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<li id="toc-Light_and_chemical_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_and_chemical_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Light and chemical production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_and_chemical_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fossil history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interaction with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interaction with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Firefly</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="يراعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يراعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE" title="জোনাকী পৰুৱা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জোনাকী পৰুৱা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampyridae" title="Lampyridae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lampyridae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C3%A3" title="Muã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Muã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%B1ldab%C3%B6c%C9%99kl%C9%99r" title="İşıldaböcəklər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşıldaböcəklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80" title="জোনাকী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোনাকী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3e-kim-ko%CD%98" title="Hóe-kim-ko͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hóe-kim-ko͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Баҙлауыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баҙлауыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Светлякі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Светлякі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aninipot" title="Aninipot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aninipot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Светулки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Светулки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetlaci" title="Svjetlaci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svjetlaci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamp%C3%ADrids" title="Lampírids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lampírids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampyridae" title="Lampyridae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lampyridae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btlu%C5%A1kovit%C3%AD" title="Světluškovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Světluškovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C9%A3imtitia" title="Buɣimtitia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Buɣimtitia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildfluer" title="Ildfluer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ildfluer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuchtk%C3%A4fer" title="Leuchtkäfer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leuchtkäfer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_bik%C7%AB%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Chʼosh bikǫʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh bikǫʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaanimardiklased" title="Jaanimardiklased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaanimardiklased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Πυγολαμπίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυγολαμπίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9g_luzo%C3%B3r" title="Bég luzoór – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Bég luzoór" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampyridae" title="Lampyridae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lampyridae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampiredoj" title="Lampiredoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lampiredoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipurtargi" title="Ipurtargi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipurtargi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کرم شب‌تاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرم شب‌تاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampyridae" title="Lampyridae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lampyridae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampyridae" title="Lampyridae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lampyridae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagalume" title="Vagalume – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vagalume" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B8" title="НӀанийцӀи – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="НӀанийцӀи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E7%81%AB%E8%9F%B2" title="夜火蟲 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="夜火蟲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B" title="આગિયો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આગિયો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3-yam-chh%C3%B9ng" title="Fó-yam-chhùng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fó-yam-chhùng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%94%A7%EB%B6%88%EC%9D%B4%EA%B3%BC" title="반딧불이과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반딧불이과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%AF-%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Կայծոռիկ-լուսատտիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կայծոռիկ-լուսատտիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82" title="जुगनू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जुगनू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krijesnice" title="Krijesnice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krijesnice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciolo" title="Luciolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Luciolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunang-kunang" title="Kunang-kunang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kunang-kunang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Æрттиваг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æрттиваг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldflugur" title="Eldflugur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldflugur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampyridae" title="Lampyridae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lampyridae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גחליליות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גחליליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konang" title="Konang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Konang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3" title="ಮಿಂಚುಹುಳ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಿಂಚುಹುಳ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ციცინათელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ციცინათელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жарқырауық қоңыздар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жарқырауық қоңыздар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimetameta_(mbawakawa)" title="Kimetameta (mbawakawa) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimetameta (mbawakawa)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koukouy" title="Koukouy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Koukouy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampyridae" title="Lampyridae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lampyridae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%ABdvaboles" title="Spīdvaboles – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spīdvaboles" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehaansf%C3%A9nkelcher" title="Gehaansfénkelcher – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gehaansfénkelcher" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonvabaliai" title="Jonvabaliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jonvabaliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleujw%C3%B6rmke" title="Gleujwörmke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gleujwörmke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epela-mwinda" title="Epela-mwinda – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Epela-mwinda" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentj%C3%A1nosbog%C3%A1r-f%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Szentjánosbogár-félék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szentjánosbogár-félék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Светулки – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Светулки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="മിന്നാമിനുങ്ങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിന്നാമിനുങ്ങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="काजवा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काजवा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მარწკინაიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარწკინაიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%87" title="يراعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يراعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کینگ سو کرک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کینگ سو کرک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelip-kelip" title="Kelip-kelip – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelip-kelip" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng-mu%C5%8Di-s%C4%ADng" title="Nàng-muōi-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nàng-muōi-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82_%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Гэрэлт цох – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэрэлт цох" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8" title="ပိုးစုန်းကြူး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုးစုန်းကြူး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimwormen" title="Glimwormen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glimwormen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="जुनकिरी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जुनकिरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB" title="ホタル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホタル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driikraaben" title="Driikraaben – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Driikraaben" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysbiller" title="Lysbiller – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lysbiller" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%88" title="Тулшукш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тулшукш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਟਟਹਿਣਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਟਹਿਣਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8F%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%8F%D9%88" title="جُگنُو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جُگنُو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%80" title="អំពិលអំពែក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អំពិលអំពែក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awietlikowate" title="Świetlikowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Świetlikowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga-lume" title="Vaga-lume – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vaga-lume" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampyridae" title="Lampyridae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lampyridae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninakuru" title="Ninakuru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ninakuru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Светляки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Светляки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/adipawnay" title="adipawnay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="adipawnay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="جگنو – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جگنو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xix%C3%ABllonja" title="Xixëllonja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xixëllonja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly" title="Firefly – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Firefly" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresnice_(hro%C5%A1%C4%8Di)" title="Kresnice (hrošči) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kresnice (hrošči)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="گوڵەستێرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوڵەستێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Свици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krijesnice" title="Krijesnice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krijesnice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cika-cika" title="Cika-cika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cika-cika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiiltomadot" title="Kiiltomadot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiiltomadot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysmaskar" title="Lysmaskar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lysmaskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitaptap" title="Alitaptap – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alitaptap" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="மின்மினிப் பூச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்மினிப் பூச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81" title="మిణుగురు పురుగు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మిణుగురు పురుగు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="หิ่งห้อย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หิ่งห้อย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AF%C3%AFt" title="Mïït – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Mïït" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Кирми шабтоб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кирми шабтоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B3%27ho%27k%C3%A2s%C3%A9noma%27ne" title="Vó'ho'kâsénoma'ne – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vó'ho'kâsénoma'ne" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮೆಣ್ಪುರಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮೆಣ್ಪುರಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampyridae" title="Lampyridae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lampyridae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CC%B1tyim_(kyangcet)" title="Sa̱tyim (kyangcet) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Sa̱tyim (kyangcet)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ӝуасьнумыр – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ӝуасьнумыр" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Світлякові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Світлякові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="جگنو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جگنو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronghrib" title="Ronghrib – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ronghrib" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90om_%C4%91%C3%B3m" title="Đom đóm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đom đóm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%A2" title="螢 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="螢" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukatkat" title="Bukatkat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bukatkat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E7%81%AB%E8%99%AB" title="游火虫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="游火虫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7" title="גליזשוק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גליזשוק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%A2%E7%81%AB%E8%9F%B2" title="螢火蟲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="螢火蟲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giy%C3%AA_astarey" title="Giyê astarey – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Giyê astarey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C4%97tvombuol%C4%97" title="Švėtvombuolė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Švėtvombuolė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%A2%E7%81%AB%E8%9F%B2" title="螢火蟲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="螢火蟲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25420#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of beetles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the family of insects. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Firefly_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Firefly (disambiguation)">Firefly (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lucciola" redirects here. For the 1917 Italian film, see <a href="/wiki/Lucciola_(film)" title="Lucciola (film)">Lucciola (film)</a>. For the Italian restaurant in New York, see <a href="/wiki/Lucciola_(restaurant)" title="Lucciola (restaurant)">Lucciola (restaurant)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Firefly<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a>-Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:185.98461538462px; width:34.015384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:185.98461538462px; width:34.015384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:186.98461538462px; width:32.015384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Photuris_lucicrescens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photuris lucicrescens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Photuris_lucicrescens.jpg/220px-Photuris_lucicrescens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Photuris_lucicrescens.jpg/330px-Photuris_lucicrescens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Photuris_lucicrescens.jpg/440px-Photuris_lucicrescens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Photuris_lucicrescens" title="Photuris lucicrescens">Photuris lucicrescens</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lampyris_Noctiluca_(firefly)_mating.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lampyris_Noctiluca_%28firefly%29_mating.gif/220px-Lampyris_Noctiluca_%28firefly%29_mating.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lampyris_Noctiluca_%28firefly%29_mating.gif/330px-Lampyris_Noctiluca_%28firefly%29_mating.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lampyris_Noctiluca_%28firefly%29_mating.gif/440px-Lampyris_Noctiluca_%28firefly%29_mating.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="404" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lampyris_noctiluca" title="Lampyris noctiluca">Lampyris noctiluca</a></i> mating </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Lampyridae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Coleoptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyphaga" title="Polyphaga">Polyphaga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elateriformia" title="Elateriformia">Elateriformia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elateroidea" title="Elateroidea">Elateroidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lampyridae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Rafinesque</a>, 1815</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Amydetinae<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Cheguevariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheguevariinae">Cheguevariinae</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ferreira2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferreira2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Chespiritoinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chespiritoinae">Chespiritoinae</a><sup id="cite_ref-FerreiraEtAl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FerreiraEtAl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cyphonocerinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyphonocerinae">Cyphonocerinae</a><br /> Lamprohizinae<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Lampyrinae" title="Lampyrinae">Lampyrinae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Luciolinae" title="Luciolinae">Luciolinae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ototretinae" title="Ototretinae">Ototretinae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Photurinae" title="Photurinae">Photurinae</a><br /> Psilocladinae<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2019_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Pterotinae<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2019_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">Genera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2019_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <i>Anadrilus</i> <small>Kirsch, 1875</small><br /> <i>Araucariocladus</i> <small>Silveira and Mermudes, 2017</small><br /> <i>Crassitarsus</i> <small>Martin, 2019</small><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Lamprigera" title="Lamprigera">Lamprigera</a></i> <small>Motschulsky, 1853</small><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Oculogryphus" title="Oculogryphus">Oculogryphus</a></i><br /> <small>Jeng, Engel, and Yang, 2007</small><br /> <i>Photoctus</i> <small>McDermott, 1961</small><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Pollaclasis" title="Pollaclasis">Pollaclasis</a></i> <small>Newman, 1838</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Lampyridae</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elateroidea" title="Elateroidea">elateroid</a> beetles with more than 2,000 described species, many of which are <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">light-emitting</a>. They are soft-bodied beetles commonly called <b>fireflies</b>, <b>lightning bugs</b>, or <b><a href="/wiki/Glowworm" title="Glowworm">glowworms</a></b> for their conspicuous production of light, mainly <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">during twilight</a>, to attract mates.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Lampyris_noctiluca" title="Lampyris noctiluca">Lampyris noctiluca</a></i>, the common glow-worm of Europe. Light production in the Lampyridae is thought to have originated as a <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">warning</a> <a href="/wiki/Honest_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest signal">signal</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> were distasteful. This ability to create light was then co-opted as a mating signal and, in a further development, adult female fireflies of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Photuris" title="Photuris">Photuris</a></i> mimic the flash pattern of the <i><a href="/wiki/Photinus_(beetle)" title="Photinus (beetle)">Photinus</a></i> beetle to trap their males as prey. </p><p>Fireflies are found in <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> climates. Many live in <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> or in wet, wooded areas where their larvae have abundant sources of food. While all known fireflies glow as larvae, only some species produce light in their adult stage, and the location of the light organ varies among species and between sexes of the same species. Fireflies have attracted human attention since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>; their presence has been taken to signify a wide variety of conditions in different cultures and is especially appreciated aesthetically in Japan, where parks are set aside for this specific purpose. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luciola4_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Luciola4_crop.png/220px-Luciola4_crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Luciola4_crop.png/330px-Luciola4_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Luciola4_crop.png/440px-Luciola4_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Larviform_female" title="Larviform female">larviform female</a> with light-emitting organs on her <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>. Unlike actual larvae, she has <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fireflies are beetles and in many aspects resemble other beetles at all stages of their <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>, undergoing <a href="/wiki/Complete_metamorphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete metamorphosis">complete metamorphosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days after mating, a female lays her fertilized eggs on or just below the surface of the ground. The eggs hatch three to four weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain firefly species with aquatic larvae, such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquatica_leii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquatica leii (page does not exist)">Aquatica leii</a></i>, the female oviposits on emergent portions of aquatic plants, and the larvae descend into the water after hatching.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larvae feed until the end of the summer. Most fireflies <a href="/wiki/Insect_winter_ecology" title="Insect winter ecology">hibernate</a> as larvae. Some do this by burrowing underground, while others find places on or under the bark of trees. They emerge in the spring. At least one species, <i><a href="/wiki/Ellychnia_corrusca" title="Ellychnia corrusca">Ellychnia corrusca</a></i>, overwinters as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larvae of most species are specialized <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> and feed on other larvae, terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>. Some are so specialized that they have grooved <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandible (insect)">mandibles</a> that deliver digestive fluids directly to their prey. The larval stage lasts from several weeks up to, in certain species, two or more years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larvae <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupate</a> for one to two and a half weeks and emerge as adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_2020_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adult diet varies among firefly species: some are predatory, while others feed on plant <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>. Some adults, like the European glow-worm, have no mouth, emerging only to mate and lay eggs before dying. In most species, adults live for a few weeks in summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_2020_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLean_Buck_Hanson_1972_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLean_Buck_Hanson_1972-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fireflies vary widely in their general appearance, with differences in color, shape, size, and features such as antennae. Adults differ in size depending on the species, with the largest up to 25 mm (1 in) long. Many species have non-flying <a href="/wiki/Larviform_female" title="Larviform female">larviform females</a>. These can often be distinguished from the larvae only because the adult females have <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">compound eyes</a>, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">simple eyes</a> of larvae, though the females have much smaller (and often highly regressed) eyes than those of their males.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau_&_Meyer-Rochow_2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau_&_Meyer-Rochow_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly known fireflies are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a>, although numerous species are <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> and usually not luminescent; however, some species that remain in shadowy areas may produce light.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most fireflies are distasteful to vertebrate predators, as they contain the steroid pyrones <a href="/wiki/Lucibufagin" title="Lucibufagin">lucibufagins</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Cardiotonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiotonic">cardiotonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bufanolide" title="Bufanolide">bufadienolides</a> found in some poisonous toads.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All fireflies glow as larvae, where bioluminescence is an <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematic</a> warning signal to <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_Cratsley_2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_Cratsley_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2014121–122_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2014121–122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_and_chemical_production">Light and chemical production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Light and chemical production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firefly_composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Firefly_composite.jpg/220px-Firefly_composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Firefly_composite.jpg/330px-Firefly_composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Firefly_composite.jpg/440px-Firefly_composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Photuris" title="Photuris">Photuris</a></i> female by flash photography (above); by her own light (below)</figcaption></figure> <p>Light production in fireflies is due to the chemical process of <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">bioluminescence</a>. This occurs in specialized light-emitting <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a>, usually on a female firefly's lower <a href="/wiki/Abdomen_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdomen (insect anatomy)">abdomen</a>. The enzyme <a href="/wiki/Luciferase" title="Luciferase">luciferase</a> acts on <a href="/wiki/Firefly_luciferin" title="Firefly luciferin">luciferin</a>, in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> ions, <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>, and oxygen to produce light. Oxygen is supplied via an abdominal trachea or breathing tube. <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a> coding for these substances has been <a href="/wiki/Luciferase#Applications" title="Luciferase">inserted into many different organisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firefly luciferase is used in <a href="/wiki/Forensics" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensics">forensics</a>, and the enzyme has medical uses – in particular, for detecting the presence of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> or magnesium.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_Cratsley_2008_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_Cratsley_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fireflies produce a "cold light", with no <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> frequencies. The light may be yellow, green, or pale red, with <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> from 510 to 670 nanometers. Some species such as the dimly glowing "<a href="/wiki/Phausis_reticulata" title="Phausis reticulata">blue ghost</a>" of the Eastern US may seem to emit blueish-white light from a distance and in low light conditions, but their glow is bright green when observed up close.<sup id="cite_ref-Frick-Ruppert_Rosen_2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frick-Ruppert_Rosen_2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their perceived blue tint may be due to the <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_effect" title="Purkinje effect">Purkinje effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a study on the genome of <i>Aquatica leii</i>, scientists discovered two key genes are responsible for the formation, activation, and positioning of this firefly's light organ: Alabd-B and AlUnc-4.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adults emit light primarily for mate selection. Early larval bioluminescence was adopted in the phylogeny of adult fireflies, and was repeatedly gained and lost before becoming fixed and retained as a mechanism of sexual communication in many species.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_Cratsley_2008_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_Cratsley_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult lampyrids have a variety of ways to communicate with mates in courtships: steady glows, flashing, and the use of chemical signals unrelated to photic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical signals, or pheromones, are the ancestral form of sexual communication; this pre-dates the evolution of flash signaling in the lineage, and is retained today in diurnally-active species.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_Cratsley_2008_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_Cratsley_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species, especially lightning bugs of the <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Photinus_(beetle)" title="Photinus (beetle)">Photinus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Photuris_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Photuris (genus)">Photuris</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pyractomena" title="Pyractomena">Pyractomena</a></i>, are distinguished by the unique courtship flash patterns emitted by flying males in search of females. In general, females of the genus <i>Photinus</i> do not fly, but do give a flash response to males of their own species. Signals, whether photic or chemical, allow fireflies to identify mates of their own species. Flash signaling characteristics include differences in duration, timing, color, number and rate of repetitions, height of flight, and direction of flight (e.g. climbing or diving) and vary interspecifically and geographically.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2014121–122_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2014121–122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When flash signals are not sufficiently distinguished between species in a population, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> encourages divergence of signaling patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Synchronization of flashing occurs in several species; it is explained as <a href="/wiki/Phase_synchronization" title="Phase synchronization">phase synchronization</a> and spontaneous order.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tropical fireflies routinely synchronise their flashes among large groups, particularly in Southeast Asia. At night along river banks in the Malaysian jungles, fireflies synchronize their light emissions precisely. Current hypotheses about the causes of this behavior involve diet, social interaction, and altitude. In the Philippines, thousands of fireflies can be seen all year-round in the town of <a href="/wiki/Donsol" title="Donsol">Donsol</a>. In the United States, one of the most famous sightings of fireflies blinking in <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a> occurs annually near <a href="/wiki/Elkmont,_Tennessee" title="Elkmont, Tennessee">Elkmont, Tennessee</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains" title="Great Smoky Mountains">Great Smoky Mountains</a> during the first weeks of June.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Congaree_National_Park" title="Congaree National Park">Congaree National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> is another host to this phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female "femme fatale" <i>Photuris</i> fireflies mimic the photic signaling patterns of the smaller <i>Photinus</i>, attracting males to what appears to be a suitable mate, then eating them.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_Cratsley_2008_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_Cratsley_2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provides the females with a supply of the toxic defensive lucibufagin chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2014387_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGullanCranston2014387-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many fireflies do not produce light. Usually these species are diurnal, or day-flying, such as those in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ellychnia" title="Ellychnia">Ellychnia</a></i>. A few diurnal fireflies that inhabit primarily shadowy places, such as beneath tall plants or trees, are luminescent. One such genus is <i><a href="/wiki/Lucidota" title="Lucidota">Lucidota</a></i>. </p><p>Non-bioluminescent fireflies use pheromones to signal mates. Some <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> groups lack bioluminescence and use chemical signaling instead. <i>Phosphaenus hemipterus</i> has photic organs, yet is a diurnal firefly and displays large antennae and small eyes. These traits suggest that pheromones are used for sexual selection, while photic organs are used for warning signals. In controlled experiments, males coming from downwind arrived at females first, indicating that males travel upwind along a pheromone plume. Males can find females without the use of visual cues, so sexual communication in <i>P. hemipterus</i> appears to be mediated entirely by pheromones.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leuchtk%C3%A4fer_-_Firefly.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamprohiza female by her own light"><img alt="Lamprohiza female by her own light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Leuchtk%C3%A4fer_-_Firefly.JPG/390px-Leuchtk%C3%A4fer_-_Firefly.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Leuchtk%C3%A4fer_-_Firefly.JPG/586px-Leuchtk%C3%A4fer_-_Firefly.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Leuchtk%C3%A4fer_-_Firefly.JPG/780px-Leuchtk%C3%A4fer_-_Firefly.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Lamprohiza</i> female by her own light </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 340px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 338px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FireFlies_short_video.webm/507px--FireFlies_short_video.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="338" height="190" data-durationhint="45" data-mwtitle="FireFlies_short_video.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/FireFlies_short_video.webm/FireFlies_short_video.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/FireFlies_short_video.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/FireFlies_short_video.webm/FireFlies_short_video.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/FireFlies_short_video.webm/FireFlies_short_video.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/FireFlies_short_video.webm/FireFlies_short_video.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A video of fireflies</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 287.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 285.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GluehwuermchenImWald.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fireflies in the woods near Nuremberg, Germany, 30-second exposure"><img alt="Fireflies in the woods near Nuremberg, Germany, 30-second exposure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/GluehwuermchenImWald.jpg/428px-GluehwuermchenImWald.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/GluehwuermchenImWald.jpg/643px-GluehwuermchenImWald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/GluehwuermchenImWald.jpg/856px-GluehwuermchenImWald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2311" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fireflies in the woods near <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany, 30-second exposure </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_history">Fossil history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fossil history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest known fossils of the Lampyridae family are <i>Protoluciola</i> and <i>Flammarionella</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> ~ 99 million years ago) <a href="/wiki/Burmese_amber" title="Burmese amber">Burmese amber</a> of Myanmar, which belong to the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Luciolinae" title="Luciolinae">Luciolinae</a>. The light producing organs are clearly present.<sup id="cite_ref-Kazantsev_2015_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kazantsev_2015-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestral glow colour for the last common ancestor of all living fireflies has been inferred to be green, based on <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomic analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oba_2020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oba_2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fireflies (including the lightning bugs) are a family, Lampyridae, of some 2,000 species within the Coleoptera. The family forms a single <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, a natural phylogenetic group.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2019_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term glowworm is used for both adults and larvae of firefly species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lampyris_noctiluca" title="Lampyris noctiluca">Lampyris noctiluca</a></i>, the common European glowworm, in which only the nonflying adult females glow brightly; the flying males glow weakly and intermittently.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow_2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow_2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, "glow worms" are the closely related Coleopteran family <a href="/wiki/Phengodidae" title="Phengodidae">Phengodidae</a>, while in New Zealand and Australia, a "glow worm" is a luminescent larva of the fungus gnat <i><a href="/wiki/Arachnocampa" title="Arachnocampa">Arachnocampa</a></i>, within the true flies, <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">Diptera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow_2007_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow_2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phylogeny of the Lampyridae family, based on both phylogenetic and morphological evidence by Martin et al. 2019, is:<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2019_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Cantharidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantharidae">Cantharidae</a>, etc. </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantharis_lateralis_85974126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cantharis_lateralis_85974126.jpg/80px-Cantharis_lateralis_85974126.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cantharis_lateralis_85974126.jpg/120px-Cantharis_lateralis_85974126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cantharis_lateralis_85974126.jpg/160px-Cantharis_lateralis_85974126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Elateriformia" title="Elateriformia">Elateriformia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Elateridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Elateridae">Elateridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ampedus_nigricollis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ampedus_nigricollis.jpg/60px-Ampedus_nigricollis.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ampedus_nigricollis.jpg/90px-Ampedus_nigricollis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ampedus_nigricollis.jpg/120px-Ampedus_nigricollis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1662" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhagophthalmidae" title="Rhagophthalmidae">Rhagophthalmidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phengodidae" title="Phengodidae">Phengodidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phengodes_orbignyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Phengodes_orbignyi.jpg/60px-Phengodes_orbignyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Phengodes_orbignyi.jpg/90px-Phengodes_orbignyi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Phengodes_orbignyi.jpg/120px-Phengodes_orbignyi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="296" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Lampyridae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Luciolinae" title="Luciolinae">Luciolinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luciola_lusitanica_%E2%99%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Luciola_lusitanica_%E2%99%82.jpg/80px-Luciola_lusitanica_%E2%99%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Luciola_lusitanica_%E2%99%82.jpg/120px-Luciola_lusitanica_%E2%99%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Luciola_lusitanica_%E2%99%82.jpg/160px-Luciola_lusitanica_%E2%99%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Pterotinae <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firefly_-_Pterotus_obscuripennis,_Sierra_City,_California_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Firefly_-_Pterotus_obscuripennis%2C_Sierra_City%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Firefly_-_Pterotus_obscuripennis%2C_Sierra_City%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Firefly_-_Pterotus_obscuripennis%2C_Sierra_City%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Firefly_-_Pterotus_obscuripennis%2C_Sierra_City%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Firefly_-_Pterotus_obscuripennis%2C_Sierra_City%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Firefly_-_Pterotus_obscuripennis%2C_Sierra_City%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="2391" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ototretinae" title="Ototretinae">Ototretinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oculogryphus_chenghoiyanae_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oculogryphus_chenghoiyanae_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Oculogryphus_chenghoiyanae_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oculogryphus_chenghoiyanae_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Oculogryphus_chenghoiyanae_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oculogryphus_chenghoiyanae_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Oculogryphus_chenghoiyanae_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Lamprohizinae <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamprohiza_splendidula01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lamprohiza_splendidula01_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Lamprohiza_splendidula01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lamprohiza_splendidula01_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Lamprohiza_splendidula01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lamprohiza_splendidula01_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Lamprohiza_splendidula01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Psilocladinae </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Amydetinae </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Photurinae" title="Photurinae">Photurinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photuris_lucicrescens_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Photuris_lucicrescens_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Photuris_lucicrescens_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Photuris_lucicrescens_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Photuris_lucicrescens_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Photuris_lucicrescens_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Photuris_lucicrescens_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="904" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lampyrinae" title="Lampyrinae">Lampyrinae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamprigera_yunnana_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lamprigera_yunnana_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Lamprigera_yunnana_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lamprigera_yunnana_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Lamprigera_yunnana_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lamprigera_yunnana_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Lamprigera_yunnana_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="870" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>bioluminescent</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction_with_humans">Interaction with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interaction with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireflies,_Georgia,_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Fireflies%2C_Georgia%2C_US.jpg/790px-Fireflies%2C_Georgia%2C_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="790" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Fireflies%2C_Georgia%2C_US.jpg/1185px-Fireflies%2C_Georgia%2C_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Fireflies%2C_Georgia%2C_US.jpg/1580px-Fireflies%2C_Georgia%2C_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="1972" /></a><figcaption>Fireflies in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, 8-second exposure</figcaption></figure> <p>Firefly populations are thought to be declining worldwide. While monitoring data for many regions are scarce, a growing number of anecdotal reports, coupled with several published studies from Europe and Asia, suggest that fireflies are endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> assessments for North American fireflies have identified species with heightened extinction risk in the US, with 18 taxa categorized as threatened with extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fireflies face threats including habitat loss and degradation, <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> use, poor water quality, invasive species, over-collection, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firefly tourism, a quickly growing sector of the travel and tourism industry, has also been identified as a potential threat to fireflies and their habitats when not managed appropriately.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many other organisms, fireflies are directly affected by land-use change (e.g., loss of habitat area and connectivity), which is identified as the main driver of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> changes in terrestrial ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pesticides, including <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>, have also been indicated as a likely cause of firefly decline.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These chemicals can not only harm fireflies directly but also potentially reduce prey populations and degrade habitat. Light pollution is an especially concerning threat to fireflies. Since the majority of firefly species use bioluminescent courtship signals,<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd_1989_373_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd_1989_373-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are also sensitive to environmental levels of light and consequently to <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd_1989_373_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd_1989_373-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A growing number of studies investigating the effects of artificial light at night on fireflies has shown that light pollution can disrupt fireflies' courtship signals and even interfere with larval dispersal.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers agree that protecting and enhancing firefly habitat is necessary to conserve their populations. Recommendations include reducing or limiting artificial light at night, restoring habitats where threatened species occur, and eliminating unnecessary pesticide use, among many others.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sundarbans Firefly Sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> was established in 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:276px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoen_Uemura_-_Firefly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shoen_Uemura_-_Firefly.jpg/154px-Shoen_Uemura_-_Firefly.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shoen_Uemura_-_Firefly.jpg/231px-Shoen_Uemura_-_Firefly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shoen_Uemura_-_Firefly.jpg/308px-Shoen_Uemura_-_Firefly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="3382" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Uemura_Sh%C5%8Den" title="Uemura Shōen">Uemura Shōen</a>'s 1913 firefly, a sign of summer in Japan</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:276px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotarugari_Mizuno_Toshikata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hotarugari_Mizuno_Toshikata.jpg/190px-Hotarugari_Mizuno_Toshikata.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hotarugari_Mizuno_Toshikata.jpg/285px-Hotarugari_Mizuno_Toshikata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hotarugari_Mizuno_Toshikata.jpg/380px-Hotarugari_Mizuno_Toshikata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="2410" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hotarugari, Firefly Catching, by Mizuno Toshikata, 1891</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Fireflies have featured in human culture around the world for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Krafsur_Moon_2008_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krafsur_Moon_2008-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, the emergence of fireflies (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hotaru</i></span>) signifies the anticipated changing of the seasons;<sup id="cite_ref-Takada_1987_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takada_1987-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> firefly viewing is a special <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> pleasure of midsummer, celebrated in parks that exist for that one purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz_2011_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz_2011-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword" title="Japanese sword">Japanese sword</a> <a href="/wiki/Hotarumaru" title="Hotarumaru">Hotarumaru</a>, made in the 14th century, is so named for a legend that its flaws were repaired by fireflies.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taketomi-1943_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taketomi-1943-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, the firefly (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">lucciola</i></span>) appears in Canto XXVI of <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Dante's <i>Inferno</i></a>, written in the 14th century:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Quante ’l villan ch’al poggio si riposa,<br /> nel tempo che colui che ’l mondo schiara<br /> la faccia sua a noi tien meno ascosa,<br /> <br /> come la mosca cede a la zanzara,<br /> vede lucciole giù per la vallea,<br /> forse colà dov’ e’ vendemmia e ara:<br /> <br /> di tante fiamme tutta risplendea<br /> l’ottava bolgia, ... </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dante's <i>Inferno</i>, Canto XXVI, lines 25–32</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As many as the fireflies which the peasant sees in the [<a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a>] valley below, when he is resting on the hill—in the season [midsummer] when the sun hides least from us, and at the time of day [dusk] when the fly gives place to the mosquito—perhaps in the fields where he tills the ground and gathers in the grapes; with that many flames the eighth ditch [of Hell] was shining, ...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>prose translation</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Martin2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2019_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2019_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2019_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2019_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2019_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2019_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2019_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartinStanger-HallBranhamDa_Silveira2019" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Gavin J.; Stanger-Hall, Kathrin F.; Branham, Marc A.; et al. (1 November 2019). Jordal, Bjarte (ed.). "Higher-Level Phylogeny and Reclassification of Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)". <i><a href="/wiki/Insect_Systematics_and_Diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect Systematics and Diversity">Insect Systematics and Diversity</a></i>. <b>3</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> ). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisd%2Fixz024">10.1093/isd/ixz024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insect+Systematics+and+Diversity&rft.atitle=Higher-Level+Phylogeny+and+Reclassification+of+Lampyridae+%28Coleoptera%3A+Elateroidea%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisd%2Fixz024&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gavin+J.&rft.au=Stanger-Hall%2C+Kathrin+F.&rft.au=Branham%2C+Marc+A.&rft.au=Da+Silveira%2C+Luiz+F.+L.&rft.au=Lower%2C+Sarah+E.&rft.au=Hall%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Li%2C+Xue-Yan&rft.au=Lemmon%2C+Alan+R.&rft.au=Moriarty+Lemmon%2C+Emily&rft.au=Bybee%2C+Seth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirefly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferreira2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferreira2019_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreiraKellerBranhamIvie2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreira, Vinicius S.; Keller, Oliver; Branham, Marc A.; Ivie, Michael A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlz073">"Molecular data support the placement of the enigmatic <i>Cheguevaria</i> as a subfamily of Lampyridae (Insecta: Coleoptera)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Zoological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>187</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">1253–</span>1258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlz073">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz073</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Molecular+data+support+the+placement+of+the+enigmatic+Cheguevaria+as+a+subfamily+of+Lampyridae+%28Insecta%3A+Coleoptera%29&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1253-%3C%2Fspan%3E1258&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlz073&rft.aulast=Ferreira&rft.aufirst=Vinicius+S.&rft.au=Keller%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Branham%2C+Marc+A.&rft.au=Ivie%2C+Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fzoolinnean%252Fzlz073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirefly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FerreiraEtAl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FerreiraEtAl_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreiraKellerBranham2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreira, Vinicius S.; Keller, Oliver; Branham, Marc A (1 November 2020). Marvaldi, Adriana (ed.). 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Yuzankaku. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-639-01202-0" title="Special:BookSources/4-639-01202-0"><bdi>4-639-01202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hotarumaru+%E8%9B%8D%E4%B8%B8&rft.btitle=Nihont%C5%8D+daihyakkajiten+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%80%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Yuzankaku&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=4-639-01202-0&rft.aulast=Fukunaga&rft.aufirst=Yoiken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirefly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taketomi-1943-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taketomi-1943_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaketomi1943" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taketomi, 邦茂 (1943). "Hotarumaru Kunitoshi" <bdi lang="ja">蛍丸国俊</bdi> [Kunitoshi Hotarumaru]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/en/pid/1069180/1/96"><i>Nihontō to muteki tamashī</i> <bdi lang="ja">日本刀と無敵魂</bdi></a> [<i>Japanese sword and invincible soul</i>] (in Japanese). 彰文館. p. 162. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/JPNO_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JPNO (identifier)">JPNO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/en/openurl?cs=api_openurl&f-ndl_jpno=46023259">46023259</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hotarumaru+Kunitoshi+%E8%9B%8D%E4%B8%B8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BF%8A&rft.btitle=Nihont%C5%8D+to+muteki+tamash%C4%AB+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%80%E3%81%A8%E7%84%A1%E6%95%B5%E9%AD%82&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=%E5%BD%B0%E6%96%87%E9%A4%A8&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Taketomi&rft.aufirst=%E9%82%A6%E8%8C%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fen%2Fpid%2F1069180%2F1%2F96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirefly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlighieri1320" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Alighieri, Dante</a> (1320). <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i>. Canto XXVI, lines 25–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inferno&rft.pages=Canto+XXVI%2C+lines+25-32&rft.date=1320&rft.aulast=Alighieri&rft.aufirst=Dante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirefly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullanCranston2014" class="citation book cs1">Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2014). <i>The Insects: An Outline of Entomology</i> (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insects%3A+An+Outline+of+Entomology&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Gullan&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Cranston%2C+P.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirefly" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Faust, Lynn Frierson (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugapress.org/book/9780820348728/fireflies-glow-worms-and-lightning-bugs/">"Fireflies, Glow-worms, and Lightning Bugs"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, S. M.; Cratsley, C. K. (2008). "Flash signal evolution, mate choice, and predation in fireflies". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Entomology" title="Annual Review of Entomology">Annual Review of Entomology</a></i>. <b>53</b>: <span class="nowrap">293–</span>321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.53.103106.093346">10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093346</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17877452">17877452</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16360536">16360536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Flash+signal+evolution%2C+mate+choice%2C+and+predation+in+fireflies&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16360536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17877452&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.53.103106.093346&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft.au=Cratsley%2C+C.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirefly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Lewis" title="Sara Lewis">Lewis, Sara</a> (2016). Silent Sparks: The Wondrous World of Fireflies. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400880317.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Stous, Hollend (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/courses/en507/papers_1997/stous.html">"A review of predation in <i>Photuris</i>, and its effects on the evolution of flash signaling in other New World fireflies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+review+of+predation+in+Photuris%2C+and+its+effects+on+the+evolution+of+flash+signaling+in+other+New+World+fireflies&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Stous&rft.aufirst=Hollend&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colostate.edu%2FDepts%2FEntomology%2Fcourses%2Fen507%2Fpapers_1997%2Fstous.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirefly" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217074219/http://www.firefliesandglow-worms.co.uk/">An introduction to European fireflies and glow-worms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firefly.org">Firefly.org – Firefly & Lightning Bug Facts, Pictures, Information About Firefly Insect Disappearance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTY5OTk0MTc2.html">Firefly simulating robot, China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi">NCBI taxonomy database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629112912/https://www.mos.org/fireflywatch/understanding_fireflies">Museum of Science, Boston – Understanding Fireflies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHYfVEStWtE">Video of a firefly larva in Austria</a></li> <li><a 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4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Coleoptera</a> families</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a></li> <li>Subclass: <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">Neoptera</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Archostemata336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Archostemata" title="Archostemata">Archostemata</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowsoniella" title="Crowsoniella">Crowsoniellidae <small>(<i>Crowsoniella relicta</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupedidae" title="Cupedidae">Cupedidae <small>(reticulated beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurodidae" title="Jurodidae">Jurodidae <small>(<i>Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromalthidae" title="Micromalthidae">Micromalthidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommatidae" title="Ommatidae">Ommatidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Adephaga336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Adephaga" title="Adephaga">Adephaga</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extant_families32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">Extant</a> families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphizoa" title="Amphizoa">Amphizoidae <small>(trout-stream beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspidytidae" title="Aspidytidae">Aspidytidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_beetle" title="Ground beetle">Carabidae <small>(ground beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_beetle" title="Tiger beetle">Cicindelidae <small>(tiger beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dytiscidae" title="Dytiscidae">Dytiscidae <small>(predaceous diving beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirligig_beetle" title="Whirligig beetle">Gyrinidae <small>(whirligig beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliplidae" title="Haliplidae">Haliplidae <small>(crawling water beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygrobia" title="Hygrobia">Hygrobiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_phyllisae" title="Meru phyllisae">Meruidae <small>(<i>Meru phyllisae</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noteridae" title="Noteridae">Noteridae <small>(burrowing water beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachypachidae" title="Trachypachidae">Trachypachidae <small>(false ground beetles)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Myxophaga336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Myxophaga" title="Myxophaga">Myxophaga</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroscaphidae" title="Hydroscaphidae">Hydroscaphidae <small>(skiff beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepicerus" title="Lepicerus">Lepiceridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerius" title="Sphaerius">Sphaeriusidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridincolidae" title="Torridincolidae">Torridincolidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Polyphaga336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Polyphaga" title="Polyphaga">Polyphaga</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bostrichiformia" title="Bostrichiformia">Bostrichiformia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Bostrichoidea" title="Bostrichoidea">Bostrichoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bostrichidae" title="Bostrichidae">Bostrichidae <small>(auger beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermestidae" title="Dermestidae">Dermestidae <small>(skin beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endecatomus" title="Endecatomus">Endecatomidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobsoniidae" title="Jacobsoniidae">Jacobsoniidae <small>(Jacobson's beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosodendridae" title="Nosodendridae">Nosodendridae <small>(wounded-tree beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptinidae" title="Ptinidae">Ptiniidae <small>(furniture beetles, death watch beetles, spider beetles)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Derodontidae" title="Derodontidae">Derodontoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derodontidae" title="Derodontidae">Derodontidae <small>(tooth-necked fungus beetles)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cucujiformia" title="Cucujiformia">Cucujiformia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chrysomeloidea" title="Chrysomeloidea">Chrysomeloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longhorn_beetle" title="Longhorn beetle">Cerambycidae <small>(longhorn beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_beetle" title="Leaf beetle">Chrysomelidae <small>(leaf beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disteniidae" title="Disteniidae">Disteniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopodidae" title="Megalopodidae">Megalopodidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsodacnidae" title="Orsodacnidae">Orsodacnidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxypeltidae" title="Oxypeltidae">Oxypeltidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesperidae" title="Vesperidae">Vesperidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cleroidea" title="Cleroidea">Cleroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocnemus" title="Acanthocnemus">Acanthocnemidae <small>(<i>Acanthocnemus nigricans</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphyllidae" title="Biphyllidae">Biphyllidae <small>(false skin beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byturidae" title="Byturidae">Byturidae <small>(fruitworm beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetosomatidae" title="Chaetosomatidae">Chaetosomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleridae" title="Cleridae">Cleridae <small>(checkered beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophocateridae" title="Lophocateridae">Lophocateridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauroniscidae" title="Mauroniscidae">Mauroniscidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melyridae" title="Melyridae">Melyridae <small>(soft-wing flower beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxina" title="Metaxina">Metaxinidae <small>(<i>Metaxina ornata</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltis" title="Peltis">Peltidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloiophilus" title="Phloiophilus">Phloiophilidae <small>(<i>Phloiophilus edwardsi</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycosecidae" title="Phycosecidae">Phycosecidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prionoceridae" title="Prionoceridae">Prionoceridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protopeltis" title="Protopeltis">Protopeltidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentoniidae" title="Rentoniidae">Rentoniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhadalidae" title="Rhadalidae">Rhadalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanerocleridae" title="Thanerocleridae">Thanerocleridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymalidae" title="Thymalidae">Thymalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogossitidae" title="Trogossitidae">Trogossitidae <small>(bark-gnawing beetles)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Coccinelloidea" title="Coccinelloidea">Coccinelloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akalyptoischion" title="Akalyptoischion">Akalyptoischiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexiidae" title="Alexiidae">Alexiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphidae" title="Anamorphidae">Anamorphidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothrideridae" title="Bothrideridae">Bothrideridae <small>(dry bark beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerylonidae" title="Cerylonidae">Cerylonidae <small>(minute bark beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccinellidae" title="Coccinellidae">Coccinellidae <small>(lady beetles, or God's cows)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylophidae" title="Corylophidae">Corylophidae <small>(minute fungus beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discolomatidae" title="Discolomatidae">Discolomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomychidae" title="Endomychidae">Endomychidae <small>(handsome fungus beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupsilobiidae" title="Eupsilobiidae">Eupsilobiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euxestidae" title="Euxestidae">Euxestidae <small>(well polished beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latridiidae" title="Latridiidae">Latridiidae <small>(minute brown scavenger beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmidiidae" title="Murmidiidae">Murmidiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycetaeidae" title="Mycetaeidae">Mycetaeidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teredidae" title="Teredidae">Teredidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cucujoidea" title="Cucujoidea">Cucujoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agapytho" title="Agapytho">Agapythidae <small>(<i>Agapytho foveicollis</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boganiidae" title="Boganiidae">Boganiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavognathidae" title="Cavognathidae">Cavognathidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptophagidae" title="Cryptophagidae">Cryptophagidae <small>(silken fungus beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucujidae" title="Cucujidae">Cucujidae <small>(flat bark beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybocephalidae" title="Cybocephalidae">Cybocephalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclaxyridae" title="Cyclaxyridae">Cyclaxyridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotylidae" title="Erotylidae">Erotylidae <small>(pleasing fungus beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helotidae" title="Helotidae">Helotidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobartiidae" title="Hobartiidae">Hobartiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateretidae" title="Kateretidae">Kateretidae <small>(short-winged flower beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laemophloeidae" title="Laemophloeidae">Laemophloeidae <small>(lined flat bark beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamingtonium" title="Lamingtonium">Lamingtoniidae <small>(<i>Lamingtonium binnaberrense</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotomidae" title="Monotomidae">Monotomidae <small>(root-eating beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myraboliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myraboliidae">Myraboliidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap_beetle" title="Sap beetle">Nitidulidae <small>(sap beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passandridae" title="Passandridae">Passandridae <small>(parasitic flat bark beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalacridae" title="Phalacridae">Phalacridae <small>(shining flower beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloeostichidae" title="Phloeostichidae">Phloeostichidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priasilphidae" title="Priasilphidae">Priasilphidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propalticidae" title="Propalticidae">Propalticidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocucujidae" title="Protocucujidae">Protocucujidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanidae" title="Silvanidae">Silvanidae <small>(silvanid flat bark beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smicripidae" title="Smicripidae">Smicripidae <small>(palmetto beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphindidae" title="Sphindidae">Sphindidae <small>(dry-fungus beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmosalpingus" title="Tasmosalpingus">Tasmosalpingidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Weevil" title="Weevil">Curculionoidea</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(weevils)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthribidae" title="Anthribidae">Anthribidae <small>(fungus weevils)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attelabidae" title="Attelabidae">Attelabidae <small>(leaf-rolling weevils)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belidae" title="Belidae">Belidae <small>(primitive weevils)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentidae" title="Brentidae">Brentidae <small>(straight snout weevils, New York weevil)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caridae" title="Caridae">Caridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curculionidae" title="Curculionidae">Curculionidae <small>(true weevils, bark beetles, ambrosia beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonychidae" title="Nemonychidae">Nemonychidae <small>(pine flower weevils)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lymexylidae" title="Lymexylidae">Lymexyloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymexylidae" title="Lymexylidae">Lymexylidae <small>(ship-timber beetles)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Tenebrionoidea" title="Tenebrionoidea">Tenebrionoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aderidae" title="Aderidae">Aderidae <small>(ant-like leaf beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthicidae" title="Anthicidae">Anthicidae <small>(ant-like flower beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archeocrypticidae" title="Archeocrypticidae">Archeocrypticidae <small>(cryptic fungus beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boridae" title="Boridae">Boridae <small>(conifer bark beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcodryidae" title="Chalcodryidae">Chalcodryidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciidae" title="Ciidae">Ciidae <small>(minute tree-fungus beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melandryidae" title="Melandryidae">Melandryidae <small>(false darkling beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blister_beetle" title="Blister beetle">Meloidae <small>(blister beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordellidae" title="Mordellidae">Mordellidae <small>(tumbling flower beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycetophagidae" title="Mycetophagidae">Mycetophagidae <small>(hairy fungus beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycteridae" title="Mycteridae">Mycteridae <small>(palm and flower beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedemeridae" title="Oedemeridae">Oedemeridae <small>(false blister beetle)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimylopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Perimylopidae">Perimylopidae, or Promecheilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostomidae" title="Prostomidae">Prostomidae <small>(jugular-horned beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterogeniidae" title="Pterogeniidae">Pterogeniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-coloured_beetle" title="Fire-coloured beetle">Pyrochroidae <small>(fire-coloured beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythidae" title="Pythidae">Pythidae <small>(dead log bark beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripiphoridae" title="Ripiphoridae">Ripiphoridae <small>(wedge-shaped beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salpingidae" title="Salpingidae">Salpingidae <small>(narrow-waisted bark beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraptiidae" title="Scraptiidae">Scraptiidae <small>(false flower beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenotrachelidae" title="Stenotrachelidae">Stenotrachelidae <small>(false longhorn beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchroidae" title="Synchroidae">Synchroidae <small>(synchroa bark beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkling_beetle" title="Darkling beetle">Tenebrionidae <small>(darkling beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetratomidae" title="Tetratomidae">Tetratomidae <small>(polypore fungus beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trictenotomidae" title="Trictenotomidae">Trictenotomidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulodidae" title="Ulodidae">Ulodidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zopheridae" title="Zopheridae">Zopheridae <small>(ironclad beetles, cylindrical bark beetles)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elateriformia" title="Elateriformia">Elateriformia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Buprestoidea" title="Buprestoidea">Buprestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprestidae" title="Buprestidae">Buprestidae <small>(jewel beetles, or metallic wood-boring beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizopodidae" title="Schizopodidae">Schizopodidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Byrrhoidea" title="Byrrhoidea">Byrrhoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byrrhidae" title="Byrrhidae">Byrrhidae <small>(pill beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirhipidae" title="Callirhipidae">Callirhipidae <small>(cedar beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelonariidae" title="Chelonariidae">Chelonariidae <small>(turtle beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cneoglossidae" title="Cneoglossidae">Cneoglossidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryopidae" title="Dryopidae">Dryopidae <small>(long-toed water beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmidae" title="Elmidae">Elmidae <small>(riffle beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulichadidae" title="Eulichadidae">Eulichadidae <small>(forest stream beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroceridae" title="Heteroceridae">Heteroceridae <small>(variegated mud-loving beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnichidae" title="Limnichidae">Limnichidae <small>(minute mud beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutrochidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutrochidae">Lutrochidae <small>(travertine beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-penny_beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-penny beetles">Psephenidae <small>(water-penny beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptilodactylidae" title="Ptilodactylidae">Ptilodactylidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Dascilloidea" title="Dascilloidea">Dascilloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dascillidae" title="Dascillidae">Dascillidae <small>(soft bodied plant beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhipiceridae" title="Rhipiceridae">Rhipiceridae <small>(cicada beetle, cicada parasite beetles)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Elateroidea" title="Elateroidea">Elateroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artematopodidae" title="Artematopodidae">Artematopodidae <small>(soft-bodied plant beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachypsectridae" title="Brachypsectridae">Brachypsectridae <small>(Texas beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier_beetle" title="Soldier beetle">Cantharidae <small>(soldier beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerophytidae" title="Cerophytidae">Cerophytidae <small>(rare click beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_beetle" title="Click beetle">Elateridae <small>(click beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucnemidae" title="Eucnemidae">Eucnemidae <small>(false click beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurasaidae" title="Jurasaidae">Jurasaidae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lampyridae <small>(fireflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycidae" title="Lycidae">Lycidae <small>(net-winged beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omethidae" title="Omethidae">Omethidae <small>(false fireflies, long-lipped beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phengodidae" title="Phengodidae">Phengodidae <small>(glowworm beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhagophthalmidae" title="Rhagophthalmidae">Rhagophthalmidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopyrophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinopyrophoridae">Sinopyrophoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throscidae" title="Throscidae">Throscidae <small>(false metallic wood-boring beetles)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Rhinorhipus" title="Rhinorhipus">Rhinorhipoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinorhipus" title="Rhinorhipus">Rhinorhipidae <small>(<i>Rhinorhipus tamborinensis</i>)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Scirtoidea" title="Scirtoidea">Scirtoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clambidae" title="Clambidae">Clambidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declinia" title="Declinia">Decliniidae <small>(<i>Declinia relicta</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucinetidae" title="Eucinetidae">Eucinetidae <small>(plate-thigh beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scirtidae" title="Scirtidae">Scirtidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scarabaeoidea" title="Scarabaeoidea">Scarabaeiformia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Scarabaeoidea" title="Scarabaeoidea">Scarabaeoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belohina" title="Belohina">Belohinidae <small>(<i>Belohina inexpectata</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolboceratidae" title="Bolboceratidae">Bolboceratidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_stag_beetle" title="False stag beetle">Diphyllostomatidae <small>(false stag beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotrupidae" title="Geotrupidae">Geotrupidae <small>(dor beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaphyridae" title="Glaphyridae">Glaphyridae <small>(bumble bee scarab beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaresis" title="Glaresis">Glaresidae <small>(enigmatic scarab beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybosoridae" title="Hybosoridae">Hybosoridae <small>(scavenger scarab beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_beetle" title="Stag beetle">Lucanidae <small>(stag beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochodaeidae" title="Ochodaeidae">Ochodaeidae <small>(sand-loving scarab beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passalidae" title="Passalidae">Passalidae <small>(betsy beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_beetle" title="Rain beetle">Pleocomidae <small>(rain beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarabaeidae" title="Scarabaeidae">Scarabaeidae <small>(scarabs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogidae" title="Trogidae">Trogidae <small>(hide beetles)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staphyliniformia" title="Staphyliniformia">Staphyliniformia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Histeroidea" title="Histeroidea">Histeroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histeridae" title="Histeridae">Histeridae <small>(clown beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerites" title="Sphaerites">Sphaeritidae <small>(false clown beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntelia" title="Syntelia">Synteliidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrophiloidea" title="Hydrophiloidea">Hydrophiloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epimetopidae" title="Epimetopidae">Epimetopidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georissus" title="Georissus">Georissidae <small>(minute mud-loving beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helophorus" title="Helophorus">Helophoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrochidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrochidae">Hydrochidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophilidae" title="Hydrophilidae">Hydrophilidae <small>(water scavenger beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spercheidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spercheidae">Spercheidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Staphylinoidea" title="Staphylinoidea">Staphylinoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agyrtidae" title="Agyrtidae">Agyrtidae <small>(primitive carrion beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraenidae" title="Hydraenidae">Hydraenidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiodidae" title="Leiodidae">Leiodidae <small>(round fungus beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptiliidae" title="Ptiliidae">Ptiliidae <small>(feather-winged beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silphidae" title="Silphidae">Silphidae <small>(carrion beetles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rove_beetle" title="Rove beetle">Staphylinidae <small>(rove beetles)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_subgroups_of_the_order_Coleoptera" title="List of subgroups of the order Coleoptera">List of subgroups of the order Coleoptera</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3701" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3701" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Lampyridae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25420" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25420">Q25420</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lampyridae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Lampyridae">Lampyridae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lampyridae/">Lampyridae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Lampyridae">Lampyridae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id9565">9565</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1104">1104</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/85">85</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/BRN">BRN</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7487">7487</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1LAMPF">1LAMPF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:11168">11168</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/613a87e4-253a-4834-bf5e-1f07d7dae694">613a87e4-253a-4834-bf5e-1f07d7dae694</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4737">4737</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47731">47731</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=100845">100845</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=113835">113835</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0001718684">NHMSYS0001718684</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7049">7049</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=865251">865251</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=69371">69371</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B718293D-FFD2-F21B-FF0D-F94CBD8DF080">B718293D-FFD2-F21B-FF0D-F94CBD8DF080</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=766414">766414</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox527" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25420#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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