode potentials (страница не постоји)">visokim negativnim</a> potencijalom elektrode“. Mudi<a href="#cite_note-480">[435]</a> kaže da je „aluminijum na 'dijagonalnoj granici' između metala i nemetala u hemijskom smislu.” <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selen">Selen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Уредите одељак „Selen”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=31" title="Уреди извор одељка: Selen">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Селен">Selen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Selenium_black_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mala staklena tegla ispunjena malim zagasito sivim konkavnim dugmadima. Komadići selena izgledaju kao male pečurke bez stabljike." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Selenium_black_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Sivi <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Селен">selen</a>, budući da je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photoconductor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photoconductor (страница не постоји)">fotoprovodan</a>, provodi električnu energiju oko 1.000 puta bolje kada svetlost padne na njega, što je svojstvo koje se koristi od sredine 1870-ih u različitim aplikacijama za detekciju svetlosti.<a href="#cite_note-481">[436]</a></figcaption></figure> Selen pokazuje granično metaloidno ili nemetalno ponašanje.<a href="#cite_note-482">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[n 46]</a> Njegov najstabilniji oblik, sivi <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">trigonalni</a> alotrop, ponekad se naziva i „metalni“ selen, jer je njegova električna provodljivost nekoliko redova veličine veća od one crvene <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic crystal system">monoklinske</a> forme.<a href="#cite_note-486">[440]</a> Metalni karakter selena je dalje prikazan njegovim sjajem,<a href="#cite_note-Glinka_1965,_p.356-487">[441]</a> i kristalnom strukturom, za koju se smatra da uključuje slabo „metalnu“ međulančanu vezu.<a href="#cite_note-488">[442]</a> Selen se može izvući u tanke niti kada je rastopljen i viskozan.<a href="#cite_note-489">[443]</a> On pokazuje nespremnost da poprimi „visoke pozitivne oksidacione brojeve karakteristične za nemetale“.<a href="#cite_note-490">[444]</a> On može da formira ciklične polikatjone (kao što je Se2+ 8) kada se rastvori u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oleum (страница не постоји)">oleumima</a><a href="#cite_note-491">[445]</a> (atribut koji deli sa sumporom i telurom), i hidrolizovanu katjonsku so u obliku trihidrokselen(IV) perhlorata [Se(OH)3]+·ClO– 4.<a href="#cite_note-492">[446]</a> Nemetalni karakter selena pokazuje njegova krtost<a href="#cite_note-Glinka_1965,_p.356-487">[441]</a> i niska električna provodljivost (~10−9 do 10−12 S•cm−1) njegovog visoko prečišćenog oblika.<a href="#cite_note-Kozyrev-109">[94]</a> Ovo je uporedivo ili manje od <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром">broma</a> (7,95××10–12 S•cm−1),<a href="#cite_note-493">[447]</a> nemetala. Selen ima elektronsku traku strukture <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor">poluprovodnika</a><a href="#cite_note-Berger_1997,_pp.86–7-494">[448]</a> i zadržava svoja poluprovodnička svojstva u tečnom obliku.<a href="#cite_note-Berger_1997,_pp.86–7-494">[448]</a> On ima relativno visoku<a href="#cite_note-495">[449]</a> elektronegativnost (2,55 revidirana Polingova skala). Njegova reakciona hemija je uglavnom hemija njegovih nemetalnih anjonskih oblika Se2−, SeO2− 3 i SeO2− 4.<a href="#cite_note-496">[450]</a> Selen se obično opisuje kao metaloid u literaturi <a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental chemistry">hemije životne sredine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-497">[451]</a> On se kreće kroz vodenu sredinu slično kao arsen i antimon;<a href="#cite_note-498">[452]</a> njegove soli rastvorljive u vodi, pri višim koncentracijama, imaju sličan <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxicology">toksikološki profil</a> kao i arsen.<a href="#cite_note-499">[453]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polonijum">Polonijum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Уредите одељак „Polonijum”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=32" title="Уреди извор одељка: Polonijum">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полонијум">Polonijum</a></div> Polonijum je na neki način „izrazito metalan“.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton_FA_1999,_p.502-257">[235]</a> Oba njegova alotropna oblika su metalni provodnici.<a href="#cite_note-Cotton_FA_1999,_p.502-257">[235]</a> Rastvorljiv je u kiselinama, formirajući ružičasti katjon Po2+ i zamenjujući vodonik: Po + 2 H+ → Po2+ + H2.<a href="#cite_note-500">[454]</a> Poznate su mnoge polonijumove soli.<a href="#cite_note-501">[455]</a> Oksid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium dioxide (страница не постоји)">PoO2</a> je pretežno bazine prirode.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall1966p41-502">[456]</a> Polonijum je nepovoljan oksidacioni agens, za razliku od njegovog najlakšeg kongenera kiseonika: potrebni su visoko <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing agent">redukcioni uslovi</a> za formiranje Po2− anjona u vodenom rastvoru.<a href="#cite_note-503">[457]</a> Nejasno je da li je polonijum duktilan ili krt. Predviđa se da je duktilan na osnovu izračunatih <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus#Relation_among_elastic_constants" class="mw-redirect" title="Young's modulus">elastičnih konstanti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-504">[458]</a> Ima jednostavnu <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic crystal system">kubnu kristalnu strukturu</a>. Takva struktura ima malo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_(materials_science)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slip (materials science) (страница не постоји)">klizajućih sistema</a> i to „dovodi do veoma niske duktilnosti i stoga niske otpornosti na lom“.<a href="#cite_note-505">[459]</a> Polonijum pokazuje nemetalni karakter u svojim halogenidima, i postojanjem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonide (страница не постоји)">polonida</a>. Halogenidi imaju svojstva koja su generalno karakteristična za nemetalne halogenide (da su isparljivi, lako se hidrolizuju i rastvorljivi u <a href="/wiki/Organic_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic solvent">organskim rastvaračima</a>).<a href="#cite_note-506">[460]</a> Mnogi metalni polonidi, dobijeni zagrevanjem elemenata zajedno na 500–1000 °C, i koji sadrže Po2− anjon, takođe su poznati.<a href="#cite_note-507">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astat">Astat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Уредите одељак „Astat”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=33" title="Уреди извор одељка: Astat">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24414138"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Астат">Astat</a></div> Kao <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халоген">halogen</a>, astat ima tendenciju da se klasifikuje kao nemetal.<a href="#cite_note-508">[462]</a> On ima neka izražena metalna svojstva<a href="#cite_note-509">[463]</a> i ponekad se umesto toga klasifikuje ili kao metaloid<a href="#cite_note-510">[464]</a> ili (ređe) kao metal.<a href="#cite_note-512">[n 47]</a> Odmah nakon produkcije 1940. rani istraživači su ga smatrali metalom.<a href="#cite_note-513">[466]</a> Godine 1949, nazvan je najplemenitijim (teško <a href="/wiki/Redox" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox">redukujućim</a>) nemetalom, kao i relativno plemenitim (teškim za oksidaciju) metalom.<a href="#cite_note-514">[467]</a> Godine 1950, astat je opisan kao halogen i (zbog toga) <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reaktivni</a> nemetal.<a href="#cite_note-515">[468]</a> U 2013. godini, na osnovu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relativistic_quantum_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry (страница не постоји)">relativističkog</a> modelovanja, predviđeno je da astat monoatomni metal, sa <a href="/wiki/Face-centred_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centred cubic">kubnom kristalnom strukturom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-516">[469]</a> Nekoliko autora je komentarisalo metalnu prirodu nekih svojstava astata. Pošto je jod poluprovodnik u pravcu njegovih ravni, i pošto halogeni postaju metalniji sa povećanjem atomskog broja, pretpostavlja se da bi astat bio metal ako bi mogao da formira kondenzovanu fazu.<a href="#cite_note-517">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[n 48]</a> Astat može biti metalan u tečnom stanju na osnovu toga što su elementi sa <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">entalpijom isparavanja</a> (∆Hvap) većom od ~42 kJ/mol metalni kada su tečni.<a href="#cite_note-Rao_&_Ganguly_1986-520">[472]</a> Takvi elementi uključuju bor,<a href="#cite_note-524">[n 49]</a> silicijum, germanijum, antimon, selen i telur. Procenjene vrednosti za ∆Hvap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diatomic_molecule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diatomic molecule (страница не постоји)">dvoatomskog</a> astata su 50 kJ/mol ili više;<a href="#cite_note-525">[476]</a> dvoatomski jod, sa ∆Hvap od 41,71,<a href="#cite_note-526">[477]</a> je malo ispod granične vrednosti. „Kao i tipični metali, astat se taloži <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen sulfide">vodonik-sulfidom</a> čak i iz jako kiselih rastvora i zamenjuje se u slobodnom obliku iz rastvora sulfata; taloži se na <a href="/wiki/Cathode" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode">katodi</a> prilikom <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolysis">elektrolize</a>.“<a href="#cite_note-527">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[n 50]</a> Dalje indikacije tendencija da se astat ponaša kao <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">(teški) metal</a> su: „... formiranje <a href="/wiki/Pseudohalide" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudohalide">pseudohalidnih</a> jedinjenja ... kompleksa astatnih katjona ... kompleksnih anjona trovalentnog astata ... kao i kompleksa sa različitim organskim rastvaračima”.<a href="#cite_note-530">[480]</a> Takođe se tvrdilo da astat pokazuje katjonsko ponašanje, putem stabilnih At+ i AtO+ oblika, u jako kiselim vodenim rastvorima.<a href="#cite_note-531">[481]</a> Neke od prijavljenih osobina astata su nemetalne. Ekstrapolirano je da ima uski tečni opseg koji se obično povezuje sa nemetalima (t.t. 302 °C; t.k. 337 °C),<a href="#cite_note-532">[482]</a> iako eksperimentalne indikacije sugerišu nižu tačku ključanja od oko 230±3&nbsp°C. Bacanov daje izračunatu energiju pojasnog opsega za astat od 0,7 eV;<a href="#cite_note-533">[483]</a> ovo je u skladu sa nemetalima (u fizici) koji imaju odvojene <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valence_band&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valence band (страница не постоји)">valentne</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conduction_band&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conduction band (страница не постоји)">provodne</a> pojaseve i samim tim su ili poluprovodnici ili izolatori.<a href="#cite_note-534">[484]</a> Hemiju astata u vodenom rastvoru uglavnom karakteriše formiranje različitih anjonskih vrsta.<a href="#cite_note-535">[485]</a> Većina njegovih poznatih jedinjenja podseća na jod,<a href="#cite_note-536">[486]</a> koji je halogen i nemetal.<a href="#cite_note-537">[487]</a> Takva jedinjenja uključuju astatide (XAt), astatate (XAtO3) i <a href="/wiki/Monovalent_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monovalent ion">monovalentna</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interhalogen_compound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interhalogen compound (страница не постоји)">interhalogena</a> jedinjenja.<a href="#cite_note-538">[488]</a> Restrepo et al.<a href="#cite_note-539">[489]</a> su izvestili da je astat više sličan polonijumu nego halogenu. To su uradili na osnovu detaljnih uporednih studija poznatih i interpoliranih svojstava 72 elementa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povezani_koncepti">Povezani koncepti</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Уредите одељак „Povezani koncepti”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=34" title="Уреди извор одељка: Povezani koncepti">уреди извор</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blizu_metaloida">Blizu metaloida</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Уредите одељак „Blizu metaloida”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=35" title="Уреди извор одељка: Blizu metaloida">уреди извор</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Iodinecrystals.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sjajne ljubičasto-crne kristalne krhotine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iodinecrystals.JPG/220px-Iodinecrystals.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iodinecrystals.JPG/330px-Iodinecrystals.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Iodinecrystals.JPG/440px-Iodinecrystals.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Kristali <a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">joda</a>, koji pokazuju metalni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(mineralogy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lustre (mineralogy) (страница не постоји)">sjaj</a>. Jod je <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor">poluprovodnik</a> u pravcu njegovih ravni, sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Band_gap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Band gap (страница не постоји)">zonom</a> od ~1,3 eV. On ima <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">električnu provodljivost</a> od 1,7 × 10−8 S•cm−1 na <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Room temperature">sobnoj temperaturi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-540">[490]</a> Ovo je više od selena, ali niže od bora, najmanje električno provodljivog od poznatih metaloida.<a href="#cite_note-543">[n 51]</a></figcaption></figure> U periodičnoj tabeli, neki od elemenata koji se nalaze u blizini opštepriznatih metaloida, iako se obično klasifikuju kao metali ili nemetali, povremeno se nazivaju bliskim metaloidima<a href="#cite_note-544">[493]</a> ili su poznati po svom metaloidnom karakteru. Levo od linije razdvajanja metal-nemetal, takvi elementi uključuju <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Галијум">galijum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-545">[494]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Калај">kalaj</a><a href="#cite_note-546">[495]</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бизмут">bizmut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vernon-547">[496]</a> Oni pokazuju neobične strukture pakovanja,<a href="#cite_note-548">[497]</a> izraženu kovalentnu hemiju (molekularnu ili polimernu)<a href="#cite_note-549">[498]</a> i amfoterizam.<a href="#cite_note-550">[499]</a> Desno od linije razdvajanja su ugljenik,<a href="#cite_note-551">[500]</a> fosfor,<a href="#cite_note-552">[501]</a> selen<a href="#cite_note-553">[502]</a> i jod.<a href="#cite_note-554">[503]</a> Oni pokazuju metalni sjaj, poluprovodna svojstva<a href="#cite_note-557">[n 52]</a> i vezujuće ili valentne pojaseve delokalizovanog karaktera. Ovo se odnosi na njihove termodinamički najstabilnije oblike u uslovima okoline: ugljenik kao grafit; fosfor kao crni fosfor;<a href="#cite_note-561">[n 53]</a> i selen kao sivi selen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alotropi">Alotropi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Уредите одељак „Alotropi”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=36" title="Уреди извор одељка: Alotropi">уреди извор</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mnogo malih, sjajnih, srebrnih sfera na levoj strani; mnoge sfere iste veličine na desnoj strani su mutnije i tamnije od onih sa leve i imaju prigušeni metalni sjaj." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg/220px-Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg/330px-Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg/440px-Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_tin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White tin (страница не постоји)">Beli kalaj</a> (levo) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_tin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grey tin (страница не постоји)">sivi kalaj</a> (desno). Oba oblika imaju metalni izgled.</figcaption></figure> Različiti kristalni oblici elementa nazivaju se <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotropy">alotropima</a>. Neki alotropi, posebno oni elemenata koji se nalaze (u smislu periodinog sistema) pored ili blizu zamišljene linije razdvajanja između metala i nemetala, pokazuju izraženije metalno, metaloidno ili nemetalno ponašanje od drugih.<a href="#cite_note-562">[509]</a> Postojanje takvih alotropa može zakomplikovati klasifikaciju obuhvaćenih elemenata.<a href="#cite_note-563">[510]</a> Kalaj, na primer, ima dva alotropa: <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetragonal crystal system">tetragonalni</a> „beli” β-kalaj i kubni „sivi” α-kalaj. Beli kalaj je veoma sjajan, duktilan i savitljiv metal. To je stabilan oblik na ili iznad sobne temperature i ima električnu provodljivost od 9,17 × 104 S·cm−1 (~1/6 od bakra).<a href="#cite_note-564">[511]</a> Sivi kalaj obično ima izgled sivog mikrokristalnog praha, a može se pripremiti i u krhkim polusjajnim kristalnim ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycrystalline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polycrystalline (страница не постоји)">polikristalnim</a> oblicima. To je stabilan oblik ispod 13,2 °C i ima električnu provodljivost između (2–5) × 102 S·cm−1 (~1/250 od belog kalaja).<a href="#cite_note-565">[512]</a> Sivi kalaj ima istu kristalnu strukturu kao dijamant. On se ponaša kao poluprovodnik (kao da ima pojasni otvor od 0,08 eV), ali ima elektronsku pojasnu strukturu polumetala.<a href="#cite_note-566">[513]</a> Pominje se ili kao veoma loš metal,<a href="#cite_note-567">[514]</a> metaloid,<a href="#cite_note-568">[515]</a> nemetal<a href="#cite_note-569">[516]</a> ili bliko metaloidan.<a href="#cite_note-Vernon-547">[496]</a> Dijamantski alotrop ugljenika je očigledno nemetalan, providan je i ima nisku električnu provodljivost od 10−14 do 10−16 S·cm−1.<a href="#cite_note-570">[517]</a> Grafit ima električnu provodljivost od 3 × 104 S·cm−1,<a href="#cite_note-571">[518]</a> što je vrednost karakterističnija za metal. Fosfor, sumpor, arsen, selen, antimon i bizmut takođe imaju manje stabilne alotrope koji pokazuju različita ponašanja.<a href="#cite_note-572">[519]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obilje,_ekstrakcija_i_cena">Obilje, ekstrakcija i cena</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Уредите одељак „Obilje, ekstrakcija i cena”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=37" title="Уреди извор одељка: Obilje, ekstrakcija i cena">уреди извор</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic number">Z</a></th> <th>Element</th> <th>Grama /tona </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8</td> <td>Kiseonik</td> <td align="right">461,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">14</td> <td>Silicijum</td> <td align="right">282,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">13</td> <td>Aluminijum</td> <td align="right">82,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">26</td> <td>Gvožđe</td> <td align="right">56,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6</td> <td>Ugljenik</td> <td align="right">200 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">29</td> <td>Bakar</td> <td align="right">60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5</td> <td>Bor</td> <td align="right">10 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">33</td> <td>Arsen</td> <td align="right">1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">32</td> <td>Germanijum</td> <td align="right">1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">47</td> <td>Srebro</td> <td align="right">0.075 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">34</td> <td>Selen</td> <td align="right">0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">51</td> <td>Antimon</td> <td align="right">0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">79</td> <td>Zlato</td> <td align="right">0.004 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">52</td> <td>Telur</td> <td align="right">0.001 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">75</td> <td>Renijum</td> <td align="right">0.00000000077×10−10 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">54</td> <td>Ksenon</td> <td align="right">0.000000000033×10−11 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">84</td> <td>Polonijum</td> <td align="right">0.00000000000000022×10−16 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">85</td> <td>Astat</td> <td align="right">0.0000000000000000033×10−20 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obilje">Obilje</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Уредите одељак „Obilje”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=38" title="Уреди извор одељка: Obilje">уреди извор</a>]</div> Tabela daje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crustal_abundance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crustal abundance (страница не постоји)">kristalne zastupljenosti</a> u Zemljinoj kori elemenata koji se obično do retko prepoznaju kao metaloidi.<a href="#cite_note-573">[520]</a> Neki drugi elementi su uključeni radi poređenja: kiseonik i ksenon (najviše i najmanje zastupljeni elementi sa stabilnim izotopima); gvožđe i metali za kovani novac bakar, srebro i zlato; i renijum, najmanje zastupljen stabilni metal (aluminijum je obično najzastupljeniji metal). Objavljene su različite procene zastupljenosti; one su često u izvesnoj meri protivrečne.<a href="#cite_note-574">[521]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekstrakcija">Ekstrakcija</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Уредите одељак „Ekstrakcija”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=39" title="Уреди извор одељка: Ekstrakcija">уреди извор</a>]</div> Prepoznati metaloidi se mogu dobiti <a href="/wiki/Redox" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox">hemijskom redukcijom</a> njihovih oksida ili njihovih <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfide">sulfida</a>. U zavisnosti od početne forme i ekonomskih faktora, mogu se koristiti jednostavnije ili složenije metode ekstrakcije.<a href="#cite_note-575">[522]</a> Bor se rutinski dobija redukcijom trioksida magnezijumom: B2O3 + 3 Mg → 2 B + 3MgO; nakon sekundarne obrade dobijeni smeđi prah ima čistoću do 97%.<a href="#cite_note-576">[523]</a> Bor veće čistoće (> 99%) se priprema zagrevanjem isparljivih jedinjenja bora, kao što su BCl3 ili BBr3, bilo u atmosferi vodonika (2 BX3 + 3 H2 → 2 B + 6 HX) ili do tačke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_decomposition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermal decomposition (страница не постоји)">termičke dekompozicije</a>. Silicijum i germanijum se dobijaju iz njihovih oksida zagrevanjem oksida ugljenikom ili vodonikom: SiO2 + C → Si + CO2; GeO2 + 2 H2 → Ge + 2 H2O. Arsen se izoluje iz njegovog pirita (FeAsS) ili arsenovog pirita (FeAs2) zagrevanjem; alternativno, može se dobiti iz oksida redukcijom ugljenikom: 2 As2O3 + 3 C → 2 As + 3 CO2.<a href="#cite_note-577">[524]</a> Antimon se dobija iz njegovog sulfida redukcijom gvožđem: Sb2S3 → 2 Sb + 3 FeS. Telur se dobija iz njegovog oksida rastvaranjem u vodenom NaOH, pri čemu se dobija telurit, zatim <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolytic reduction">elektrolitičkom redukcijom</a>: TeO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2TeO3 + H2O;<a href="#cite_note-578">[525]</a> Na2TeO3 + H2O → Te + 2 NaOH + O2.<a href="#cite_note-579">[526]</a> Druga opcija je redukcija oksida pečenjem sa ugljenikom: TeO2 + C → Te + CO2.<a href="#cite_note-580">[527]</a> Metode proizvodnje za elemente koji se ređe prepoznaju kao metaloidi uključuju prirodnu obradu, elektrolitsku ili hemijsku redukciju, ili zračenje. Ugljenik (kao grafit) se javlja prirodno i ekstrahuje se drobljenjem matične stene i isplivavanjem lakšeg grafita na površinu. Aluminijum se ekstrahuje rastvaranjem njegovog oksida Al2O3 u rastopljenom <a href="/wiki/Cryolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryolite">kriolitu</a> Na3AlF6 i zatim elektrolitičkom redukcijom na visokoj temperaturi. Selen se proizvodi pečenjem selenida kovanog metala X2Se (X = Cu, Ag, Au) sa <a href="/wiki/Soda_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda ash">soda pepelom</a> da bi se dobio selenit: X2Se + O2 + Na2CO3 → Na2SeO3 + 2 X + CO2; selenid se neutrališe sumpornom kiselinom H2SO4 da bi se dobila <a href="/wiki/Selenous_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenous acid">selenova kiselina</a> H2SeO3; ovo se redukuje provođenjem mehurića <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur dioxide">SO2</a> da bi se dobio elementarni selen. Polonijum i astat se proizvode u malim količinama ozračavanjem bizmuta.<a href="#cite_note-581">[528]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trošak">Trošak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Уредите одељак „Trošak”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=40" title="Уреди извор одељка: Trošak">уреди извор</a>]</div> Prepoznati metaloidi i njihovi bliži susedi uglavnom koštaju manje od srebra; samo su polonijum i astat skuplji od zlata, zbog njihove značajne radioaktivnosti. Prema podacima od 5. aprila 2014, cene za male uzorke (do 100 g) silicijuma, antimona, telura, grafita, aluminijuma i selena u proseku su oko jedne trećine cene srebra (1,5 USD po gramu ili oko 45 USD po unci). Uzorci bora, germanijuma i arsena u proseku su oko tri i po puta veći od cene srebra.<a href="#cite_note-586">[n 54]</a> Polonijum je dostupan za oko 100 dolara po <a href="/wiki/Microgram" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgram">mikrogramu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-587">[533]</a> Zalucki i Prušinski<a href="#cite_note-588">[534]</a> procenjuju slične troškove za proizvodnju astata. Cene za primenljive elemente kojima se trguje kao roba imaju tendenciju da se kreću na opsegu dva do tri puta nižih od cene uzorka (Ge), do skoro tri hiljade puta nižih (As).<a href="#cite_note-593">[n 55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Napomene">Napomene</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Уредите одељак „Napomene”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=41" title="Уреди извор одељка: Napomene">уреди извор</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r28440201">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> For a related commentary see also: Vernon RE 2013, 'Which Elements Are Metalloids?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 1703–1707, <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed3008457">10.1021/ed3008457</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Definicije i izvodi različitih autora, koji ilustruju aspekte generičke definicije, slede: <ul><li>„U hemiji metaloid je element sa srednjim svojstvima između onih kod <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metala</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал">nemetala</a>.“<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></li> <li>„Između <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metala</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал">nemetala</a> u periodičnoj tabeli nalazimo elemente... [koji] dele neke od karakterističnih svojstava i metala i nemetala, što otežava njihovo smeštanje u bilo koju od ove dve glavne kategorije“<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></li> <li>„Hemičari ponekad koriste naziv metaloid... za ove elemente koje je teško klasifikovati na ovaj ili onaj način.“<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2000,_p._41-6">[5]</a></li> <li>„Pošto su osobine koje razlikuju <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metale</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал">nemetale</a> kvalitativne prirode, neki elementi ne spadaju jednoznačno ni u jednu kategoriju. Ovi elementi ... se nazivaju metaloidi ...”<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></li></ul> U širem smislu, metaloidi se nazivaju: <ul><li>„elementi koji... su donekle ukrštanje <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metala</a> i <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал">nemetala</a>“;<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> ili</li> <li>"čudni elementi između".<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато">Zlato</a>, na primer, ima mešovita svojstva, ali je i dalje priznato kao „kralj <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metala</a>“. Pored metalnog ponašanja (kao što je visoka električna provodljivost i formiranje <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Катјон">katjona</a>), zlato pokazuje nemetalno ponašanje: <ul><li>Ono ima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_of_standard_electrode_potentials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Table of standard electrode potentials (страница не постоји)">najveći</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Редокс-потенцијал">elektrodni potencijal</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></li> <li>Ono ima treću najvišu <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionization energy">energiju jonizacije</a> među <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metalima</a> (posle <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк">cinka</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">žive</a>)</li> <li>Ono ima najveći <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron affinity">afinitet prema elektronu</a></li> <li>Njegova <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronegativity">elektronegativnost</a> od 2,54 je najveća među <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метал">metalima</a> i premašuje onu kod nekih <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал">nemetala</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Водоник">vodonik</a> 2,2; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор">fosfor</a> 2,19; i <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Радон">radon</a> 2,2)</li> <li>Ono formira Au− auridni <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Анион">anjon</a>, delujući na ovaj način kao <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халоген">halogen</a></li> <li>Ono ponekad ima tendenciju, poznatu kao „<a href="/wiki/Aurophilicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurophilicity">aurofilnost</a>“, da se veže za sebe.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></li></ul> O halogenom karakteru, videti takođe Belpasi et al.,<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> koji zaključuju da se u auridima MAu (M = <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metal">Li–Cs</a>) zlato „ponaša kao halogen, između <a href="/wiki/Bromine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine">Br</a> i <a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">I</a>“; o aurofilnosti, videti takođe Schmidbaur and Schier.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Mann et al.<a href="#cite_note-Mann-20">[17]</a> nazivaju ove elemente „priznatim metaloidima”. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Jones<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> piše: „Iako je klasifikacija suštinska karakteristika u svim granama nauke, uvek postoje teški slučajevi na granicama. Zaista, granica klase retko je oštra.” </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Nedostatak standardne podele elemenata na metale, metaloide i nemetale nije nužno problem. Postoji manje-više, kontinuirano napredovanje od metalnog ka nemetalnom. Određeni podskup ovog kontinuuma mogao bi služiti svojoj posebnoj svrsi kao i bilo kojoj drugoj.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Efikasnost pakovanja bora je 38%; silicijuma i germanijuma 34; arsena 38,5; antimona 41; i telura 36,4.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> Ove vrednosti su niže nego kod većine metala (od kojih 80% ima efikasnost pakovanja od najmanje 68%),<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> ali veće od onih kod elemenata koji se obično klasifikuju kao nemetali. (Galijum je neuobičajen za metal, jer ima efikasnost pakovanja od samo 39%.)<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> Druge značajne vrednosti za metale su 42,9 za bizmut<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-59">[53]</a> i 58,5 za tečnu živu.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a>) Efikasnost pakovanja za nemetale je: grafit 17%,<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> sumpor 19,2,<a href="#cite_note-Neuburger-62">[56]</a> jod 23,9,<a href="#cite_note-Neuburger-62">[56]</a> selen 24,2,<a href="#cite_note-Neuburger-62">[56]</a> i crni fosfor 28,5.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-59">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Specifičnije, Goldhamer–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Herzfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Herzfeld (страница не постоји)">Hercfeldov</a> kriterijum je odnos sile koja drži <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence electron">valentne elektrone</a> pojedinačnog atoma na mestu sa silama na iste elektrone iz interakcija između atoma u čvrstom ili tečnom elementu. Kada su međuatomske sile veće ili jednake atomskoj sili, ukazuje se na kretanje valentnih elektrona i predviđa se metalno ponašanje.<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> U suprotnom se očekuje nemetalno ponašanje. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Pošto je odnos zasnovan na klasičnim argumentima,<a href="#cite_note-68">[60]</a> on ne objašnjava nalaz da polonijum, koji ima vrednost od ~0,95, usvaja metalnu (a ne <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">kovalentnu</a>) <a href="/wiki/Crystalline_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline structure">kristalnu strukturu</a>, na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relativistic_quantum_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry (страница не постоји)">relativističkim</a> osnovama.<a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> Ipak, to nudi racionalizaciju <a href="https://sr.wiktionary.org/wiki/first-order" class="extiw" title="wikt:first-order">prvog reda</a> za pojavu metalnog karaktera među elementima.<a href="#cite_note-edwards695-70">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Atomska provodljivost je električna provodljivost jednog mola supstance. Jednaka je električnoj provodljivosti podeljenoj molarnom zapreminom.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2000,_p._41-6">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Selen ima energiju jonizacije (IE) od 225 kcal/mol (941 kJ/mol) i ponekad se opisuje kao poluprovodnik. On ima relativno visoku elektronegativnost od 2,55 (EN). Polonijum ima IE od 194 kcal/mol (812 kJ/mol) i 2,0 EN, ali ima strukturu metalne trake.<a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a> Astat ima IE od 215 kJ/mol (899 kJ/mol) i EN od 2,2.<a href="#cite_note-78">[68]</a> Njegova elektronska struktura opsega nije poznata sa sigurnošću. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Jones (2010, pp. 169–71): „Iako je klasifikacija suštinska karakteristika svih grana nauke, uvek postoje teški slučajevi na granicama. Granica klase retko je oštra... Naučnici ne bi trebalo da gube san zbog teških slučajeva. Sve dok je sistem klasifikacije koristan za ekonomičnost opisa, za strukturiranje znanja i za naše razumevanje, a teški slučajevi čine malu manjinu, onda ga zadržite. Ako sistem postane manje nego koristan, onda ga uklonite i zamenite sistemom zasnovanim na različitim zajedničkim karakteristikama.” </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Oderberg<a href="#cite_note-93">[81]</a> tvrdi na <a href="/wiki/Ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology">ontološkim</a> osnovama da je sve što nije metal stoga nemetal, i da to uključuje polumetale (tj. metaloide). </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Коперницијум">Kopernicijum</a> je navodno jedini metal za koji se smatra da je gas na sobnoj temperaturi.<a href="#cite_note-100">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Metali imaju vrednosti električne provodljivosti od 6,9 × 103 S•cm−1 za <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган">mangan</a> do 6,3 × 105 za <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро">srebro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Metaloidi imaju vrednosti električne provodljivosti od 1,5 × 10−6 S•cm−1 za bor do × 104 za arsen.<a href="#cite_note-108">[93]</a> Ako je selen uključen kao metaloid, primenljivi opseg provodljivosti bi počeo od ~10−9 do 10−12 S•cm−1.<a href="#cite_note-Kozyrev-109">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Nemetali imaju vrednosti električne provodljivosti od ~10−18 S•cm−1 za elementarne gasove do 3 × 104 u grafitu.<a href="#cite_note-111">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Chedd<a href="#cite_note-119">[102]</a> definiše metaloide kao vrednosti elektronegativnosti od 1,8 do 2,2 (<a href="/wiki/Allred-Rochow_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Allred-Rochow scale">Olred-Rokou skala</a>). On je u ovu kategoriju uključio bor, silicijum, germanijum, arsen, antimon, telur, polonijum i <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Астат">astat</a>. U pregledu Čedovog rada, Odler<a href="#cite_note-120">[103]</a> je opisao ovaj izbor kao proizvoljan, jer drugi elementi čije elektronegativnosti leže u ovom opsegu uključuju <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар">bakar</a>, srebro, fosfor, živu i bizmut. Dalje je predložio da se metaloid definiše kao „poluprovodnik ili polumetal“ i da se u ovu kategoriju uključe bizmut i selen. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Olmsted i Vilijams<a href="#cite_note-125">[107]</a> su komentarisali da se, „Do nedavno, hemijski interes za metaloide sastojao uglavnom od izolovanih zanimljivosti, kao što su otrovna priroda arsena i blago terapeutska vrednost boraksa. Sa razvojem metaloidnih poluprovodnika, međutim, ovi elementi su postali među najintenzivnije proučavanim.” </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Istraživanja objavljena 2012. sugeriraju da se metalno-metaloidna stakla mogu okarakterisati međusobno povezanom atomskom shemom pakovanja u kojoj koegzistiraju metalne i <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ковалентна веза">kovalentne</a> strukture vezivanja.<a href="#cite_note-194">[175]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Reakcija je Ge + 2 <a href="/wiki/MoO3" class="mw-redirect" title="MoO3">MoO3</a> → GeO2 + 2 <a href="/wiki/MoO2" class="mw-redirect" title="MoO2">MoO2</a>. Dodavanje arsena ili antimona (donori elektrona <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extrinsic_semiconductor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extrinsic semiconductor (страница не постоји)">n-tipa</a>) povećava brzinu reakcije; dodavanjem galijuma ili indijuma (akceptori elektrona <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intrinsic_semiconductor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intrinsic semiconductor (страница не постоји)">p-tipa</a>) se smanjuje.<a href="#cite_note-209">[189]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Elern, pišući u časopisu Vojna i civilna pirotehnika (1968), komentariše da je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_black&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon black (страница не постоји)">ugljenik crno</a> „specificirano i korišteno u simulatoru nuklearnog vazdušno praska.”<a href="#cite_note-216">[195]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Bor, na 1,56 eV, ima najveći pojasni otvor među opštepriznatim (poluprovodničkim) metaloidima. Od obližnjih elemenata u periodičnoj tabeli, selen ima sledeći najveći pojasni otvor (blizu 1,8 eV), a zatim beli fosfor (oko 2,1 eV).<a href="#cite_note-271">[249]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Sinteza B40 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borospherene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borospherene (страница не постоји)">borosferena</a>, „iskrivljenog fulerena sa heksagonalnim otvorom na vrhu i dnu i četiri sedmougaona otvora oko struka“ objavljena je 2014. godine.<a href="#cite_note-276">[253]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> BH3 i Fe(CO4) vrste u ovim reakcijama su kratkotrajni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaction_intermediate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaction intermediate (страница не постоји)">međuprodukti reakcije</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[261]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> O analogiji između bora i metala, Grinvud<a href="#cite_note-288">[263]</a> je prokomentarisao da: „Koliko metalni elementi oponašaju bor (u tome što imaju manje elektrona nego orbitala dostupnih za vezivanje) je plodan koncept koherentnosti u razvoju hemije metaloborana... Zaista, metali se nazivaju „počasnim atomima bora“ ili čak „atomima fleksibora“. Obrnuto od ovog odnosa je jasno takođe validno ...” </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Vezivanje u <a href="/wiki/Boron_trifluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron trifluoride">bor trifluoridu</a>, gasu, se smatralo pretežno jonskim,<a href="#cite_note-Gillespie1998-293">[267]</a> što je opis koji je kasnije opisan kao pogrešan.<a href="#cite_note-Haaland-294">[268]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Bor trioksid B2O3 se ponekad opisuje kao (slabo) <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amfoteričan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[271]</a> Reaguje sa <a href="/wiki/Alkali" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali">alkalijama</a> dajući različite borate.<a href="#cite_note-299">[272]</a> U svom <a href="/wiki/Hydrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrated">hidratizovanom</a> obliku (kao H3BO3, <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Boric acid">borna kiselina</a>) reaguje sa <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur trioxide">sumpor trioksidom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhydride">anhidridom</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfuric acid">sumporne kiseline</a>, da bi se formirao <a href="/wiki/Bisulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisulfate">bisulfat</a> B(HSO3) 4.<a href="#cite_note-300">[273]</a> U svom čistom (anhidrovanom) obliku reaguje sa <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphoric acid">fosfornom kiselinom</a> da bi se formirao „<a href="/wiki/Phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate">fosfat</a>“ BPO4.<a href="#cite_note-301">[274]</a> Ovo poslednje jedinjenje se može smatrati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mixed oxide (страница не постоји)">mešanim oksidom</a> B2O3 i <a href="/wiki/P2O5" class="mw-redirect" title="P2O5">P2O5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[275]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Organski derivati metaloida se tradicionalno računaju kao organometalna jedinjenja.<a href="#cite_note-305">[277]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Na vazduhu, silicijum formira tanku prevlaku od amorfnog silicijum dioksida, debljine 2 do 3 nm.<a href="#cite_note-R393-311">[282]</a> Ovaj premaz se rastvara <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fluoride">fluorovodonikom</a> veoma malom brzinom – od dva do tri sata po nanometru.<a href="#cite_note-312">[283]</a> Silicijum dioksid i silikatna stakla (od kojih je silicijum dioksid glavna komponenta) su inače lako napadnuti fluorovodoničnom kiselinom.<a href="#cite_note-313">[284]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> Vezivanje u <a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon tetrafluoride">silicijum-tetrafluoridu</a>, gasu, je označeno kao pretežno jonsko,<a href="#cite_note-Gillespie1998-293">[267]</a> što je opis koji je kasnije opisan kao pogrešan.<a href="#cite_note-Haaland-294">[268]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> Iako je SiO2 klasifikovan kao kiseli oksid i stoga reaguje sa alkalijama dajući silikate, on reaguje sa fosfornom kiselinom dajući silicijum oksid ortofosfat Si5O(PO4)6,<a href="#cite_note-331">[300]</a> i sa fluorovodoničnom kiselinom dajući <a href="/wiki/Hexafluorosilicic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexafluorosilicic acid">heksafluorosilicijsku kiselinu</a> H2SiF6.<a href="#cite_note-332">[301]</a> Poslednja reakcija „ponekad se navodi kao dokaz osnovnih [tj. metalnih] osobina“.<a href="#cite_note-333">[302]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> Temperature iznad 400 °C su potrebne da bi se formirao uočljiv površinski sloj oksida.<a href="#cite_note-338">[306]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> Izvori koji pominju germanijumske katjone uključuju: Powell & Brewer<a href="#cite_note-345">[312]</a> koji navode da struktura <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_iodide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium iodide">kadmijum jodida</a> CdI2 od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanous_iodide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanous iodide (страница не постоји)">germanijum jodida</a> GeI2 utvrđuje postojanje Ge++ jona (struktura CdI2 koja se nalazi, prema Ladu,<a href="#cite_note-346">[313]</a> u „mnogim metalnim halidima, hidroksidima i halcidima"); Everest<a href="#cite_note-347">[314]</a> koji komentariše da, „čini se verovatnim da se Ge++ jon može pojaviti i u drugim kristalnim germanskim solima kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanous_phosphite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanous phosphite (страница не постоји)">fosfit</a>, koji je sličan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stannous_phosphite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stannous phosphite (страница не постоји)">kalajnom fosfitu</a> sličnom soli i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanous_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanous phosphate (страница не постоји)">germanijum fosfatu</a>, koji podseća ne samo na kalajne fosfate, već i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganous_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganous phosphate (страница не постоји)">manganove fosfate</a>“; Pan, Fu i Huang<a href="#cite_note-348">[315]</a> koji pretpostavljaju formiranje jednostavnog Ge++ jona kada se Ge(OH)2 rastvori u rastvoru <a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Perchloric acid">perhlorne kiseline</a>, na osnovu toga da „ClO4− ima malu tendenciju da uđe u <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination complex">kompleksnu</a> formaciju sa katjonom“; Monconduit et al.<a href="#cite_note-349">[316]</a> koji je pripremio slojno jedinjenje ili fazu Nb3GexTe6 (k ≃ 0,9), i izvestio da ovo sadrži GeII katjon; Richens<a href="#cite_note-350">[317]</a> koji beleži da se kaže da „Ge2+ (aq) ili eventualno Ge(OH)+(aq) postoje u razblaženim vodenim suspenzijama žutog vodenog monoksida bez vazduha… međutim, oba su nestabilna u odnosu na gotovu formaciju od GeO2.nH2O"; Rupar et al.<a href="#cite_note-351">[318]</a> koji je sintetizovao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptand (страница не постоји)">kriptandno</a> jedinjenje koje sadrži Ge2+ katjon; i Šviecer i Pesterfild<a href="#cite_note-352">[319]</a> koji pišu da se „monoksid <a href="/wiki/GeO" class="mw-redirect" title="GeO">GeO</a> rastvara u razblaženim kiselinama dajući Ge+2 i u razblaženim bazama da bi proizveo GeO2−2, pri čemu su sva tri entiteta nestabilna u vodi“. Izvori koji odbacuju katjone germanijuma ili dodatno kvalifikuju njihovo pretpostavljeno postojanje uključuju: Džoli i Latimera<a href="#cite_note-353">[320]</a> koji tvrde da se „germano jon ne može direktno proučavati, jer nema vrste germanijuma (II) u bilo kakvoj značajnoj koncentraciji u nekompleksnim vodenim rastvorima“; Lidin<a href="#cite_note-354">[321]</a> koji kaže da, „[germanijum] ne stvara vodene katjone“; Lad<a href="#cite_note-355">[322]</a> koji primećuje da je struktura CdI2 „srednja po tipu između jonskih i molekularnih jedinjenja“; i Viberg<a href="#cite_note-356">[323]</a> koji tvrdi da „nisu poznati katjoni germanijuma“. </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> Arsen takođe postoji kao prirodni (ali retki) alotrop (arsenolamprit), kristalni poluprovodnik sa razmakom pojasa od oko 0,3 eV ili 0,4 eV. Takođe se može pripremiti u poluprovodnoj <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous solid">amorfnoj</a> formi, sa pojasnom širinom od oko 1,2–1,4 eV.<a href="#cite_note-373">[339]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> Izvori koji pominju katjonski arsen uključuju: illespie & Robinson<a href="#cite_note-377">[342]</a> koji su otkrili da, „u veoma razblaženim rastvorima u 100% sumpornoj kiselini, arsenik (III) oksid formira arsonil (III) hidrogensulfat, AsO.HO4, koji je delimično jonizovan dajući AsO+ katjon. Obe ove vrste verovatno postoje uglavnom u solvatisanim oblicima, npr. As(OH)(SO4H)2, i As(OH)(SO4H)+, respektivno. Pol et al.<a href="#cite_note-378">[343]</a> koji su izvestili spektroskopske dokaze o prisustvu As42+ i As22+ katjona kada je arsen oksidovan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroxydisulfuryl_difluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peroxydisulfuryl difluoride (страница не постоји)">peroksidisulfuril difluoridom</a> S2O6F2 u visoko kiselim medijima (Gilespi i Pasmor<a href="#cite_note-379">[344]</a> su primetili da su spektri ovih vrsta bili veoma slični S42+ i S82+, i zaključili da nije bilo pouzdanih dokaza za bilo kakvu homopolikatjonizaciju arsena); Van Majlder i Porbajk,<a href="#cite_note-380">[345]</a> koji pišu da je „As2O3 amfoterni oksid koji se rastvara u vodi i rastvorima sa pH vrednostima između 1 i 8 sa formiranjem nedisocirane <a href="/wiki/Arsenious_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenious acid">arsenitne kiseline</a> HAsO2; rastvorljivost se povećava pri pH ispod 1 sa formiranje 'arsenil' jona AsO+ ..."; Koltof i Elving<a href="#cite_note-381">[346]</a> koji pišu da „katjon As3+ postoji donekle samo u jako kiselim rastvorima; u manje kiselim uslovima tendencija je ka <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolysis">hidrolizi</a>, tako da preovlađuje anjonski oblik“; Mudi<a href="#cite_note-382">[347]</a> koji primećuje da su „arsen trioksid, As4O6 i arsenova kiselina, H3AsO3, očigledno amfoterni, ali nisu poznati katjoni, As3+, As(OH)2+ ili As(OH)2+; i Koton et al.<a href="#cite_note-383">[348]</a> koji pišu da (u vodenom rastvoru) jednostavni katjon arsena As3+ „može da se javi u izvesnoj meri [zajedno sa katjonom AsO+]“ i da „Ramanovi spektri pokazuju da je u kiselim rastvorima As4O6 jedina vrsta koja se može detektovati piramidalni As(OH)3". </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> Formule AsPO4 i As2(SO4)3 sugerišu jednostavne jonske formulacije, sa As3+, ali to nije slučaj. AsPO4, „koji je praktično kovalentni oksid”, se naziva dvostrukim oksidom, u obliku As2O3·P2O5. On se sastoji od AsO3 piramida i PO4 tetraedara, spojenih zajedno sa svim njihovim ugaonim atomima da formiraju kontinualnu polimernu mrežu.<a href="#cite_note-390">[354]</a> As2(SO4)3 ima strukturu u kojoj je svaki SO4 tetraedar premošćen sa dve AsO3 trigonalne piramide.<a href="#cite_note-391">[355]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> As2O3 se obično smatra amfoternim, ali nekoliko izvora kaže da je (slabo)<a href="#cite_note-395">[358]</a> kiseo. Oni opisuju njegove „osnovne“ osobine (njegovu reakciju sa koncentrovanom <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrochloric acid">hlorovodoničnom kiselinom</a> da bi se formirao arsenik trihlorid) kao alkoholna, u analogiji sa formiranjem kovalentnih alkil hlorida sa kovalentnim alkoholima (npr. R-OH + HCl <big>→</big> RCl + H2O)<a href="#cite_note-396">[359]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> Antimon se takođe može pripremiti u <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous solid">amorfnom</a> poluprovodljivom crnom obliku, sa procenjenim (temperaturno zavisnim) pojasnin otvorom od 0,06–0,18 eV.<a href="#cite_note-403">[365]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> Lidin<a href="#cite_note-409">[370]</a> tvrdi da SbO+ ne postoji i da je stabilan oblik Sb(III) u vodenom rastvoru nekompletan hidrokompleks [Sb(H2O)4(OH)2]+. </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> Koton et al.<a href="#cite_note-434">[394]</a> napominju da TeO2 izgleda da ima jonsku rešetku; Vels<a href="#cite_note-435">[395]</a> sugeriše da Te–O veze imaju „značajan kovalentni karakter“. </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> Tečni ugljenik može<a href="#cite_note-450">[409]</a> ili ne mora biti<a href="#cite_note-451">[410]</a> metalni provodnik, u zavisnosti od pritiska i temperature.<a href="#cite_note-452">[411]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> Za sulfat, metod pripreme je (pažljiva) direktna oksidacija grafita u koncentrovanoj sumpornoj kiselini pomoću <a href="/wiki/Oxidising_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidising agent">oksidacionog sredstva</a>, kao što je <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Азотна киселина">azotna kiselina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium trioxide">hrom-trioksid</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_persulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium persulfate">amonijum persulfat</a>; u ovom slučaju koncentrovana sumporna kiselina deluje kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inorganic_nonaqueous_solvent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inorganic nonaqueous solvent (страница не постоји)">neorganski nevodeni rastvarač</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> Samo mali deo rastvorenog CO2 je prisutan u vodi kao ugljena kiselina, tako da, iako je H2CO3 srednje jaka kiselina, rastvori ugljene kiseline su samo slabo kiseli.<a href="#cite_note-463">[420]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> Mnemonik koja obuhvata elemente koji se obično prepoznaju kao metaloidi glasi: Gore, gore-dole, gore-dole, gore ... su metaloidi!<a href="#cite_note-476">[432]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_G._Rochow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene G. Rochow (страница не постоји)">Rokou</a>,<a href="#cite_note-483">[438]</a> koji je kasnije napisao svoju monografiju Metaloidi iz 1966. godine,<a href="#cite_note-484">[439]</a> je prokomentarisao da, „U nekim aspektima selen deluje kao metaloid, a telur svakako deluje“. </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a> Dalja opcija je da se astat uključi i kao nemetal i kao metaloid.<a href="#cite_note-511">[465]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a> Vidljivi komadić astata bi odmah i potpuno ispario zbog toplote koju stvara njegova intenzivna radioaktivnost.<a href="#cite_note-518">[471]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> Literatura je kontradiktorna u pogledu toga da li bor pokazuje metalnu provodljivost u tečnom obliku. Krišnan i saradnici<a href="#cite_note-521">[473]</a> su otkrili da se tečni bor ponaša kao metal. Glorieuk et al.<a href="#cite_note-522">[474]</a> su okarakterisali tečni bor kao poluprovodnik, na osnovu njegove niske električne provodljivosti. Milot et al.<a href="#cite_note-523">[475]</a> su izvestili da emisiona sposobnost tečnog bora nije u skladu sa onom tečnog metala. </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> Korenman<a href="#cite_note-528">[479]</a> je na sličan način primetio da „sposobnost taloženja vodonik-sulfidom razlikuje astat od drugih halogena i približava ga bizmutu i drugim <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">teškim metalima</a>“. </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> Razmak između molekula u slojevima joda (350 pm) mnogo je manji od razdvajanja između slojeva joda (427 pm; cf. dvostruki van der Valsov radijus od 430 pm).[<a href="#cite_note-541">[491]</a> Smatra se da je ovo uzrokovano elektronskim interakcijama između molekula u svakom sloju joda, što zauzvrat dovodi do njegovih poluprovodničkih svojstava i sjajnog izgleda.<a href="#cite_note-542">[492]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> Na primer: srednja električna provodljivost;<a href="#cite_note-Lutz_2011,_p._17-555">[504]</a> relativno uzak pojas;<a href="#cite_note-556">[505]</a> osetljivost na svetlost.<a href="#cite_note-Lutz_2011,_p._17-555">[504]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a> Beli fosfor je najmanje stabilan i najreaktivniji oblik.<a href="#cite_note-558">[506]</a> Takođe je najčešći, industrijski važan,<a href="#cite_note-559">[507]</a> i lako ponovljiv alotrop, i iz ova tri razloga se smatra standardnim stanjem elementa.<a href="#cite_note-560">[508]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a> Cene uzoraka zlata, radi poređenja, počinju od otprilike trideset pet puta više od cene srebra. Cene za bazi uzoraka za B, C, Al, Si, Ge, As, Se, Ag, Sb, Te i Au su dostupne na mreži.<a href="#cite_note-582">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-583">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-584">[531]</a><a href="#cite_note-585">[532]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-593"><a href="#cite_ref-593">^</a> Zasnovano na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spot_price&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spot price (страница не постоји)">spot cenama</a> za Al, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Se i Te, koje su dostupne na mreži.<a href="#cite_note-589">[535]</a><a href="#cite_note-590">[536]</a><a href="#cite_note-591">[537]</a><a href="#cite_note-592">[538]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Уредите одељак „Reference”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=42" title="Уреди извор одељка: Reference">уреди извор</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r28440201"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Metalloid#OED1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloid">Oxford English Dictionary 1989, 'metalloid'</a>; <a href="/wiki/Metalloid#GGH2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloid">Gordh, Gordh & Headrick 2003, p. 753</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins2010p20-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins2010p20_3-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins2010p20_3-1">б</a> <a href="#Atkins2010">Atkins et al. 2010, p. 20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#Cusack1987">Cusack 1987, p. 360</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#Kelter2009">Kelter, Mosher & Scott 2009, p. 268</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill_2000,_p._41-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_2000,_p._41_6-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_2000,_p._41_6-1">б</a> <a href="#Hill2000">Hill & Holman 2000, p. 41</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#King1979">King 1979, p. 13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#Moore2011">Moore 2011, p. 81</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#Gray2010">Gray 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_11-0">^</a> <a href="#Hopkins1956">Hopkins & Bailar 1956, p. 458</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#Glinka1965">Glinka 1965, p. 77</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/redoxeqia/introduction.html">Electrode potential</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 1279</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#Belpassi2006">Belpassi et al. 2006, pp. 4543–44</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#Schmidbaur2008">Schmidbaur & Schier 2008, pp. 1931–51</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#TM1987">Tyler Miller 1987, p. 59</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#Goldsmith1982">Goldsmith 1982, p. 526</a>; <a href="#Kotz2009">Kotz, Treichel & Weaver 2009, p. 62</a>; <a href="#Bettelheim">Bettelheim et al. 2010, p. 46</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann_20-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann_20-1">б</a> <a href="#Mann2000">Mann et al. 2000, p. 2783</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#Hawkes2001">Hawkes 2001, p. 1686</a>; <a href="#Segal1989">Segal 1989, p. 965</a>; <a href="#McMurray2009">McMurray & Fay 2009, p. 767</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#Bucat1983">Bucat 1983, p. 26</a>; <a href="#Brown2007">Brown c. 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swift1962,100-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swift1962,100_24-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swift1962,100_24-1">б</a> <a href="#Swift1962">Swift & Schaefer 1962, p. 100</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#Hawkes2001">Hawkes 2001, p. 1686</a>; <a href="#Hawkes2010">Hawkes 2010</a>; <a href="#Holt2007">Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#Dunstan1968">Dunstan 1968, pp. 310, 409</a>. Dunstan lists Be, Al, Ge (maybe), As, Se (maybe), Sn, Sb, Te, Pb, Bi, and Po as metalloids (pp. 310, 323, 409, 419). </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#Tilden1876">Tilden 1876, pp. 172, 198–201</a>; <a href="#Smith1994">Smith 1994, p. 252</a>; <a href="#Bodner1993">Bodner & Pardue 1993, p. 354</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#Bassett1966">Bassett et al. 1966, p. 127</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rausch-29"><a href="#cite_ref-rausch_29-0">^</a> <a href="#Rausch1960">Rausch 1960</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#Thayer1977">Thayer 1977, p. 604</a>; <a href="#Warren1981">Warren & Geballe 1981</a>; <a href="#M&E">Masters & Ela 2008, p. 190</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#Warren1981">Warren & Geballe 1981</a>; <a href="#Chalmers1959">Chalmers 1959, p. 72</a>; <a href="#United1965">US Bureau of Naval Personnel 1965, p. 26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#Siebring1967">Siebring 1967, p. 513</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 282</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#Rausch1960">Rausch 1960</a>; <a href="#Friend1953">Friend 1953, p. 68</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#Murray1928">Murray 1928, p. 1295</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#Hampel&H1966">Hampel & Hawley 1966, p. 950</a>; <a href="#Stein1985">Stein 1985</a>; <a href="#Stein1987">Stein 1987, pp. 240, 247–48</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#Hatcher1949">Hatcher 1949, p. 223</a>; <a href="#Secrist">Secrist & Powers 1966, p. 459</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#Taylor1960">Taylor 1960, p. 614</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#Considine1984">Considine & Considine 1984, p. 568</a>; <a href="#Cegielski1998">Cegielski 1998, p. 147</a>; <a href="#TheAmerican2005">The American heritage science dictionary 2005, p. 397</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#Woodward1948">Woodward 1948, p. 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#NIST2010">NIST 2010</a>. Values shown in the above table have been converted from the NIST values, which are given in eV. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997</a>; <a href="#Lovett1977">Lovett 1977, p. 3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#Goldsmith1982">Goldsmith 1982, p. 526</a>; <a href="#Hawkes2001">Hawkes 2001, p. 1686</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-H1687-44"><a href="#cite_ref-H1687_44-0">^</a> <a href="#Hawkes2001">Hawkes 2001, p. 1687</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp1981-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp1981_45-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharp1981_45-1">б</a> <a href="#Sharp1981">Sharp 1981, p. 299</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#Emsley1971">Emsley 1971, p. 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#James2000">James et al. 2000, p. 480</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#Chatt1951">Chatt 1951, p. 417</a> "The boundary between metals and metalloids is indefinite ..."; <a href="#Burrows2009">Burrows et al. 2009, p. 1192</a>: "Although the elements are conveniently described as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, the transitions are not exact ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#Jones2010">Jones 2010, p. 170</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#Kneen1972">Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, pp. 218–20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, pp. 1, 4–7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#Rochow1977">Rochow 1977, p. 76</a>; <a href="#Mann2000">Mann et al. 2000, p. 2783</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#Askeland">Askeland, Phulé & Wright 2011, p. 69</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#VanSetten2007">Van Setten et al. 2007, pp. 2460–61</a>; <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, p. 7</a> (Si, Ge); <a href="#Pearson1972">Pearson 1972, p. 264</a> (As, Sb, Te; also black P) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, p. 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, pp. 6–7, 387</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_59-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_59-1">б</a> <a href="#Pearson1972">Pearson 1972, p. 264</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#Okajima1972">Okajima & Shomoji 1972, p. 258</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#Kitaĭgorodskiĭ1961">Kitaĭgorodskiĭ 1961, p. 108</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuburger-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neuburger_62-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neuburger_62-1">б</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neuburger_62-2">в</a> <a href="#Neuburger1936">Neuburger 1936</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#Edwards1983">Edwards & Sienko 1983, p. 693</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#Herzfeld">Herzfeld 1927</a>; <a href="#Edwards2000">Edwards 2000, pp. 100–03</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#Edwards1983">Edwards & Sienko 1983, p. 695</a>; <a href="#Edwards2010">Edwards et al. 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#Edwards1999">Edwards 1999, p. 416</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#Steurer2007">Steurer 2007, p. 142</a>; <a href="#Pyykkö">Pyykkö 2012, p. 56</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards695-70"><a href="#cite_ref-edwards695_70-0">^</a> <a href="#Edwards1983">Edwards & Sienko 1983, p. 695</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#Hill2000">Hill & Holman 2000, p. 160</a>. They characterise metalloids (in part) on the basis that they are "poor conductors of electricity with atomic conductance usually less than 10−3 but greater than 10−5 ohm−1 cm−4". </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#Bond2005">Bond 2005, p. 3</a>: "One criterion for distinguishing semi-metals from true metals under normal conditions is that the <a href="/wiki/Coordination_number#Usage_in_quasicrystal,_liquid_and_other_disordered_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination number">bulk coordination number</a> of the former is never greater than eight, while for metals it is usually twelve (or more, if for the body-centred cubic structure one counts next-nearest neighbours as well)." </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#Jones2010">Jones 2010, p. 169</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#Masterton1977">Masterton & Slowinski 1977, p. 160</a> list B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, and Te as metalloids, and comment that Po and At are ordinarily classified as metalloids but add that this is arbitrary as so little is known about them. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#Kraig2004">Kraig, Roundy & Cohen 2004, p. 412</a>; <a href="#Alloul2010">Alloul 2010, p. 83</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#Vernon">Vernon 2013, p. 1704</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#Vernon">Vernon 2013, p. 1703</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamm_1969,_p.653-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamm_1969,_p.653_81-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamm_1969,_p.653_81-1">б</a> <a href="#Hamm1969">Hamm 1969, p. 653</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#Horvath1973">Horvath 1973, p. 336</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray91-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray91_83-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray91_83-1">б</a> <a href="#Gray2009">Gray 2009, p. 9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rayner2011-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Rayner2011_84-0">^</a> <a href="#Rayner2011">Rayner-Canham 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#Booth1972">Booth & Bloom 1972, p. 426</a>; <a href="#Cox2004">Cox 2004, pp. 17, 18, 27–28</a>; <a href="#Silberberg2006">Silberberg 2006, pp. 305–13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#Cox2004">Cox 2004, pp. 17–18, 27–28</a>; <a href="#Silberberg2006">Silberberg 2006, pp. 305–13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#Rodgers">Rodgers 2011, pp. 232–33; 240–41</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-roher-88"><a href="#cite_ref-roher_88-0">^</a> <a href="#Roher2001">Roher 2001, pp. 4–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#Tyler1948">Tyler 1948, p. 105</a>; <a href="#Reilly2002">Reilly 2002, pp. 5–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#Hampel1976">Hampel & Hawley 1976, p. 174</a>; </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#Goodrich1844">Goodrich 1844, p. 264</a>; <a href="#TheChemical1897">The Chemical News 1897, p. 189</a>; <a href="#Hampel1976">Hampel & Hawley 1976, p. 191</a>; <a href="#Lewis1993">Lewis 1993, p. 835</a>; <a href="#Hérold2006">Hérold 2006, pp. 149–50</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#Oderberg2007">Oderberg 2007, p. 97</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-95"><a href="#cite_ref-brown_95-0">^</a> <a href="#Brown2006">Brown & Holme 2006, p. 57</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 282</a>; <a href="#Simple2005">Simple Memory Art c. 2005</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#Chedd1969">Chedd 1969, pp. 12–13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#Kneen1972">Kneen, Rogers & Simpson, 1972, p. 263</a>. Columns 2 and 4 are sourced from this reference unless otherwise indicated. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#Stoker2010">Stoker 2010, p. 62</a>; <a href="#Chang2002">Chang 2002, p. 304</a>. Chang speculates that the melting point of francium would be about 23 °C. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#NS1975">New Scientist 1975</a>; <a href="#Soverna2004">Soverna 2004</a>; <a href="#Eichler2007">Eichler et al. 2007</a>; <a href="#Austen2012">Austen 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rochow_1966,_p.4-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rochow_1966,_p.4_102-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rochow_1966,_p.4_102-1">б</a> <a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, p. 4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#Hunt2000">Hunt 2000, p. 256</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-McQuarrie85-104"><a href="#cite_ref-McQuarrie85_104-0">^</a> <a href="#McQuarrie1987">McQuarrie & Rock 1987, p. 85</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#Desai1984">Desai, James & Ho 1984, p. 1160</a>; <a href="#Matula1979">Matula 1979, p. 1260</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#Choppin1972">Choppin & Johnsen 1972, p. 351</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#Schaefer1968">Schaefer 1968, p. 76</a>; <a href="#Carapella1968">Carapella 1968, p. 30</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kozyrev-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kozyrev_109-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kozyrev_109-1">б</a> <a href="#Kozyrev1959">Kozyrev 1959, p. 104</a>; <a href="#Chizhikov1968">Chizhikov & Shchastlivyi 1968, p. 25</a>; <a href="#Glazov1969">Glazov, Chizhevskaya & Glagoleva 1969, p. 86</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#Bogoroditskii1967">Bogoroditskii & Pasynkov 1967, p. 77</a>; <a href="#Jenkins1976">Jenkins & Kawamura 1976, p. 88</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#Hampel1976">Hampel & Hawley 1976, p. 191</a>; <a href="#Wulfsberg2000">Wulfsberg 2000, p. 620</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swalin-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Swalin_114-0">^</a> <a href="#Swalin1962">Swalin 1962, p. 216</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#Bailar1989">Bailar et al. 1989, p. 742</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#Metcalfe1974">Metcalfe, Williams & Castka 1974, p. 86</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#Chang2002">Chang 2002, p. 306</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#Pauling1988">Pauling 1988, p. 183</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#Chedd1969">Chedd 1969, pp. 24–25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#Adler1969">Adler 1969, pp. 18–19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#Hultgren1966">Hultgren 1966, p. 648</a>; <a href="#Young2000">Young & Sessine 2000, p. 849</a>; <a href="#Bassett1966">Bassett et al. 1966, p. 602</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, p. 4</a>; <a href="#Atkins2006">Atkins et al. 2006, pp. 8, 122–23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, pp. 421, 423</a>; <a href="#Gray2009">Gray 2009, p. 23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#Olmsted1997">Olmsted & Williams 1997, p. 975</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell2005401-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell2005401_127-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell2005401_127-1">б</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell2005401_127-2">в</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, p. 401</a>; <a href="#Büchel2003">Büchel, Moretto & Woditsch 2003, p. 278</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#Desch1914">Desch 1914, p. 86</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#Phillips1965">Phillips & Williams 1965, p. 620</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#Vanderput1998">Van der Put 1998, p. 123</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="#Klug1958">Klug & Brasted 1958, p. 199</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#Good1813">Good et al. 1813</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#Sequeira">Sequeira 2011, p. 776</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#Gary">Gary 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, pp. 405–06; 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<a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 980</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <a href="#Toy">Toy 1975, p. 506</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao22-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_304-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_304-1">б</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_304-2">в</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_304-3">г</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_304-4">д</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_304-5">ђ</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_304-6">е</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao22_304-7">ж</a> <a href="#Rao2002">Rao 2002, p. 22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a href="#Fehlner">Fehlner 1992, p. 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <a href="#Haiduc1985">Haiduc & Zuckerman 1985, p. 82</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood331-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood331_308-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood331_308-1">б</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 331</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 824</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <a href="#Rochow1973">Rochow 1973, pp. 1337‒38</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-R393-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R393_311-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R393_311-1">б</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, p. 393</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a href="#Zhang">Zhang 2002, p. 70</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a href="#Sacks">Sacks 1998, p. 287</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <a href="#Rochow1973">Rochow 1973, pp. 1337, 1340</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <a href="#Allen1968">Allen & Ordway 1968, p. 152</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, pp. 48, 127, 438, 1194</a>; <a href="#Massey2000">Massey 2000, p. 191</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <a href="#Orton2004">Orton 2004, p. 7</a>. This is a typical value for high-purity silicon. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <a href="#Coles1976">Coles & Caplin 1976, p. 106</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <a href="#Glazov1969">Glazov, Chizhevskaya & Glagoleva 1969, pp. 59–63</a>; <a href="#Allen1987">Allen & Broughton 1987, p. 4967</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a href="#Cotton1995">Cotton, Wilkinson & Gaus 1995, p. 393</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 834</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <a href="#Partington1944">Partington 1944, p. 723</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_325-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_325-1">б</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_325-2">в</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_325-3">г</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_325-4">д</a> <a href="#Cox2004">Cox 2004, p. 27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hiller225-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hiller225_326-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiller225_326-1">б</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiller225_326-2">в</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiller225_326-3">г</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiller225_326-4">д</a> <a href="#Hiller1960">Hiller & Herber 1960, inside front cover; p. 225</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <a href="#Kneen1972">Kneen, Rogers and Simpson 1972, p. 384</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailar513-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailar513_328-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailar513_328-1">б</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailar513_328-2">в</a> <a href="#Bailar1965">Bailar, Moeller & Kleinberg 1965, p. 513</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <a href="#Cotton1995">Cotton, Wilkinson & Gaus 1995, pp. 319, 321</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <a href="#Smith1990">Smith 1990, p. 175</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a href="#Poojary1993">Poojary, Borade & Clearfield 1993</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, pp. 851, 858</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a href="#Barnett">Barmett & Wilson 1959, p. 332</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <a href="#Powell1988">Powell 1988, p. 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 371</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a href="#Cusack1967">Cusack 1967, p. 193</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, pp. 399–400</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood373-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood373_340-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood373_340-1">б</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 373</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <a href="#Moody1991">Moody 1991, p. 273</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, p. 399</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, pp. 71–72</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <a href="#Jolly1966">Jolly 1966, pp. 125–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <a href="#Powell">Powell & Brewer 1938</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <a href="#Ladd">Ladd 1999, p. 55</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <a href="#Everest">Everest 1953, p. 4120</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <a href="#Pan">Pan, Fu and Huang 1964, p. 182</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <a href="#Monconduit">Monconduit et al. 1992</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <a href="#Richens">Richens 1997, p. 152</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <a href="#Rupar">Rupar et al. 2008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <a href="#Schwietzer2010">Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010, p. 190</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <a href="#Jolly">Jolly & Latimer 1951, p. 2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <a href="#Lidin">Lidin 1996, p. 140</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <a href="#Ladd">Ladd 1999, p. 56</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 896</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <a href="#Schwartz2002">Schwartz 2002, p. 269</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-359"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_359-0">^</a> <a href="#Eggins1972">Eggins 1972, p. 66</a>; <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 895</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 383</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <a href="#Glockling1969">Glockling 1969, p. 38</a>; <a href="#Wells1984">Wells 1984, p. 1175</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <a href="#Cooper1968">Cooper 1968, pp. 28–29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <a href="#Steele1966">Steele 1966, pp. 178, 188–89</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <a href="#Haller_2006">Haller 2006, p. 3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <a href="#Walker">See, for example, Walker & Tarn 1990, p. 590</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 742</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-GWM2011-367">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GWM2011_367-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GWM2011_367-1">б</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GWM2011_367-2">в</a> <a href="#Gray2011">Gray, Whitby & Mann 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_2002,_p._552-368">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_2002,_p._552_368-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_2002,_p._552_368-1">б</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 552</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <a href="#Parkes1943">Parkes & Mellor 1943, p. 740</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, p. 420</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carapella1968p30-371"><a href="#cite_ref-Carapella1968p30_371-0">^</a> <a href="#Carapella1968">Carapella 1968, p. 30</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barfuß_1981,_p._967-372">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barfuß_1981,_p._967_372-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barfuß_1981,_p._967_372-1">б</a> <a href="#Barfuß1981">Barfuß et al. 1981, p. 967</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <a href="#Greaves1974">Greaves, Knights & Davis 1974, p. 369</a>; <a href="#Madelung2004">Madelung 2004, pp. 405, 410</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <a href="#Bailar1973">Bailar & Trotman-Dickenson 1973, p. 558</a>; <a href="#Li1990">Li 1990</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <a href="#Bailar1965">Bailar, Moeller & Kleinberg 1965, p. 477</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <a href="#Gillespie">Gillespie & Robinson 1963, p. 450</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <a href="#Paul">display-authors= et al.|Paul et al. 1971</a>; see also <a href="#Ahmeda">Ahmeda & Rucka 2011, pp. 2893–94</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <a href="#GillespieP">Gillespie & Passmore 1972, p. 478</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <a href="#Van_Muylder">Van Muylder & Pourbaix 1974, p. 521</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <a href="#Kolthoff">Kolthoff & Elving 1978, p. 210</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <a href="#Moody">Moody 1991, pp. 248–49</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton & Wilkinson 1999, pp. 396, 419</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, p. 91</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Massey267-386">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Massey267_386-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Massey267_386-1">б</a> <a href="#Massey2000">Massey 2000, p. 267</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <a href="#Timm1944">Timm 1944, p. 454</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <a href="#Partington1944">Partington 1944, p. 641</a>; 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<a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 589</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, pp. 765–66</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <a href="#Bagnall1966">Bagnall 1966, pp. 134–51</a>; <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 786</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <a href="#Detty1994">Detty & O'Regan 1994, pp. 1–2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <a href="#Hill2000">Hill & Holman 2000, p. 124</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <a href="#Chang2002">Chang 2002, p. 314</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <a href="#Kent1950">Kent 1950, pp. 1–2</a>; <a href="#Clark1960">Clark 1960, p. 588</a>; <a href="#Warren1981">Warren & Geballe 1981</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <a href="#Housecroft2008">Housecroft & Sharpe 2008, p. 384</a>; <a href="#IUPAC2006">IUPAC 2006–, rhombohedral graphite entry</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <a href="#Mingos1998">Mingos 1998, p. 171</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 781</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <a href="#Charlier">Charlier, Gonze & Michenaud 1994</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins320-449">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins320_449-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins320_449-1">б</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atkins320_449-2">в</a> <a href="#Atkins2006">Atkins et al. 2006, pp. 320–21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <a href="#Savvatimskiy2005">Savvatimskiy 2005, p. 1138</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <a href="#Togaya2000">Togaya 2000</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <a href="#Savvatimskiy2009">Savvatimskiy 2009</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <a href="#Inagaki2000">Inagaki 2000, p. 216</a>; <a href="#Yasuda2003">Yasuda et al. 2003, pp. 3–11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <a href="#O'Hare">O'Hare 1997, p. 230</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <a href="#Traynham1989">Traynham 1989, pp. 930–31</a>; <a href="#Prakash1997">Prakash & Schleyer 1997</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <a href="#Bailar1989">Bailar et al. 1989, p. 743</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <a href="#Moore1985">Moore et al. 1985</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <a href="#House2010">House & House 2010, p. 526</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 798</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, p. 175</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <a href="#Atkins2006">Atkins et al. 2006, p. 121</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, pp. 358–59</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <a href="#Keevil">Keevil 1989, p. 103</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, pp. 358–60 et seq</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <a href="#Harding">Harding, Janes & Johnson 2002, p. 118</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalfe_et_al._1974,_p.539-469">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalfe_et_al._1974,_p.539_469-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalfe_et_al._1974,_p.539_469-1">б</a> <a href="#Metcalfe1974">Metcalfe, Williams & Castka 1974, p. 539</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <a href="#Cobb2005">Cobb & Fetterolf 2005, p. 64</a>; <a href="#Metcalfe1974">Metcalfe, Williams & Castka 1974, p. 539</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <a href="#Ogata2002">Ogata, Li & Yip 2002</a>; <a href="#Boyer2004">Boyer et al. 2004, p. 1023</a>; <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, p. 359</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <a href="#Cooper1968">Cooper 1968, p. 25</a>; <a href="#Henderson2000">Henderson 2000, p. 5</a>; <a href="#Silberberg2006">Silberberg 2006, p. 314</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 1014</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <a href="#Daub1996">Daub & Seese 1996, pp. 70, 109</a>: "Aluminum is not a metalloid but a metal because it has mostly metallic properties."; <a href="#Denniston2004">Denniston, Topping & Caret 2004, p. 57</a>: "Note that aluminum (Al) is classified as a metal, not a metalloid."; <a href="#Hasan2009">Hasan 2009, p. 16</a>: "Aluminum does not have the characteristics of a metalloid but rather those of a metal." </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> <a href="#Holt2007">Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a> <a href="#Tuthill2011">Tuthill 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <a href="#Stott1956">Stott 1956, p. 100</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> <a href="#Steele1966">Steele 1966, p. 60</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <a href="#Moody">Moody 1991, p. 303</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001, p. 382</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <a href="#Young2010">Young et al. 2010, p. 9</a>; <a href="#Craig2003">Craig & Maher 2003, p. 391</a>. Selenium is "near metalloidal". </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <a href="#Rochow1957">Rochow 1957</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, p. 224</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> <a href="#Moss1952">Moss 1952, p. 192</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glinka_1965,_p.356-487">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glinka_1965,_p.356_487-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glinka_1965,_p.356_487-1">б</a> <a href="#Glinka1965">Glinka 1965, p. 356</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> <a href="#Evans1966">Evans 1966, pp. 124–25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <a href="#Regnault1853">Regnault 1853, p. 208</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <a href="#Scott1962">Scott & Kanda 1962, p. 311</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a> <a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton et al. 1999, pp. 496, 503–04</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> <a href="#Arlman1939">Arlman 1939</a>; <a href="#Bagnall1966">Bagnall 1966, pp. 135, 142–43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <a href="#Chao1964">Chao & Stenger 1964</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger_1997,_pp.86–7-494">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_1997,_pp.86–7_494-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_1997,_pp.86–7_494-1">б</a> <a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, pp. 86–87</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <a href="#Snyder1966">Snyder 1966, p. 242</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> <a href="#Fritz2008">Fritz & Gjerde 2008, p. 235</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <a href="#Meyer2005">Meyer et al. 2005, p. 284</a>; <a href="#Manahan">Manahan 2001, p. 911</a>; <a href="#Szpunar">Szpunar et al. 2004, p. 17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a> <a href="#USEPA1988">US Environmental Protection Agency 1988, p. 1</a>; <a href="#Uden">Uden 2005, pp. 347‒48</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-499"><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a> <a href="#DeZuane">De Zuane 1997, p. 93</a>; <a href="#Dev">Dev 2008, pp. 2‒3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-500"><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 594</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 786</a>; <a href="#Schwietzer2010">Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010, pp. 242–43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagnall1966p41-502"><a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall1966p41_502-0">^</a> <a href="#Bagnall1966">Bagnall 1966, p. 41</a>; <a href="#Nickless1968">Nickless 1968, p. 79</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <a href="#Bagnall1990">Bagnall 1990, pp. 313–14</a>; <a href="#Lehto2011">Lehto & Hou 2011, p. 220</a>; <a href="#Siekierski2002">Siekierski & Burgess 2002, p. 117</a>: "The tendency to form X2− anions decreases down the Group [16 elements] ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> <a href="#Legit">Legit, Friák & Šob 2010, pp. 214118–18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> <a href="#Halford">Manson & Halford 2006, pp. 378, 410</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> <a href="#Bagnall1957">Bagnall 1957, p. 62</a>; <a href="#Fernelius1982">Fernelius 1982, p. 741</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <a href="#Bagnall1966">Bagnall 1966, p. 41</a>; <a href="#Barrett2003">Barrett 2003, p. 119</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a> <a href="#Hawkes2010">Hawkes 2010</a>; <a href="#Holt2007">Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007</a>; <a href="#Hawkes1999">Hawkes 1999, p. 14</a>; <a href="#Roza2009">Roza 2009, p. 12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> <a href="#Keller1985">Keller 1985</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-510"><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a> <a href="#Harding2002">Harding, Johnson & Janes 2002, p. 61</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-511"><a href="#cite_ref-511">^</a> <a href="#Long1986">Long & Hentz 1986, p. 58</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-513"><a href="#cite_ref-513">^</a> <a href="#Vasáros1985">Vasáros & Berei 1985, p. 109</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <a href="#Haissinsky1949">Haissinsky & Coche 1949, p. 400</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> <a href="#Brownlee1950">Brownlee et al. 1950, p. 173</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-516"><a href="#cite_ref-516">^</a> <a href="#Hermann">Hermann, Hoffmann & Ashcroft 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a> <a href="#Siekierski2002">Siekierski & Burgess 2002, pp. 65, 122</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> <a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001, p. 48</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao_&_Ganguly_1986-520"><a href="#cite_ref-Rao_&_Ganguly_1986_520-0">^</a> <a href="#Rao1986">Rao & Ganguly 1986</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-521"><a href="#cite_ref-521">^</a> <a href="#Krishnan1998">Krishnan et al. 1998</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> <a href="#Glorieux2001">Glorieux, Saboungi & Enderby 2001</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> <a href="#Millot2002">Millot et al. 2002</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <a href="#Vasáros1985">Vasáros & Berei 1985, p. 117</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> <a href="#Kaye1973">Kaye & Laby 1973, p. 228</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-527"><a href="#cite_ref-527">^</a> <a href="#Samsonov1968">Samsonov 1968, p. 590</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a> <a href="#Korenman1959">Korenman 1959, p. 1368</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-530"><a href="#cite_ref-530">^</a> <a href="#Rossler1985">Rossler 1985, pp. 143–44</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> <a href="#Champion2010">Champion et al. 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <a href="#Borst1982">Borst 1982, pp. 465, 473</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> <a href="#Batsanov1971">Batsanov 1971, p. 811</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <a href="#Swalin1962">Swalin 1962, p. 216</a>; <a href="#Feng2005">Feng & Lin 2005, p. 157</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-535"><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a> <a href="#Schwietzer2010">Schwietzer & Pesterfield 2010, pp. 258–60</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> <a href="#Hawkes1999">Hawkes 1999, p. 14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> <a href="#Olmsted1997">Olmsted & Williams 1997, p. 328</a>; <a href="#Daintith2004">Daintith 2004, p. 277</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-538"><a href="#cite_ref-538">^</a> <a href="#Eberle1985">Eberle1985, pp. 213–16, 222–27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-539"><a href="#cite_ref-539">^</a> <a href="#Restrepo2004">Restrepo et al. 2004, p. 69</a>; <a href="#Restrepo2006">Restrepo et al. 2006, p. 411</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 804</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 803</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="#cite_ref-542">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 416</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> <a href="#Craig2003">Craig & Maher 2003, p. 391</a>; <a href="#Schroers2013">Schroers 2013, p. 32</a>; <a href="#Vernon">Vernon 2013, pp. 1704–05</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton et al. 1999, p. 42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-546"><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a> <a href="#Marezio">Marezio & Licci 2000, p. 11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vernon-547">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon_547-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon_547-1">б</a> <a href="#Vernon">Vernon 2013, p. 1705</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-548"><a href="#cite_ref-548">^</a> <a href="#Russell2005">Russell & Lee 2005, p. 5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a> <a href="#Parish1977">Parish 1977, pp. 178, 192–93</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-550"><a href="#cite_ref-550">^</a> <a href="#Eggins1972">Eggins 1972, p. 66</a>; <a href="#Rayner2006">Rayner-Canham & Overton 2006, pp. 29–30</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> <a href="#Atkins2006">Atkins et al. 2006, pp. 320–21</a>; <a href="#Bailar1989">Bailar et al. 1989, pp. 742–43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a> <a href="#Rochow1966">Rochow 1966, p. 7</a>; <a href="#Taniguchi1984">Taniguchi et al. 1984, p. 867</a>: "... black phosphorus ... [is] characterized by the wide valence bands with rather delocalized nature."; <a href="#Morita1986">Morita 1986, p. 230</a>; <a href="#Carmalt">Carmalt & Norman 1998, p. 7</a>: "Phosphorus ... should therefore be expected to have some metalloid properties."; <a href="#Du2010">Du et al. 2010</a>. Interlayer interactions in black phosphorus, which are attributed to van der Waals-Keesom forces, are thought to contribute to the smaller band gap of the bulk material (calculated 0.19 eV; observed 0.3 eV) as opposed to the larger band gap of a single layer (calculated ~0.75 eV). </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a> <a href="#Stuke1974">Stuke 1974, p. 178</a>; <a href="#Cotton1999">Cotton et al. 1999, p. 501</a>; <a href="#Craig2003">Craig & Maher 2003, p. 391</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-554"><a href="#cite_ref-554">^</a> <a href="#Steudel1977">Steudel 1977, p. 240</a>: "... considerable orbital overlap must exist, to form intermolecular, many-center ... [sigma] bonds, spread through the layer and populated with delocalized electrons, reflected in the properties of iodine (lustre, color, moderate electrical conductivity)."; <a href="#Segal1989">Segal 1989, p. 481</a>: "Iodine exhibits some metallic properties ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Lutz_2011,_p._17-555">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lutz_2011,_p._17_555-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lutz_2011,_p._17_555-1">б</a> <a href="#Lutz2011">Lutz et al. 2011, p. 17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-556"><a href="#cite_ref-556">^</a> <a href="#Yacobi1990">Yacobi & Holt 1990, p. 10</a>; <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 160</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-558"><a href="#cite_ref-558">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, pp. 479, 482</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-559"><a href="#cite_ref-559">^</a> <a href="#Eagleson1994">Eagleson 1994, p. 820</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a> <a href="#Oxtoby2008">Oxtoby, Gillis & Campion 2008, p. 508</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-562"><a href="#cite_ref-562">^</a> <a href="#Brescia1980">Brescia et al. 1980, pp. 166–71</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-563"><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a> <a href="#Fine">Fine & Beall 1990, p. 578</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-564"><a href="#cite_ref-564">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 901</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-565"><a href="#cite_ref-565">^</a> <a href="#Berger1997">Berger 1997, p. 80</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-566"><a href="#cite_ref-566">^</a> <a href="#Lovett1977">Lovett 1977, p. 101</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-567"><a href="#cite_ref-567">^</a> <a href="#Cohen">Cohen & Chelikowsky 1988, p. 99</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-568"><a href="#cite_ref-568">^</a> <a href="#Taguena">Taguena-Martinez, Barrio & Chambouleyron 1991, p. 141</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-569"><a href="#cite_ref-569">^</a> <a href="#Ebbing">Ebbing & Gammon 2010, p. 891</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a> <a href="#Asmussen">Asmussen & Reinhard 2002, p. 7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-571"><a href="#cite_ref-571">^</a> <a href="#Deprez1988">Deprez & McLachan 1988</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-572"><a href="#cite_ref-572">^</a> <a href="#Addison1964">Addison 1964 (P, Se, Sn)</a>; <a href="#Marko1998">Marković, Christiansen & Goldman 1998 (Bi)</a>; <a href="#Nagao2004">Nagao et al. 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-573"><a href="#cite_ref-573">^</a> <a href="#Lide">Lide 2005</a>; <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 423: At</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-574"><a href="#cite_ref-574">^</a> <a href="#Cox">Cox 1997, pp. 182‒86</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-575"><a href="#cite_ref-575">^</a> <a href="#MacKay2002">MacKay, MacKay & Henderson 2002, p. 204</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a> <a href="#Baudis">Baudis 2012, pp. 207–08</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg2001">Wiberg 2001, p. 741</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-578"><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a> <a href="#Chizhikov1968">Chizhikov & Shchastlivyi 1968, p. 96</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-579"><a href="#cite_ref-579">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, pp. 140–41, 330, 369, 548–59, 749: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-580"><a href="#cite_ref-580">^</a> <a href="#Kudryavtsev1974">Kudryavtsev 1974, p. 158</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-581"><a href="#cite_ref-581">^</a> <a href="#Greenwood2002">Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, pp. 271, 219, 748–49, 886: C, Al, Se, Po, At</a>; 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Diamond Films Handbook,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-8247-9577-6" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-8247-9577-6">0-8247-9577-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Asmussen+J+%26+Reinhard+DK&rft.btitle=Diamond+Films+Handbook%2C&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8247-9577-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Marcel Dekker, New York,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Atkins P, Overton T, Rourke J, Weller M & Armstrong F (2006). Shriver & Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry, (4th изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-7167-4878-9" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-7167-4878-9">0-7167-4878-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Atkins+P%2C+Overton+T%2C+Rourke+J%2C+Weller+M+%26+Armstrong+F&rft.btitle=Shriver+%26+Atkins%27+Inorganic+Chemistry%2C&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7167-4878-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак аутора (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0:_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Категорија:CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак аутора">веза</a>), Oxford University Press, Oxford,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Atkins P, Overton T, Rourke J, Weller M & Armstrong F (2010). 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Composite Materials: Science and Applications, (2nd изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-1-84882-830-8" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-1-84882-830-8">978-1-84882-830-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Chung+DDL&rft.btitle=Composite+Materials%3A+Science+and+Applications%2C&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84882-830-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , Springer-Verlag, London,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Clark, G. L. (1960). The Encyclopedia of Chemistry,.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=G.+L.&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Chemistry%2C&rft.date=1960&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Reinhold, New York</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Cobb C & Fetterolf ML (2005). 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The Electronic Structures of Solids,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-8448-0874-1" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-8448-0874-1">0-8448-0874-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Coles+BR+%26+Caplin+AD&rft.btitle=The+Electronic+Structures+of+Solids%2C&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8448-0874-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Edward Arnold, London,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Conkling JA & Mocella C (2011). Chemistry of Pyrotechnics: Basic Principles and Theory, (2nd изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-1-57444-740-8" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-1-57444-740-8">978-1-57444-740-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Conkling+JA+%26+Mocella+C&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Pyrotechnics%3A+Basic+Principles+and+Theory%2C&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57444-740-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Considine DM & Considine GD ,, ур. (1984). „Metalloid”. 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Phosphorus: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology, (6th изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-1-4398-4088-7" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-1-4398-4088-7">978-1-4398-4088-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Corbridge+DEC&rft.btitle=Phosphorus%3A+Chemistry%2C+Biochemistry+and+Technology%2C&rft.date=2013&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-4088-7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Corwin, C. H. (2005). Introductory Chemistry: Concepts & Connections, (4th изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-13-144850-1" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-13-144850-1">0-13-144850-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft.aulast=Corwin&rft.btitle=Introductory+Chemistry%3A+Concepts+%26+Connections%2C&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-144850-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson G & Gaus . Basic Inorganic Chemistry, (3rd изд.). стр. 1995,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-471-50532-3" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-471-50532-3">0-471-50532-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Wilkinson+G+%26+Gaus+.&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.btitle=Basic+Inorganic+Chemistry%2C&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-50532-3&rft.pages=1995%2C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , John Wiley & Sons, New York,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G; Murillo CA & Bochmann (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, (6th изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-471-19957-5" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-471-19957-5">0-471-19957-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Murillo+CA+%26+Bochmann&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+G&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.btitle=Advanced+Inorganic+Chemistry%2C&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-19957-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , John Wiley & Sons, New York,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Cox, P. A. (1997). The Elements: Their Origin, Abundance and Distribution,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-19-855298-X" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-19-855298-X">0-19-855298-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.btitle=The+Elements%3A+Their+Origin%2C+Abundance+and+Distribution%2C&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-855298-X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Oxford University, Oxford,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Cox, P. A. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry, (2nd изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/1-85996-289-0" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/1-85996-289-0">1-85996-289-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry%2C&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-85996-289-0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , Instant Notes series, Bios Scientific, London,</li> <li>Craig PJ, Eng G & Jenkins RO , 'Occurrence and Pathways of Organometallic Compounds in the Environment—General Considerations' in PJ Craig (ed.), <cite class="citation book">Organometallic Compounds in the Environment, (2nd изд.). 2003. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0471899933" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0471899933">0471899933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.btitle=Organometallic+Compounds+in+the+Environment%2C&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0471899933&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, West Sussex, pp. 1–56,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Craig PJ & Maher WA (2003). „Organoselenium compounds in the environment”. 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Royal Society of Chemistry. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-85404-690-9" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-85404-690-9">0-85404-690-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.btitle=Elements+of+the+p+Block&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-85404-690-9&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0HW8wgmQQsC%26pg%3DPA61&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , Cambridge,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hasan H (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46FLKqyFdDsC&printsec=frontcover">The Boron Elements: Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/1-4358-5333-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/1-4358-5333-4">1-4358-5333-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Hasan+H&rft.btitle=The+Boron+Elements%3A+Boron%2C+Aluminum%2C+Gallium%2C+Indium%2C+Thallium&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4358-5333-4&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46FLKqyFdDsC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , New York,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hatcher, W. H. (1949). An Introduction to Chemical Science,.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Chemical+Science%2C&rft.date=1949&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  John Wiley & Sons, New York</li> <li>Hawkes SJ 1999, 'Polonium and Astatine are not Semimetals', Chem 13 News, February, p. 14, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_serijski_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni serijski broj">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0703-1157">0703-1157</a></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Hawkes SJ (2001). „Semimetallicity”. Journal of Chemical Education. 78 (12): 1686—7. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed078p1686">10.1021/ed078p1686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Semimetallicity&rft.au=Hawkes+SJ&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.pages=1686-7&rft.volume=78&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed078p1686&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Hawkes SJ (2010). „Polonium and Astatine are not Semimetals”. Journal of Chemical Education. 87 (8): 783. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021ed100308w">10.1021ed100308w</a> Проверите вредност параметра <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|doi=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B:CS1_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5#bad_doi" title="Помоћ:CS1 грешке">помоћ</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Polonium+and+Astatine+are+not+Semimetals&rft.au=Hawkes+SJ&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.pages=783&rft.volume=87&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021ed100308w&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Haynes WM ,, ур. (2012). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, (93rd изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/1-4398-8049-2" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/1-4398-8049-2">1-4398-8049-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics%2C&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=93rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4398-8049-2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,</li> <li>He M, Kravchyk K, Walter M & Kovalenko MV. <cite class="citation journal">„Monodisperse Antimony Nanocrystals for High-Rate Li-ion and Na-ion Battery Anodes: Nano versus Bulk”. Nano Letters. 14 (3): 1255—1262. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnl404165c">10.1021/nl404165c</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Monodisperse+Antimony+Nanocrystals+for+High-Rate+Li-ion+and+Na-ion+Battery+Anodes%3A+Nano+versus+Bulk&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Nano+Letters&rft.pages=1255-1262&rft.volume=14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fnl404165c&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Henderson M (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twdXz1jfVOsC&printsec=frontcover">Main Group Chemistry</a>. The Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-85404-617-8" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-85404-617-8">0-85404-617-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Henderson+M&rft.btitle=Main+Group+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-85404-617-8&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwdXz1jfVOsC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , Cambridge,</li> <li>Hermann A, Hoffmann R & Ashcroft NW 2013, 'Condensed Astatine: Monatomic and Metallic', Physical Review Letters, vol. 111, pp. 11604–1−11604-5. <cite class="citation journal">. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.111.116404">10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.116404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.111.116404&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Недостаје или је празан параметар <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B:CS1_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5#citation_missing_title" title="Помоћ:CS1 грешке">помоћ</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Hérold A (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215003543/http://depa.pquim.unam.mx/amyd/archivero/An_arrangement_of_the_chemical_elements_5006.pdf">„'An Arrangement of the Chemical Elements in Several Classes Inside the Periodic Table According to their Common Properties'”</a> (PDF). 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The Chemistry & Technology of Selenium and Tellurium,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-569-08009-6" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-569-08009-6">0-569-08009-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft.aulast=Kudryavtsev&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+%26+Technology+of+Selenium+and+Tellurium%2C&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-569-08009-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  translated from the 2nd Russian edition and revised by EM Elkin, Collet's, London,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kugler HK & Keller C ,, ур. (1985). 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Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-85404-582-1" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-85404-582-1">0-85404-582-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.btitle=Fire+Retardancy+of+Polymers%3A+New+Applications+of+Mineral+Fillers&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-85404-582-1&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак уредника (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0:_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Категорија:CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак уредника">веза</a>), Cambridge,</li> <li>Lee J, Lee EK, Joo W, Jang Y, Kim B, Lim JY, Choi S, Ahn SJ, Ahn JR, Park M, Yang C, Choi BL, Hwang S & Whang D. <cite class="citation journal">„Wafer-Scale Growth of Single-Crystal Monolayer Graphene on Reusable Hydrogen-Terminated Germanium”. 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Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/3-642-11124-6" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/3-642-11124-6">3-642-11124-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Lutz+J%2C+Schlangenotto+H%2C+Scheuermann+U%2C+De+Doncker+R&rft.btitle=Semiconductor+Power+Devices%3A+Physics%2C+Characteristics%2C+Reliability&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-642-11124-6&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D345uBEHneEgC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак аутора (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0:_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Категорија:CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак аутора">веза</a>), Berlin,</li> <li>Masters GM & Ela W , <cite class="citation book">Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, (3rd изд.). 2008. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-13-148193-0" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-13-148193-0">978-0-13-148193-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Environmental+Engineering+and+Science%2C&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-13-148193-0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">MacKay, K. 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Semiconductors: Data Handbook, (3rd изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-3-540-40488-0" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-3-540-40488-0">978-3-540-40488-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.btitle=Semiconductors%3A+Data+Handbook%2C&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-540-40488-0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , Springer-Verlag, Berlin,</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Maeder T (2013). „Review of Bi2O3 Based Glasses for Electronics and Related Applications”. 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Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry, (2nd изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/1-56670-491-X" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/1-56670-491-X">1-56670-491-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.aulast=Manahan&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Environmental+Chemistry%2C&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-56670-491-X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,</li> <li>Mann JB, Meek TL & Allen LC. <cite class="citation journal">„Configuration Energies of the Main Group Elements”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 122 (12): 2780—3. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021ja992866e">10.1021ja992866e</a> Проверите вредност параметра <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|doi=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B:CS1_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5#bad_doi" title="Помоћ:CS1 грешке">помоћ</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Configuration+Energies+of+the+Main+Group+Elements&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.pages=2780-3&rft.volume=122&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021ja992866e&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Marezio M & Licci F , 'Strategies for Tailoring New Superconducting Systems', in X Obradors, F Sandiumenge & J Fontcuberta (eds), <cite class="citation book">Applied Superconductivity 1999: Large scale applications,. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-7503-0745-5" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-7503-0745-5">0-7503-0745-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.btitle=Applied+Superconductivity+1999%3A+Large+scale+applications%2C&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7503-0745-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  volume 1 of Applied Superconductivity 1999: Proceedings of EUCAS 1999, the Fourth European Conference on Applied Superconductivity, held in Sitges, Spain, 14–17 September 1999, Institute of Physics, Bristol, pp. 11–16,</li> <li>Marković N, Christiansen C & Goldman AM. <cite class="citation journal">„Thickness-Magnetic Field Phase Diagram at the Superconductor-Insulator Transition in 2D”. 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General Chemistry: Atoms First,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-321-57163-0" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-321-57163-0">0-321-57163-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=McMurray+J+%26+Fay+RC&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry%3A+Atoms+First%2C&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-321-57163-0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">McQuarrie DA & Rock PA (1987). General Chemistry, (3rd изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-7167-2169-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-7167-2169-4">0-7167-2169-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=McQuarrie+DA+%26+Rock+PA&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry%2C&rft.date=1987&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7167-2169-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , WH Freeman, New York,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mellor, J. W. (1964). A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry,.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Treatise+on+Inorganic+and+Theoretical+Chemistry%2C&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  vol. 9, John Wiley, New York</li> <li>Mellor JW 1964a, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, vol. 11, John Wiley, New York</li> <li>Mendeléeff DI 1897, The Principles of Chemistry, vol. 2, 5th ed., trans. G Kamensky, AJ Greenaway (ed.), Longmans, Green & Co., London</li> <li>Meskers CEM, Hagelüken C & Van Damme G , 'Green Recycling of EEE: Special and Precious Metal EEE', in SM Howard, P Anyalebechi & L Zhang (eds), <cite class="citation book">Proceedings of Sessions and Symposia Sponsored by the Extraction and Processing Division (EPD) of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS),. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/978-0-87339-732-2" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/978-0-87339-732-2">978-0-87339-732-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+Sessions+and+Symposia+Sponsored+by+the+Extraction+and+Processing+Division+%28EPD%29+of+The+Minerals%2C+Metals+and+Materials+Society+%28TMS%29%2C&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87339-732-2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  held during the TMS 2009 Annual Meeting & Exhibition San Francisco, California, February 15–19, 2009, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, , pp. 1131–6</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Metcalfe, H. C.; Williams JE & Castka JF (1974). Modern Chemistry,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-03-089450-6" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-03-089450-6">0-03-089450-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Williams+JE+%26+Castka+JF&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.btitle=Modern+Chemistry%2C&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-03-089450-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Meyer JS, Adams WJ, Brix KV, Luoma SM, Mount DR, Stubblefield WA & Wood CM ,, ур. (2005). Toxicity of Dietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/1-880611-70-8" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/1-880611-70-8">1-880611-70-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.btitle=Toxicity+of+Dietborne+Metals+to+Aquatic+Organisms%2C&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-880611-70-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак уредника (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0:_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Категорија:CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак уредника">веза</a>) Proceedings from the Pellston Workshop on Toxicity of Dietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms, 27 July–1 August 2002, Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia, Canada, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida,</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Mhiaoui, Souad; Sar, Frédéric; Gasser, Jean-Georges (2003). „Influence of the history of a melt on the electrical resistivity of cadmium–antimony liquid alloys”. Intermetallics. 11 (11–12): 1377—82. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intermet.2003.09.008">10.1016/j.intermet.2003.09.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Influence+of+the+history+of+a+melt+on+the+electrical+resistivity+of+cadmium%E2%80%93antimony+liquid+alloys&rft.au=Gasser%2C+Jean-Georges&rft.au=Sar%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.aufirst=Souad&rft.aulast=Mhiaoui&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.jtitle=Intermetallics&rft.pages=1377-82&rft.volume=11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intermet.2003.09.008&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Miller GJ, Lee C & Choe W , 'Structure and Bonding Around the Zintl border', in G Meyer, D Naumann & L Wesermann (eds), <cite class="citation book">Inorganic chemistry highlights,. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/3-527-30265-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/3-527-30265-4">3-527-30265-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry+highlights%2C&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-527-30265-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 21–53,</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Millot, F.; Rifflet, J. C.; Sarou-Kanian, V.; Wille, G. (2002). „High-Temperature Properties of Liquid Boron from Contactless Techniques”. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Thermophysics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Journal of Thermophysics (страница не постоји)">International Journal of Thermophysics</a>. 23 (5): 1185—95. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1019836102776">10.1023/A:1019836102776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=High-Temperature+Properties+of+Liquid+Boron+from+Contactless+Techniques&rft.au=Rifflet%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Sarou-Kanian%2C+V.&rft.au=Wille%2C+G.&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.aulast=Millot&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Thermophysics&rft.pages=1185-95&rft.volume=23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1019836102776&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mingos DMP (1998). Essential Trends in Inorganic Chemistry,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-19-850108-0" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-19-850108-0">0-19-850108-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Mingos+DMP&rft.btitle=Essential+Trends+in+Inorganic+Chemistry%2C&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-850108-0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Oxford University, Oxford,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Moeller, T. (1954). Inorganic Chemistry: An Advanced Textbook,.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.aulast=Moeller&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry%3A+An+Advanced+Textbook%2C&rft.date=1954&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  John Wiley & Sons, New York</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mokhatab S & Poe WA (2012). Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing, (2nd изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/9780123869142" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/9780123869142">9780123869142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Mokhatab+S+%26+Poe+WA&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Natural+Gas+Transmission+and+Processing%2C&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780123869142&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , Elsevier, Kidlington, Oxford,</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Molina-Quiroz, Roberto C.; Muñoz-Villagrán, Claudia M.; de la Torre, Erick; Tantaleán, Juan C.; Vásquez, Claudio C.; Pérez-Donoso, José M. (Public Library of Science). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334966">„Enhancing the Antibiotic Antibacterial Effect by Sub Lethal Tellurite Concentrations: Tellurite and Cefotaxime Act Synergistically in Escherichia coli”</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e35452. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...735452M">2012PLoSO...735452M</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334966">3334966</a> <img alt="Слободан приступ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536386">22536386</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0035452">10.1371/journal.pone.0035452</a> <img alt="Слободан приступ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Enhancing+the+Antibiotic+Antibacterial+Effect+by+Sub+Lethal+Tellurite+Concentrations%3A+Tellurite+and+Cefotaxime+Act+Synergistically+in+Escherichia+coli&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz-Villagr%C3%A1n%2C+Claudia+M.&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Donoso%2C+Jos%C3%A9+M.&rft.au=Tantale%C3%A1n%2C+Juan+C.&rft.au=V%C3%A1squez%2C+Claudio+C.&rft.au=de+la+Torre%2C+Erick&rft.aufirst=Roberto+C.&rft.aulast=Molina-Quiroz&rft.chron=Public+Library+of+Science&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.pages=e35452&rft.volume=7&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3334966&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3334966&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...735452M&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0035452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22536386&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Проверите вредност парамет(а)ра за датум: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B:CS1_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5#bad_date" title="Помоћ:CS1 грешке">помоћ</a>)</li> <li>Monconduit L, Evain M, Boucher F, Brec R & Rouxel J. <cite class="citation journal">„Short Te ... Te Bonding Contacts in a New Layered Ternary Telluride: Synthesis and crystal structure of 2D Nb3GexTe6 (x ≃ 0.9)”. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 616 (10): 177—182. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19926161028">10.1002/zaac.19926161028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Short+Te+...+Te+Bonding+Contacts+in+a+New+Layered+Ternary+Telluride%3A+Synthesis+and+crystal+structure+of+2D+Nb%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3EGe%3Csub%3Ex%3C%2Fsub%3ETe%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28x+%E2%89%83+0.9%29&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.pages=177-182&rft.volume=616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.19926161028&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Moody, B. (1991). 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Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, (4th изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-7167-8963-9" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-7167-8963-9">0-7167-8963-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Rayner-Canham+G+%26+Overton+T&rft.btitle=Descriptive+Inorganic+Chemistry%2C&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7167-8963-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , WH Freeman, New York,</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Rayner-Canham G (2011). „Isodiagonality in the Periodic Table”. 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The Aqueous Chemistry of the Elements,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-19-539335-X" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-19-539335-X">0-19-539335-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Schwietzer+GK+and+Pesterfield+LL&rft.btitle=The+Aqueous+Chemistry+of+the+Elements%2C&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-539335-X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Oxford University, Oxford,</li> <li>ScienceDaily 2012, 'Recharge Your Cell Phone With a Touch? New nanotechnology converts body heat into power', February 22, viewed 13 January 2013</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Scott EC & Kanda FA (1962). 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Chemistry: Experiment and Theory, (2nd изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-471-84929-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-471-84929-4">0-471-84929-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+Experiment+and+Theory%2C&rft.date=1989&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-84929-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , John Wiley & Sons, New York,</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Sekhon, B. S. (2012). „Metalloid Compounds as Drugs”. 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Carbon Alloys: Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon Science and Technology,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-08-044163-7" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-08-044163-7">0-08-044163-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.au=Yasuda+E%2C+Inagaki+M%2C+Kaneko+K%2C+Endo+M%2C+Oya+A+%26+Tanabe+Y&rft.btitle=Carbon+Alloys%3A+Novel+Concepts+to+Develop+Carbon+Science+and+Technology%2C&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-08-044163-7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак аутора (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0:_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Категорија:CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак аутора">веза</a>) Elsevier Science, Oxford, pp. 3–11 et seq,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Yetter, R. 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General Chemistry: Principles and Structure, (2nd изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-471-06315-0" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-471-06315-0">0-471-06315-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Chemistry+of+the+Representative+Elements%3A+Part+II%2C+The+Metalloids+and+Nonmetals&rft.au=Humiston+GE+%26+Heikkinen+H&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry%3A+Principles+and+Structure%2C&rft.date=1980&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-471-06315-0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , SI version, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 537–591,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Chedd, G. (1969). Half-way Elements: The Technology of Metalloids,.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Chedd&rft.btitle=Half-way+Elements%3A+The+Technology+of+Metalloids%2C&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Doubleday, New York</li> <li>Choppin GR & Johnsen RH 1972, 'Group IV and the Metalloids,' in Introductory Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, pp. 341–357</li> <li>Dunstan S 1968, 'The Metalloids', in Principles of Chemistry, D. Van Nostrand Company, London, pp. 407–39</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Goldsmith RH (1982). „Metalloids”. Journal of Chemical Education. 59 (6): 526—527. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed059p526">10.1021/ed059p526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Metalloids&rft.au=Goldsmith+RH&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.pages=526-527&rft.volume=59&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed059p526&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Hawkes SJ (2001). „Semimetallicity”. Journal of Chemical Education. 78 (12): 1686—7. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed078p1686">10.1021/ed078p1686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Semimetallicity&rft.au=Hawkes+SJ&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.pages=1686-7&rft.volume=78&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed078p1686&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Metcalfe, H. C.; Williams JE & Castka JF (1974). „Aluminum and the Metalloids”. Modern Chemistry,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-03-089450-6" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-03-089450-6">0-03-089450-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Aluminum+and+the+Metalloids&rft.au=Williams+JE+%26+Castka+JF&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.btitle=Modern+Chemistry%2C&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-03-089450-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp. 538–57,</li> <li>Miller JS 2019, 'Viewpoint: Metalloids—An Electronic Band Structure Perspective', Chemistry–A European Perspective, preprint version. <cite class="citation journal">. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201903167">10.1002/chem.201903167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.201903167&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Недостаје или је празан параметар <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B:CS1_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5#citation_missing_title" title="Помоћ:CS1 грешке">помоћ</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Moeller T, Bailar JC, Kleinberg J, Guss CO, Castellion ME & Metz C (1989). „Carbon and the Semiconducting Elements”. Chemistry, with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, (3rd изд.). <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-15-506492-4" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-15-506492-4">0-15-506492-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Carbon+and+the+Semiconducting+Elements&rft.au=Moeller+T%2C+Bailar+JC%2C+Kleinberg+J%2C+Guss+CO%2C+Castellion+ME+%26+Metz+C&rft.btitle=Chemistry%2C+with+Inorganic+Qualitative+Analysis%2C&rft.date=1989&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-15-506492-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак аутора (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0:_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Категорија:CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак аутора">веза</a>), Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, pp. 742–75,</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Rieske M (1998). „Metalloids”. Encyclopedia of Earth and Physical Sciences,. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_broj_knjige" title="Međunarodni standardni broj knjige">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8/0-7614-0551-8" title="Посебно:Штампани извори/0-7614-0551-8">0-7614-0551-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Metalloids&rft.au=Rieske+M&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Earth+and+Physical+Sciences%2C&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-7614-0551-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  Marshall Cavendish, New York, vol. 6, pp. 758–9, (set)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Rochow, E. G. (1966). The Metalloids,.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.aufirst=E.+G.&rft.aulast=Rochow&rft.btitle=The+Metalloids%2C&rft.date=1966&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  DC Heath and Company, Boston</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Vernon RE (2013). „Which Elements are Metalloids?”. Journal of Chemical Education. 90 (12): 1703—7. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed3008457">10.1021/ed3008457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%3AMetaloid&rft.atitle=Which+Elements+are+Metalloids%3F&rft.au=Vernon+RE&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.pages=1703-7&rft.volume=90&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed3008457&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>—— 2020, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10698-020-09356-6">Organising the Metals and Nonmetals</a>', Foundations of chemistry, (open access)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoljašnje_veze">Spoljašnje veze</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Уредите одељак „Spoljašnje veze”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">уреди</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloid&action=edit&section=44" title="Уреди извор одељка: Spoljašnje veze">уреди извор</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Mediji vezani za članak <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Metalloids" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Metalloids">Metaloid</a> na Vikimedijinoj ostavi <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Периодни систем">Periodni sistem</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5)" title="Периодни систем (велике ћелије)">(velike ćelije)</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алкални метал">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Земноалкални метал">2</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/3._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="3. група хемијских елемената">3</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/4._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="4. група хемијских елемената">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/5._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="5. група хемијских елемената">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/6._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="6. група хемијских елемената">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/7._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="7. група хемијских елемената">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/8._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="8. група хемијских елемената">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/9._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="9. група хемијских елемената">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/10._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="10. група хемијских елемената">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/11._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="11. група хемијских елемената">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/12._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="12. група хемијских елемената">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/13._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="13. група хемијских елемената">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/14._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="14. група хемијских елемената">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/15._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="15. група хемијских елемената">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/16._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="16. група хемијских елемената">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Халоген">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Племенити гас">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/1._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="1. периода хемијских елемената">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Vodonik" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Водоник">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хелијум">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/2._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="2. периода хемијских елемената">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Litijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Litijum">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Berilijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Берилијум">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Bor" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (хемијски елемент)">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Ugljenik" style="text-align:center; background-color:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угљеник">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Azot" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Kiseonik" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кисеоник">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluor" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Флуор">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неон">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/3._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="3. периода хемијских елемената">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Natrijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Натријум">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnezijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Магнезијум">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алуминијум">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Силицијум">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Fosfor" style="text-align:center; background-color:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sumpor" style="text-align:center; background-color:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сумпор">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Hlor" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Аргон">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/4._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="4. периода хемијских елемената">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Kalijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калијум">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Kalcijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калцијум">Ca</a> </td> <td title="Sc, Skandijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Скандијум">Sc</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Титанијум">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ванадијум">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Hrom" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Mangan" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Gvožđe" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Гвожђе">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Kobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Кобалт">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nikl" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Никл">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Bakar" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Cink" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Galijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Галијум">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Германијум">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Селен">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Brom" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Kripton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Криптон">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/5._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="5. периода хемијских елемената">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рубидијум">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Stroncijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Стронцијум">Sr</a> </td> <td title="Y, Itrijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Итријум">Y</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Zr, Cirkonijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Цирконијум">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ниобијум">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molibden" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Tehnecijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Технецијум">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Rutenijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рутенијум">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rodijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Родијум">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Paladijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Паладијум">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Srebro" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Kadmijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Кадмијум">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Индијум">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Kalaj" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Калај">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Telur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Телур">Te</a> </td> <td title=" I , Jod" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Јод"> I </a> </td> <td title="Xe, Ksenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ксенон">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/6._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="6. периода хемијских елемената">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Cezijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Цезијум">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Баријум">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lantan" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лантан">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Церијум">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Prazeodijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Празеодијум">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Неодијум">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Prometijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Прометијум">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Самаријум">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Evropijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Европијум">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Гадолинијум">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тербијум">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Disprozijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Диспрозијум">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Холмијум">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ербијум">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Tulijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тулијум">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Iterbijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Итербијум">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutecijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Лутецијум">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хафнијум">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantal" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Тантал">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Volfram" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Renijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ренијум">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Осмијум">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иридијум">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platina" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Zlato" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Živa" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Жива">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Talijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Талијум">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Olovo" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bizmut" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бизмут">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Полонијум">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astat" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Астат">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Радон">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/7._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="7. периода хемијских елемената">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Францијум">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радијум">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Aktinijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Актинијум">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Torijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Торијум">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protaktinijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Протактинијум">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Уранијум">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Нептунијум">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Плутонијум">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Америцијум">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Kirijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Киријум">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berklijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Берклијум">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Kalifornijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калифорнијум">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Ajnštajnijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ајнштајнијум">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Фермијум">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendeljevijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Мендељевијум">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Нобелијум">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lorencijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Лоренцијум">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Raderfordijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радерфордијум">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Дубнијум">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Siborgijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Сиборгијум">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Borijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Боријум">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hasijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хасијум">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Majtnerijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Мајтнеријум">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmštatijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Дармштатијум">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Rendgenijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рендгенијум">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Kopernicijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Коперницијум">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Нихонијум">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Флеровијум">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moskovijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Московијум">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorijum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ливерморијум">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tenesin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тенесин">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganeson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Оганесон">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алкални метал">Alkalni metal</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Земноалкални метал">Zemnoalkalni metal</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Лантаноид">Lantanoid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Актиноид">Aktinoid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Прелазни метал">Prelazni metal</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Postprelazni_metal" title="Postprelazni metal">Postprelazni metal</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Полиатомски неметал">Poliatomski nemetal</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Диатомски неметал">Diatomski nemetal</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Племенити гас">Plemeniti gas</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Nepoznata hemijska svojstva </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25469611"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24365370"><style 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