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(PDF) Risk assessment in maritime transportation | Carlos Guedes Soares - Academia.edu
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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":17069225,"created_at":"2015-10-20T15:55:25.999-07:00","from_world_paper_id":143071902,"updated_at":"2024-11-16T12:52:04.171-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"A review is presented of different approaches to quantify the risk in maritime transportation. The discussion of several accident statistics provides a global assessment of the risk levels and its differentiation in ship types and main types of ship losses. Early studies in the probability of ship loss by foundering and capsizing are reviewed. The approaches used to assess the risk of structural design are addressed. Finally a brief account is given of recent development of using formal safety assessments to support decision making on legislation applicable internationally to maritime transportation. q","publication_date":"2001,,","publication_name":"Reliability Engineering \u0026 System Safety","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"39325978"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Risk assessment in maritime transportation","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [31885502]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" 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translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Risk assessment in maritime transportation</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31885502" href="https://xn--til-7na.academia.edu/CarlosGuedesSoares"><img alt="Profile image of Carlos Guedes Soares" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Carlos Guedes Soares</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2001, Reliability Engineering & System Safety</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="11479963" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11479963/Maritime_transportation_risk_analysis_Review_and_analysis_in_light_of_some_foundational_issues">Maritime transportation risk analysis: Review and analysis in light of some foundational issues</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7811336" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FlorisGoerlandt">Floris Goerlandt</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="501011" href="https://aalto-fi.academia.edu/JakubMontewka">Jakub Montewka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Many methods and applications for maritime transportation risk analysis have been presented in the literature. In parallel, there is a recent focus on foundational issues in risk analysis, with calls for intensified research on fundamental concepts and principles underlying the scientific field. This paper presents a review and analysis of risk definitions, perspectives and scientific approaches to risk analysis found in the maritime transportation application area, focusing on applications addressing accidental risk of shipping in a sea area. For this purpose, a classification of risk definitions, an overview of elements in risk perspectives and a classification of approaches to risk analysis science are applied. Results reveal that in the application area, risk is strongly tied to probability, both in definitions and perspectives, while alternative views exist. A diffuse situation is also found concerning the scientific approach to risk analysis, with realist, proceduralist and constructivist foundations co-existing. Realist approaches dominate the application area. Very few applications systematically account for uncertainty, neither concerning the evidence base nor in relation to the limitations of the risk model in relation to the space of possible outcomes. Some suggestions are made to improve the current situation, aiming to strengthen the scientific basis for risk analysis.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maritime transportation risk analysis: Review and analysis in light of some foundational issues","attachmentId":37004390,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11479963/Maritime_transportation_risk_analysis_Review_and_analysis_in_light_of_some_foundational_issues","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11479963/Maritime_transportation_risk_analysis_Review_and_analysis_in_light_of_some_foundational_issues"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="73014114" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73014114/An_Analysis_of_Maritime_Transportation_Risk_Factors">An Analysis of Maritime Transportation Risk Factors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66208435" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeorgePanagakos">George Panagakos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1998</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper presents an analysis on the factors that are important determinants of maritime transportation risk. The analysis has been part of an international, multi-partner project. The purpose of the project has been to identify technologies and other measures to improve maritime safety, mainly in the context of European waters.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Analysis of Maritime Transportation Risk Factors","attachmentId":81704989,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73014114/An_Analysis_of_Maritime_Transportation_Risk_Factors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73014114/An_Analysis_of_Maritime_Transportation_Risk_Factors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="87313033" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87313033/Risk_Assessment_in_the_Maritime_Industry">Risk Assessment in the Maritime Industry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13848812" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MajidMousavi">Majid Mousavi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Risk assessment is a well-developed field which many operators are currently applying to improve their operations and reduce their risk exposure. This paper is intended to provide an overview of the risk assessment for mariners in the Maritime transportation. The risks addressed are primarily those affecting the safety of a vessel, facility or operation. The concept of risk is defined, and the methods available to assess the risks associated with an operation are described. Regulatory requirements that have prompted the development of modern risk assessment practices are described, and future regulatory trends are discussed. There are many different analysis techniques and models that have been developed to aid in conducting risk assessments. A key to any successful risk analysis is choosing the right method (or combination of methods) for the situation at hand. This is achieved through critical analysis of the available data concerning marine crises. This paper provides a brief int...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk Assessment in the Maritime Industry","attachmentId":91557596,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87313033/Risk_Assessment_in_the_Maritime_Industry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87313033/Risk_Assessment_in_the_Maritime_Industry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="73014121" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73014121/Analysis_of_maritime_transportation_risk_factors">Analysis of maritime transportation risk factors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66208435" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeorgePanagakos">George Panagakos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1998</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper presents an analysis on the factors that are important determinants of maritime transportation risk. 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The basic risk contributors, namely the frequency of main accidents’ occurrence and related consequences, are herein quantified and assessed. The presented analysis, covering the last two decades (2000–2021), shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the frequency of serious accidents’ occurrence in the last decade, whereas associated consequences do not exhibit the same trend since the frequency of ship total losses and of fatalities has increased. However, fatality rates are, to a great extent, affected by accidents of ships not compliant with safety regulations. This study also confirmed that grounding and contact accidents dominate the statistics of passenger ships of al...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Statistical Analysis of Accidents and Review of Safety Level of Passenger Ships","attachmentId":101408663,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100644776/Statistical_Analysis_of_Accidents_and_Review_of_Safety_Level_of_Passenger_Ships","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100644776/Statistical_Analysis_of_Accidents_and_Review_of_Safety_Level_of_Passenger_Ships"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="113436582" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113436582/Risk_Based_Ship_Design_A_Framework_for_the_Carriage_of_Dangerous_Goods_by_Sea">Risk-Based Ship Design: A Framework for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Sea</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34245936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos">Dracos Vassalos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Safety and Reliability, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk-Based Ship Design: A Framework for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Sea","attachmentId":110395519,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113436582/Risk_Based_Ship_Design_A_Framework_for_the_Carriage_of_Dangerous_Goods_by_Sea","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113436582/Risk_Based_Ship_Design_A_Framework_for_the_Carriage_of_Dangerous_Goods_by_Sea"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="17083870" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17083870/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_that_occurred_in_the_period_1990_2012_and_assessment_of_safety_level_of_ship_types">Statistical analysis of ship accidents that occurred in the period 1990--2012 and assessment of safety level of ship types</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1133144" href="https://ntua.academia.edu/NikolaosVentikos">Nikolaos Ventikos</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Statistical analysis of ship accidents that occurred in the period 1990--2012 and assessment of safety level of ship types","attachmentId":41876886,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17083870/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_that_occurred_in_the_period_1990_2012_and_assessment_of_safety_level_of_ship_types","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17083870/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_that_occurred_in_the_period_1990_2012_and_assessment_of_safety_level_of_ship_types"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="72702977" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72702977/SCIENTIFIC_JOURNAL_OF_MARITIME_RESEARCH_Technology_based_risk_calculation_methodology_in_coastal_container_liner_shipping_A_RT_I_C_L_E_I_N_F_O">SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF MARITIME RESEARCH Technology-based risk calculation methodology in coastal container liner shipping A RT I C L E I N F O</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="130328364" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JurajBuk%C5%A1a">Juraj Bukša</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Key words: Limits of the acceptable risk Technology-based risk calculation methodology Coastal container liner shipping A B S T R A C T The methodology of business and technology risk evaluation and management in shipping is based on three key factors: the voyage duration, the detected spots of technological differences and the spots of consequence costs. The lowest costs of a vessel on a voyage or on a segment of a voyage are considered to be the optimal costs of a certain vessel on the voyage or on the segment of the voyage. Each cost that arises on a voyage or on a segment of a voyage which is higher than the lowest recorded cost is a consequence of a threat or a danger that has come to be. The initial value of the consequence cost is the lowest recorded cost or the optimal cost. The standard deviation is proposed to be the measure of the consequence cost i.e. of the degree of risk. The consequence cost that is higher than the ideal cost by two standard deviations is within the l...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF MARITIME RESEARCH Technology-based risk calculation methodology in coastal container liner shipping A RT I C L E I N F O","attachmentId":81526111,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72702977/SCIENTIFIC_JOURNAL_OF_MARITIME_RESEARCH_Technology_based_risk_calculation_methodology_in_coastal_container_liner_shipping_A_RT_I_C_L_E_I_N_F_O","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72702977/SCIENTIFIC_JOURNAL_OF_MARITIME_RESEARCH_Technology_based_risk_calculation_methodology_in_coastal_container_liner_shipping_A_RT_I_C_L_E_I_N_F_O"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="22048471" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22048471/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_and_review_of_safety_level">Statistical analysis of ship accidents and review of safety level</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34277227" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EleftheriaEliopoulou">Eleftheria Eliopoulou</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43569601" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarkosVoulgarellis">Markos Voulgarellis</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27233116" href="https://ntua.academia.edu/ApostolosPapanikolaou">Apostolos Papanikolaou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Safety may be defined as an acceptable state of risk by society. In this respect, for assessing the current safety level of ships, it is necessary to quantify the risk level of the operating world fleet, thus estimate and assess the basic contributors to risk, namely the frequency of maritime accidents and the extent of their consequences. The present investigation was motivated by earlier published work of Det Norske Veritas (DNV, 2006), in which they were some alarming signals of worsening of the level of maritime safety. A justified question therefore is whether and how the level of ship safety changed thereafter. Recalling that a fundamental step of a Formal Safety Assessment of maritime assets is the investigation of relevant casualty reports and the analysis of historical data, which characterise the maritime safety performance in the studied period, the herein presented work deals with a systematic analysis of ship accidents in the last decade as a way to evaluate the current level of safety for the majority of ship sub-types present in the world merchant fleet and to conclude on the foreseeable future. The presented analysis also includes a deeper investigation about possible relationships between accident rates and ship's age, which proved more complex than initially thought. The outcome of the present study indicates that in the last decade although the frequencies of ship accidents generally increased, the safety level of various ship types did not significantly change, as the consequences of accidents remained in average at about the same level.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Statistical analysis of ship accidents and review of safety level","attachmentId":42729406,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22048471/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_and_review_of_safety_level","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22048471/Statistical_analysis_of_ship_accidents_and_review_of_safety_level"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="10388205" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10388205/A_risk_model_for_the_operation_of_container_vessels">A risk model for the operation of container vessels</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25545285" href="https://chalmers.academia.edu/Bj%C3%B6rnForsman">Björn Forsman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Commercial shipping of containerized goods involves certain risks for human safety and environment. In order to actively manage these risks, they must be identified, analyzed, modeled, and quantified. This requires a systematical analysis of design and operation of container vessels. Within the EU-funded research project SAFEDOR, a Formal Safety Assessment has been applied to establish the current safety level of generic container ships and to identify potential cost-effective risk control options. This paper describes a structured approach to develop the underlying high-level risk model. It is structured as risk contribution tree consisting of a series of fault trees and event trees for the major accident categories. Statistical analysis of casualty data is used to estimate the probability of occurrence. Finally, the summation overall individual risk contributions yields the current risk pro file for the operation of container vessels is presented as FN-curve.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A risk model for the operation of container vessels","attachmentId":47417182,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10388205/A_risk_model_for_the_operation_of_container_vessels","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10388205/A_risk_model_for_the_operation_of_container_vessels"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39325978,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39325978,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39325978" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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