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vivax</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: plasmodium vivax"> <meta name="keywords" content="plasmodium vivax"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="plasmodium vivax"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 44</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: plasmodium vivax</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> The Abnormality of Blood Cells Parasitized by Plasmodium vivax</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manas%20%20Kotepui">Manas Kotepui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwuntida%20Uthaisar"> Kwuntida Uthaisar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phiman%20%20Thirarattanasunthon"> Phiman Thirarattanasunthon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhukdee%20%20PhunPhuech"> Bhukdee PhunPhuech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nuoil%20%20Phiwklam"> Nuoil Phiwklam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Malaria due to Plasmodium vivax has placed huge burdens on the health, longevity, and general prosperity of large sections of the human population. This study aimed at prospectively collecting information on the clinical profile of Plasmodium vivax from subjects acutely infected with P. vivax residing in some of the highest malaria transmission regions in Thailand. Methods: A retrospective study of malaria cases, hospitalized between 2013 and 2015 was performed. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and parasitological results on admission, age, and gender were mined from medical records at Phop Phra Hospital located in endemic areas of Tak Province, Thailand. Venous blood samples were collected at the time of admission to the hospital to determine the present of parasite and also parasite count by thick and thin film examination, and also Complete blood count (CBC) parameters. Results: Results showed that patients infected with Plasmodium vivax (276 cases) had a high monocyte count (mean=390 cells/µL) during initial stage of infection and continuously lower during later stage (any stage with gametocyte, mean=230 cells/µL) of infection (P value=0.021) whereas, patients infected with Plasmodium vivax had a low basophil count (mean=20 cells/µL) during initial stage of infection and continuously higher during later stage of infection (mean at stage with gametocyte=70 cells/µL) (P value=0.033). In addition, patients with more than one stage infection tend to have lower lymphocyte count (mean=1180 cells/µL) than patients with only one stage infection (mean=1350 cells/µL)(P value=0.011) whereas, patients with more than one stage infection tend to have lower basophil count (mean=60 cells/µL) than patients with only one stage infection (mean=80 cells/µL) (P value=0.01). Conclusion: This study indicated that patients infected with Plasmodium vivax had high monocyte count and low basophil count during initial stage of infection which was continuously lower during later stage of infection. Patients with more than one stage infection tend to have lower lymphocyte count than patients with only one stage infection whereas, patients with more than one stage infection tend to have lower basophil count than patients with only one stage infection. This information contributes to better understanding of pathological characteristic of Plasmodium vivax infection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium%20vivax" title="plasmodium vivax">plasmodium vivax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asexual%20erythrocytic%20stages" title=" asexual erythrocytic stages"> asexual erythrocytic stages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hematological%20parameters" title=" hematological parameters "> hematological parameters </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56781/the-abnormality-of-blood-cells-parasitized-by-plasmodium-vivax" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56781.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> Malaria Menace in Pregnancy; Hard to Ignore</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nautiyal%20Ruchira">Nautiyal Ruchira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nautiyal%20Hemant"> Nautiyal Hemant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaudhury%20Devnanda"> Chaudhury Devnanda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhargava%20Surbhi"> Bhargava Surbhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chauhan%20Nidhi"> Chauhan Nidhi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: South East Asian region contributes 2.5 million cases of malaria each year to the global burden of 300 to 500 million of which 76% is reported from India. Government of India launched a national program almost half a century ago, still malaria remains a major public health challenge. Pregnant women are more susceptible to severe malaria and its fetomaternal complications. Inadequate surveillance and under-reporting underestimates the problem. Aim: Present study aimed to analyze the clinical course and pattern of malaria during pregnancy and to study the feto-maternal outcome. Methodology: This is a prospective observational study carried out at Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences – a tertiary care center in the sub-Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, Northern India. All the pregnant women with malaria and its complications were recruited in the study during 2009 to 2014 which included referred cases from the state of western Uttar Pradesh. A thorough history and clinical examination were carried out to assess maternal and fetal condition. Relevant investigations including haemogram, platelet count, LFT, RFT, and USG was done. Blood slides and rapid diagnostic tests were done to diagnose the type of malaria.The primary outcomes measured were the type of malaria infection, maternal complications associated with malaria, outcome of pregnancy and effect on the fetus. Results: 67 antenatal cases with malaria infection were studied. 71% patients were diagnosed with plasmodium vivax infection, 25% cases were plasmodium falciparum positive and in 3% cases mixed infection was found. 38(56%) patients were primigravida and 29(43%) were multiparous. Most of the patients had already received some treatment from their local doctors and presented with severe malaria with the complications. Thrombocytopenia was the commonest manifestation seen in 35(52%) patients, jaundice in 28%, severe anemia in 18%, and severe oligohydramnios in 10% and renal failure in 6% cases. Regarding pregnancy outcome there were 44 % preterm deliveries, 22% had IUFD and abortions in 6% cases.20% of newborn were low birth weight and 6% were IUGR. There was only one maternal death which occurred due to ARDS in falciparum malaria. Although Plasmodium vivax was the main parasite considering the severity of clinical presentation, all the patients received intensive care. As most of the patients had received chloroquine therapy hence they were treated with IV artesunate followed by oral artemesinin combination therapy. Other therapies in the form of packed RBC’s and platelet transfusions, dialysis and ventilator support were provided when required. Conclusion: Even in areas with annual parasite index (API) less than 2 like ours, malaria in pregnancy could be an alarming problem. Vivax malaria cannot be considered benign in pregnancy because of high incidence of morbidity. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment can reduce morbidity and mortality significantly. Increased community level research, integrating ANC checkups with the distribution of insecticide-treated nets in areas of high endemicity, imparting education and awareness will strengthen the existing control strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=severe%20malaria" title="severe malaria">severe malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy" title=" pregnancy"> pregnancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium%20vivax" title=" plasmodium vivax"> plasmodium vivax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium%20falciparum" title=" plasmodium falciparum"> plasmodium falciparum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32469/malaria-menace-in-pregnancy-hard-to-ignore" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32469.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> The Utilization of Banana Leaves as a Substitute for Synthetic Mosquito Repellant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beryl%20Apondi%20Obola">Beryl Apondi Obola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Mosquitoes are known to transmit various diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus. Mosquito repellents are commonly used to prevent mosquito bites. However, some of these repellents contain chemicals that can be harmful to human health and the environment. Therefore, there is a need to find alternative mosquito repellents that are safe and effective. Objective: The objective of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of banana leaves as an alternative mosquito repellent on Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Methodology: The research will be conducted in two phases. In the first phase, the repellent properties of banana leaves will be tested in a laboratory setting. The leaves will be crushed and mixed with water to extract the active ingredients. The extract will be tested against mosquitoes in a controlled environment. The number of mosquitoes that are repelled by the extract will be recorded. In the second phase, the effectiveness of the banana leaf extract will be tested in the field. The extract will be applied to the skin of human volunteers, and the number of mosquito bites will be recorded. The results will be compared to a commercially available mosquito repellent. Expected Outcomes: The expected outcome of this research is to determine whether banana leaves can be used as an effective mosquito repellent. If the results are positive, banana leaves could be used as an alternative to chemical-based mosquito repellents. Conclusion: Banana leaves have been used for various purposes in traditional medicine. This research aims to investigate the potential of banana leaves as an alternative mosquito repellent. The results of this research could have significant implications for public health and the environment <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=banana%20leaf%20extract" title="banana leaf extract">banana leaf extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mosquito%20repellant" title=" mosquito repellant"> mosquito repellant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium%20falciparum" title=" plasmodium falciparum"> plasmodium falciparum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20health" title=" public health"> public health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176038/the-utilization-of-banana-leaves-as-a-substitute-for-synthetic-mosquito-repellant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176038.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> Platelet Indices among the Cases of Vivax Malaria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirza%20Sultan%20Ahmad">Mirza Sultan Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mubashra%20Ahmad"> Mubashra Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramlah%20Mehmood"> Ramlah Mehmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazia%20Mahboob"> Nazia Mahboob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waqar%20Nasir"> Waqar Nasir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: To ascertain the prevalence of thrombocytopenia and study changes in MPV and PDW among cases of vivax malaria. Design: Descriptive analytic study. Place and duration of study: Department of pediatrics, Fazle Omar Hospital, from January to December 2012. Methodology: All patients from birth to 16 years age, who presented in Fazle- Omar hospital, Rabwah from January to December 2012 were included in this study. Hundred patients with other febrile illnesses were taken as control. Full blood counts were checked by Madonic CA 620 analyzer. Name, age, sex, weight, platelet counts. MPV, PDW, any evidence of bleeding, outcome of cases included in this study and taken as control were recorded on data sheets. Results: One hundred and forty-two patients were included in this study. There was no incidence of death or active bleeding. Median platelet count was 109000/mm3. Thrombocytopenia was present in 108 (76.1%) patients. Severe thrombocytopenia was present in 10(7%) patients. Minimum count was 27000/mm3 and maximum was 341000/mm3. Platelet counts of control group was significantly more as compared with study group.(p<.001) Median MPV was 8.70. Minimum value was 6.40 and maximum was 11.90. MPV of study group was significantly more than control group.(p<.001) Median PDW was 11.30. Minimum value was 8.5 and maximum was 16.70. There was no difference between PDW of study and control groups (p=0.246). Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia is a common complication among pediatric cases of vivax malaria. MPV of cases of vivax malaria is higher than control group. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malaria%20vivax" title="malaria vivax">malaria vivax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=platelet" title=" platelet"> platelet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean%20platelet%20volume" title=" mean platelet volume"> mean platelet volume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thrombocytopenia" title=" thrombocytopenia "> thrombocytopenia </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16251/platelet-indices-among-the-cases-of-vivax-malaria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16251.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">398</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> In Silico Studies on Selected Drug Targets for Combating Drug Resistance in Plasmodium Falcifarum </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepika%20Bhaskar">Deepika Bhaskar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neena%20Wadehra"> Neena Wadehra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Megha%20Gulati"> Megha Gulati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aruna%20Narula"> Aruna Narula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Vishnu"> R. Vishnu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gunjan%20Katyal"> Gunjan Katyal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With drug resistance becoming widespread in Plasmodium falciparum infections, development of the alternative drugs is the desired strategy for prevention and cure of malaria. Three drug targets were selected to screen promising drug molecules from the GSK library of around 14000 molecules. Using an in silico structure-based drug designing approach, the differences in binding energies of the substrate and inhibitor were exploited between target sites of parasite and human to design a drug molecule against Plasmodium. The docking studies have shown several promising molecules from GSK library with more effective binding as compared to the already known inhibitors for the drug targets. Though stronger interaction has been shown by several molecules as compare to reference, few molecules have shown the potential as drug candidates though in vitro studies are required to validate the results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium" title="plasmodium">plasmodium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malaria" title=" malaria"> malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20targets" title=" drug targets"> drug targets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in%20silico%20studies" title=" in silico studies"> in silico studies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24319/in-silico-studies-on-selected-drug-targets-for-combating-drug-resistance-in-plasmodium-falcifarum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> Distribution of Malaria-Infected Anopheles Mosquitoes in Kudat, Ranau and Tenom of Sabah, Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Fakhriy%20Hassan">Ahmad Fakhriy Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rohani%20Ahmad"> Rohani Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zurainee%20Mohamed%20Nor"> Zurainee Mohamed Nor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wan%20Najdah%20Wan%20Mohamad%20Ali"> Wan Najdah Wan Mohamad Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Malaysia, it was realized that while the incidence of human malaria is decreasing, the incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria appears to be on the rise, especially in rural areas of Sabah, East Malaysia. The primary vector for P. knowlesi malaria in Sabah is An. balabacensis a species found abundant in rural areas, shown to rest and feed outdoor throughout the night, which makes its control very challenging. This study aims to examine the distribution of malaria-infected Anopheles mosquitoes in three areas in Sabah, namely Kudat, Ranau, and Tenom, known as areas in Sabah that presented high number of malaria cases. Briefly, mosquitoes were caught every 6 weeks for the period of 18 months using Human Landing Catching (HLC) technique from May 2016 to November 2017. Identification of species was done using microscopy and molecular methods. Molecular method is also used to detect malaria parasite in all mosquito collected. An. balabacensis was present in all the study areas. In Kudat, six other Anopheles species were also detected, namely, An. barumbrosus, An. latens, An. letifer, An. maculatus, An. sundaicus and An. tesselatus. In Ranau five other Anopheles species were detected, namely, An. barumbrosus, An. donaldi., An. hodgkini, An. maculatus, and An. tesselatus while in Tenom seven more species An. donaldi, An. umbrosus, An. barumbrosus, An.latens, An. hodgkini, An. maculatus, and An. tesselatus were detected. This study showed 24% out of 259, 39% out of 127, and 26% out of 265 Anopheles mosquito collected in Kudat, Ranau, and Tenom were detected positive for malaria parasite respectively. In Kudat An. balabacensis, An. barumbrosus, An. latens, An. maculatus, An. sundaicus and An. tesselatus were the six out of eight Anopheles species that were found infected with malaria parasite. All Anopheles species collected in Ranau were positive for malaria while In Tenom, only five out of eight species; An. balabacensus, An. donaldi, An. hodgkini, An. maculatus, and An. latens were detected positive for malaria parasite. Interestingly, for all study areas An. balabacensis was shown to be the only species infected with four malaria species; P. falciparum, P. knowlesi, P. vivax, and Plasmodium sp. This finding clearly indicates that An. balabacensis is the dominant malaria vector in Kudat, Ranau, and Tenom. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anopheles%20balabacensis" title="Anopheles balabacensis">Anopheles balabacensis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20landing%20catching%20technique" title=" human landing catching technique"> human landing catching technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nested%20PCR" title=" nested PCR"> nested PCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Plasmodium%20knowlesi" title=" Plasmodium knowlesi"> Plasmodium knowlesi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simian%20malaria" title=" Simian malaria"> Simian malaria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113441/distribution-of-malaria-infected-anopheles-mosquitoes-in-kudat-ranau-and-tenom-of-sabah-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113441.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> Quantifying Multivariate Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Malaria Risk Using Graph-Based Optimization in Southern Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yonas%20Shuke%20Kitawa">Yonas Shuke Kitawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Although malaria incidence has substantially fallen sharply over the past few years, the rate of decline varies by district, time, and malaria type. Despite this turn-down, malaria remains a major public health threat in various districts of Ethiopia. Consequently, the present study is aimed at developing a predictive model that helps to identify the spatio-temporal variation in malaria risk by multiple plasmodium species. Methods: We propose a multivariate spatio-temporal Bayesian model to obtain a more coherent picture of the temporally varying spatial variation in disease risk. The spatial autocorrelation in such a data set is typically modeled by a set of random effects that assign a conditional autoregressive prior distribution. However, the autocorrelation considered in such cases depends on a binary neighborhood matrix specified through the border-sharing rule. Over here, we propose a graph-based optimization algorithm for estimating the neighborhood matrix that merely represents the spatial correlation by exploring the areal units as the vertices of a graph and the neighbor relations as the series of edges. Furthermore, we used aggregated malaria count in southern Ethiopia from August 2013 to May 2019. Results: We recognized that precipitation, temperature, and humidity are positively associated with the malaria threat in the area. On the other hand, enhanced vegetation index, nighttime light (NTL), and distance from coastal areas are negatively associated. Moreover, nonlinear relationships were observed between malaria incidence and precipitation, temperature, and NTL. Additionally, lagged effects of temperature and humidity have a significant effect on malaria risk by either species. More elevated risk of P. falciparum was observed following the rainy season, and unstable transmission of P. vivax was observed in the area. Finally, P. vivax risks are less sensitive to environmental factors than those of P. falciparum. Conclusion: The improved inference was gained by employing the proposed approach in comparison to the commonly used border-sharing rule. Additionally, different covariates are identified, including delayed effects, and elevated risks of either of the cases were observed in districts found in the central and western regions. As malaria transmission operates in a spatially continuous manner, a spatially continuous model should be employed when it is computationally feasible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disease%20mapping" title="disease mapping">disease mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MSTCAR" title=" MSTCAR"> MSTCAR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph-based%20optimization%20algorithm" title=" graph-based optimization algorithm"> graph-based optimization algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20falciparum" title=" P. falciparum"> P. falciparum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20vivax" title=" P. vivax"> P. vivax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waiting%20matrix" title=" waiting matrix"> waiting matrix</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175859/quantifying-multivariate-spatiotemporal-dynamics-of-malaria-risk-using-graph-based-optimization-in-southern-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Knowledge Based Software Model for the Management and Treatment of Malaria Patients: A Case of Kalisizo General Hospital</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mbonigaba%20Swale">Mbonigaba Swale</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malaria is an infection or disease caused by parasites (Plasmodium Falciparum — causes severe Malaria, plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium Ovale, and Plasmodium Malariae), transmitted by bites of infected anopheles (female) mosquitoes to humans. These vectors comprise of two types in Africa, particularly in Uganda, i.e. anopheles fenestus and Anopheles gambaie (‘example Anopheles arabiensis,,); feeds on man inside the house mainly at dusk, mid-night and dawn and rests indoors and makes them effective transmitters (vectors) of the disease. People in both urban and rural areas have consistently become prone to repetitive attacks of malaria, causing a lot of deaths and significantly increasing the poverty levels of the rural poor. Malaria is a national problem; it causes a lot of maternal pre-natal and antenatal disorders, anemia in pregnant mothers, low birth weights for the newly born, convulsions and epilepsy among the infants. Cumulatively, it kills about one million children every year in sub-Saharan Africa. It has been estimated to account for 25-35% of all outpatient visits, 20-45% of acute hospital admissions and 15-35% of hospital deaths. Uganda is the leading victim country, for which Rakai and Masaka districts are the most affected. So, it is not clear whether these abhorrent situations and episodes of recurrences and failure to cure from the disease are a result of poor diagnosis, prescription and dosing, treatment habits and compliance of the patients to the drugs or the ethical domain of the stake holders in relation to the main stream methodology of malaria management. The research is aimed at offering an alternative approach to manage and deal absolutely with problem by using a knowledge based software model of Artificial Intelligence (Al) that is capable of performing common-sense and cognitive reasoning so as to take decisions like the human brain would do to provide instantaneous expert solutions so as to avoid speculative simulation of the problem during differential diagnosis in the most accurate and literal inferential aspect. This system will assist physicians in many kinds of medical diagnosis, prescribing treatments and doses, and in monitoring patient responses, basing on the body weight and age group of the patient, it will be able to provide instantaneous and timely information options, alternative ways and approaches to influence decision making during case analysis. The computerized system approach, a new model in Uganda termed as “Software Aided Treatment” (SAT) will try to change the moral and ethical approach and influence conduct so as to improve the skills, experience and values (social and ethical) in the administration and management of the disease and drugs (combination therapy and generics) by both the patient and the health worker. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20based%20software" title="knowledge based software">knowledge based software</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnosis" title=" diagnosis"> diagnosis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176224/knowledge-based-software-model-for-the-management-and-treatment-of-malaria-patients-a-case-of-kalisizo-general-hospital" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176224.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">57</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Plasmodium falciparum and Scistosoma haematobium Co-infection in School Aged Children in Jinduut, Shendam Local Government Area of Plateau State, North Central Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20A.%20Dakul">D. A. Dakul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20M.%20Akindigh"> T. M. Akindigh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20J.%20Dogonyaro"> B. J. Dogonyaro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20J.%20Abba"> O. J. Abba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20T.%20Tangtur"> K. T. Tangtur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Sambo"> N. Sambo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20A.%20E.%20Okopi"> J. A. E. Okopi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20A.%20Yohanna"> J. A. Yohanna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20E.%20Imade"> G. E. Imade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20S.%20Mwansat"> G. S. Mwansat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Oguche"> S. Oguche</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malaria and urinary Schistosomaisis are both endemic in Nigeria and pose a serious health challenge in rural areas where co-infections are common. This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of co-infection and the impact of concurrent infection on haemoglobin concentration, Eosinophil and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts. Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma haematobium infection were determined by Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (MRDT) kits and the presence of visible haematuria respectively and confirmed by conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (cPCR). P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Of the 110 children examined, 13 (11.8%) had concurrent infection with Schistosoma haematobium falciparum, 46(41.8%) had Plasmodium falciparum infection while 16(14.5%) had Schistosoma haematobium infection. A strong association between co-infection and the ages of 10-15 years with a 36.4% prevalence of anaemia was observed. Malaria was significantly associated with anaemia than with concurrent infections or schistomiasis alone. Co-infection with both pathogens and a high prevalence of anaemia was observed in Jinduut community. Although the causes of anaemia are multi-factorial, further investigation into the extent to which malaria and urinary schistosomiasis contribute to anaemia is needed. Also, integrated control efforts must be strengthened to mitigate the impact of concurrent infection in this group of vulnerable members in the community. The results can be applied to other communities during control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-Infection" title="co-Infection">co-Infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium%20falciparum%20and%20scistosoma%20haematobium" title=" plasmodium falciparum and scistosoma haematobium"> plasmodium falciparum and scistosoma haematobium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinduut" title=" Jinduut"> Jinduut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36175/plasmodium-falciparum-and-scistosoma-haematobium-co-infection-in-school-aged-children-in-jinduut-shendam-local-government-area-of-plateau-state-north-central-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36175.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> Plasmodium falciparum Infection and SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin-G Positivity Rates Among Primary Healthcare Centre Attendees in Osogbo, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ojo%20Oo">Ojo Oo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akinde%20S.%20B."> Akinde S. B.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kiilani%20A.%20O."> Kiilani A. O.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jayeola%20Jo"> Jayeola Jo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jogbodo%20T.%20M."> Jogbodo T. M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajani%20Ka"> Ajani Ka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olaniyan%20So"> Olaniyan So</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adeagbo%20Oy"> Adeagbo Oy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bolarinwa%20Ra"> Bolarinwa Ra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Durosomo%20Ha"> Durosomo Ha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sule%20W.%20F."> Sule W. F.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lockdown imposed to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission hampered malaria control services in Nigeria. Considering COVID-19 vaccination, we assessed Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) antigen and SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin-G (IgG) positivity among adults in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. Consenting attendees of four Healthcare Centres were consecutively enrolled for blood sampling; relevant socio-demographic/behavioral/clinical/environmental data were collected with a questionnaire. Samples were tested, using commercial rapid test kits, for Pf antigen and SARS-CoV-2 IgG and results were analyzed using logistic regression. Participants' mean age was 40.99 years (n=200), and they were predominantly females (84.5%), traders/businessmen/women (86.0%), with self-reported receipt of COVID-19 vaccine from 123 (61.5%). Pf antigen positivity was 17.5% (95% CI: 12.23–22.77%) with age (p=0.004), marital status (p=0.004), report of stagnant water around the workplace (p=0.041) and bush around homes (p=0.008) being associated. SARS-CoV-2 IgG positivity was 56.5% (95% CI: 49.63–63.37%) with age (p=0.012) and receipt of COVID-19 vaccination (p=0.001) being associated. Although the vaccinated had a 22.8 times higher likelihood of IgG positivity, no factor was predictive of COVID-19 vaccine receipt. We report 17.5% Pf antigen positivity with four predictors, and 56.5% SARS-CoV-2 IgG positivity with two predictors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccine" title=" vaccine"> vaccine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IgG" title=" IgG"> IgG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Plasmodium%20falciparum" title=" Plasmodium falciparum"> Plasmodium falciparum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SARS-CoV-2" title=" SARS-CoV-2"> SARS-CoV-2</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163808/plasmodium-falciparum-infection-and-sars-cov-2-immunoglobulin-g-positivity-rates-among-primary-healthcare-centre-attendees-in-osogbo-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Renal Complications in Patients with Falciparum Malaria </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saira%20Baloch">Saira Baloch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsin%20Ali%20Baloch"> Mohsin Ali Baloch </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease and also a major public health problem in Pakistan. Renal failure is an emerging problem correlated with morbidity and mortality, however can be diagnosed and treated in the early stages. Objectives: To elucidate the biochemical renal parameters in patients with falciparum malaria and comparison with healthy control subjects. Method: 80 patients, who were diagnosed to be affected by falciparum malaria. Detailed history, general physical and systemic examination and necessary pathological, biochemical renal laboratory parameters and investigations were done. Results: Among the 80 patients, 43 were males and 37 were females. All patients were infected with P. falciparum. All patients had increased serum creatinine and urea levels and urine output of less than 400 ml/day were categorized as suffering from renal failure. Conclusion: Patients infected with P. falciparum are at an increased risk of developing renal failure when compared to patients infected with other complications. P. vivax has massive potential to cause life threatening complications and even death. Further research is required to understand the exact pathogenesis of various complications encountered in vivax malaria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=falciparum%20malaria" title="falciparum malaria">falciparum malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renal%20failure" title=" renal failure"> renal failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochemical%20parameters" title=" biochemical parameters"> biochemical parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathogenesis" title=" pathogenesis"> pathogenesis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14798/renal-complications-in-patients-with-falciparum-malaria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14798.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Bifunctional Activity and Stability of Fused Plasmodium falciparum Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase and Orotidine 5′-Monophosphate Decarboxylase</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patsarawadee%20Paojinda">Patsarawadee Paojinda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waranya%20Imprasittichai"> Waranya Imprasittichai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudaratana%20R.%20Krungkrai"> Sudaratana R. Krungkrai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nirianne%20Marie%20Q.%20Palacpac"> Nirianne Marie Q. Palacpac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshihiro%20Horii"> Toshihiro Horii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jerapan%20Krungkrai"> Jerapan Krungkrai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fusion of the last two enzymes in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in the inversed order by having COOH-terminal orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) and NH2-terminal orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC), as OMPDC-OPRT, are described in many organisms. Here, we produced gene fusions of Plasmodium falciparum OMPDC-OPRT and expressed the bifunctional protein in Escherichia coli. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using affinity and anion-exchange chromatography, exhibited enzymatic activities and functioned as a dimer. The activities, although unstable, can be stabilized by its substrate and product during purification and long-term storage. Furthermore, the enzyme expressed a perfect catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km). The kcat was selectively enhanced up to 3 orders of magnitude, while the Km was not much affected and remained at low µM levels when compared to the monofunctional enzymes. The fusion of the two enzymes, creating a “super-enzyme” with perfect catalytic power and more flexibility, reflects cryptic relationship of enzymatic reactivaties and metabolic functions on molecular evolution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bifunctional%20enzyme" title="bifunctional enzyme">bifunctional enzyme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orotate%20phosphoribosyltransferase" title=" orotate phosphoribosyltransferase"> orotate phosphoribosyltransferase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orotidine%205%27-monophosphate%20decarboxylase" title=" orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase"> orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium%20falciparum" title=" plasmodium falciparum"> plasmodium falciparum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59255/bifunctional-activity-and-stability-of-fused-plasmodium-falciparum-orotate-phosphoribosyltransferase-and-orotidine-5-monophosphate-decarboxylase" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Combating Malaria: A Drug Discovery Approach Using Thiazole Derivatives Against Prolific Parasite Enzyme PfPKG</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hari%20Bezwada">Hari Bezwada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michelle%20Cheon"> Michelle Cheon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryan%20Divan"> Ryan Divan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hannah%20Escritor"> Hannah Escritor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michelle%20Kagramian"> Michelle Kagramian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isha%20Korgaonkar"> Isha Korgaonkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maya%20MacAdams"> Maya MacAdams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Udgita%20Pamidigantam"> Udgita Pamidigantam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richard%20Pilny"> Richard Pilny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eleanor%20Race"> Eleanor Race</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angadh%20Singh"> Angadh Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nathan%20Zhang"> Nathan Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LeeAnn%20Nguyen"> LeeAnn Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fina%20Liotta"> Fina Liotta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malaria is a deadly disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which continues to develop resistance to current antimalarial drugs. In this research project, the effectiveness of numerous thiazole derivatives was explored in inhibiting the PfPKG, a crucial part of the Plasmodium life cycle. This study involved the synthesis of six thiazole-derived amides to inhibit the PfPKG pathway. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy were used to characterize these compounds. Furthermore, AutoDocking software was used to predict binding affinities of these thiazole-derived amides in silico. In silico, compound 6 exhibited the highest predicted binding affinity to PfPKG, while compound 5 had the lowest affinity. Compounds 1-4 displayed varying degrees of predicted binding affinity. In-vitro, it was found that compound 4 had the best percent inhibition, while compound 5 had the worst percent inhibition. Overall, all six compounds had weak inhibition (approximately 30-39% at 10 μM), but these results provide a foundation for future drug discovery experiments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Medicinal%20Chemistry" title="Medicinal Chemistry">Medicinal Chemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaria" title=" Malaria"> Malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20discovery" title=" drug discovery"> drug discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PfPKG" title=" PfPKG"> PfPKG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thiazole" title=" Thiazole"> Thiazole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Plasmodium" title=" Plasmodium"> Plasmodium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174021/combating-malaria-a-drug-discovery-approach-using-thiazole-derivatives-against-prolific-parasite-enzyme-pfpkg" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Expression of Fused Plasmodium falciparum Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase and Orotidine 5'-Monophosphate Decarboxylase in Escherichia coli</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waranya%20Imprasittichai">Waranya Imprasittichai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patsarawadee%20Paojinda"> Patsarawadee Paojinda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudaratana%20R.%20Krungkrai"> Sudaratana R. Krungkrai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nirianne%20Marie%20Q.%20Palacpac"> Nirianne Marie Q. Palacpac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshihiro%20Horii"> Toshihiro Horii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jerapan%20Krungkrai"> Jerapan Krungkrai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fusion of the last two enzymes in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in the inversed order by having COOH-terminal orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) and NH2-terminal orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC), as OMPDC-OPRT, are described in many organisms. In this study, we constructed gene fusions of Plasmodium falciparum OMPDC-OPRT (1,836 bp) in pTrcHisA vector and expressed as an 6xHis-tag bifunctional protein in three Escherichia coli strains (BL21, Rosetta, TOP10) at 18 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C. The recombinant bifunctional protein was partially purified by Ni-Nitrilotriacetic acid-affinity chromatography. Specific activities of OPRT and OMPDC domains in the bifunctional enzyme expressed in E. coli TOP10 cells were approximately 3-4-fold higher than those in BL21 cells. There were no enzymatic activities when the construct vector expressed in Rosetta cells. Maximal expression of the fused gene was observed at 18 °C and the bifunctional enzyme had specific activities of OPRT and OMPDC domains in a ratio of 1:2. These results provide greater yields and better catalytic activities of the bifunctional OMPDC-OPRT enzyme for further purification and kinetic study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bifunctional%20enzyme" title="bifunctional enzyme">bifunctional enzyme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orotate%20phosphoribosyltransferase" title=" orotate phosphoribosyltransferase"> orotate phosphoribosyltransferase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orotidine%205%27-monophosphate%20decarboxylase" title=" orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase"> orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium%20falciparum" title=" plasmodium falciparum"> plasmodium falciparum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59256/expression-of-fused-plasmodium-falciparum-orotate-phosphoribosyltransferase-and-orotidine-5-monophosphate-decarboxylase-in-escherichia-coli" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59256.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Plasmodium knowlesi Zoonotic Malaria: An Emerging Challenge of Health Problems in Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surachart%20Koyadun">Surachart Koyadun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, Plasmodium knowlesi malaria has spread to almost all countries in Southeast Asia. This research aimed to 1) describe the epidemiology of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria, 2) examine the clinical symptoms of P. knowlesi malaria patients 3) analyze the ecology, animal reservoir and entomology of P. knowlesi malaria. 4) summarize the diagnosis, blood parasites, and treatment of P. knowlesi malaria. The study design was a case report combined with retrospective descriptive survey research. A total of 34 study subjects were patients with a confirmed diagnosis of P. knowlesi malaria who received treatment at hospitals and vector-borne disease control units in Songkhla Province during 2021 – 2022. The results of the epidemiological study unveiled the majority of the samples were male, had a history of staying overnight in the forest before becoming sick, the source of the infection was in the forest, and the season during which they were sick was mostly summer. The average length of time from the onset of illness until receiving a blood test was 3.8 days. The average length of hospital stay was 4 days. Patients were treated with Chloroquine Phosphate, Primaquine, Artesunate, Quinine, and Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (40 mg DHA-320 mg PPQ). One death was seen in 34 P. knowlesi malaria patients. All remaining patients recovered and responded to treatment. All symptoms improved after drug administration. No treatment failures were found. Analyses of ecological, zoonotic and entomological data revealed an association between infected patients and forested, monkey-hosted and mosquito-transmitted areas. The recommendation from this study was that the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method should be used in conjunction with the Thick/Thin Film test and blood parasite test (Parasitaemia) for the specificity of the infection, accuracy of diagnosis, leading to treatment of disease in a timely manner and be effective in disease control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20malaria" title="human malaria">human malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Plasmodium%20knowlesi" title=" Plasmodium knowlesi"> Plasmodium knowlesi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zoonotic%20disease" title=" zoonotic disease"> zoonotic disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnosis%20and%20treatment" title=" diagnosis and treatment"> diagnosis and treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epidemiology" title=" epidemiology"> epidemiology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecology" title=" ecology"> ecology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191104/plasmodium-knowlesi-zoonotic-malaria-an-emerging-challenge-of-health-problems-in-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191104.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">26</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> The Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata and Chromolaena odorata Plant Extract against Malaria Parasite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Funmilola%20O.%20Omoya">Funmilola O. Omoya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20O.%20Momoh"> Abdul O. Momoh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malaria constitutes one of the major health problems in Nigeria. One of the reasons attributed for the upsurge was the development of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum and the emergence of multi-resistant strains of the parasite to anti-malaria drugs. A continued search for other effective, safe and cheap plant-based anti-malaria agents thus becomes imperative in the face of these difficulties. The objective of this study is therefore to evaluate the in vivo anti-malarial efficacy of ethanolic extracts of Chromolaena odorata and Androgaphis paniculata leaves. The two plants were evaluated for their anti-malaria efficacy in vivo in a 4-day curative test assay against Plasmodium berghei strain in mice. The group treated with 500mg/ml dose of ethanolic extract of A. paniculata plant showed parasite suppression with increase in Packed Cell Volume (PCV) value except day 3 which showed a slight decrease in PCV value. During the 4-day curative test, an increase in the PCV values, weight measurement and zero count of Plasmodium berghei parasite values was recorded after day 3 of drug administration. These results obtained in group treated with A. paniculata extract showed anti-malarial efficacy with higher mortality rate in parasitaemia count when compared with Chromolaena odorata group. These results justify the use of ethanolic extracts of A. paniculata plant as medicinal herb used in folklore medicine in the treatment of malaria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-malaria" title="anti-malaria">anti-malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curative" title=" curative"> curative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant-based%20anti-malaria%20agents" title=" plant-based anti-malaria agents"> plant-based anti-malaria agents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biology" title=" biology"> biology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9014/the-efficacy-of-andrographis-paniculata-and-chromolaena-odorata-plant-extract-against-malaria-parasite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9014.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Genetic Polymorphism and Insilico Study Epitope Block 2 MSP1 Gene of Plasmodium falciparum Isolate Endemic Jayapura</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arsyam%20Mawardi">Arsyam Mawardi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sony%20Suhandono"> Sony Suhandono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azzania%20Fibriani"> Azzania Fibriani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fifi%20Fitriyah%20Masduki"> Fifi Fitriyah Masduki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium sp. This disease has a high prevalence in Indonesia, especially in Jayapura. The vaccine that is currently being developed has not been effective in overcoming malaria. This is due to the high polymorphism in the Plasmodium genome especially in areas that encode Plasmodium surface proteins. Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (MSP1) Plasmodium falciparum is a surface protein that plays a role in the invasion process in human erythrocytes through the interaction of Glycophorin A protein receptors and sialic acid in erythrocytes with Reticulocyte Binding Proteins (RBP) and Duffy Adhesion Protein (DAP) ligands in merozoites. MSP1 can be targeted to be a specific antigen and predicted epitope area which will be used for the development of diagnostic and malaria vaccine therapy. MSP1 consists of 17 blocks, each block is dimorphic, and has been marked as the K1 and MAD20 alleles. Exceptions only in block 2, because it has 3 alleles, among others K1, MAD20 and RO33. These polymorphisms cause allelic variations and implicate the severity of patients infected P. falciparum. In addition, polymorphism of MSP1 in Jayapura isolates has not been reported so it is interesting to be further identified and projected as a specific antigen. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the allele polymorphism as well as detected the MSP1 epitope antigen candidate on block 2 P. falciparum. Clinical samples of selected malaria patients followed the consecutive sampling method, examining malaria parasites with blood preparations on glass objects observed through a microscope. Plasmodium DNA was isolated from the blood of malarial positive patients. The block 2 MSP1 gene was amplified using PCR method and cloned using the pGEM-T easy vector then transformed to TOP'10 E.coli. Positive colonies selection was performed with blue-white screening. The existence of target DNA was confirmed by PCR colonies and DNA sequencing methods. Furthermore, DNA sequence analysis was done through alignment and formation of a phylogenetic tree using MEGA 6 software and insilico analysis using IEDB software to predict epitope candidate for P. falciparum. A total of 15 patient samples have been isolated from Plasmodium DNA. PCR amplification results show the target gene size about ± 1049 bp. The results of MSP1 nucleotide alignment analysis reveal that block 2 MSP1 genes derived from the sample of malarial patients were distributed in four different allele family groups, K1 (7), MAD20 (1), RO33 (0) and MSP1_Jayapura (10) alleles. The most commonly appears of the detected allele is MSP1_Jayapura single allele. There was no significant association between sex variables, age, the density of parasitemia and alel variation (Mann Whitney, U > 0.05), while symptomatic signs have a significant difference as a trigger of detectable allele variation (U < 0.05). In this research, insilico study shows that there is a new epitope antigen candidate from the MSP1_Jayapura allele and it is predicted to be recognized by B cells with 17 amino acid lengths in the amino acid sequence 187 to 203. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epitope%20candidate" title="epitope candidate">epitope candidate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insilico%20analysis" title=" insilico analysis"> insilico analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MSP1%20P.%20falciparum" title=" MSP1 P. falciparum"> MSP1 P. falciparum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymorphism" title=" polymorphism"> polymorphism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91517/genetic-polymorphism-and-insilico-study-epitope-block-2-msp1-gene-of-plasmodium-falciparum-isolate-endemic-jayapura" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91517.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> The Impact of Artesunate-Amodiaquine on Schistosoma mansoni Infection among Children Infected by Plasmodium in Rural Area of Lemfu, Kongo Central, Democratic Republic of the Congo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mbanzulu%20Kennedy">Mbanzulu Kennedy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zanga%20Josue"> Zanga Josue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wumba%20Roger"> Wumba Roger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malaria and schistosomiasis remain life-threatening public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. The infection pattern related to age indicates that preschool and school-age children are at the highest risk of malaria and schistosomiasis. Both parasitic infections, separately or combined, may have negative impacts on the haemoglobin concentration levels. The existing data revealed that artemisinin derivatives commonly used to cure malaria present also in antischistosomal activities. The current study investigated the impact of Artesunate-Amodiaquine (AS-AQ) on schistosomiasis when administered to treat malaria in rural area of Lemfu, DRC. A prospective longitudinal study including 171 coinfected children screened for anaemia, Schistosoma mansoni, and Plasmodium falciparum infections. The egg reduction rate and haemoglobin concentration were assessed four weeks after the treatment with AS-AQ, of all coinfected children of this series. One hundred and twenty-five (74.4%) out of 168 coinfected children treated and present during the assessment were found stool negative for S. mansoni eggs. Out of 43 (25.6%) children who remained positives, 37 (22%) showed a partial reduction of eggs amount, and no reduction was noted in 3.6% of coinfected. The mean of haemoglobin concentration and the prevalence of anaemia were, respectively, 10.74±1.5g/dl , 11.2±1.3g/dl, and 64.8%, 51.8%, respectively, before and after treatment, p<0.001. The AS-AQ commonly used against Plasmodium allowed curing S. mansoni in coinfected children and increasing the Hb level. For the future, the randomized and multicentric clinical trials are needed for a better understanding of the effectiveness of AS-AQ against Schistosoma spp. The trial registration number was 3487183. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paludisme" title="paludisme">paludisme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=schistosomiase" title=" schistosomiase"> schistosomiase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=as-aq" title=" as-aq"> as-aq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enfants%20lemfu" title=" enfants lemfu"> enfants lemfu</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149818/the-impact-of-artesunate-amodiaquine-on-schistosoma-mansoni-infection-among-children-infected-by-plasmodium-in-rural-area-of-lemfu-kongo-central-democratic-republic-of-the-congo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Species Composition and Plasmodium Infection Rates of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Kilosa, Tanzania</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amina%20R.%20Issae">Amina R. Issae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Godfrey%20C.%20Katusi"> Godfrey C. Katusi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beda%20J.%20Mwang%E2%80%99Onde"> Beda J. Mwang’Onde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ladslaus%20L.%20Mnyone"> Ladslaus L. Mnyone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Allen%20L.%20Malisa"> Allen L. Malisa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The fluctuating composition of mosquito species over time, driven by ecological changes in specific regions, plays a pivotal role in the transmission of malaria. Grasping these dynamics is fundamental for establishing a baseline understanding and is crucial for identifying transmission patterns. This knowledge is essential in devising effective strategies for managing and controlling vector populations. Our study focused on examining the species composition and Plasmodium infection rates of malaria vectors, aiming to enhance the health and well-being of communities affected by malaria. Methods: Species composition was determined through a cross-sectional collection of mosquitoes, conducted once in the village, in four selected villages of Kilosa district, Tanzania. Mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors using CDC light traps. A sub-sample of all collected mosquitoes was subjected to PCR identification and assayed for Plasmodium porozoites. Results: A total of 6493 female Anophelines mosquitoes were collected, of which eight species were identified as Anopheles gambiaes.l., An. funestus group, An. coustani, An. pharoensis, An. squamosus, and An. rufipes. The abundance of the Anopheles gambiaes.s.and An. funestuss.s. varied with location and village. A total of 5 sporozoite-positive mosquitoes were found, of which 4 were An. funestuss.s. and 1 was An. gambiaes.s. Conclusions: Anopheles gambiaes.s.and An. funestuss.s. were identified as the most abundant malaria vectors, respectively. Sporozoite analysis indicated this for An. funestuss.s. contribute to most of the malaria transmission in the area. Further studies are required to assess the role of seasonal shifts in vector abundance, insecticide resistance and malaria transmission of the vectors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mosquito" title="mosquito">mosquito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composition" title=" composition"> composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malaria" title=" malaria"> malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sporozoites" title=" sporozoites"> sporozoites</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186682/species-composition-and-plasmodium-infection-rates-of-anopheles-mosquitoes-in-kilosa-tanzania" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186682.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">46</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Pyrazolylpyrazolines: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation as Dual Acting Antimalarial-Antileishmanial Agents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adnan%20Bekhit">Adnan Bekhit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eskedar%20Lodebo"> Eskedar Lodebo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ariaya%20Hymete"> Ariaya Hymete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanan%20Ragab"> Hanan Ragab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alaa%20El-Din%20Bekhit"> Alaa El-Din Bekhit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malaria and leishmaniasis have emerged as serious universal health problems throughout history of mankind. According to the WHO 2008 malarial report, half of the world population is at risk of malarial infection with an estimate of 1 million deaths occurring annually mainly in the African region. Furthermore, 12-15 million people are infected with Leishmaniasis worldwide. Despite the continuous introduction of a large number of agents for the treatment of malaria, there is still unmet medical needs due to the emergence of resistance. Resistance has occurred for almost all therapeutic agents approved for the treatment of malaria. Accordingly, it was the aim of this work to design and synthesis a group of antimalarial-antileshmanial agents that would show inhibitory activity against chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The synthesized compounds were designed to contain a pyrazolylpyrazoline moiety having an aromatic group (p-tolyl or p-chlorophenyl) at N1-position of one pyrazoline ring due to the reports of promising activities of such compounds. A formyl or acyl substituent was introduced at the N1-position of the other pyrazoline ring, to investigate the effect of bulkiness of acyl substituents at this position. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in-vivo antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei infected mice at dose levels of 20 and 30 mg/Kg. the two most active compounds were evaluated for their antimalarial activity against chloroquin-resistant strain (RKL9) of Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, the synthesized compounds were tested for their in-vitro antileshmanial activity against Leishmania aethiopica promastigotes and amastigotes. For both antimalarial and antileishmanial activities, compounds having an N1-p-tolyl group at the first pyrazoline ring did not require bulkiness at the second pyrazoline ring nitrogen where the compound bearing an acetyl group proved to be the most active of the whole series. On the other hand, bulkiness at the N1-position of the second pyazoline ring was necessary in case of compounds carrying the p-chlorophenyl group, where the two derivatives having an N1-butanoyl and an N1-benzoyl moieties at the second pyrazoline showed the best activity. Furthermore, the toxicity of the active compounds were tested and were proved to be non-toxic at 125, 250 and 500 mg/Kg. In addition, docking of the most active compound (having a p-tolyl group at the first pyrazoline-N and an acetyl moiety on the other pyrazoline-N) was performed against dihydrofolate reductase enzyme. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrazoline%20derivatives" title="pyrazoline derivatives">pyrazoline derivatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-vivo%20antimalarial%20activity" title=" in-vivo antimalarial activity"> in-vivo antimalarial activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=docking" title=" docking"> docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dihydrofolate%20reductase" title=" dihydrofolate reductase"> dihydrofolate reductase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62770/pyrazolylpyrazolines-design-synthesis-and-biological-evaluation-as-dual-acting-antimalarial-antileishmanial-agents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62770.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Two Antiplasmodial Compounds from Lauraceae: Actinodaphne macrophylla and Nectandra angustifolia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tiah%20Rachmatiah">Tiah Rachmatiah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subaryanti"> Subaryanti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plants of Lauraceae family are known to contain many chemical compounds which have potential bioactivity such as alkaloids, flavonoids, lactones, terpenes, etc. Actinodaphne macrophylla and Nectandra angustifolia are two species from Lauraceae. A previous study on the crude alkaloidal extract from the bark of Act. macrophylla and n-hexane extract from the bark of N. angustifolia showed antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. The study was continued to find antiplasmodial active compounds from the two extracts. The materials were obtained from Bogor Botanical Garden, West Java, Indonesia. Crude alkaloidal extract of Act. macrophylla was prepared by maceration in dichloromethane after moistened with NH4OH 25% and n-hexane extract of N. angustifolia was prepared by maceration in n-hexane. A major compound was isolated by column chromatography using silica gel and a mixture of CH2Cl2 and methanol as a gradient solvent system for the alkaloidal extract and mixture of n-hexane and ethyl acetate for n-hexane extract. Fine white needle crystals were obtained from the alkaloidal extract and rod crystals from n-hexane extract. Molecular structure of the compounds was determined by analysis of spectra of NMR, IR, MS and compared by references. In vitro bioactivity test of the compound was performed against Plasmodium falciparum. The results showed that the bark of Act. macrophylla contained an aporphine alkaloid, actinodaphnine, that had activity against P. falciparum with IC50 value of 0.095 µg/mL and the bark of N. angustifolia contained a lignan compound, sesamine, with IC50 of 0.122 µg/mL. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=actinodaphne%20macrophylla" title="actinodaphne macrophylla">actinodaphne macrophylla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkaloid" title=" alkaloid"> alkaloid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiplasmodial" title=" antiplasmodial"> antiplasmodial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lauraceae" title=" lauraceae"> lauraceae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignan" title=" lignan"> lignan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nectandra%20angustifolia" title=" nectandra angustifolia"> nectandra angustifolia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31364/two-antiplasmodial-compounds-from-lauraceae-actinodaphne-macrophylla-and-nectandra-angustifolia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31364.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Nanoparticle-Based Histidine-Rich Protein-2 Assay for the Detection of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium Falciparum </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yagahira%20E.%20Castro-Sesquen">Yagahira E. Castro-Sesquen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chloe%20Kim"> Chloe Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20H.%20Gilman"> Robert H. Gilman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20J.%20Sullivan"> David J. Sullivan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20C.%20Searson"> Peter C. Searson </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Diagnosis of severe malaria is particularly important in highly endemic regions since most patients are positive for parasitemia and treatment differs from non-severe malaria. Diagnosis can be challenging due to the prevalence of diseases with similar symptoms. Accurate diagnosis is increasingly important to avoid overprescribing antimalarial drugs, minimize drug resistance, and minimize costs. A nanoparticle-based assay for detection and quantification of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) in urine and serum is reported. The assay uses magnetic beads conjugated with anti-HRP2 antibody for protein capture and concentration, and antibody-conjugated quantum dots for optical detection. Western Blot analysis demonstrated that magnetic beads allows the concentration of HRP2 protein in urine by 20-fold. The concentration effect was achieved because large volume of urine can be incubated with beads, and magnetic separation can be easily performed in minutes to isolate beads containing HRP2 protein. Magnetic beads and Quantum Dots 525 conjugated to anti-HRP2 antibodies allows the detection of low concentration of HRP2 protein (0.5 ng mL-1), and quantification in the range of 33 to 2,000 ng mL-1 corresponding to the range associated with non-severe to severe malaria. This assay can be easily adapted to a non-invasive point-of-care test for classification of severe malaria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HRP2%20protein" title="HRP2 protein">HRP2 protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malaria" title=" malaria"> malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20beads" title=" magnetic beads"> magnetic beads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quantum%20dots" title=" Quantum dots"> Quantum dots</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40731/nanoparticle-based-histidine-rich-protein-2-assay-for-the-detection-of-the-malaria-parasite-plasmodium-falciparum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40731.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> In silico Designing and Insight into Antimalarial Potential of Chalcone-Quinolinylpyrazole Hybrids by Preclinical Study in Mice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepika%20Saini">Deepika Saini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandeep%20Jain"> Sandeep Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajay%20%20Kumar"> Ajay Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The quinoline scaffold is one of the most widely studied in the discovery of derivatives with various heterocyclic moieties due to its potential antimalarial activities. In the present study, a chalcone series of quinoline derivatives clubbed with pyrazole were synthesized to evaluate their antimalarial property by in vitro schizont maturation inhibition assay against both chloroquine sensitive, 3D7 and chloroquine resistant, RKL9 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Further, top five compounds were studied for in vivo preclinical study for antimalarial potential against P. berghei in Swiss albino mice. To understand the mechanism of synthesized analogues, they were screened computationally by molecular docking techniques. Compounds were docked into the active site of a protein receptor, Plasmodium falciparum Cysteine Protease Falcipain-2. The compounds were successfully synthesized, and structural confirmation was performed by FTIR, 1H-NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. In vitro study suggested that the compounds 5b, 5g, 5l, 5s and 5u possessed best antimalarial activity and further tested for in vivo screening. Compound 5u (CH₃ on both rings) with EC₅₀ 0.313 & 0.801 µg/ml against CQ-S & CQ-R strains of P. falciparum respectively and 78.01% suppression of parasitemia. The molecular docking studies of the compounds helped in understanding the mechanism of action against falcipain-2. The present study reveals the binding signatures of the synthesized ligands within the active site of the protein, and it explains the results from in vitro study in their EC₅₀ values and percentage parasitemia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimalarial%20activity" title="antimalarial activity">antimalarial activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chalcone" title=" chalcone"> chalcone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=docking" title=" docking"> docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quinoline" title=" quinoline"> quinoline</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63591/in-silico-designing-and-insight-into-antimalarial-potential-of-chalcone-quinolinylpyrazole-hybrids-by-preclinical-study-in-mice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Analysis of the Dynamics of Transmission of Microsporidia MB Inside the Population of Anopheles Mosquitoes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charlene%20N.%20T.%20Mfangnia">Charlene N. T. Mfangnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henri%20Tonnang"> Henri Tonnang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berge%20Tsanou"> Berge Tsanou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeremy%20Herren"> Jeremy Herren</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Microsporidia MB found in the populations of anopheles is a recently discovered symbiont responsible for the Plasmodium transmission blocking. From early studies, it was established that the symbiont can be transmitted vertically and horizontally. The present study uses compartmental mathematical modelling approach to investigate the dynamics of Microsporidia transmission in the mosquito population with the mindset of establishing a mechanism for use to control malaria. Data and information obtained from laboratory experiments are used to estimate the model parameters with and without temperature dependency of mosquito traits. We carry out the mathematical analysis focusing on the equilibria states and their stability for the autonomous model. Through the modelling experiments, we are able to assess and confirm the contribution of vertical and horizontal transmission in the proliferation of Microsporidia MB in the mosquito population. In addition, the basic and target reproductions are computed, and some long-term behaviours of the model, such as the local (and global) stability of equilibrium points, are rigorously analysed and illustrated numerically. We establish the conditions responsible for the low prevalence of the symbiont-infected mosquitoes observed in nature. Moreover, we identify the male death rate, the mating rate and the attractiveness of MB-positive mosquitoes as mosquito traits that significantly influence the spread of Microsporidia MB. Furthermore, we highlight the influence of temperature in the establishment and persistence of MB-infected mosquitoes in a given area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microsporidia%20MB" title="microsporidia MB">microsporidia MB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20transmission" title=" vertical transmission"> vertical transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horizontal%20transmission" title=" horizontal transmission"> horizontal transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compartmental%20modelling%20approach" title=" compartmental modelling approach"> compartmental modelling approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature-dependent%20mosquito%20traits" title=" temperature-dependent mosquito traits"> temperature-dependent mosquito traits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malaria" title=" malaria"> malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium-transmission%20blocking" title=" plasmodium-transmission blocking"> plasmodium-transmission blocking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161357/analysis-of-the-dynamics-of-transmission-of-microsporidia-mb-inside-the-population-of-anopheles-mosquitoes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Improvement of Artemisinin Production by P. indica in Hairy Root Cultures of A. annua L.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seema%20Ahlawat">Seema Ahlawat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parul%20Saxena"> Parul Saxena</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malik%20Zainul%20Abdin"> Malik Zainul Abdin </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malaria is a major health problem in many developing countries. The parasite responsible for the vast majority of fatal malaria infections is Plasmodium falciparum. Unfortunately, most Plasmodium strains including P. falciparum have become resistant to most of the antimalarials including chloroquine, mefloquine, etc. To combat this problem, WHO has recommended the use of artemisinin and its derivatives in artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT). Due to its current use in artemisinin based-combination therapy (ACT), its global demand is increasing continuously. But, the relatively low yield of artemisinin in A. annua L. plants and unavailability of economically viable synthetic protocols are the major bottlenecks for its commercial production and clinical use. Chemical synthesis of artemisinin is also very complex and uneconomical. The hairy root system, using the Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA 9402 strain to enhance the production of artemisinin in A. annua L., is developed in our laboratory. The transgenic nature of hairy root lines and the copy number of trans gene (rol B) were confirmed using PCR and Southern Blot analyses, respectively. The effect of different concentrations of Piriformospora indica on artemisinin production in hairy root cultures were evaluated. 3% P. indica has resulted 1.97 times increase in artemisinin production in comparison to control cultures. The effects of P. indica on artemisinin production was positively correlated with regulatory genes of MVA, MEP and artemisinin biosynthetic pathways, viz. hmgr, ads, cyp71av1, aldh1, dxs, dxr and dbr2 in hairy root cultures of A. annua L. Mass scale cultivation of A. annua L. hairy roots by plant tissue culture technology may be an alternative route for production of artemisinin. A comprehensive investigation of the hairy root system of A. annua L. would help in developing a viable process for the production of artemisinin. The efficiency of the scaling up systems still needs optimization before industrial exploitation becomes viable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20annua%20L." title="A. annua L.">A. annua L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artemisinin" title=" artemisinin"> artemisinin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hairy%20root%20cultures" title=" hairy root cultures"> hairy root cultures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malaria" title=" malaria"> malaria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22980/improvement-of-artemisinin-production-by-p-indica-in-hairy-root-cultures-of-a-annua-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22980.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">415</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Antiplasmodial Activity of Drimane Sesquiterpene Isolated from Warburgia salutaris</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mthokozisi%20Simelane">Mthokozisi Simelane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Malaria remains a life-threatening disease in tropical regions despite the advances in the treatment of this disease, it still remains a significant burden as some parasites have become resistant to the currently available drugs. This has created a necessity for the development of alternative, more efficient antimalarial drugs. Warburgia salutaris is a traditional medicinal plant used in malaria treatment by Zulu traditional healers. Materials and methods: The W. salutaris stem-bark was extracted with dichloromethane and the compound was isolated through column chromatography. The compound was identified and characterized by spectroscopic analysis (1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and MS) and the structure was also confirmed by x-ray crystallography. The anti-plasmodial activity (in vitro) was studied on NF54 Plasmodium falciparum strain (CQS). Cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay on HEK239 and HEPG2 cell lines. Docking of Mukaadial acetate was conducted in AutoDock Vina. Structural modifications were conducted in UCSF Chimera and molecular interactions examined in LigPlot. Results: The compound, Mukaadial Acetate showed appreciable inhibition (IC50 0.44±0.10 µg/ml) of the parasite growth and cytotoxicity activity of 0.124±0.109 and 0.199±0.083 (µg/ml) on HEK293 and HEPG2 cells respectively. Molecular docking revealed that Mukaadial Acetate binds to the purine, pyrophosphate and ribose binding sites of the PfHGXPRT with an optimum binding conformation and forms hydrogen bond, steric and hydrophobic interactions with the residues inhabiting the respective binding sites. Conclusion: It is apparent that W. salutaris contains components (including Mukaadial Acetate) that exhibit antimalarial activity. This study scientifically validates the use of this plant in folk medicine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium%20falciparum" title="plasmodium falciparum">plasmodium falciparum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20docking" title=" molecular docking"> molecular docking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimalarial%20activity" title=" antimalarial activity"> antimalarial activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PfHGXPRT" title=" PfHGXPRT"> PfHGXPRT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Warburgia%20salutaris" title=" Warburgia salutaris"> Warburgia salutaris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mukaadial%20acetate" title=" mukaadial acetate"> mukaadial acetate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70831/antiplasmodial-activity-of-drimane-sesquiterpene-isolated-from-warburgia-salutaris" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Epidemiological, Ecology, and Case Management of Plasmodium Knowlesi Malaria in Phang-Nga Province, Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surachart%20Koyadun">Surachart Koyadun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Plasmodium knowlesi (P. knowlesi) malaria is a zoonotic disease that is classified as type 5 of human malaria. Commonly found in macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and (Macaca nemestrina), P. knowlesi is capable of resulting in both uncomplicated and severe malaria in humans. Situation of P. knowlesi malaria in Phang-Nga province for the past 3 years from 2020 – 2022 revealed no case report in 2020, however, a total of 14 cases had been reported in 2021 - 2022. This research aimed to 1) study the epidemiology of P. knowlesi, 2) examine the clinical manifestations of P. knowlesi patients, 3) analyze the ecology and entomology of P. knowlesi, and 4) analyze the diagnosis and treatment of P. knowlesi. Method: This research was a retrospective descriptive study/case report. The study was conducted in 14 patients with P. knowlesi malaria between 2021 and 2022 in 4 districts of Phang-Nga Province, Thailand including Thapput, Kapong, Takuapa and Khuraburi. Results: The study subjects of P. knowlesi malaria were all males. Most of them were working age groups as farmers and worked in forest or plantation areas. All had no history of blood transfusions. Most of the patients did not use mosquito nets and had a history of camping in the forest prior to the onset of fever. An analysis of all 14 sources of infection unveiled the area is home to macaques, and that area has detected Anopheles mosquito, which is the carrier of the disease. Majority of them got sick in the dry season of Thailand (December-April). The main symptoms brought to the hospital were fever, chills, headache, body aches. Laboratory findings on the first day of diagnosis were as follows: The white blood cell count was found within the normal range. In the proportion of white blood cells, eosinophils were found to be slightly higher than normal. Slight anemia was found on early examination. The platelet count was found to be below normal in all cases. Severely low platelet count (2,000 cells/mm3) was found in severe cases with multiple complications. No patient was found dead but 85.7% of complications were found, with acute renal failure being the most common. Patients with delayed diagnosis and treatment of malaria (inaccurate diagnosis or late access to the hospital) had the highest severity and complications than those who had seen the doctor since the first 3-4 days of illness or the screening of symptoms and risk history by the malaria clinic staff at vector-borne disease control unit. Conclusion and Recommendation: P. knowlesi malaria is an emerging infectious disease transmitted from animals to humans. There are challenges in epidemiology, entomology, ecology for effective surveillance, prevention and control. Early diagnosis and treatment would reduce complications and prevent death. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malaria" title="malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium%20knowlesi" title=" plasmodium knowlesi"> plasmodium knowlesi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epidemiology" title=" epidemiology"> epidemiology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecology" title=" ecology"> ecology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomology" title=" entomology"> entomology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnosis" title=" diagnosis"> diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169062/epidemiological-ecology-and-case-management-of-plasmodium-knowlesi-malaria-in-phang-nga-province-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169062.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria in Surat Thani, Southern Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manas%20Kotepui">Manas Kotepui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chatree%20Ratcha"> Chatree Ratcha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwuntida%20Uthaisar"> Kwuntida Uthaisar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malaria infection is still to be considered a major public health problem in Thailand. This study, a retrospective data of patients in Surat Thani Province, Southern Thailand during 2012-2015 was retrieved and analyzed. These data include demographic data, clinical characteristics and laboratory diagnosis. Statistical analyses were performed to demonstrate the frequency, proportion, data tendency, and group comparisons. Total of 395 malaria patients were found. Most of patients were male (253 cases, 64.1%). Most of patients (262 cases, 66.3%) were admitted at 6 am-11.59 am of the day. Three hundred and fifty-five patients (97.5%) were positive with P. falciparum. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and MCHC between P. falciparum and P. vivax were significant different (P value<0.05).During 2012-2015, prevalence of malaria was highest in 2013. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes were significantly changed among patients with fever ≤ 3 days compared with patients with fever >3 days. This information will guide to understanding pathogenesis and characteristic of malaria infection in Sothern Thailand. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevalence" title="prevalence">prevalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malaria" title=" malaria"> malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surat%20Thani" title=" Surat Thani"> Surat Thani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56407/clinical-and-laboratory-diagnosis-of-malaria-in-surat-thani-southern-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56407.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Malaria Vulnerability Mapping from the Space: A Case Study of Damaturu Town-Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isa%20Muhammad%20Zumo">Isa Muhammad Zumo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Malaria is one of the worst illnesses that may affect humans. It is typically transmitted by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito and is caused by parasitic protozoans from the Plasmodium parasite. Government and non-governmental organizations made numerous initiatives to combat the threat of malaria in communities. Nevertheless, the necessary attention was not paid to accurate and current information regarding the size and location of these favourable locations for mosquito development. Because mosquitoes can only reproduce in specific habitats with surface water, this study will locate and map those favourable sites that act as mosquito breeding grounds. Spatial and attribute data relating to favourable mosquito breeding places will be collected and analysed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The major findings will be in five classes, showing the vulnerable and risky areas for malaria cases. These risk categories are very high, high, moderate, low, and extremely low vulnerable areas. The maps produced by this study will be of great use to the health department in combating the malaria pandemic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerability" title=" vulnerability"> vulnerability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mapping" title=" mapping"> mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space" title=" space"> space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damaturu" title=" Damaturu"> Damaturu</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182231/malaria-vulnerability-mapping-from-the-space-a-case-study-of-damaturu-town-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">59</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Immunoliposome-Mediated Drug Delivery to Plasmodium-Infected and Non-Infected Red Blood Cells as a Dual Therapeutic/Prophylactic Antimalarial Strategy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ernest%20Moles">Ernest Moles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patricia%20Urb%C3%A1n"> Patricia Urbán</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Bel%C3%A9n%20Jim%C3%A9nez-D%C3%ADaz"> María Belén Jiménez-Díaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Viera-Morilla"> Sara Viera-Morilla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I%C3%B1igo%20Angulo-Barturen"> Iñigo Angulo-Barturen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Ant%C3%B2nia%20Busquets"> Maria Antònia Busquets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xavier%20Fern%C3%A0ndez-Busquets"> Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bearing in mind the absence of an effective vaccine against malaria and its severe clinical manifestations causing nearly half a million deaths every year, this disease represents nowadays a major threat to life. Besides, the basic rationale followed by currently marketed antimalarial approaches is based on the administration of drugs on their own, promoting the emergence of drug-resistant parasites owing to the limitation in delivering drug payloads into the parasitized erythrocyte high enough to kill the intracellular pathogen while minimizing the risk of causing toxic side effects to the patient. Such dichotomy has been successfully addressed through the specific delivery of immunoliposome (iLP)-encapsulated antimalarials to Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (pRBCs). Unfortunately, this strategy has not progressed towards clinical applications, whereas in vitro assays rarely reach drug efficacy improvements above 10-fold. Here, we show that encapsulation efficiencies reaching >96% can be achieved for the weakly basic drugs chloroquine (CQ) and primaquine using the pH gradient active loading method in liposomes composed of neutrally charged, saturated phospholipids. Targeting antibodies are best conjugated through their primary amino groups, adjusting chemical crosslinker concentration to retain significant antigen recognition. Antigens from non-parasitized RBCs have also been considered as targets for the intracellular delivery of drugs not affecting the erythrocytic metabolism. Using this strategy, we have obtained unprecedented nanocarrier targeting to early intraerythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite for which there is a lack of specific extracellular molecular tags. Polyethylene glycol-coated liposomes conjugated with monoclonal antibodies specific for the erythrocyte surface protein glycophorin A (anti-GPA iLP) were capable of targeting 100% RBCs and pRBCs at the low concentration of 0.5 μM total lipid in the culture, with >95% of added iLPs retained into the cells. When exposed for only 15 min to P. falciparum in vitro cultures synchronized at early stages, free CQ had no significant effect over parasite viability up to 200 nM drug, whereas iLP-encapsulated 50 nM CQ completely arrested its growth. Furthermore, when assayed in vivo in P. falciparum-infected humanized mice, anti-GPA iLPs cleared the pathogen below detectable levels at a CQ dose of 0.5 mg/kg. In comparison, free CQ administered at 1.75 mg/kg was, at most, 40-fold less efficient. Our data suggest that this significant improvement in drug antimalarial efficacy is in part due to a prophylactic effect of CQ found by the pathogen in its host cell right at the very moment of invasion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunoliposomal%20nanoparticles" title="immunoliposomal nanoparticles">immunoliposomal nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malaria" title=" malaria"> malaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prophylactic-therapeutic%20polyvalent%20activity" title=" prophylactic-therapeutic polyvalent activity"> prophylactic-therapeutic polyvalent activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=targeted%20drug%20delivery" title=" targeted drug delivery"> targeted drug delivery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42679/immunoliposome-mediated-drug-delivery-to-plasmodium-infected-and-non-infected-red-blood-cells-as-a-dual-therapeuticprophylactic-antimalarial-strategy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42679.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">375</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium%20vivax&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasmodium%20vivax&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div 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