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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 1918–1935: Early life and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918–1935:_Early_life_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1935–1941:_College_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1935–1941:_College_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1935–1941: College years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1935–1941:_College_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1940s:_Rise_to_prominence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s:_Rise_to_prominence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1940s: Rise to prominence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s:_Rise_to_prominence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York_Philharmonic_conducting_debut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_Philharmonic_conducting_debut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 New York Philharmonic conducting debut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_Philharmonic_conducting_debut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra,_television_debut_and_Tanglewood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra,_television_debut_and_Tanglewood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, television debut and Tanglewood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra,_television_debut_and_Tanglewood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s:_Career_expansion_and_West_Side_Story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s:_Career_expansion_and_West_Side_Story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1950s: Career expansion and West Side Story </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s:_Career_expansion_and_West_Side_Story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s:_Innovations_and_Lincoln_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s:_Innovations_and_Lincoln_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1960s: Innovations and Lincoln Center </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s:_Innovations_and_Lincoln_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_Mass,_Dybbuk_and_international_acclaim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_Mass,_Dybbuk_and_international_acclaim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1970s: Mass, Dybbuk and international acclaim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_Mass,_Dybbuk_and_international_acclaim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_A_Quiet_Place,_and_Tanglewood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_A_Quiet_Place,_and_Tanglewood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 1980s: A Quiet Place, and Tanglewood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_A_Quiet_Place,_and_Tanglewood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Death and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_activism_and_humanitarian_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_activism_and_humanitarian_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Social activism and humanitarian efforts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_activism_and_humanitarian_efforts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social activism and humanitarian efforts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_activism_and_humanitarian_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FBI_file" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FBI_file"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 FBI file </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FBI_file-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Civil rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Radical_Chic"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Radical_Chic""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 "Radical Chic" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Radical_Chic"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Vietnam_war_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Vietnam_war_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Anti-Vietnam war efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Vietnam_war_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rostropovich_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rostropovich_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Rostropovich and the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rostropovich_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_disarmament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_disarmament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Nuclear disarmament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_disarmament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy_for_AIDS_research_and_patient_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy_for_AIDS_research_and_patient_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Advocacy for AIDS research and patient care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy_for_AIDS_research_and_patient_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Philanthropy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Influence and characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_and_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence and characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_conductor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_conductor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 As a conductor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_conductor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_educator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_educator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 As an educator </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_an_educator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_composer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_composer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 As a composer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_composer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Audio recordings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Videography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Awards and honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archival_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Archival records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Leonard Bernstein</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ليونارد برنستاين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليونارد برنستاين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%85%27%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="লিঅ'নাৰ্ড বাৰ্নষ্টেইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লিঅ'নাৰ্ড বাৰ্নষ্টেইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Леанард Бернстайн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леанард Бернстайн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Ленард Бърнстайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ленард Бърнстайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Λέοναρντ Μπερνστάιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέοναρντ Μπερνστάιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لئونارد برنستاین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئونارد برنستاین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%84%88%EB%93%9C_%EB%B2%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="레너드 번스타인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레너드 번스타인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Լեոնարդ Բերնսթայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեոնարդ Բերնսթայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="लियोनार्ड बर्नस्टीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लियोनार्ड बर्नस्टीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ליאונרד ברנשטיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליאונרד ברנשטיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლენარდ ბერნსტაინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლენარდ ბერნსტაინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardus_Bernstein" title="Leonardus Bernstein – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leonardus Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonards_Bernstains" title="Leonards Bernstains – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leonards Bernstains" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Леонард Бернштајн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Леонард Бернштајн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლეონარდ ბერნსტაინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლეონარდ ბერნსტაინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ليونارد برنستاين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليونارد برنستاين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="レナード・バーンスタイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レナード・バーンスタイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бернстайн, Леонард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бернстайн, Леонард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Ленард Бернстајн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ленард Бернстајн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="เลนนาร์ด เบิร์นสไตน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลนนาร์ด เบิร์นสไตน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Леонард Бернстайн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леонард Бернстайн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leonard Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="伦纳德·伯恩斯坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伦纳德·伯恩斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="里安納·班斯坦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="里安納·班斯坦" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American conductor and composer (1918–1990)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leonard Bernstein</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg/220px-Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg/330px-Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="445" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Bernstein in 1977</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Louis Bernstein</div> (1918-08-25)August 25, 1918 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 14, 1990(1990-10-14) (aged 72) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>) <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music" title="Curtis Institute of Music">Curtis Institute of Music</a> (Dip)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Conductor</li> <li>composer</li> <li>pianist</li> <li>lecturer</li> <li>author</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Leonard_Bernstein" title="List of compositions by Leonard Bernstein">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Felicia_Montealegre" class="mw-redirect" title="Felicia Montealegre">Felicia Montealegre</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1951; died 1978)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Leonard_Bernstein" title="List of awards and nominations received by Leonard Bernstein">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:BernsteinLeonardSignature01_mono_25p_transp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BernsteinLeonardSignature01_mono_25p_transp.png/150px-BernsteinLeonardSignature01_mono_25p_transp.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BernsteinLeonardSignature01_mono_25p_transp.png/225px-BernsteinLeonardSignature01_mono_25p_transp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BernsteinLeonardSignature01_mono_25p_transp.png/300px-BernsteinLeonardSignature01_mono_25p_transp.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="168" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Leonard Bernstein (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɜːrnstaɪn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BURN-styne</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> born Louis Bernstein; August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American conductor, composer, pianist, music educator, author, and humanitarian. Considered to be one of the most important conductors of his time, he was the first American-born conductor to receive international acclaim. Bernstein was "one of the most prodigiously talented and successful musicians in American history" according to music critic <a href="/wiki/Donal_Henahan" title="Donal Henahan">Donal Henahan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-obit-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Leonard_Bernstein" title="List of awards and nominations received by Leonard Bernstein">Bernstein's honors and accolades</a> include seven <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> two <a href="/wiki/Tony_Awards" title="Tony Awards">Tony Awards</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and 16 <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Lifetime Achievement Award</a>)<a href="#cite_note-grammy-5">[5]</a> as well as an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Academy Award for Best Original Score">Academy Award</a> nomination. He received the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Center Honor">Kennedy Center Honor</a> in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> As a composer, Bernstein wrote in many genres, including symphonic and orchestral music, ballet, film and theatre music, choral works, opera, chamber music, and pieces for the piano. <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Leonard_Bernstein" title="List of compositions by Leonard Bernstein">Bernstein's works</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> musical <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a>, which continues to be regularly performed worldwide, and has been adapted into two (<a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">1961</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(2021_film)" title="West Side Story (2021 film)">2021</a>) feature films, three symphonies, <a href="/wiki/Serenade_after_Plato%27s_%22Symposium%22" title="Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"">Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"</a> (1954), and <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Psalms" title="Chichester Psalms">Chichester Psalms</a> (1965), the original score for the <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> drama film <a href="/wiki/On_the_Waterfront" title="On the Waterfront">On the Waterfront</a> (1954), and theater works including <a href="/wiki/On_the_Town_(musical)" title="On the Town (musical)">On the Town</a> (1944), <a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Town" title="Wonderful Town">Wonderful Town</a> (1953), <a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a> (1956), and his <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Bernstein)" title="Mass (Bernstein)">Mass</a> (1971). Bernstein was the first American-born conductor to lead a major American symphony orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-Oliver-7">[7]</a> He was music director of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a> and conducted the world's major orchestras, generating a legacy of audio and video recordings.<a href="#cite_note-Discography-8">[8]</a> Bernstein was also a critical figure in the modern revival of the music of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, in whose music he was most interested.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> A skilled pianist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1aPyEzYri7UCpgPA10lpgPP1_10]-10">[10]</a> Bernstein often conducted piano concertos from the keyboard. He shared and explored classical music on television with a mass audience in national and international broadcasts, including <a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Concerts" title="Young People's Concerts">Young People's Concerts</a> with the New York Philharmonic.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Bernstein worked in support of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Alabama-12">[12]</a> protested against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> advocated nuclear disarmament, raised money for HIV/AIDS research and awareness, and engaged in multiple international initiatives for human rights and world peace. He conducted Mahler's <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection Symphony">Resurrection Symphony</a> to mark the death of president <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and in Israel at a concert, Hatikvah on Mt. Scopus, after the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The sequence of events was recorded for a documentary entitled Journey to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> At the end of his life, Bernstein conducted a performance of Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 9</a> in Berlin to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Special:EditPage/Leonard Bernstein">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Leonard+Bernstein%22">"Leonard Bernstein"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Leonard+Bernstein%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Leonard+Bernstein%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Leonard+Bernstein%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Leonard+Bernstein%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Leonard+Bernstein%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918–1935:_Early_life_and_family">1918–1935: Early life and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1918–1935: Early life and family">edit</a>]</div> Bernstein was born in <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence, Massachusetts</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jewish">Russian Jewish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Jewish">Ukrainian Jewish</a> parents, Jennie (née Resnick)<a href="#cite_note-Jennieobit-17">[17]</a> and Samuel Joseph Bernstein, both of whom immigrated to the United States<a href="#cite_note-Oliver-7">[7]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rivne" title="Rivne">Rivne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now in Ukraine).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> His grandmother insisted that his first name be <a href="/wiki/Louis_(given_name)" title="Louis (given name)">Louis</a>, but his parents always called him <a href="/wiki/Leonard" title="Leonard">Leonard</a>. Bernstein legally changed his name from Louis to Leonard when he was 16.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser198722–23-20">[20]</a> To his friends and many others, Bernstein was simply known as "Lenny".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Bernstein's mother had moved to stay with her parents in Lawrence toward the end of her first pregnancy and, since he was sickly as an infant, he stayed there until he was strong enough to join his father in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, where he eventually attended the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a>. When he was 15, the family moved to nearby <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Bernstein's father was the owner of the Samuel J. Bernstein Hair Company. It held the exclusive distribution rights for the Frederick's Permanent Wave Machine in the 1920s and 1930s, which made Samuel wealthy.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In Bernstein's early youth, his only exposure to music was the household radio and music on Friday nights at Congregation Mishkan Tefila in <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a>, Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> When Bernstein was ten years old, Samuel's sister Clara deposited her upright piano at her brother's house. Bernstein asked for lessons, and subsequently had a variety of piano teachers in his youth, including Helen Coates, who later became his secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser198724–25,_30-25">[25]</a> In the summers, the Bernstein family would go to their vacation home in <a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Massachusetts" title="Sharon, Massachusetts">Sharon, Massachusetts</a>, where young Leonard conscripted all the neighborhood children to put on shows ranging from Bizet's <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> to Gilbert and Sullivan's <a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser198726,_29–30-26">[26]</a> He would often play entire operas or <a href="/wiki/Beethoven_symphonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven symphonies">Beethoven symphonies</a> with his younger sister, Shirley.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Leonard's youngest sibling, Burton, was born in 1932, 13 years after Leonard.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Despite the large age differences, the three siblings remained close their entire lives.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Sam was initially opposed to young Leonard's interest in music and attempted to discourage his son's interest by refusing to pay for his piano lessons. Leonard then took to giving lessons to young people in his neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> One of his students, <a href="/wiki/Sid_Ramin" title="Sid Ramin">Sid Ramin</a>, became Bernstein's orchestrator for <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and a lifelong beloved friend.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Sam took his son to orchestral concerts in his teenage years and eventually supported his music education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser198726-33">[33]</a> In May 1932, Leonard attended his first orchestral concert with the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Pops_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Pops Orchestra">Boston Pops Orchestra</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fiedler" title="Arthur Fiedler">Arthur Fiedler</a>. Bernstein recalled, "To me, in those days, the Pops was heaven itself ... I thought ... it was the supreme achievement of the human race."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It was at this concert that Bernstein first heard Ravel's <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro" title="Boléro">Boléro</a>, which made a tremendous impression on him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimeone20138-35">[35]</a> Another strong musical influence was <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>. Bernstein was working as a music counselor at a summer camp when news came of Gershwin's death. Bernstein interrupted lunch in the mess hall, and then played Gershwin's second <a href="/wiki/Three_Preludes_(Gershwin)" title="Three Preludes (Gershwin)">Prelude</a> as a memorial.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> On March 30, 1932, Bernstein played <a href="/wiki/Brahms" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahms">Brahms</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rhapsodies,_Op._79_(Brahms)" title="Rhapsodies, Op. 79 (Brahms)">Rhapsody in G minor</a> at his first public piano performance in Susan Williams's studio recital at the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Conservatory">New England Conservatory</a>. Two years later, he made his solo debut with orchestra in <a href="/wiki/Grieg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grieg">Grieg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Grieg)" title="Piano Concerto (Grieg)">Piano Concerto in A minor</a> with the Boston Public School Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawn201428-37">[37]</a> Bernstein's first two education environments were both public schools: the <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison_School" title="William Lloyd Garrison School">William Lloyd Garrison School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> followed by the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a>, for which Bernstein and classmate Lawrence F. Ebb wrote the Class Song.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser198734–35-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1935–1941:_College_years">1935–1941: College years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1935–1941: College years">edit</a>]</div> Harvard University In 1935, Bernstein enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, where he studied music with, among others, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burlingame_Hill" title="Edward Burlingame Hill">Edward Burlingame Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Piston" title="Walter Piston">Walter Piston</a>. Bernstein's first extant composition, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_148_(Bernstein)" title="Psalm 148 (Bernstein)">Psalm 148</a>, set for voice and piano, is dated 1935. He majored in music with a final year thesis titled "The Absorption of Race Elements into American Music" (1939; reproduced in his book Findings). One of Bernstein's intellectual influences at Harvard was the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/David_Prall" title="David Prall">David Prall</a>, whose multidisciplinary outlook on the arts inspired Bernstein for the rest of his life. One of Bernstein's friends at Harvard was future philosopher <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a>, with whom Bernstein played piano duets. Bernstein wrote and conducted the musical score for the production Davidson mounted of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' play <a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a>, performed in the original Greek. Bernstein recycled some of this music in future works. While a student, Bernstein was briefly an accompanist for the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Glee_Club" title="Harvard Glee Club">Harvard Glee Club</a> as well as an unpaid pianist for Harvard Film Society's <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> presentations.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Bernstein mounted a student production of <a href="/wiki/The_Cradle_Will_Rock" title="The Cradle Will Rock">The Cradle Will Rock</a>, directing its action from the piano as the composer <a href="/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein" title="Marc Blitzstein">Marc Blitzstein</a> had done at the infamous premiere. Blitzstein, who attended the performance, subsequently became a close friend and mentor to Bernstein.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton199552–55-41">[41]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Sophomore" title="Sophomore">sophomore</a> at Harvard, Bernstein met the conductor <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos" title="Dimitri Mitropoulos">Dimitri Mitropoulos</a>. Mitropoulos's charisma and power as a musician were major influences on Bernstein's eventual decision to become a conductor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton199535–36-42">[42]</a> Mitropoulos invited Bernstein to come to Minneapolis for the 1940–41 season to be his assistant, but the plan fell through because of union issues.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELairdLin2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-43">[43]</a> In 1937, Bernstein sat next to <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a> at a dance recital at <a href="/wiki/The_Town_Hall_(New_York_City)" title="The Town Hall (New York City)">Town Hall</a> in New York City. Copland invited Bernstein to his birthday party afterwards, where Bernstein impressed the guests by playing Copland's challenging <a href="/wiki/Piano_Variations_(Copland)" title="Piano Variations (Copland)">Piano Variations</a>, a work Bernstein loved. Although he was never a formal student of Copland's, Bernstein regularly sought his advice, often citing him as his "only real composition teacher".<a href="#cite_note-teachers-44">[44]</a> Bernstein graduated from Harvard in 1939 with a Bachelor of Arts, <a href="/wiki/Latin_honors#United_States" title="Latin honors">cum laude</a>. Curtis Institute of Music After graduating from Harvard, Bernstein enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music" title="Curtis Institute of Music">Curtis Institute of Music</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. At Curtis, Bernstein studied conducting with <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" title="Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a> (who is said to have given Bernstein the only "A" grade he ever awarded); piano with <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Vengerova" title="Isabelle Vengerova">Isabelle Vengerova</a>; orchestration with <a href="/wiki/Randall_Thompson" title="Randall Thompson">Randall Thompson</a>; counterpoint with <a href="/wiki/Richard_St%C3%B6hr" title="Richard Stöhr">Richard Stöhr</a>; and score reading with <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Longy" title="Renée Longy">Renée Longy Miquelle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 1940, Bernstein attended the inaugural year of the <a href="/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Center" title="Tanglewood Music Center">Tanglewood Music Center</a> (then called the Berkshire Music Center) at the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a>'s summer home.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Bernstein studied conducting with the BSO's music director, <a href="/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky" title="Serge Koussevitzky">Serge Koussevitzky</a>, who became a profound lifelong inspiration to Bernstein.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He became Koussevitzky's conducting assistant at Tanglewood<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and later dedicated his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Bernstein)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Bernstein)">Symphony No. 2: The Age of Anxiety</a> to his beloved mentor.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> One of Bernstein's classmates, both at Curtis and at Tanglewood, was <a href="/wiki/Lukas_Foss" title="Lukas Foss">Lukas Foss</a>, who remained a lifelong friend and colleague. Bernstein returned to Tanglewood nearly every summer for the rest of his life to teach and conduct the young music students. Bernstein received a diploma in conducting from Curtis in 1941. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s:_Rise_to_prominence">1940s: Rise to prominence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1940s: Rise to prominence">edit</a>]</div> Soon after he left Curtis, Bernstein moved to New York City where he lived in various apartments in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. Bernstein supported himself by coaching singers, teaching piano,<a href="#cite_note-Witemeyer-50">[50]</a> and playing the piano for dance classes in <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>. He found work with Harms-Witmark, transcribing jazz and pop music and publishing his work under the pseudonym "Lenny Amber". (Bernstein means "<a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>" in German.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995108-51">[51]</a> Bernstein briefly shared an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> with his friend <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Green" title="Adolph Green">Adolph Green</a>. Green was then part of a satirical music troupe called The Revuers, featuring <a href="/wiki/Betty_Comden" title="Betty Comden">Betty Comden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judy_Holliday" title="Judy Holliday">Judy Holliday</a>. With Bernstein sometimes providing piano accompaniment, The Revuers often performed at the legendary jazz club the <a href="/wiki/Village_Vanguard" title="Village Vanguard">Village Vanguard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On April 21, 1942, Bernstein performed the premiere of his first published work, <a href="/wiki/Sonata_for_Clarinet_and_Piano_(Bernstein)" title="Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (Bernstein)">Sonata for Clarinet and Piano</a>, with clarinetist David Glazer at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston" title="Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston">Institute of Modern Art</a> in Boston. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_and_Benny_Goodman_in_rehearsal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonard Bernstein and Benny Goodman in rehearsal, ca. 1940–1949"><img alt="Leonard Bernstein and Benny Goodman in rehearsal, ca. 1940–1949" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Leonard_Bernstein_and_Benny_Goodman_in_rehearsal.jpg/160px-Leonard_Bernstein_and_Benny_Goodman_in_rehearsal.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Leonard_Bernstein_and_Benny_Goodman_in_rehearsal.jpg/240px-Leonard_Bernstein_and_Benny_Goodman_in_rehearsal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Leonard_Bernstein_and_Benny_Goodman_in_rehearsal.jpg/320px-Leonard_Bernstein_and_Benny_Goodman_in_rehearsal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="1922" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leonard Bernstein and <a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> in rehearsal, ca. 1940–1949</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernstein,_Leonard_(1918-1990)_-_1944_-_foto_van_Vechten2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photo of Bernstein by Carl Van Vechten (1944)"><img alt="Photo of Bernstein by Carl Van Vechten (1944)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bernstein%2C_Leonard_%281918-1990%29_-_1944_-_foto_van_Vechten2.jpg/118px-Bernstein%2C_Leonard_%281918-1990%29_-_1944_-_foto_van_Vechten2.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bernstein%2C_Leonard_%281918-1990%29_-_1944_-_foto_van_Vechten2.jpg/177px-Bernstein%2C_Leonard_%281918-1990%29_-_1944_-_foto_van_Vechten2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bernstein%2C_Leonard_%281918-1990%29_-_1944_-_foto_van_Vechten2.jpg/236px-Bernstein%2C_Leonard_%281918-1990%29_-_1944_-_foto_van_Vechten2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="498" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photo of Bernstein by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a> (1944)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1943_Nov_14_NYPhil_Bernstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1943_Nov_14_NYPhil_Bernstein.jpg/170px-1943_Nov_14_NYPhil_Bernstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1943_Nov_14_NYPhil_Bernstein.jpg/255px-1943_Nov_14_NYPhil_Bernstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1943_Nov_14_NYPhil_Bernstein.jpg/340px-1943_Nov_14_NYPhil_Bernstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Carnegie Hall playbill, November 14, 1943 Radio announcement:<audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="170" style="width:170px;" data-durationhint="23" data-mwtitle="1943_Nov_14_NYPhil_Bernstein.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/1943_Nov_14_NYPhil_Bernstein.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/1943_Nov_14_NYPhil_Bernstein.ogg/1943_Nov_14_NYPhil_Bernstein.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_Philharmonic_conducting_debut">New York Philharmonic conducting debut</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New York Philharmonic conducting debut">edit</a>]</div> Bernstein would later make his New York Philharmonic conducting debut. On November 14, 1943, having recently been appointed assistant conductor to <a href="/wiki/Artur_Rodzi%C5%84ski" title="Artur Rodziński">Artur Rodziński</a> of the New York Philharmonic, Bernstein made his major conducting debut at short notice—and without any rehearsal—after guest conductor <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a> came down with the flu.<a href="#cite_note-debut-54">[54]</a> The challenging program included works by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_R%C3%B3zsa" title="Miklós Rózsa">Miklós Rózsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-debut-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The next day, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> carried the story on its front page and remarked in an editorial, "It's a good American success story. The warm, friendly triumph of it filled <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> and spread far over the air waves."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Many newspapers throughout the country carried the story, which, in combination with the concert's live national <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a> Network broadcast, propelled Bernstein to instant fame.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Over the next two years, Bernstein made conducting debuts with ten different orchestras in the United States and Canada, greatly broadening his repertoire and initiating a lifelong frequent practice of conducting concertos from the piano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995142-58">[58]</a> On January 28, 1944, Bernstein conducted the premiere of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Bernstein)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Bernstein)">Symphony No. 1: Jeremiah</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra">Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra</a> and soloist <a href="/wiki/Jennie_Tourel" title="Jennie Tourel">Jennie Tourel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In the fall of 1943, Bernstein and <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> began work on their first collaboration, <a href="/wiki/Fancy_Free_(ballet)" title="Fancy Free (ballet)">Fancy Free</a>, a ballet about three young sailors on leave in wartime New York City. Fancy Free premiered on April 18, 1944, with the <a href="/wiki/American_Ballet_Theatre" title="American Ballet Theatre">Ballet Theatre (now the American Ballet Theatre)</a> at the old <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_House_(39th_Street)" title="Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)">Metropolitan Opera House</a>, with scenery by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smith_(designer)" title="Oliver Smith (designer)">Oliver Smith</a> and costumes by <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Love" title="Kermit Love">Kermit Love</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Bernstein and Robbins decided to expand the ballet into a musical and invited Comden and Green to write the book and lyrics. <a href="/wiki/On_the_Town_(musical)" title="On the Town (musical)">On the Town</a> opened on Broadway's <a href="/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre" title="Adelphi Theatre">Adelphi Theatre</a> on December 28, 1944. The show resonated with audiences during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and it broke race barriers on Broadway: Japanese-American dancer <a href="/wiki/Sono_Osato" title="Sono Osato">Sono Osato</a> in a leading role; a multiracial cast dancing as mixed race couples; and a Black concertmaster, <a href="/wiki/Everett_Lee" title="Everett Lee">Everett Lee</a>, who eventually took over as music director of the show.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> On the Town became <a href="/wiki/On_the_Town_(film)" title="On the Town (film)">an MGM motion picture in 1949</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Munshin" title="Jules Munshin">Jules Munshin</a> as the three sailors. Only part of Bernstein's score was used in the film and additional songs were provided by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Edens" title="Roger Edens">Roger Edens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1945.jpg/170px-Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1945.jpg/255px-Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1945.jpg/340px-Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2702" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein conducting the New York City Symphony (1945)</figcaption></figure> From 1945 to 1947, Bernstein was the music director of the New York City Symphony, which had been founded the previous year by the conductor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a>. The orchestra (with support from Mayor Fiorello La Guardia) had modern programs and affordable tickets.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 1946, Bernstein made his overseas debut with the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Philharmonic" title="Czech Philharmonic">Czech Philharmonic</a> at the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring_International_Music_Festival" title="Prague Spring International Music Festival">Prague Spring International Music Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bernstein-office-timeline-64">[64]</a> He also recorded Ravel's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_in_G_major_(Ravel)" title="Piano Concerto in G major (Ravel)">Piano Concerto in G major</a> as soloist and conductor with the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> On July 4, 1946, Bernstein conducted the European premiere of Fancy Free with the Ballet Theatre at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On August 6 he conducted opera professionally for the first time, with the American premiere of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peter_Grimes" title="Peter Grimes">Peter Grimes</a> at Tanglewood, commissioned by Koussevitzky.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> invited Bernstein to guest conduct two concerts with the <a href="/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="NBC Symphony Orchestra">NBC Symphony Orchestra</a>, one of which featured Bernstein as soloist in Ravel's Piano Concerto in G major.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra,_television_debut_and_Tanglewood">Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, television debut and Tanglewood</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, television debut and Tanglewood">edit</a>]</div> In 1947, Bernstein conducted in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> for the first time, beginning a lifelong association with the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Israel Philharmonic Orchestra">Israel Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, then known as the Palestine Symphony Orchestra. The next year, he conducted an open-air concert for Israeli troops at <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> in the middle of the desert during the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab-Israeli war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 1957, he conducted the inaugural concert of the <a href="/wiki/Mann_Auditorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mann Auditorium">Mann Auditorium</a> in Tel Aviv.<a href="#cite_note-bernstein-office-timeline-64">[64]</a> In 1967, he conducted a concert on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scopus" title="Mount Scopus">Mount Scopus</a> to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Jerusalem">Reunification of Jerusalem</a>, featuring Mahler's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 2</a> and Mendelssohn's <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Mendelssohn)" title="Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)">Violin Concerto</a> with soloist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The city of Tel Aviv added his name to the <a href="/wiki/Habima_Square" title="Habima Square">Habima Square</a> (Orchestra Plaza) in the center of the city.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> On December 10, 1949, Bernstein made his first television appearance as conductor with the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a> at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>. The concert, which included an address by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, celebrated the first anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>'s ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, and included the premiere of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>'s Preamble for a Solemn Occasion with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Laurence_Olivier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Laurence Olivier">Sir Laurence Olivier</a> narrating text from the <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a>. The concert was televised by <a href="/wiki/NBC_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Television Network">NBC Television Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In April 1949, Bernstein performed as piano soloist in the world premiere of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Bernstein)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Bernstein)">Symphony No. 2: The Age of Anxiety</a> with Koussevitzy conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra. On December 2, 1949, Bernstein conducted the world premiere of the Messiaen's <a href="/wiki/Turangal%C3%AEla-Symphonie" title="Turangalîla-Symphonie">Turangalîla-Symphonie</a>, with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the New York premiere in Carnegie Hall on the afternoon of December 10.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Part of the rehearsal for the concert was recorded and released by the orchestra. When Koussevitzky died in 1951, Bernstein became head of the orchestra and conducting departments at <a href="/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival" title="Tanglewood Music Festival">Tanglewood</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s:_Career_expansion_and_West_Side_Story">1950s: Career expansion and West Side Story</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1950s: Career expansion and West Side Story">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_-_1950s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Leonard_Bernstein_-_1950s.JPG/170px-Leonard_Bernstein_-_1950s.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Leonard_Bernstein_-_1950s.JPG/255px-Leonard_Bernstein_-_1950s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Leonard_Bernstein_-_1950s.JPG/340px-Leonard_Bernstein_-_1950s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein, c. 1950s</figcaption></figure> The 1950s comprised the most active years of Bernstein's career. He created five new works for the Broadway stage, composed several symphonic works and an iconic film score, and was appointed music director of the New York Philharmonic with whom he toured the world, including concerts behind the Iron Curtain. Bernstein also harnessed the power of television to expand his educational reach, and he married and started a family. In 1950, Bernstein composed incidental music for a Broadway production of J. M. Barrie's play <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1950_musical)" title="Peter Pan (1950 musical)">Peter Pan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The production, which opened on Broadway on April 24, 1950, starred <a href="/wiki/Jean_Arthur" title="Jean Arthur">Jean Arthur</a> as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</a> in the dual roles of <a href="/wiki/George_Darling_(Peter_Pan)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Darling (Peter Pan)">George Darling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a>. The show ran for 321 performances.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 1951, Bernstein composed <a href="/wiki/Trouble_in_Tahiti" title="Trouble in Tahiti">Trouble in Tahiti</a>, a one-act opera in seven scenes with an English <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by the composer. The opera portrays the troubled marriage of a couple whose idyllic suburban post-war environment belies their inner turmoil.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Ironically, Bernstein wrote most of the opera while on his honeymoon in Mexico with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Felicia_Montealegre" class="mw-redirect" title="Felicia Montealegre">Felicia Montealegre</a>. Bernstein was a visiting music professor at <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> from 1951 to 1956. In 1952, he created the <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein_Festival_of_the_Creative_Arts" title="Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Creative Arts">Brandeis Festival of the Creative Arts</a>, where he conducted the premiere of <a href="/wiki/Trouble_in_Tahiti" title="Trouble in Tahiti">Trouble in Tahiti</a> on June 12 of that year.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NBC_Opera_Theatre" title="NBC Opera Theatre">NBC Opera Theatre</a> subsequently presented the opera on television in November 1952. It opened on Broadway at the Playhouse Theatre on April 19, 1955, and ran for six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Three decades later, Bernstein wrote a second opera, <a href="/wiki/A_Quiet_Place_(opera)" title="A Quiet Place (opera)">A Quiet Place</a>, which picked up the story and characters of Trouble in Tahiti in a later period. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_in_his_apartment,_New_York,_N.Y.,_between_1946_and_1948_(William_P._Gottlieb_00671).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Leonard_Bernstein_in_his_apartment%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_between_1946_and_1948_%28William_P._Gottlieb_00671%29.jpg/220px-Leonard_Bernstein_in_his_apartment%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_between_1946_and_1948_%28William_P._Gottlieb_00671%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Leonard_Bernstein_in_his_apartment%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_between_1946_and_1948_%28William_P._Gottlieb_00671%29.jpg/330px-Leonard_Bernstein_in_his_apartment%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_between_1946_and_1948_%28William_P._Gottlieb_00671%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Leonard_Bernstein_in_his_apartment%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_between_1946_and_1948_%28William_P._Gottlieb_00671%29.jpg/440px-Leonard_Bernstein_in_his_apartment%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_between_1946_and_1948_%28William_P._Gottlieb_00671%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Comden_and_Green" title="Comden and Green">Comden and Green</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Town" title="Wonderful Town">Wonderful Town</a> </figcaption></figure> Wonderful Town (1953) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Town" title="Wonderful Town">Wonderful Town</a></div> In 1953, Bernstein wrote the score for the musical <a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Town" title="Wonderful Town">Wonderful Town</a> on very short notice, with a book by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph A. Fields">Joseph A. Fields</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Chodorov" title="Jerome Chodorov">Jerome Chodorov</a> and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Betty_Comden" title="Betty Comden">Betty Comden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Green" title="Adolph Green">Adolph Green</a>. Like the 1940 play, directed on Broadway by <a href="/wiki/George_S._Kaufman" title="George S. Kaufman">George S. Kaufman</a>, it is based on the autobiographical short stories, collectively titled <a href="/wiki/My_Sister_Eileen_(play)" title="My Sister Eileen (play)">My Sister Eileen</a>, that were written by <a href="/wiki/Ruth_McKenney" title="Ruth McKenney">Ruth McKenney</a> and published in the early 1930s by <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. They tell the story of two sisters from Ohio who move to New York City and seek success from their squalid <a href="/wiki/Basement_apartment" title="Basement apartment">basement apartment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>. Wonderful Town opened on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> on February 25, 1953, at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Theatre" title="Winter Garden Theatre">Winter Garden Theatre</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Russell" title="Rosalind Russell">Rosalind Russell</a> in the role of Ruth Sherwood, <a href="/wiki/Edie_Adams" title="Edie Adams">Edie Adams</a> as Eileen Sherwood, and <a href="/wiki/George_Gaynes" title="George Gaynes">George Gaynes</a> as Robert Baker. It won five <a href="/wiki/Tony_Awards" title="Tony Awards">Tony Awards</a>, including Best Musical and Best Actress.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Candide (1956) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide (operetta)</a></div> In the three years leading up to Bernstein's appointment as music director of the New York Philharmonic, Bernstein was simultaneously working on the scores for two Broadway shows. The first of the two was the <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a>-style musical <a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hellman" title="Lillian Hellman">Lillian Hellman</a> originally brought Bernstein her idea of adapting <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">novella</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimeone2013311-80">[80]</a> The original collaborators on the show were book writer <a href="/wiki/John_La_Touche_(lyricist)" title="John La Touche (lyricist)">John Latouche</a> and lyricist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilbur" title="Richard Wilbur">Richard Wilbur</a>. Candide opened on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> on December 1, 1956, at the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Beck_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Beck Theatre">Martin Beck Theatre</a>, in a production directed by <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Guthrie" title="Tyrone Guthrie">Tyrone Guthrie</a>. Anxious about the parallels Hellman had deliberately drawn between Voltaire's story and the ongoing hearings conducted by the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>, Guthrie persuaded the collaborators to cut their most incendiary sections prior to opening night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995260-81">[81]</a> While the production was a box office disaster, running for only two months for a total of 73 performances,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> the cast album became a cult classic, which kept Bernstein's score alive. There have been several revivals, with modifications to improve the book. The elements of the music that have remained best known and performed over the decades are the Overture, which quickly became one of the most frequently performed orchestral compositions by a <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th century</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">American</a> composer; the coloratura aria "Glitter and Be Gay", which <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cook" title="Barbara Cook">Barbara Cook</a> sang in the original production; and the grand finale "Make Our Garden Grow". West Side Story (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_West_Side_Story.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Original_West_Side_Story.jpg/220px-Original_West_Side_Story.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Original_West_Side_Story.jpg/330px-Original_West_Side_Story.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Original_West_Side_Story.jpg/440px-Original_West_Side_Story.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein gained prominence for the Original Broadway production of <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a> in 1957</figcaption></figure> The other musical Bernstein was writing simultaneously with Candide was <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a>. Bernstein collaborated with director and choreographer <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a>, book writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laurents" title="Arthur Laurents">Arthur Laurents</a>, and lyricist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The story is an updated retelling of Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a>, set in the mid-1950s in the slums of New York City's <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a>. The Romeo character, Tony, is affiliated with the Jets gang, who are of white Northern European descent. The Juliet character is Maria, who is connected to the Sharks gang, recently arrived from <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The original Broadway production opened at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Theatre" title="Winter Garden Theatre">Winter Garden Theatre</a> on September 26, 1957, and ran 732 performances. Robbins won the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a> for Best Choreographer, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smith_(designer)" title="Oliver Smith (designer)">Oliver Smith</a> won the Tony for Best Scenic Designer.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Bernstein's score for West Side Story blends "jazz, Latin rhythms, symphonic sweep and musical-comedy conventions in groundbreaking ways for Broadway".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> It was <a href="/wiki/Orchestrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestrated">orchestrated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sid_Ramin" title="Sid Ramin">Sid Ramin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Kostal" title="Irwin Kostal">Irwin Kostal</a> following detailed instructions from Bernstein. The dark theme, sophisticated music, extended dance scenes, and focus on social problems marked a turning point in musical theatre. In 1960, Bernstein prepared a <a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a> of orchestral music from the show, titled Symphonic Dances from West Side Story, which continues to be popular with orchestras worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> A <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">1961 United Artists film adaptation</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a> and Robbins, starred <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Wood" title="Natalie Wood">Natalie Wood</a> as Maria and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Beymer" title="Richard Beymer">Richard Beymer</a> as Tony. The film won ten <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a> and a ground-breaking Best Supporting Actress award for Puerto Rican-born <a href="/wiki/Rita_Moreno" title="Rita Moreno">Rita Moreno</a> playing the role of Anita.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(2021_film)" title="West Side Story (2021 film)">film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg</a> opened in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Feel_Pretty_from_West_Side_Story_1957.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/I_Feel_Pretty_from_West_Side_Story_1957.JPG/290px-I_Feel_Pretty_from_West_Side_Story_1957.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/I_Feel_Pretty_from_West_Side_Story_1957.JPG/435px-I_Feel_Pretty_from_West_Side_Story_1957.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/I_Feel_Pretty_from_West_Side_Story_1957.JPG/580px-I_Feel_Pretty_from_West_Side_Story_1957.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>L–R: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Taylor_Davis" title="Frances Taylor Davis">Elizabeth Taylor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Carmen Gutierrez, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Cooper" title="Marilyn Cooper">Marilyn Cooper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Lawrence" title="Carol Lawrence">Carol Lawrence</a> from the original Broadway cast sing "<a href="/wiki/I_Feel_Pretty" title="I Feel Pretty">I Feel Pretty</a>" (1957)</figcaption></figure> In addition to Bernstein's compositional activity for the stage, he wrote a symphonic work, <a href="/wiki/Serenade_after_Plato%27s_%22Symposium%22" title="Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"">Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"</a> (1954); the score <a href="/wiki/On_the_Waterfront" title="On the Waterfront">On the Waterfront</a> (1954); and <a href="/wiki/Prelude,_Fugue_and_Riffs" title="Prelude, Fugue and Riffs">Prelude, Fugue and Riffs</a>, composed in 1949, but only premiered in 1955, for jazz big band and solo clarinet. In 1953, Bernstein became the first American conductor to appear at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> in Milan, conducting Cherubini's <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_(Cherubini)" title="Médée (Cherubini)">Medea</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a> in the title role. Callas and Bernstein reunited at La Scala to perform Bellini's <a href="/wiki/La_sonnambula" title="La sonnambula">La sonnambula</a> in 1955. On November 14, 1954, Bernstein presented the first of his television lectures for the CBS Television Network arts program <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_(American_TV_program)" title="Omnibus (American TV program)">Omnibus</a>. The live lecture, entitled "Beethoven's Fifth Symphony", involved Bernstein explaining the symphony's first movement with the aid of musicians from the "Symphony of the Air" (formerly <a href="/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="NBC Symphony Orchestra">NBC Symphony Orchestra</a>). The program featured manuscripts from Beethoven's own hand, as well as a giant painting of the first page of the score covering the studio floor. Six more Omnibus lectures followed from 1955 to 1961 (later on ABC and then NBC) covering a broad range of topics: jazz, conducting, American musical comedy, modern music, <a href="/wiki/J._S._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Bach">J. S. Bach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>. Music director of the New York Philharmonic <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1955.jpg/220px-Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1955.jpg/330px-Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1955.jpg/440px-Leonard_Bernstein_NYWTS_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein at the piano, annotating a musical score, 1955</figcaption></figure> Bernstein was appointed the music director of the New York Philharmonic in 1957, sharing the post jointly with <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos" title="Dimitri Mitropoulos">Dimitri Mitropoulos</a> until he took sole charge in 1958. Bernstein held the music directorship until 1969 when he was appointed "Laureate Conductor". He continued to conduct and make recordings with the orchestra for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Bernstein's television teaching took a quantum leap when, as the new music director of the New York Philharmonic, he put the orchestra's traditional Saturday afternoon <a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Concerts" title="Young People's Concerts">Young People's Concerts</a> on the CBS Television Network. Millions of viewers of all ages and around the world enthusiastically embraced Bernstein and his engaging presentations about classical music. Bernstein often presented talented young performers on the broadcasts. Many of them became celebrated in their own right, including conductors <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa" title="Seiji Ozawa">Seiji Ozawa</a>; flutist <a href="/wiki/Paula_Robison" title="Paula Robison">Paula Robison</a>; and pianist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Watts" title="André Watts">André Watts</a>. From 1958 until 1972, the 53 Young People's Concerts comprised the most influential series of music education programs ever produced on television.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> They were highly acclaimed by critics and won numerous <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Some of Bernstein's scripts, all of which he wrote himself, were released in book form and on records.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A recording of Humor in Music was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a> award for Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The programs were shown in many countries around the world, often with Bernstein dubbed into other languages, and the concerts were later released on home video by <a href="/wiki/Kultur_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Kultur Video">Kultur Video</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernstein_with_TV_Camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bernstein_with_TV_Camera.jpg/290px-Bernstein_with_TV_Camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bernstein_with_TV_Camera.jpg/435px-Bernstein_with_TV_Camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bernstein_with_TV_Camera.jpg/580px-Bernstein_with_TV_Camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein with members of the New York Philharmonic rehearsing for a television broadcast, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1958</figcaption></figure> In 1958, Bernstein and Mitropoulos led the New York Philharmonic on its first tour south of the border, through 12 countries in Central and South America. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> sponsored the tour to improve the nation's relations with its southern neighbors.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELairdLin2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-43">[43]</a> In 1959, the Department of State also sponsored Bernstein and the Philharmonic on a 50-concert tour through Europe and the Soviet Union, portions of which were filmed by the <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> Television Network. A highlight of the tour was Bernstein's performance of <a href="/wiki/Shostakovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Shostakovich">Shostakovich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Shostakovich)">Fifth Symphony</a>, in the presence of the composer, who came on stage at the end to congratulate Bernstein and the musicians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s:_Innovations_and_Lincoln_Center">1960s: Innovations and Lincoln Center</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1960s: Innovations and Lincoln Center">edit</a>]</div> New York Philharmonic Innovations Bernstein's innovative approach to themed programming included introducing audiences to composers less-performed at the time such as <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a> (including the world premiere of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Ives)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Ives)">Symphony No. 2</a>). Bernstein actively advocated for the commission and performance of works by contemporary composers, conducting over 40 world premieres by a diverse roster of composers ranging from <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ginastera" title="Alberto Ginastera">Alberto Ginastera</a> to <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> He also conducted US premieres of 19 major works from around the globe, including works by <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard-Bernstein-1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leonard-Bernstein-1959.jpg/220px-Leonard-Bernstein-1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leonard-Bernstein-1959.jpg/330px-Leonard-Bernstein-1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leonard-Bernstein-1959.jpg/440px-Leonard-Bernstein-1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein during a visit to Finland, 1959</figcaption></figure> Bernstein championed American composers, especially those with whom he had a close friendship, such as <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Diamond_(composer)" title="David Diamond (composer)">David Diamond</a>. This decade saw a significant expansion of Bernstein and the Philharmonic's collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>, together they released <a href="#Recordings">over 400 compositions, covering a broad swath of the classical music canon</a>. Bernstein welcomed the Philharmonic's additions of its first Black musician, <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Allen" title="Sanford Allen">Sanford Allen</a>, and its second woman musician, <a href="/wiki/Orin_O%27Brien" title="Orin O'Brien">Orin O'Brien</a>. Bernstein also shared the Philharmonic's commitment to connecting with as many New Yorkers as possible. That vision became a reality with the launch of the Concerts in the Parks in 1965, which Bernstein conducted often. Another milestone was the Philharmonic's first visit to Japan in 1961, when Bernstein led acclaimed Philharmonic concerts and engaged in cultural exchange. Over the years, he led the Orchestra on tours to 144 cities in 38 countries. Bernstein initiated the Philharmonic's informal Thursday Evening Preview Concerts, which included Bernstein's talks from the stage, a practice that was unheard of at the time.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In one oft-reported incident, on April 6, 1962,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Bernstein appeared on stage before <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic_concert_of_April_6,_1962" title="New York Philharmonic concert of April 6, 1962">a performance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)">Brahms Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor</a> to explain that the soloist, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a>, had chosen an idiosyncratic approach to the work. Bernstein explained that while he did not totally agree with it, he thought Gould's interpretation was an artistically worthy exploration.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Bernstein questioned: "In a concerto, who is the boss: the soloist or the conductor?"<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The incident created a stir that reverberated in the press for decades; see <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic_concert_of_April_6,_1962#Legacy" title="New York Philharmonic concert of April 6, 1962">New York Philharmonic concert of April 6, 1962 § Legacy</a>. In 1960, Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic marked the centennial of Gustav Mahler's birth with a series of performances. The composer's widow, <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma</a>, attended some of Bernstein's rehearsals. That same year, Bernstein made his first commercial recording of a <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)">Mahler symphony (the Fourth)</a>. Over the next seven years, he recorded the entire <a href="/wiki/Bernstein%E2%80%93Mahler_cycle" title="Bernstein–Mahler cycle">Mahler symphony cycle</a> with the New York Philharmonic (except for <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)">the 8th Symphony</a>, which was recorded with the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a>). The combination of concert performances, television talks, and recordings led to a renewed interest in Mahler, especially in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Bernstein claimed that he identified with the works on a personal level, and once wrote of the composer: "I'm so sympathetic to Mahler: I understand his problem. It's like being two different men locked up in the same body; one man is a conductor and the other a composer ... It's like being a double man."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_in_gepeins,_Bestanddeelnr_921-6974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Leonard_Bernstein_in_gepeins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6974.jpg/170px-Leonard_Bernstein_in_gepeins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6974.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Leonard_Bernstein_in_gepeins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6974.jpg/255px-Leonard_Bernstein_in_gepeins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Leonard_Bernstein_in_gepeins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6974.jpg/340px-Leonard_Bernstein_in_gepeins%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2419" data-file-height="3664" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein in Amsterdam, 1968</figcaption></figure> Opening Lincoln Center On May 14, 1959, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> broke ground for <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts">Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts</a>. On September 23, 1962, the New York Philharmonic moved from Carnegie Hall to its new home, Philharmonic Hall (now <a href="/wiki/David_Geffen_Hall" title="David Geffen Hall">David Geffen Hall</a>). Bernstein conducted the gala opening concert featuring works by <a href="/wiki/Mahler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahler">Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a>, as well as the premiere of Aaron Copland's <a href="/wiki/Connotations_(Copland)" title="Connotations (Copland)">Connotations</a>. In 1964, Bernstein conducted at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a>'s production of Verdi's <a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a>. In subsequent years, Bernstein returned to The Met to conduct <a href="/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana" title="Cavalleria rusticana">Cavalleria rusticana</a> (1970) and <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> (1972), as well as at the <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Opera_Centennial_Gala" title="The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala">Centennial Gala</a> in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> An Artist's Response to Violence In 1961, Bernstein composed and conducted a fanfare for President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s pre-inaugural gala. On November 23, 1963, the day after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_President_John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of President John F. Kennedy">assassination of President John F. Kennedy</a>, Bernstein conducted the New York Philharmonic and the Schola Cantorum of New York in a nationally televised memorial featuring the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)">Mahler's Symphony No. 2: "Resurrection"</a>. Later that week, in a speech to the United Jewish Appeal, Bernstein said: "<a href="/wiki/Tribute_to_John_F._Kennedy" title="Tribute to John F. Kennedy">This will be our reply to violence</a>: to make music more intensely, more beautifully, more devotedly than ever before."<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> After Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> was assassinated in 1968, Bernstein conducted the "Adagietto" movement from <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)">Mahler's Symphony No. 5</a> at the funeral mass.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Kaddish and Chichester Psalms <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P_Kolbe-01_Bernstein_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/P_Kolbe-01_Bernstein_01.jpg/290px-P_Kolbe-01_Bernstein_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/P_Kolbe-01_Bernstein_01.jpg/435px-P_Kolbe-01_Bernstein_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/P_Kolbe-01_Bernstein_01.jpg/580px-P_Kolbe-01_Bernstein_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Audio recording for CBS of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Nielsen)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Nielsen)">Symphony No. 3</a> by Danish composer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a> in Copenhagen, 1965</figcaption></figure> Due to his commitment to the New York Philharmonic and his many other activities, Bernstein had little time for composition during the 1960s, composing just two major works. His <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Bernstein)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Bernstein)">Symphony No. 3: Kaddish</a> was written in 1963; Bernstein dedicated the work: "To the Beloved Memory of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>." The work features a large orchestra, a full choir, a boys' choir, a soprano soloist, and a narrator. "<a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a>" refers to the Jewish prayer recited for the dead. Bernstein wrote the text of the narration himself; his wife, Felicia Montealegre, narrated the US premiere of the work.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 1965, Bernstein took a sabbatical year from the New York Philharmonic to concentrate on composition, during which he composed <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Psalms" title="Chichester Psalms">Chichester Psalms</a>. Commissioned by the Dean of <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester Cathedral</a>, Walter Hussey, the work premiered at <a href="/wiki/Avery_Fisher_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Avery Fisher Hall">Philharmonic Hall</a> in New York City on July 15, 1965, conducted by Bernstein himself, and subsequently at Chichester Cathedral, conducted by John Birch. For his text, Bernstein chose excerpts from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a> in the original <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 2018, Bernstein's Centennial year, Chichester Psalms was cited as the 5th-most performed concert work worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Vienna Philharmonic debut In 1966, Bernstein began a lifelong rich relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a>, conducting concerts as well as making his debut at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a>'s production of Falstaff with <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> in the title role. Bernstein was largely responsible for restoring the works of Mahler to the Vienna Philharmonic's core repertoire. Bernstein recorded Mahler's Symphonies numerous times with the orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Bernstein returned to the State Opera in 1968 for a production of <a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a> and in 1970 for <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schenk" title="Otto Schenk">Otto Schenk</a>'s production of Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio">Fidelio</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s:_Mass,_Dybbuk_and_international_acclaim">1970s: Mass, Dybbuk and international acclaim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1970s: Mass, Dybbuk and international acclaim">edit</a>]</div> During the 1970s, Bernstein's company, Amberson, in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Unitel_GmbH_%26_Co.KG" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitel GmbH & Co.KG">Unitel</a>, produced and coordinated filmed recordings of his symphonic concerts around the world. For the rest of his life, Bernstein preferred to derive his audio recordings from live performances. Nearly 80% of Bernstein's recordings with his new recording partner, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>, were recorded live.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapin1992-113">[113]</a> Bernstein's major compositions during the 1970s were his <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Bernstein)" title="Mass (Bernstein)">Mass: A Theatre Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers</a>; his score for the ballet <a href="/wiki/Dybbuk_(ballet)" title="Dybbuk (ballet)">Dybbuk</a>; his orchestral vocal work <a href="/wiki/Songfest:_A_Cycle_of_American_Poems_for_Six_Singers_and_Orchestra" title="Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra">Songfest</a>; and his U.S. bicentennial musical <a href="/wiki/1600_Pennsylvania_Avenue_(musical)" title="1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical)">1600 Pennsylvania Avenue</a>, with lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jay_Lerner" title="Alan Jay Lerner">Alan Jay Lerner</a>, which was his last Broadway show and only theatrical flop. Mass: A Theatre Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers (1971) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Bernstein)" title="Mass (Bernstein)">Mass (Bernstein)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leonard_Bernstein_1971.jpg/170px-Leonard_Bernstein_1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leonard_Bernstein_1971.jpg/255px-Leonard_Bernstein_1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Leonard_Bernstein_1971.jpg/340px-Leonard_Bernstein_1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3743" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein in rehearsal of his Mass, 1971</figcaption></figure> In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a> commissioned Bernstein to compose a work for the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a> in Washington, D.C., Bernstein began writing Mass in 1969 as a large-scale theatrical work based on the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, and in 1971, Bernstein invited the young composer and lyricist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz" title="Stephen Schwartz">Stephen Schwartz</a>, who had recently opened the musical <a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a> off-Broadway, to collaborate as co-lyricist. The world premiere took place on September 8, 1971, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Peress" title="Maurice Peress">Maurice Peress</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Davidson_(director)" title="Gordon Davidson (director)">Gordon Davidson</a>, and choreographed by <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Bernstein's score combines elements of musical theater, jazz, gospel, blues, folk, rock, and symphonic music, and the libretto combines Latin and English liturgy, Hebrew prayer, and additional lyrics written by Bernstein and Schwartz.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Mass received both rapturous and critical reactions, from audiences and music critics alike. While some members of the Catholic Church praised the piece's expression of contemporary crises of faith, others considered it blasphemous. (In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> requested a performance of Mass at the Vatican itself.)<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/President_Richard_Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="President Richard Nixon">President Richard Nixon</a> declined to attend the premiere due to its anti-<a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> message.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Viewpoints on Mass continue to evolve over time, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seckerson" title="Edward Seckerson">Edward Seckerson</a> wrote in 2021, 50 years after its premiere: "Put simply, no other work of Bernstein's encapsulates exactly who he was as a man or as a musician; no other work displays his genius, his intellect, his musical virtuosity and innate theatricality quite like Mass."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard In the 1972–73 academic year, Bernstein was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton" title="Charles Eliot Norton">Charles Eliot Norton</a> Chair as Professor of Poetry at Harvard, where he delivered six lectures, <a href="/wiki/The_Unanswered_Question_(lecture_series)" title="The Unanswered Question (lecture series)">The Unanswered Question</a>, which explored such elements as tonality, harmony, and form through the lens of <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>'s linguistic theories. Bernstein provided musical examples from the piano, and pre-recorded musical works with the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995410-119">[119]</a> Amberson arranged for the lectures to be videotaped at the WGBH studios in Boston. The six lectures were broadcast on PBS in 1976, and subsequently released on home video<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> and published as a book.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonard Bernstein by Allan Warren, 1973"><img alt="Leonard Bernstein by Allan Warren, 1973" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Leonard_Bernstein_Allan_Warren.jpg/133px-Leonard_Bernstein_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Leonard_Bernstein_Allan_Warren.jpg/199px-Leonard_Bernstein_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Leonard_Bernstein_Allan_Warren.jpg/266px-Leonard_Bernstein_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="3972" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leonard Bernstein by Allan Warren, 1973</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_2_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonard Bernstein by Allan Warren, 1973"><img alt="Leonard Bernstein by Allan Warren, 1973" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Leonard_Bernstein_2_Allan_Warren.jpg/130px-Leonard_Bernstein_2_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Leonard_Bernstein_2_Allan_Warren.jpg/195px-Leonard_Bernstein_2_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Leonard_Bernstein_2_Allan_Warren.jpg/260px-Leonard_Bernstein_2_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="3602" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leonard Bernstein by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Warren" title="Allan Warren">Allan Warren</a>, 1973</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> Dybbuk (1974) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dybbuk_(ballet)" title="Dybbuk (ballet)">Dybbuk (ballet)</a></div> Bernstein collaborated with Jerome Robbins to create <a href="/wiki/Dybbuk_(ballet)" title="Dybbuk (ballet)">Dybbuk</a>, a ballet based on <a href="/wiki/S._Ansky" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Ansky">S. Ansky</a>'s play of the same name. The ballet depicts Ansky's tale of a young woman possessed by a malicious spirit, known in Jewish folklore as a "dybbuk". Dybbuk was premiered by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet" title="New York City Ballet">New York City Ballet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Theater">New York State Theater</a> on May 16, 1974, with Bernstein conducting. A revision of the choreography and the score was made later the same year, titled Dybbuk Variations. It received its premiere in November 1974.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra Bernstein's Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra premiered on October 11, 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Center">Kennedy Center</a> in Washington, D.C., with the composer conducting the <a href="/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="National Symphony Orchestra">National Symphony Orchestra</a>. The work was intended as a tribute to the 1976 <a href="/wiki/American_Bicentennial" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bicentennial">American Bicentennial</a>, but was not finished in time. The work sets an array of texts by 13 American poets spanning three centuries. Bernstein deliberately selected the widest possible array of literary voices to express the nation's essential diversity; the poets include <a href="/wiki/June_Jordan" title="June Jordan">June Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_de_Burgos" title="Julia de Burgos">Julia de Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On July 4, 1985, Bernstein conducted a nationally televised performance of Songfest as part of the National Symphony's annual <a href="/wiki/A_Capitol_Fourth" title="A Capitol Fourth">A Capitol Fourth</a> concert.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> International conducting and recordings After becoming Conductor Laureate of the New York Philharmonic in 1969, Bernstein took advantage of his freed-up schedule to increase the pace of his world travel, conducting twenty-nine orchestras throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas, and making live recordings with them for both <a href="/wiki/Unitel_GmbH_%26_Co.KG" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitel GmbH & Co.KG">Unitel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-125">[125]</a> Bernstein founded Amberson Productions in 1969. In partnership with Unitel, Amberson created many video productions of concert performances, starting with <a href="/wiki/Verdi%27s_Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi's Requiem Mass">Verdi's Requiem Mass</a> in St. Paul's Cathedral with the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a> in 1970, produced and directed by <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Burton" title="Humphrey Burton">Humphrey Burton</a>. Burton would go on to collaborate with Bernstein on his music video projects for the rest of Bernstein's life.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In 1972, Bernstein recorded Bizet's <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a> in the title role and <a href="/wiki/James_McCracken" title="James McCracken">James McCracken</a> as Don Jose, after leading several stage performances of the opera at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The recording was one of the first in stereo to use the original spoken dialogue between the sung portions of the opera. The recording was Bernstein's first for Deutsche Grammophon and won a <a href="/wiki/Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In working with Unitel and Deutsche Grammophon, Bernstein made a host of video and audio recordings with such orchestras as <a href="/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_de_Paris" title="Orchestre de Paris">Orchestre de Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAI_National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="RAI National Symphony Orchestra">Orchestra Sinfonica di Roma della Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Israel Philharmonic Orchestra">Israel Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_France" title="Orchestre National de France">Orchestre National de France</a>. In the late 1970s, Bernstein conducted a complete Beethoven symphony cycle with the Vienna Philharmonic, and cycles of Brahms and Schumann were to follow in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Among the many noteworthy Amberson productions with Unitel were Bernstein conducting Mahler's Symphony No. 2 "Resurrection" with the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a> in 1973 and Fidelio at the Vienna State Opera in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 1970, Bernstein wrote and narrated "Bernstein on Beethoven: A Celebration in Vienna," an in-depth exploration of Beethoven on the composer's 200th birthday, filmed on location in and around Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> It features excerpts of Bernstein's rehearsals and performance of <a href="/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio">Fidelio</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna State Opera</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schenk" title="Otto Schenk">Otto Schenk</a> (which was later revived and filmed in 1978); Bernstein playing the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Beethoven)">Piano Concerto No. 1</a> and conducting from the piano; and a performance of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 9</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a>, featuring the young <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a> among the soloists. The show, produced and directed by Humphrey Burton, was broadcast around the world and won an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Also recorded by Unitel, in October 1976, was Bernstein's concert in Munich with the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra">Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra</a> and pianist <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a> to benefit <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> To honor his late wife and to continue their joint support for human rights, Bernstein subsequently established the Felicia Montealegre Bernstein Fund of Amnesty International USA to provide aid for human rights activists.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In 1979, Bernstein conducted the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a> for the first and only time, in two charity concerts for Amnesty International featuring performances of Mahler's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Mahler)">Ninth Symphony</a>, recorded live on Deutsche Grammophon.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The invitation for the concerts had come from the orchestra and not from its principal conductor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>. There has been speculation about why Karajan never invited Bernstein to conduct his orchestra. The full reasons will probably never be known—they were on friendly terms, but sometimes practiced a little mutual <a href="/wiki/One-upmanship" class="mw-redirect" title="One-upmanship">one-upmanship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burton-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s:_A_Quiet_Place,_and_Tanglewood">1980s: A Quiet Place, and Tanglewood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1980s: A Quiet Place, and Tanglewood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1985-9-3_Leonard_BernsteinImg%E3%80%81Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra_in_Osaka_Festival_Hall,_Mahler_Symphony_No._9_in_D_major_861%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1985-9-3_Leonard_BernsteinImg%E3%80%81Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra_in_Osaka_Festival_Hall%2C_Mahler_Symphony_No._9_in_D_major_861%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.jpg/220px-1985-9-3_Leonard_BernsteinImg%E3%80%81Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra_in_Osaka_Festival_Hall%2C_Mahler_Symphony_No._9_in_D_major_861%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1985-9-3_Leonard_BernsteinImg%E3%80%81Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra_in_Osaka_Festival_Hall%2C_Mahler_Symphony_No._9_in_D_major_861%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.jpg/330px-1985-9-3_Leonard_BernsteinImg%E3%80%81Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra_in_Osaka_Festival_Hall%2C_Mahler_Symphony_No._9_in_D_major_861%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1985-9-3_Leonard_BernsteinImg%E3%80%81Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra_in_Osaka_Festival_Hall%2C_Mahler_Symphony_No._9_in_D_major_861%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.jpg/440px-1985-9-3_Leonard_BernsteinImg%E3%80%81Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra_in_Osaka_Festival_Hall%2C_Mahler_Symphony_No._9_in_D_major_861%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein visited Japan with the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Israel Philharmonic Orchestra">Israel Philharmonic Orchestra</a> in 1985 and conducted Mahler's Symphony No. 9</figcaption></figure> During the 1980s, Bernstein pursued a packed schedule, continuing to conduct, teach, compose, and produce several television documentaries. Bernstein's most significant compositions of the decade were his opera <a href="/wiki/A_Quiet_Place_(opera)" title="A Quiet Place (opera)">A Quiet Place</a>; <a href="/wiki/Divertimento_(Bernstein)" title="Divertimento (Bernstein)">Divertimento for Orchestra</a>; <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4alil_(Bernstein)" title="Ḥalil (Bernstein)">Ḥalil</a> for flute and orchestra; Concerto for Orchestra "Jubilee Games"; and the song cycle Arias and Barcarolles. Bernstein received the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honors</a> award in 1980, a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a> in 1985, France's <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (Commander) in 1985, and Japan's <a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a> in 1990, among others.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In the 1980s, Bernstein cemented his educational legacy by co-founding three music academies: <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic_Institute" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute">Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Musik_Festival" title="Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival">Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival</a> Orchestral Academy, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Music_Festival" title="Pacific Music Festival">Pacific Music Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Bernstein continued his longtime relationship with <a href="/wiki/Tanglewood" title="Tanglewood">Tanglewood</a> to the end of his life, including a lavish televised gala in 1988 to celebrate his 70th birthday, as well as his final concert performance in August 1990.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> A Quiet Place (1983) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/A_Quiet_Place_(opera)" title="A Quiet Place (opera)">A Quiet Place (opera)</a></div> In 1983, Bernstein wrote a new opera, <a href="/wiki/A_Quiet_Place_(opera)" title="A Quiet Place (opera)">A Quiet Place</a>, with a libretto by Stephen Wadsworth. The opera premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a> on June 17, 1983, conducted by <a href="/wiki/John_DeMain" title="John DeMain">John DeMain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The opera was a sequel to Bernstein's 1951 opera Trouble in Tahiti, which preceded the new opera at the premiere. In 1984, Bernstein and Wadsworth reconfigured A Quiet Place to include Trouble in Tahiti in its middle. This version was performed at La Scala and the Kennedy Center, with <a href="/wiki/John_Mauceri" title="John Mauceri">John Mauceri</a> conducting. In 1986, Bernstein himself conducted and recorded the work at the Vienna State Opera.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Conducting activities <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schell_and_Bernstein-83-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Schell_and_Bernstein-83-1.jpg/220px-Schell_and_Bernstein-83-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Schell_and_Bernstein-83-1.jpg/330px-Schell_and_Bernstein-83-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Schell_and_Bernstein-83-1.jpg/440px-Schell_and_Bernstein-83-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein with <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Schell" title="Maximilian Schell">Maximilian Schell</a> on PBS Beethoven TV series, 1983</figcaption></figure> During the 1980s, in addition to continuing his productive relationship with the New York, Israel, and Vienna Philharmonics, Bernstein was also a regular guest conductor with several other major orchestras around the world.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In Munich with the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra">Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra</a>, Bernstein recorded works including Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a>; Haydn's <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">Creation</a>; and Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Mozart)" title="Requiem (Mozart)">Requiem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Mass_in_C_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mass in C minor">Great Mass in C minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELairdLin201927-143">[143]</a> In Rome with the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia">Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia</a>, Bernstein recorded works by Debussy, as well as Puccini's <a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a>, featuring an all-American cast.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In Amsterdam with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra</a>, Bernstein recorded <a href="/wiki/Bernstein%E2%80%93Mahler_cycle" title="Bernstein–Mahler cycle">Mahler's Symphonies No. 1, 4, and 9</a>, among other works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELairdLin2019237-145">[145]</a> In May 1986, the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a> mounted a Bernstein Festival at the <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Centre</a>, featuring a concert in which Bernstein conducted his own works. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> attended the performance.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In December 1989, Bernstein conducted the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a> in his operetta <a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a> and subsequently recorded the work at <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">Abbey Road Studios</a>. The recording starred <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Hadley" title="Jerry Hadley">Jerry Hadley</a>, <a href="/wiki/June_Anderson" title="June Anderson">June Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christa_Ludwig" title="Christa Ludwig">Christa Ludwig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Green" title="Adolph Green">Adolph Green</a> in the leading roles.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The live concert from the <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Centre</a> in London was captured on video.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Ode to "Freedom" (1989) On December 25, 1989, Bernstein conducted Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 9</a> in East Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Konzerthaus_Berlin" title="Konzerthaus Berlin">Konzerthaus</a> as part of a celebration of the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. He had conducted the same work in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> the previous day. The orchestra consisted of members representing the two German States and the four <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">occupying powers</a> of post-war Berlin. The Christmas Day concert was broadcast live to an estimated audience of 100 million people in more than twenty countries.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly-149">[149]</a> For the occasion, Bernstein reworded <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>'s text of the <a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a>, replacing the word Freude (joy) with the word Freiheit (freedom).<a href="#cite_note-Kelly-149">[149]</a> Bernstein added, "I'm sure that Beethoven would have given us his blessing."<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Final concert at Tanglewood Bernstein conducted his last concert on August 19, 1990, with the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tanglewood" title="Tanglewood">Tanglewood</a>. He led <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>'s Four Sea Interludes from <a href="/wiki/Peter_Grimes" title="Peter Grimes">Peter Grimes</a> and Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 7</a>. The program also included Bernstein's own <a href="/wiki/Arias_and_Barcarolles" title="Arias and Barcarolles">Arias and Barcarolles</a> in a new orchestration by <a href="/wiki/Bright_Sheng" title="Bright Sheng">Bright Sheng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> However, poor health prevented Bernstein from preparing it, and Tanglewood Conducting Fellow <a href="/wiki/Carl_St._Clair" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl St. Clair">Carl St. Clair</a> was engaged to conduct the work in his stead.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Bernstein suffered a coughing fit during the third movement of the Beethoven, but continued to conduct the piece to its conclusion, leaving the stage during the ovation, appearing exhausted and in pain.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The concert was later issued on CD as Leonard Bernstein – The Final Concert by Deutsche Grammophon.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Amberson Productions Bernstein's Amberson Productions continued its collaborations with Unitel throughout the 1980s. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> aired an Emmy-nominated series <a href="/wiki/Bernstein/Beethoven" title="Bernstein/Beethoven">Bernstein/Beethoven</a> featuring all nine Beethoven symphonies and other works using films that Unitel had recorded of Bernstein conducting the Vienna Philharmonic in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The series includes conversations between Bernstein and actor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Schell" title="Maximilian Schell">Maximilian Schell</a>, who also read from Beethoven's letters.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holland_Festival_dirigent_Leonard_Bernstein_zal_het_met_het_Concertgebouworkes,_Bestanddeelnr_933-3399.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Holland_Festival_dirigent_Leonard_Bernstein_zal_het_met_het_Concertgebouworkes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3399.jpg/290px-Holland_Festival_dirigent_Leonard_Bernstein_zal_het_met_het_Concertgebouworkes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3399.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Holland_Festival_dirigent_Leonard_Bernstein_zal_het_met_het_Concertgebouworkes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3399.jpg/435px-Holland_Festival_dirigent_Leonard_Bernstein_zal_het_met_het_Concertgebouworkes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3399.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Holland_Festival_dirigent_Leonard_Bernstein_zal_het_met_het_Concertgebouworkes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3399.jpg/580px-Holland_Festival_dirigent_Leonard_Bernstein_zal_het_met_het_Concertgebouworkes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_933-3399.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3742" data-file-height="2476" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra, 1985</figcaption></figure> In 1984, Bernstein conducted a <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a> recording of West Side Story, his only recording of the entire work.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The album, featuring opera singers <a href="/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa" title="Kiri Te Kanawa">Kiri Te Kanawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Troyanos" title="Tatiana Troyanos">Tatiana Troyanos</a>, was an international bestseller.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> An Emmy-nominated film <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_West_Side_Story" class="mw-redirect" title="The Making of West Side Story">The Making of West Side Story</a> documented the recording process.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Other documentaries that Bernstein made during the 1980s include The Little Drummer Boy,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> which delved into the music of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, and The Love of Three Orchestras,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> exploring his work with the New York, Vienna, and Israel Philharmonics. Educational activities Bernstein's nurturing experience at the Tanglewood Music Festival inspired him to use his international influence to recreate that environment for young musicians in the final years of his life.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> During summer 1987, Bernstein celebrated the 100th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Nadia Boulanger</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="American Conservatory">American Conservatory</a> in Fontainebleau. Bernstein gave a master class inside the castle of Fontainebleau.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute In 1982, Bernstein, with <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic">Los Angeles Philharmonic</a> general manager <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Fleischmann" title="Ernest Fleischmann">Ernest Fleischmann</a> and University of Southern California professor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lewis_(conductor)" title="Daniel Lewis (conductor)">Daniel Lewis</a>, co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic_Institute" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute">Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute</a>, a summer training academy inspired by Tanglewood. Bernstein served as artistic co-director and taught conducting classes for two summers.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> During that time, he performed and recorded American works, including some of his own, with the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic">Los Angeles Philharmonic</a> for Deutsche Grammophon.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Orchestra Academy of the Schleswig-Holstein Music Festival In May 1986, Bernstein conducted the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra">Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra</a> and Chorus for the inaugural concert of the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Musik_Festival" title="Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival">Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival</a>, in a performance of Haydn's Die Schöpfung (<a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a>). He returned the following year when he founded the festival's Orchestra Academy, once again recreating the nurturing atmosphere of Bernstein's Tanglewood experience.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Over three summers, Bernstein took the students on international tours to Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> To commemorate Bernstein's legacy as an educator and founder of the Orchestra Academy, the festival created the Leonard Bernstein Award in 2002, which has honored young musicians including <a href="/wiki/Lang_Lang" title="Lang Lang">Lang Lang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Biss" title="Jonathan Biss">Jonathan Biss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alisa_Weilerstein" title="Alisa Weilerstein">Alisa Weilerstein</a>, among many others.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Founding of the Pacific Music Festival In 1990, Bernstein's final summer, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Music_Festival" title="Pacific Music Festival">Pacific Music Festival</a> in Sapporo, Japan with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The Festival's goal was to emphasize musical training for young students in the Pacific region.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In his opening address, Bernstein said: "And my decision has been, without too much thought, to spend most of the remaining energy and time the Lord grants me in education and sharing, as much as possible, with younger people."<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> As artistic director, Bernstein worked with the students in that first summer, but had to cut his time short due to ill health.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-125">[125]</a> Bernstein Education Through the Arts (BETA) Fund In 1990, Bernstein received the <a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a>, an international prize awarded by the Japan Arts Association for lifetime achievement in the arts. Bernstein used the $100,000 prize to establish The Bernstein Education Through the Arts (BETA) Fund.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> He provided this grant to develop an arts-based education program. The Leonard Bernstein Center was posthumously established in April 1992, and initiated extensive school-based research, ultimately leading to the current Leonard Bernstein <a href="/wiki/Artful_Learning" title="Artful Learning">Artful Learning</a> Program.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_and_Felicia_Bernstein_leaving_for_Israel,_1957_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Leonard_and_Felicia_Bernstein_leaving_for_Israel%2C_1957_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Leonard_and_Felicia_Bernstein_leaving_for_Israel%2C_1957_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Leonard_and_Felicia_Bernstein_leaving_for_Israel%2C_1957_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Leonard_and_Felicia_Bernstein_leaving_for_Israel%2C_1957_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Leonard_and_Felicia_Bernstein_leaving_for_Israel%2C_1957_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Leonard_and_Felicia_Bernstein_leaving_for_Israel%2C_1957_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="3801" /></a><figcaption>Leonard and Felicia Bernstein leaving for Israel, 1957</figcaption></figure></div></div> Bernstein had two younger siblings, Shirley and Burton.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The three children lived with their parents, Samuel and Jennie, in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, in a community of mostly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European Jewish">Eastern European Jewish</a> immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawn201415–20-176">[176]</a> Bernstein had <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, and the condition kept him from serving in the military during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_and_family,_Fairfield,_CT_1966.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Leonard_Bernstein_and_family%2C_Fairfield%2C_CT_1966.png/220px-Leonard_Bernstein_and_family%2C_Fairfield%2C_CT_1966.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Leonard_Bernstein_and_family%2C_Fairfield%2C_CT_1966.png/330px-Leonard_Bernstein_and_family%2C_Fairfield%2C_CT_1966.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Leonard_Bernstein_and_family%2C_Fairfield%2C_CT_1966.png/440px-Leonard_Bernstein_and_family%2C_Fairfield%2C_CT_1966.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Bernstein with his wife (Felicia) and three children at their Fairfield, Connecticut home, 1966</figcaption></figure> Bernstein married actress <a href="/wiki/Felicia_Montealegre_Cohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Felicia Montealegre Cohn">Felicia Montealegre Cohn</a> on September 9, 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995212-178">[178]</a> They had three children: Jamie, Alexander, and Nina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser1987196,_204,_322-179">[179]</a> The Bernstein family lived in New York City and <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield, Connecticut">Fairfield, Connecticut</a>, and maintained a close-knit atmosphere surrounded by extended family and friends.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The family owned a house in <a href="/wiki/Redding,_Connecticut" title="Redding, Connecticut">Redding, Connecticut</a>, which they sold in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Bernstein had a studio with a piano in each of his dwellings. The contents of his former studio at Fairfield, Connecticut are housed at the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Jacobs_School_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University Jacobs School of Music">Indiana University Jacobs School of Music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Throughout his life, Bernstein had <a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">affairs</a> with both men and women. In April 1943, he sought advice from <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a> about living as a gay man in the public eye, a notion he brought up again in a letter to <a href="/wiki/David_Oppenheim_(musician)" title="David Oppenheim (musician)">David Oppenheim</a> in July of that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimeone2013133-183">[183]</a> In a private letter written after their marriage, Felicia acknowledged her husband's sexual orientation. She wrote him: "You are a homosexual and may never change – you don't admit to the possibility of a double life, but if your peace of mind, your health, your whole nervous system depend on a certain sexual pattern what can you do?"<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimeone2013294-185">[185]</a> In 1976, Bernstein left Felicia for a period to live in Northern California with <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cothran" title="Tom Cothran">Tom Cothran</a>, a music scholar who had assisted him on research for the <a href="/wiki/The_Unanswered_Question_(lecture_series)" title="The Unanswered Question (lecture series)">Charles Eliot Norton Lectures that Bernstein delivered at Harvard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The following year, Felicia was diagnosed with lung cancer. Bernstein moved back in with her and cared for her until her death on June 16, 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995441–442,_445–446-188">[188]</a> Bernstein continued to have relationships with men until his death on October 14, 1990.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> When he was not composing and conducting, Bernstein enjoyed skiing, playing tennis, and engaging in all manner of word games, especially <a href="/wiki/Anagram" title="Anagram">anagrams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995''passim''-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a>]</div> Bernstein announced his retirement from conducting on October 9, 1990.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> He died five days later at the age of 72, in his New York apartment at <a href="/wiki/The_Dakota" title="The Dakota">The Dakota</a>, of a heart attack brought on by <a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">mesothelioma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-obit-2">[2]</a> A longtime heavy smoker, Bernstein had <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> from his mid-50s. On the day of his funeral procession through the streets of Manhattan, construction workers removed their hats and waved, calling out "Goodbye, Lenny".<a href="#cite_note-reaching-193">[193]</a> Bernstein is buried near the summit of <a href="/wiki/Battle_Hill_(Brooklyn)" title="Battle Hill (Brooklyn)">Battle Hill</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a> in Brooklyn, New York,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> next to his wife and with a copy of the score of Mahler's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)">Fifth Symphony</a> lying across his heart.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> On August 25, 2018 (the 100th anniversary of his birth), Bernstein was honored with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Skirball_Cultural_Center" title="Skirball Cultural Center">Skirball Cultural Center</a> in Los Angeles created an exhibition titled Leonard Bernstein at 100 for his centennial.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Cooper" title="Bradley Cooper">Bradley Cooper</a>'s drama film <a href="/wiki/Maestro_(2023_film)" title="Maestro (2023 film)">Maestro</a> (2023) chronicles the relationship between Bernstein (played by Cooper) and his wife, Felicia Montealegre (played by <a href="/wiki/Carey_Mulligan" title="Carey Mulligan">Carey Mulligan</a>). Produced by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> the film premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice International Film Festival">Venice International Film Festival</a>. As the Spotlight Gala feature of the 61st <a href="/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival" title="New York Film Festival">New York Film Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> it was the first film presentation at the recently renovated <a href="/wiki/David_Geffen_Hall" title="David Geffen Hall">David Geffen Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Center" title="Lincoln Center">Lincoln Center</a>, which was also where Bernstein had conducted as music director of the New York Philharmonic from its opening as Philharmonic Hall in 1962 until 1969.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Bernstein sought to make music both intelligible and enjoyable to all. Through his educational efforts, including several books and the creation of two major international music festivals, Bernstein influenced several generations of young musicians. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_Grave,_Sunset,_Green-Wood_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bernstein's grave in Green-Wood Cemetery"><img alt="Bernstein's grave in Green-Wood Cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leonard_Bernstein_Grave%2C_Sunset%2C_Green-Wood_Cemetery.jpg/122px-Leonard_Bernstein_Grave%2C_Sunset%2C_Green-Wood_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leonard_Bernstein_Grave%2C_Sunset%2C_Green-Wood_Cemetery.jpg/183px-Leonard_Bernstein_Grave%2C_Sunset%2C_Green-Wood_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leonard_Bernstein_Grave%2C_Sunset%2C_Green-Wood_Cemetery.jpg/244px-Leonard_Bernstein_Grave%2C_Sunset%2C_Green-Wood_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2543" data-file-height="3542" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bernstein's grave in Green-Wood Cemetery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_L%C3%A9onard-Bernstein,_Paris_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Place Léonard-Bernstein, a square in the 12th arrondissement of Paris"><img alt="Place Léonard-Bernstein, a square in the 12th arrondissement of Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Place_L%C3%A9onard-Bernstein%2C_Paris_12.jpg/160px-Place_L%C3%A9onard-Bernstein%2C_Paris_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Place_L%C3%A9onard-Bernstein%2C_Paris_12.jpg/240px-Place_L%C3%A9onard-Bernstein%2C_Paris_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Place_L%C3%A9onard-Bernstein%2C_Paris_12.jpg/320px-Place_L%C3%A9onard-Bernstein%2C_Paris_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Place Léonard-Bernstein, a square in the <a href="/wiki/12th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="12th arrondissement of Paris">12th arrondissement of Paris</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_activism_and_humanitarian_efforts">Social activism and humanitarian efforts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social activism and humanitarian efforts">edit</a>]</div> Since earliest adulthood, Bernstein was committed to furthering social change and making the world a better place.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Throughout his life, Bernstein fought for a variety of political and humanitarian causes, from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War protests</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a> to advocacy during the AIDS crisis.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Bernstein's first public efforts for social change became apparent in 1939 when, as a college student at Harvard, he organized and led a performance of <a href="/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein" title="Marc Blitzstein">Marc Blitzstein</a>'s recently banned musical, <a href="/wiki/The_Cradle_Will_Rock" title="The Cradle Will Rock">The Cradle Will Rock</a>, about the struggles of the working class.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FBI_file">FBI file</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: FBI file">edit</a>]</div> Bernstein was involved in numerous left-wing causes and organizations since the 1940s, at which time the FBI began its decades-long monitoring of Bernstein's activities "for his ties to communist organizations."<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> In the 1980s, through the Freedom of Information Act, he was able to view his FBI file, which was over 800 pages long.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> In the early 1950s, he was briefly blacklisted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> and <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, but he was never asked to testify before the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeldes200950-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Civil rights">edit</a>]</div> Bernstein expressed his support of civil rights in the United States in numerous ways. Some examples include multiracial casting in <a href="/wiki/On_the_Town_(musical)" title="On the Town (musical)">On the Town</a> in the 1940s; instigating of blind auditions at the New York Philharmonic in the 1960s; and the robust support of artists of color in classical music.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> On March 24, 1965, at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a>, Bernstein participated in the Stars for Freedom Rally, a star-studded performance in support of the marchers heading from <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery</a> to demand voting rights. The next day, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, the leader of the march, delivered one of his most famous speeches, "<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Alabama-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Radical_Chic"">"Radical Chic"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Radical Chic"">edit</a>]</div> On January 14, 1970, Bernstein and his wife Felicia held an event at their Manhattan apartment seeking to raise awareness and funds for the defense of members of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Panther_21" title="Panther 21">Panther 21</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loc2010-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> initially covered the gathering in its society section, but later published an editorial harshly unfavorable to Bernstein.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_false_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-nymag_html-214">[214]</a> The story became widely publicized, climaxing in June of that year with the appearance of "<a href="/wiki/Radical_Chic_%26_Mau-Mauing_the_Flak_Catchers" title="Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers">Radical Chic: That Party at Lenny's</a>", a cover story by journalist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Magazine">New York Magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nymag1970-215">[215]</a> The article led to the popularization of the pejorative term "<a href="/wiki/Radical_chic" title="Radical chic">radical chic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-economist2009-216">[216]</a> Bernstein and his wife Felicia received hate mail, and their building was picketed by <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a> protesters. Bernstein's FBI file later revealed that the Bureau had generated the letters, and had implanted agents to make the protests look more substantial.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_letter-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-carnegie_best-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Vietnam_war_efforts">Anti-Vietnam war efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Anti-Vietnam war efforts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Program_from_%22A_Concert_For_Peace_at_Washington_Cathedral,%22_January_19,_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Program_from_%22A_Concert_For_Peace_at_Washington_Cathedral%2C%22_January_19%2C_1973.jpg/220px-Program_from_%22A_Concert_For_Peace_at_Washington_Cathedral%2C%22_January_19%2C_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Program_from_%22A_Concert_For_Peace_at_Washington_Cathedral%2C%22_January_19%2C_1973.jpg/330px-Program_from_%22A_Concert_For_Peace_at_Washington_Cathedral%2C%22_January_19%2C_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Program_from_%22A_Concert_For_Peace_at_Washington_Cathedral%2C%22_January_19%2C_1973.jpg/440px-Program_from_%22A_Concert_For_Peace_at_Washington_Cathedral%2C%22_January_19%2C_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Program from "A Concert For Peace at Washington Cathedral", January 19, 1973</figcaption></figure> On January 21, 1968, Bernstein and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> co-hosted "Broadway for Peace" at Lincoln Center's Philharmonic Hall to support the Congressional Peace Campaign Committee, which funded congressional campaigns opposing the Vietnam War. For the occasion, Bernstein composed a song, "<a href="/wiki/So_Pretty_(song)" title="So Pretty (song)">So Pretty</a>", sung by <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> accompanied by Bernstein on the piano.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> On January 19, 1973, Bernstein conducted members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="National Symphony Orchestra">National Symphony Orchestra</a> in a "Concert of Peace" at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a>. The free performance of Haydn's <a href="/wiki/Missa_in_tempore_belli" title="Missa in tempore belli">Mass in Time of War</a>, which took place on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">second inauguration of Richard Nixon</a>, was in protest of Nixon's failure to bring an end to the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rostropovich_and_the_Soviet_Union">Rostropovich and the Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rostropovich and the Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> Bernstein played a key role in the release of renowned cellist and conductor <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> from the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> in 1974. Rostropovich, a strong believer in free speech and democracy, had been officially held in disgrace; his concerts and tours both at home and abroad cancelled; and in 1972 he was prohibited to travel outside of the Soviet Union. During a trip to the USSR in 1974, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Joan_Bennett_Kennedy" title="Joan Bennett Kennedy">Joan</a>, urged by Bernstein and others in the cultural sphere, mentioned Rostropovich's situation to <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, the Soviet Union Communist Party Leader. Two days later, Rostropovich was granted his exit visa.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nuclear disarmament">edit</a>]</div> Bernstein was a committed and outspoken supporter of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> In 1980, he gave a commencement speech at Johns Hopkins University warning the graduating class of the dangers of nuclear proliferation.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> In 1983, he dedicated the activities surrounding his 65th birthday to the issue of nuclear disarmament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995471–472-225">[225]</a> In 1985, he brought the <a href="/wiki/European_Community_Youth_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community Youth Orchestra">European Community Youth Orchestra</a> on a "Journey for Peace" tour across Europe and Japan, performing at the Hiroshima Peace Ceremony to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995480-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy_for_AIDS_research_and_patient_care">Advocacy for AIDS research and patient care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Advocacy for AIDS research and patient care">edit</a>]</div> In the 1980s, Bernstein was frustrated that the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Administration">Reagan Administration</a> took so long to acknowledge the existence of the <a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a>, let alone provide resources for research and patient care.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeldes2009158-227">[227]</a> Bernstein was galvanized to provide advocacy however he could. In a written statement for a June 1983 benefit for AIDS advocacy in Houston, Bernstein wrote: "AIDS is not, repeat not, the Gay Plague it is so often made out to be; it is part of the human condition, and must be universally researched and annihilated."<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> On April 30, 1983, at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> in New York City, Bernstein participated in one of the earliest HIV / AIDS fundraisers, which raised over $250,000 for the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Health_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Men's Health Crisis">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a> (GMHC). Bernstein conducted the <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus</a> Orchestra with mezzo-soprano <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Verrett" title="Shirley Verrett">Shirley Verrett</a> in "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>".<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> On November 8, 1987, Bernstein participated in another event to benefit the Gay Men's Health Crisis. The concert at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>, "Music for Life", was dedicated to Dr. <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Krim" title="Mathilde Krim">Mathilde Krim</a> and her work at the <a href="/wiki/American_Foundation_for_AIDS_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="American Foundation for AIDS Research">American Foundation for AIDS Research</a> (amFAR).<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Bernstein was joined by <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> On November 15, 1989, Bernstein refused the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a> from President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> in protest against the revoked <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> grant for a New York exhibit of AIDS-related art.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Philanthropy">edit</a>]</div> Bernstein funded a variety of fellowships, funds, and scholarships including ones at the <a href="/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Center" title="Tanglewood Music Center">Tanglewood Music Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_School_of_Music" title="Jacobs School of Music">Jacobs School of Music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ASCAP_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCAP Foundation">ASCAP Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Several of these funds were named for his late wife Felicia Montealegre, including scholarships at the <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_the_Arts" title="Columbia University School of the Arts">Columbia University School of the Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Tisch_School_of_the_Arts" title="New York University Tisch School of the Arts">New York University Tisch School of the Arts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> and the Felicia Montealegre Bernstein Fund of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_USA" title="Amnesty International USA">Amnesty International USA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> Bernstein had a lifelong interest in integrating the arts into general education. When he won the Japan Art Association's <a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a> award in 1990,<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Bernstein used the $100,000 prize money to initiate a project in Nashville, Tennessee that would eventually lead to the current nationwide teaching model known as <a href="/wiki/Artful_Learning" title="Artful Learning">Artful Learning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_characteristics">Influence and characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Influence and characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_conductor">As a conductor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: As a conductor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_3_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Leonard_Bernstein_3_Allan_Warren.jpg/220px-Leonard_Bernstein_3_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Leonard_Bernstein_3_Allan_Warren.jpg/330px-Leonard_Bernstein_3_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Leonard_Bernstein_3_Allan_Warren.jpg/440px-Leonard_Bernstein_3_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="4926" /></a><figcaption>Leonard Bernstein rehearsing at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>, London, 1973</figcaption></figure> Leonard Bernstein was one of the most important conductors of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> He was held in high regard by musicians around the world, including the members of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>, which he led for eleven seasons; the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a>, where he received an honorary membership; the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a>, which he conducted principally at <a href="/wiki/Tanglewood" title="Tanglewood">Tanglewood</a> for over 50 years; the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a>, of which he was president; and the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Israel Philharmonic Orchestra">Israel Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, where he appeared regularly as their guest conductor.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Audiences worldwide eagerly anticipated Bernstein's performances, from New York to Tokyo to Caracas to Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> In 1943, Bernstein's last-minute conducting debut in <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> with the New York Philharmonic, which was broadcast live nationwide, caused him to become famous overnight. He soon became the first American-born, American-trained conductor to achieve international status, at a time when conductors traditionally came from Europe.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Bernstein's three major conducting mentors were <a href="/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky" title="Serge Koussevitzky">Serge Koussevitzky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos" title="Dimitri Mitropoulos">Dimitri Mitropoulos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" title="Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GrammyMuseum-246">[246]</a> Bernstein's conducting was characterized by his physically expressive podium manner.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Orchestra members often remarked that Bernstein's every gesture conveyed a specific musical communication for them.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Bernstein performed a wide classical music repertoire from the Baroque era to the music of his time.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Bernstein conducted and recorded definitive interpretations of works by traditional composers such as Haydn, Beethoven, Brahms, Schumann, and Tchaikovsky; championed music by lesser known composers such as Mahler, Sibelius, and Nielsen; and advocated modern composers such as Stravinsky, Hindemith, Shostakovich, and Ligeti.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Bernstein programmed American composers everywhere in the world that he conducted, sharing the music of Gershwin, Copland, and Ives.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> He expanded the definitions of the genres that could be included in the concert hall by programming jazz, musical theater, and works from Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> A skilled pianist, he often conducted piano concertos from the keyboard, including works by Gershwin, Mozart, Beethoven, and Ravel.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Bernstein was also an influential conducting teacher and mentor. During his many years at Tanglewood, Schleswig-Holstein and elsewhere, Bernstein directly influenced many young conductors, including <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa" title="Seiji Ozawa">Seiji Ozawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marin_Alsop" title="Marin Alsop">Marin Alsop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_DePreist" title="James DePreist">James DePreist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edo_de_Waart" title="Edo de Waart">Edo de Waart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eiji_Oue" title="Eiji Oue">Eiji Oue</a>, <a href="/wiki/JoAnn_Falletta" title="JoAnn Falletta">JoAnn Falletta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yutaka_Sado" title="Yutaka Sado">Yutaka Sado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Peress" title="Maurice Peress">Maurice Peress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_St._Clair" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl St. Clair">Carl St. Clair</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mauceri" title="John Mauceri">John Mauceri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jaap_van_Zweden" title="Jaap van Zweden">Jaap van Zweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELairdLin2019-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_an_educator">As an educator</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: As an educator">edit</a>]</div> Bernstein's impact as an educator stretched far beyond his music students. Through the medium of television, Bernstein introduced millions of viewers worldwide to symphonic music. His <a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Concerts" title="Young People's Concerts">Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic</a> brought in younger viewers, while his <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_(American_TV_program)" title="Omnibus (American TV program)">Omnibus</a>, Ford Presents, and Lincoln Presents brought musical concepts to general audiences.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> In the 1950s, Bernstein taught at <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> for several years, and founded their Festival of the Creative Arts, which the institution later named after him.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Over the course of his career, Bernstein taught at numerous locations worldwide, including at the Tanglewood Institute, and founded three summer festivals of his own: <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic_Institute" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute">Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute</a>, Orchestral Academy of the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Musik_Festival" title="Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival">Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Music_Festival" title="Pacific Music Festival">Pacific Music Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_composer">As a composer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: As a composer">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Leonard_Bernstein" title="List of compositions by Leonard Bernstein">List of compositions by Leonard Bernstein</a></div> Bernstein's music combined genres and musical styles. He wove together elements of classical, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, popular, <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Jewish music</a>, and more to create a musical fabric uniquely his own.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Bernstein's Jewish influences are clearly audible in both his symphonic and theatre works. Two of his symphonies, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Bernstein)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Bernstein)">Symphony No. 1: "Jeremiah"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Bernstein)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Bernstein)">Symphony No. 3: "Kaddish"</a>, incorporated Hebrew texts and sources, as did his <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Psalms" title="Chichester Psalms">Chichester Psalms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hashkiveinu_(Bernstein)" title="Hashkiveinu (Bernstein)">Hashkiveinu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Sabras" title="Four Sabras">Four Sabras</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4alil_(Bernstein)" title="Ḥalil (Bernstein)">Halil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dybbuk_(ballet)" title="Dybbuk (ballet)">Dybbuk</a>. In two of his theatre works, <a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a>, the call of the <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a> can clearly be heard in the score.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Bernstein occasionally turned to Christian sources as well, for example in his <a href="/wiki/Missa_Brevis_(Bernstein)" title="Missa Brevis (Bernstein)">Missa Brevis</a> and his theatre work <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Bernstein)" title="Mass (Bernstein)">MASS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Among the 20th century composers who influenced Bernstein were <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein" title="Marc Blitzstein">Marc Blitzstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GrammyMuseum-246">[246]</a> Bernstein's score for West Side Story incorporated multiple elements from classical, Latin-Caribbean, and bebop jazz.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> While his music was rooted in tonality, many of his works incorporated <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">12-tone</a> elements – from the atonal score of the ballet Dybbuk to his Symphony No. 3: "Kaddish".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb2010146-262">[262]</a> Bernstein's Broadway shows — West Side Story, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Town_(musical)" title="On the Town (musical)">On the Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Town" title="Wonderful Town">Wonderful Town</a>, and Candide — as well as his theatre piece <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Bernstein)" title="Mass (Bernstein)">MASS</a> continue to be produced worldwide. In addition to his works for the stage, all three of his symphonies, his <a href="/wiki/Serenade_after_Plato%27s_%22Symposium%22" title="Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"">Serenade</a>, and his song cycles, including Songfest and Arias and Barcaroles, are inspired by theatrical and literary sources. Bernstein himself said that virtually all his compositions "could in some sense be thought of as 'theatre' pieces".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1978-263">[263]</a> Bernstein's keen sense of rhythm lent his compositions readily to use for ballet and other dance forms. In addition to his own ballets — <a href="/wiki/Fancy_Free_(ballet)" title="Fancy Free (ballet)">Fancy Free</a>, Facsimile, and Dybbuk — and musicals, many works were choreographed in his lifetime, as well as afterward, for both stage and film. Choreographers of Bernstein's music include <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Neumeier" title="John Neumeier">John Neumeier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Ratmansky" title="Alexei Ratmansky">Alexei Ratmansky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Teresa_De_Keersmaeker" title="Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker">Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Keigwin" title="Larry Keigwin">Larry Keigwin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Peck" title="Justin Peck">Justin Peck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The eclectic nature of Bernstein's music often generated criticism, particularly from the academic community of the mid-20th century where the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> and its 12-tone approach held sway.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Bernstein received additional criticism for his theatre work MASS, which some members of the Catholic Church considered offensive. The work's thinly veiled antiwar stance was enough to prevent President Richard Nixon from attending the premiere at the 1971 opening of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_(Doubleday)1994406–407-266">[266]</a> While his eclecticism, as well as his fearlessness in taking on social issues, generated controversy in his lifetime, Bernstein is now considered a hero and role model for the next generation of composers.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Despite frequent criticism in his lifetime, Bernstein's music has endured into the 21st century and is regularly performed, discussed, and recorded around the world. In 2008–09, his 90th anniversary year, Bernstein was the second-most frequently performed American composer (behind Aaron Copland).<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> In 2018, his centennial year, Bernstein was the third-most played composer worldwide for the year, alongside Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, and Brahms. That year, four of the five most-played concert works worldwide were Bernstein compositions: <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Dances_from_West_Side_Story" title="Symphonic Dances from West Side Story">Symphonic Dances from West Side Story</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overture_to_Candide" class="mw-redirect" title="Overture to Candide">Overture to Candide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serenade_after_Plato%27s_%22Symposium%22" title="Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"">Serenade (after Plato's Symposium)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Psalms" title="Chichester Psalms">Chichester Psalms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audio_recordings">Audio recordings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Audio recordings">edit</a>]</div> Between 1945 and 1950, Bernstein recorded a variety of works for <a href="/wiki/RCA_Red_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Red Seal">RCA Victor</a>, primarily consisting of his own compositions and those of other American composers.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> During this time, he also recorded for <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a> and Hargail Records.<a href="#cite_note-Discography-8">[8]</a> His recordings for <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a> contains some "musical analysis" recordings in a form similar to his Young People's Concerts.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> On April 2, 1956, Bernstein signed his first long-term contract with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Masterworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Masterworks">Columbia Records</a> regarding services as conductor, piano soloist, and as commentator. Between 1956 and 1979, Bernstein recorded over 500 compositions for Columbia, 455 of which were recorded with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> Bernstein's typical pattern of recording at that time was to record major works in the studio immediately following the orchestra's subscription concerts or on one of the Young People's Concerts. Any spare studio time that remained was used to record short orchestral showpieces and other works. In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Classical">Sony Classical</a> acquired Columbia/CBS Records. Between 1992 and 1993, Sony reissued and digitally remastered Bernstein's complete Columbia catalog as part of a 100-volume, 125-CD "Royal Edition", featuring watercolors by <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> on the covers.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Between 1997 and 2001, Sony issued the "Bernstein Century" series, which was a combination of new re-releases and items from the "Royal Edition".<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> The rights to Bernstein's RCA Victor recordings became owned by Sony following its 2008 acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">Bertelsmann Music Group</a> (BMG). The complete Bernstein Columbia and RCA Victor catalog was reissued on CD in a three-volume series of box sets (released in 2010, 2014, and 2018, respectively) comprising a total of 198 discs under the mantle "Leonard Bernstein Edition".<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> In 1972, Bernstein made his first recording for <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a>: Bizet's Carmen. On October 17, 1976, Bernstein made his first live recording on Deutsche Grammophon, leading to a 14-year collaboration until his death in 1990. The vast majority of the DG recordings were of live performances, which had become Bernstein's preferred approach to recording. From the 1970s onward, Bernstein's audio recordings were supplemented with films produced by Amberson Productions and <a href="/wiki/Unitel_GmbH_%26_Co.KG" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitel GmbH & Co.KG">Unitel</a>, which were subsequently released on <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> and DVD.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Bernstein recorded for other labels as well. Notable exceptions include recordings of Gustav Mahler's <a href="/wiki/Das_Lied_von_der_Erde" title="Das Lied von der Erde">Song of the Earth</a> and Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._15_(Mozart)" title="Piano Concerto No. 15 (Mozart)">15th piano concerto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._36_(Mozart)" title="Symphony No. 36 (Mozart)">"Linz" symphony</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a> for <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a> (1966); Berlioz's <a href="/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique" title="Symphonie fantastique">Symphonie fantastique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_en_Italie" title="Harold en Italie">Harold en Italie</a> (1976) for <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>; and Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a> (1981) for <a href="/wiki/Philips_Records" title="Philips Records">Philips Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Discography-8">[8]</a> In total, Bernstein received 63 <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> nominations and was awarded 16 Grammys in various categories, including for posthumously released recordings. He was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_Achievement_Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime Achievement Grammy">Lifetime Achievement Grammy</a> in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-grammy-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Leonard (1993) [1982]. Findings. New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-42437-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-42437-0"><bdi>978-0-385-42437-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Findings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-385-42437-0&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (1993) [1966]. The Infinite Variety of Music. New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-42438-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-42438-7"><bdi>978-0-385-42438-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Infinite+Variety+of+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-385-42438-7&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2004) [1959]. <a href="/wiki/The_Joy_of_Music" title="The Joy of Music">The Joy of Music</a>. Pompton Plains, New Jersey: Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-104-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-104-9"><bdi>978-1-57467-104-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Joy+of+Music&rft.place=Pompton+Plains%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57467-104-9&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2006) [1962]. Young People's Concerts. Milwaukee; Cambridge: Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-102-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-102-5"><bdi>978-1-57467-102-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+People%27s+Concerts&rft.place=Milwaukee%3B+Cambridge&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57467-102-5&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674920019">The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-92001-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-92001-5"><bdi>0-674-92001-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unanswered+Question%3A+Six+Talks+at+Harvard&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-674-92001-5&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674920019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908145956/https://yalebooks.co.uk/display.asp?K=9780300205442">The Leonard Bernstein Letters</a> (paperback). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20544-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20544-2"><bdi>978-0-300-20544-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.co.uk/display.asp?K=9780300205442">the original</a> on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leonard+Bernstein+Letters&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-20544-2&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.co.uk%2Fdisplay.asp%3FK%3D9780300205442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Videography">Videography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Videography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard. West Long Branch, New Jersey: Kultur Video. VHS <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56127-570-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56127-570-0">1-56127-570-0</a>. DVD <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7697-1570-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7697-1570-2">0-7697-1570-2</a>. (videotape of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton_Lectures" title="Charles Eliot Norton Lectures">Charles Eliot Norton Lectures</a> given at Harvard in 1973.)</li> <li>Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic. West Long Branch, New Jersey: Kultur Video. DVD <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7697-1503-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7697-1503-6">0-7697-1503-6</a>.</li> <li>Bernstein on Beethoven: A Celebration in Vienna/Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 1. West Long Branch, Kultur Video. DVD</li> <li>Leonard Bernstein: Omnibus – The Historic TV Broadcasts, 2010, E1 Ent.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen1978" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Rosen, Peter (1978). Bernstein: Reflections (DVD). Euroarts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bernstein%3A+Reflections&rft.pub=Euroarts&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bernstein/Beethoven (1982), Deutsche Grammophon, DVD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Opera_Centennial_Gala" title="The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala">The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala</a> (1983), Deutsche Grammophon, DVD 00440-073-4538</li> <li>Bernstein Conducts "West Side Story" (1985) (retitled The Making of West Side Story in re-releases) Deutsche Grammophon. DVD</li> <li>"The Rite of Spring" in Rehearsal (1996), Kultur, VHS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mass_in_C_minor,_K._427_(film)" title="Great Mass in C minor, K. 427 (film)">Mozart's Great Mass in C minor, Exsultate, jubilate & Ave verum corpus</a> (1990), Deutsche Grammophon. DVD 00440-073-4240</li> <li>"Leonard Bernstein: Reaching for the Note" (1998) Documentary on his life and music. Originally aired on PBS's <a href="/wiki/American_Masters" title="American Masters">American Masters</a> series. DVD</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Awards and honours">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_Bernstein_in_een_ontspannen_pose,_Bestanddeelnr_921-6976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Leonard_Bernstein_in_een_ontspannen_pose%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6976.jpg/220px-Leonard_Bernstein_in_een_ontspannen_pose%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Leonard_Bernstein_in_een_ontspannen_pose%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6976.jpg/330px-Leonard_Bernstein_in_een_ontspannen_pose%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Leonard_Bernstein_in_een_ontspannen_pose%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6976.jpg/440px-Leonard_Bernstein_in_een_ontspannen_pose%2C_Bestanddeelnr_921-6976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="3658" /></a><figcaption>Leonard Bernstein receiving the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Award#Edison_Classical_Music_Awards" title="Edison Award">Edison Classical Music Award</a>, 1968</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Leonard_Bernstein" title="List of awards and nominations received by Leonard Bernstein">List of awards and nominations received by Leonard Bernstein</a></div> Over the course of his distinguished career, Bernstein has received seven <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Tony_Awards" title="Tony Awards">Tony Awards</a>, and 16 <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a> as well as a nomination for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Bernstein is also a member of both the <a href="/wiki/American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame" title="American Theater Hall of Fame">American Theater Hall of Fame</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Television_Hall_of_Fame" title="Television Hall of Fame">Television Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> In 1998, Bernstein was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/American_Classical_Music_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="American Classical Music Hall of Fame">American Classical Music Hall of Fame</a>.;<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> in 2015, he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Legacy_Walk" title="Legacy Walk">Legacy Walk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <ul><li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, 1951<a href="#cite_note-AAAS-283">[283]</a></li> <li>Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/MacDowell_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDowell Colony">MacDowell</a> 1962, 1970, 1972<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonning_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonning Award">Sonning Award (Denmark)</a>, 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditson_Conductor%27s_Award" title="Ditson Conductor's Award">Ditson Conductor's Award</a>, 1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody_Medal" title="George Peabody Medal">George Peabody Medal</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, 1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" title="Ernst von Siemens Music Prize">Ernst von Siemens Music Prize</a>, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society" title="Royal Philharmonic Society">Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medal (UK)</a>, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell_Medal" title="Edward MacDowell Medal">Edward MacDowell Medal</a>, 1987<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="OMRI">Knight Grand Cross Order of Merit (Italy)</a>, 1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Album_for_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Album for Children">Grammy Award for Best Album for Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Orchestral_Performance" title="Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance">Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Choral_Performance" title="Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance">Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Opera_Recording" title="Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording">Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Classical_Vocal_Performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance">Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Instrumental_Soloist(s)_Performance_(with_orchestra)" title="Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra)">Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Classical_Contemporary_Composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition">Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Classical_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Classical Album">Grammy Award for Best Classical Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Musical" title="Tony Award for Best Musical">Tony Award for Best Musical</a>, 1953</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Tony_Award" title="Special Tony Award">Special Tony Award</a>, 1969</li> <li>Japan Arts Association Lifetime Achievement Award</li> <li>Gramophone Hall of Fame entrant<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></li> <li>Commandeur de la <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a>, 1986</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlin1994" class="citation book cs1">Karlin, Fred (1994). Listening to Movies 8. New York: Schirmer. p. 264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listening+to+Movies+8&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Schirmer&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Karlin&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> Bernstein's pronunciation of his own name as he introduces his <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_the_Wolf" title="Peter and the Wolf">Peter and the Wolf</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenahan1990" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donal_Henahan" title="Donal Henahan">Henahan, Donal</a> (October 15, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/15/obituaries/leonard-bernstein-72-music-s-monarch-dies.html">"Leonard Bernstein, 72, Music's Monarch, Dies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved December 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein%2C+72%2C+Music%27s+Monarch%2C+Dies&rft.date=1990-10-15&rft.aulast=Henahan&rft.aufirst=Donal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F10%2F15%2Fobituaries%2Fleonard-bernstein-72-music-s-monarch-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/bios/leonard-bernstein">"Leonard Bernstein"</a>. Television Academy. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein&rft.pub=Television+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emmys.com%2Fbios%2Fleonard-bernstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadwayworld.com/tonyawardspersoninfo.php?nomname=Leonard%20Bernstein">"Leonard Bernstein Tony Awards Info"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BroadwayWorld" title="BroadwayWorld">BroadwayWorld</a>. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein+Tony+Awards+Info&rft.pub=BroadwayWorld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Ftonyawardspersoninfo.php%3Fnomname%3DLeonard%2520Bernstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grammy-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grammy_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grammy_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/leonard-bernstein/896">"Leonard Bernstein – Awards"</a>. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein+%E2%80%93+Awards&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Recording+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fartists%2Fleonard-bernstein%2F896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/b/ba-bn/leonard-bernstein/">"Leonard Bernstein"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Center">Kennedy Center</a>. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein&rft.pub=Kennedy+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennedy-center.org%2Fartists%2Fb%2Fba-bn%2Fleonard-bernstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1990" class="citation web cs1">Oliver, Myrna (October 15, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-10-15-mn-1946-story.html">"Leonard Bernstein Dies; Conductor, Composer: Music: Renaissance man of his art was 72. The longtime leader of the N.Y. Philharmonic carved a niche in history with West Side Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved July 15, 2020. <q>Louis Bernstein ... born ... to two Russian Jewish immigrants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein+Dies%3B+Conductor%2C+Composer%3A+Music%3A+Renaissance+man+of+his+art+was+72.+The+longtime+leader+of+the+N.Y.+Philharmonic+carved+a+niche+in+history+with+West+Side+Story&rft.date=1990-10-15&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Myrna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-10-15-mn-1946-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discography-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discography_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discography_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discography_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/discography">"Discography | Leonard Bernstein"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=Discography+%7C+Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fdiscography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiff2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Schiff" title="David Schiff">Schiff, David</a> (November 4, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/04/arts/music-the-man-who-mainstreamed-mahler.html">"The Man Who Mainstreamed Mahler"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Mainstreamed+Mahler&rft.date=2001-11-04&rft.aulast=Schiff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F04%2Farts%2Fmusic-the-man-who-mainstreamed-mahler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1aPyEzYri7UCpgPA10lpgPP1_10]-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1aPyEzYri7UCpgPA10lpgPP1_10]_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaird2002">Laird 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1aPyEzYri7UC&pg=PA10&lpg=PP1">10</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/about/educator/young-peoples-concerts">"Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic"</a>. Leonard Bernstein. Retrieved August 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leonard+Bernstein&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein%27s+Young+People%27s+Concerts+with+the+New+York+Philharmonic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fabout%2Feducator%2Fyoung-peoples-concerts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alabama-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alabama_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alabama_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bernstein.classical.org/features/march-24-1965-night-stars-came-alabama/">"March 24, 1965: 'The Night the 'Stars' Came Out in Alabama'"</a>. Classical.org. March 24, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=March+24%2C+1965%3A+%27The+Night+the+%27Stars%27+Came+Out+in+Alabama%27&rft.pub=Classical.org&rft.date=2018-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbernstein.classical.org%2Ffeatures%2Fmarch-24-1965-night-stars-came-alabama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/bernstein-100/history/how-bernstein-came-to-mass.html">"How Bernstein Came to MASS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Bernstein+Came+to+MASS&rft.pub=Brandeis+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fbernstein-100%2Fhistory%2Fhow-bernstein-came-to-mass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd2020" class="citation web cs1">Byrd, Craig (April 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culturalattache.co/2020/04/29/bernstein-conducts-mahler-1963/">"Bernstein Conducts Mahler 1963"</a>. Cultural Attaché. Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Attach%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Bernstein+Conducts+Mahler+1963&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculturalattache.co%2F2020%2F04%2F29%2Fbernstein-conducts-mahler-1963%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/about/conductor/historic-concerts/mt-scopus-concert-1967">"Mt. Scopus (1967) | Historic Concerts | Conductor | About | Leonard Bernstein"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=Mt.+Scopus+%281967%29+%7C+Historic+Concerts+%7C+Conductor+%7C+About+%7C+Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fabout%2Fconductor%2Fhistoric-concerts%2Fmt-scopus-concert-1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_IRzvtqB7I">A Journey to Jerusalem 1967 with Leonard Bernstein & Isaac Stern</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jennieobit-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Jennieobit_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYT_Staff1992" class="citation news cs1">NYT Staff (December 31, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/31/obituaries/bernstein-s-mother-dies.html">"Bernstein's Mother Dies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. B6. Retrieved July 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bernstein%27s+Mother+Dies&rft.pages=B6&rft.date=1992-12-31&rft.au=NYT+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F12%2F31%2Fobituaries%2Fbernstein-s-mother-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougary2010" class="citation news cs1">Dougary, Ginny (March 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/leonard-bernstein-charismatic-pompous-and-a-great-father-7pn3lvf6kkg">"Leonard Bernstein: 'charismatic, pompous – and a great father'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. UK. Retrieved March 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein%3A+%27charismatic%2C+pompous+%E2%80%93+and+a+great+father%27&rft.date=2010-03-13&rft.aulast=Dougary&rft.aufirst=Ginny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fleonard-bernstein-charismatic-pompous-and-a-great-father-7pn3lvf6kkg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988">; also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougary2010" class="citation web cs1">Dougary, Ginny (March 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803024733/http://www.ginnydougary.co.uk/leonard-bernstein-%E2%80%98charismatic-pompous-and-a-great-father/">"Leonard Bernstein: 'charismatic, pompous – and a great father'"</a>. The Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ginnydougary.co.uk/leonard-bernstein-%E2%80%98charismatic-pompous-and-a-great-father/">the original</a> on August 3, 2020 – via ginnydougary.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein%3A+%27charismatic%2C+pompous+%E2%80%93+and+a+great+father%27&rft.date=2010-03-13&rft.aulast=Dougary&rft.aufirst=Ginny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ginnydougary.co.uk%2Fleonard-bernstein-%25E2%2580%2598charismatic-pompous-and-a-great-father%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovner2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rovner, Adam (November 2006). "So Easily Assimilated: The New Immigrant Chic". <a href="/wiki/AJS_Review" title="AJS Review">AJS Review</a>. 30 (2): 313–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0364009406000158">10.1017/S0364009406000158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162547428">162547428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJS+Review&rft.atitle=So+Easily+Assimilated%3A+The+New+Immigrant+Chic&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-324&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0364009406000158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162547428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rovner&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser198722–23-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyser198722–23_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyser1987">Peyser 1987</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitman2018" class="citation news cs1">Pitman, Edwina (August 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/aug/12/leonard-bernstein-composer-legacy-inspiration-documentary">"'Lenny changed my life': why Bernstein still inspires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved August 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Lenny+changed+my+life%27%3A+why+Bernstein+still+inspires&rft.date=2018-08-12&rft.aulast=Pitman&rft.aufirst=Edwina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2018%2Faug%2F12%2Fleonard-bernstein-composer-legacy-inspiration-documentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogan2018" class="citation web cs1">Rogan, Judith (August 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/globelocal/2018/08/17/practicing-piano-waking-neighbors/xfMBSaxqSYPY1lShYQ9juI/story.html">"From Humble Beginnings to Bernstein the Legend"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>. Retrieved December 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=From+Humble+Beginnings+to+Bernstein+the+Legend&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2Fglobelocal%2F2018%2F08%2F17%2Fpracticing-piano-waking-neighbors%2FxfMBSaxqSYPY1lShYQ9juI%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation cs2">Campbell, Corinna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413140107/http://music.fas.harvard.edu/Oja-ShelemayBernsteinJSAM.pdf">Harvard Bernstein Festival Program Book</a> (PDF), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.fas.harvard.edu/Oja-ShelemayBernsteinJSAM.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 13, 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Bernstein+Festival+Program+Book&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Corinna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.fas.harvard.edu%2FOja-ShelemayBernsteinJSAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/arts/festival/history/bernstein-brandeis/remembering/bernstein-congregation-mishkan-tefila.html">"Leonard Bernstein and the Music of Boston's Congregation Mishkan Tefila"</a>. brandeis.edu. Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brandeis.edu&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein+and+the+Music+of+Boston%27s+Congregation+Mishkan+Tefila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Farts%2Ffestival%2Fhistory%2Fbernstein-brandeis%2Fremembering%2Fbernstein-congregation-mishkan-tefila.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser198724–25,_30-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyser198724–25,_30_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyser1987">Peyser 1987</a>, pp. 24–25, 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser198726,_29–30-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyser198726,_29–30_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyser1987">Peyser 1987</a>, pp. 26, 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez2023" class="citation web cs1">Rodríguez, Pablo L. (December 8, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-12-07/seeing-and-hearing-leonard-bernstein-at-the-premiere-of-the-film-maestro.html">"Seeing and hearing Leonard Bernstein at the premiere of the film 'Maestro'"</a>. EL PAÍS English. Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EL+PA%C3%8DS+English&rft.atitle=Seeing+and+hearing+Leonard+Bernstein+at+the+premiere+of+the+film+%27Maestro%27&rft.date=2023-12-08&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Pablo+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Fculture%2F2023-12-07%2Fseeing-and-hearing-leonard-bernstein-at-the-premiere-of-the-film-maestro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?n=burton-bernstein&pid=186506798">"Burton Bernstein Obituary"</a>. The New York Times. August 29, 2017 – via Legacy.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Burton+Bernstein+Obituary&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Fobituaries%2Fnytimes%2Fobituary.aspx%3Fn%3Dburton-bernstein%26pid%3D186506798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crowd.loc.gov/campaigns/bernstein/family/">"By the People Family correspondence (Leonard Bernstein: Writings By, From, and To)"</a>. crowd.loc.gov. Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crowd.loc.gov&rft.atitle=By+the+People+Family+correspondence+%28Leonard+Bernstein%3A+Writings+By%2C+From%2C+and+To%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrowd.loc.gov%2Fcampaigns%2Fbernstein%2Ffamily%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bernstein.classical.org/collections/always-teaching-and-learning/">"Bernstein on Teaching and Learning"</a>. Classical.org. Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical.org&rft.atitle=Bernstein+on+Teaching+and+Learning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbernstein.classical.org%2Fcollections%2Falways-teaching-and-learning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicfm.com/music-news/composer-sid-ramin-dies-aged-100-musical-tributes/">"Composer Sid Ramin dies aged 100 – musical tributes pour in"</a>. Classic FM. Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+FM&rft.atitle=Composer+Sid+Ramin+dies+aged+100+%E2%80%93+musical+tributes+pour+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicfm.com%2Fmusic-news%2Fcomposer-sid-ramin-dies-aged-100-musical-tributes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/news/blog/83/happy-100th-birthday-to-american-composer-arranger-and-orchestrator-sid-ramin">"Blog | News | Leonard Bernstein"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved August 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=Blog+%7C+News+%7C+Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fnews%2Fblog%2F83%2Fhappy-100th-birthday-to-american-composer-arranger-and-orchestrator-sid-ramin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser198726-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyser198726_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyser1987">Peyser 1987</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2018" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Penny (April 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishjournal.org/2018/04/26/boston-pops-to-celebrate-the-magic-of-leonard-bernstein/">"Boston Pops to celebrate the magic of Leonard Bernstein"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Journal_(Boston_North)" title="The Jewish Journal (Boston North)">Jewish Journal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Journal&rft.atitle=Boston+Pops+to+celebrate+the+magic+of+Leonard+Bernstein&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishjournal.org%2F2018%2F04%2F26%2Fboston-pops-to-celebrate-the-magic-of-leonard-bernstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimeone20138-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimeone20138_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimeone2013">Simeone 2013</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwed1998" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Swed" title="Mark Swed">Swed, Mark</a> (September 3, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-sep-03-ca-19040-story.html">"A Joyful Linkage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111120501/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-sep-03-ca-19040-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+Joyful+Linkage&rft.date=1998-09-03&rft.aulast=Swed&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1998-sep-03-ca-19040-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawn201428-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawn201428_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShawn2014">Shawn 2014</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaird2024" class="citation book cs1">Laird, Paul R. (2024). "1 - Education: Summary". In Wells, Elizabeth A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/leonard-bernstein-in-context/education/9EAB3910F7414C455BDBB5487F3841FF">Leonard Bernstein in Context</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83570-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83570-1"><bdi>978-1-108-83570-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+-+Education%3A+Summary&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein+in+Context&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-108-83570-1&rft.aulast=Laird&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fleonard-bernstein-in-context%2Feducation%2F9EAB3910F7414C455BDBB5487F3841FF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser198734–35-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyser198734–35_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyser1987">Peyser 1987</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan1999" class="citation book cs1">Swan, Claudia (1999). Leonard Bernstein : the Harvard years 1935–1939. New York: Eos Orchestra. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9648083-4-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9648083-4-X"><bdi>0-9648083-4-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41502300">41502300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein+%3A+the+Harvard+years+1935%E2%80%931939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Eos+Orchestra&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41502300&rft.isbn=0-9648083-4-X&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton199552–55-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton199552–55_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton1995">Burton 1995</a>, pp. 52–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton199535–36-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton199535–36_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton1995">Burton 1995</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELairdLin2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELairdLin2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELairdLin2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLairdLin2019">Laird & Lin 2019</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-teachers-44"><a href="#cite_ref-teachers_44-0">^</a> See for instance Bernstein's 1980 TV Documentary, Teachers and Teaching available on a Deutsche Grammophon DVD. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124120540/https://www.curtis.edu/bernstein/">"Bernstein"</a>. curtis.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.curtis.edu/bernstein/">the original</a> on January 24, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=curtis.edu&rft.atitle=Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.curtis.edu%2Fbernstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127051625/http://celebratebernstein.org/summer1940/">"Summer 1940 | Celebrate Bernstein"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celebratebernstein.org/summer1940/">the original</a> on November 27, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summer+1940+%7C+Celebrate+Bernstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcelebratebernstein.org%2Fsummer1940%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/about/educator/tanglewood">"Tanglewood | Educator | About | Leonard Bernstein"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved July 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=Tanglewood+%7C+Educator+%7C+About+%7C+Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fabout%2Feducator%2Ftanglewood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leonardbernstein.com/about.php">"About Bernstein"</a>. Leonard Bernstein official site. Retrieved January 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Bernstein&rft.pub=Leonard+Bernstein+official+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardbernstein.com%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20051013033618/http://www.sonyclassical.com/artists/bernstein/bio.html">"Leonard Bernstein – Biography"</a>. Sony Classical. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonyclassical.com/artists/bernstein/bio.html">the original</a> on October 13, 2005. Retrieved January 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=Sony+Classical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonyclassical.com%2Fartists%2Fbernstein%2Fbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witemeyer-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Witemeyer_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitemeyer" class="citation web cs1">Witemeyer, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/memories?page=5">"Dentist to the Stars (comment, row 5, box 3)"</a>. Leonard Bernstein: Memories. Leonard Bernstein Office. Retrieved January 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leonard+Bernstein%3A+Memories&rft.atitle=Dentist+to+the+Stars+%28comment%2C+row+5%2C+box+3%29&rft.aulast=Witemeyer&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fmemories%3Fpage%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995108-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1995108_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton1995">Burton 1995</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Sargeant, Winthrop.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6E4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA107">"Judy Holliday"</a>Life Magazine, April 2, 1951. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Revuers1940" class="citation web cs1">The Revuers (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsike.com/NIGHT-LIFE-IN-NEW-YORK-78rpm-12inch-Set-Musicraft-Records-N2-The-Revuers/303491257382.html">"Night Life in New York (78rpm 12-in Set Musicraft Records #N-2)"</a>. Popsike.com. Retrieved January 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popsike.com&rft.atitle=Night+Life+in+New+York+%2878rpm+12-in+Set+Musicraft+Records+%23N-2%29&rft.date=1940&rft.au=The+Revuers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsike.com%2FNIGHT-LIFE-IN-NEW-YORK-78rpm-12inch-Set-Musicraft-Records-N2-The-Revuers%2F303491257382.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-debut-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-debut_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-debut_54-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/71509682-511b-4ba3-8df5-e6f37af19d3d">Program and recording</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917065039/http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/71509682-511b-4ba3-8df5-e6f37af19d3d">Archived</a> September 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (except Wagner's Prelude to Die Meistersinger), New York Philharmonic Digital Archives. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeldes2011" class="citation web cs1">Seldes, Barry (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/BernsteinDebutPerformance.pdf">"Debut performance with the New York Philharmonic – Leonard Bernstein (November 14, 1943)"</a> (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved January 30, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Debut+performance+with+the+New+York+Philharmonic+%E2%80%93+Leonard+Bernstein+%28November+14%2C+1943%29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Seldes&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fstatic%2Fprograms%2Fnational-recording-preservation-board%2Fdocuments%2FBernsteinDebutPerformance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/11/16/85134894.html?pageNumber=22">"A Story Old and Ever New"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. November 16, 1943. p. 22. Retrieved July 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Story+Old+and+Ever+New&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1943-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1943%2F11%2F16%2F85134894.html%3FpageNumber%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/11/16/85134894.pdf">article</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nyphil.org/whats-new/2018/november/bernstein-debut-75-years-ago">"75 Years Ago Today: Bernstein's Famed Philharmonic Debut"</a>. nyphil.org. Retrieved February 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nyphil.org&rft.atitle=75+Years+Ago+Today%3A+Bernstein%27s+Famed+Philharmonic+Debut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnyphil.org%2Fwhats-new%2F2018%2Fnovember%2Fbernstein-debut-75-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995142-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1995142_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton1995">Burton 1995</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/works/view/4/symphony-no-1-jeremiah">"Symphony No. 1: Jeremiah (1942)"</a>. Leonard Bernstein Office. Retrieved May 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leonard+Bernstein+Office&rft.atitle=Symphony+No.+1%3A+Jeremiah+%281942%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fworks%2Fview%2F4%2Fsymphony-no-1-jeremiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nycballet.com/discover/ballet-repertory/fancy-free/">"Fancy Free"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet" title="New York City Ballet">New York City Ballet</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fancy+Free&rft.pub=New+York+City+Ballet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycballet.com%2Fdiscover%2Fballet-repertory%2Ffancy-free%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOja2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Oja" title="Carol J. Oja">Oja, Carol J.</a> (2014). Bernstein Meets Broadway: Collaborative Art in a Time of War. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986209-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986209-2"><bdi>978-0-19-986209-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862780844">862780844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernstein+Meets+Broadway%3A+Collaborative+Art+in+a+Time+of+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862780844&rft.isbn=978-0-19-986209-2&rft.aulast=Oja&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041716/">On the Town (1949)</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnyc.org/story/leonard-bernstein-conducts-new-york-city-symphony-city-center/">"Leonard Bernstein Conducts the New York City Symphony at City Center | WNYC | New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WNYC" title="WNYC">WNYC</a>. Retrieved February 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein+Conducts+the+New+York+City+Symphony+at+City+Center+%7C+WNYC+%7C+New+York+Public+Radio%2C+Podcasts%2C+Live+Streaming+Radio%2C+News&rft.pub=WNYC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnyc.org%2Fstory%2Fleonard-bernstein-conducts-new-york-city-symphony-city-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bernstein-office-timeline-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bernstein-office-timeline_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernstein-office-timeline_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leonardbernstein.com/about/timeline">"Timeline"</a>. Leonard Bernstein Office. Retrieved May 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leonard+Bernstein+Office&rft.atitle=Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardbernstein.com%2Fabout%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2015" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Colin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philharmonia.co.uk/who-we-are/our-history/">"Our history"</a>. Philharmonia. Retrieved May 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philharmonia&rft.atitle=Our+history&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilharmonia.co.uk%2Fwho-we-are%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebmaster2016" class="citation web cs1">Webmaster (July 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/contemporaries/leonard-bernstein/">"Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)"</a>. Mahler Foundation. Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mahler+Foundation&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein+%281918-1990%29&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.au=Webmaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmahlerfoundation.org%2Fmahler%2Fcontemporaries%2Fleonard-bernstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yourclassical.org/episode/2022/08/06/an-opera-debut-for-britten-and-bernstein">"An opera debut for Britten and Bernstein"</a>. Your Classical. August 6, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Your+Classical&rft.atitle=An+opera+debut+for+Britten+and+Bernstein&rft.date=2022-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourclassical.org%2Fepisode%2F2022%2F08%2F06%2Fan-opera-debut-for-britten-and-bernstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wBD_ujAW520C&pg=PA85">Arturo Toscanini: the NBC years</a>. Amadeus Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-069-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-069-1"><bdi>978-1-57467-069-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arturo+Toscanini%3A+the+NBC+years&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57467-069-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwBD_ujAW520C%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould" class="citation web cs1">Gould, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leonardbernstein.com/about/conductor/historic-concerts/beersheba-1948">"Beersheba (1948)"</a>. Leonard Bernstein Office. Retrieved May 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leonard+Bernstein+Office&rft.atitle=Beersheba+%281948%29&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardbernstein.com%2Fabout%2Fconductor%2Fhistoric-concerts%2Fbeersheba-1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould" class="citation web cs1">Gould, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/about/conductor/historic-concerts/mt-scopus-concert-1967">"Mt. Scopus (1967)"</a>. Leonard Bernstein Office. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82975-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82975-5"><bdi>978-0-521-82975-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/946031535">946031535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Reimagined+%E2%80%93+Americans+and+Human+Rights+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F946031535&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82975-5&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Mark+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes1949" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olin_Downes" title="Olin Downes">Downes, Olin</a> (December 11, 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/12/11/85658829.html">"Bernstein Leads Messiaen's work"</a>. 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Retrieved September 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boosey.com&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein+Trouble+in+Tahiti+%28original+orchestral+version%29+%E2%80%93+Opera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boosey.com%2Fpages%2Fopera%2Fmoredetails%3Fmusicid%3D2098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leonardbernstein.com/about.php">"Leonard Bernstein"</a>. leonardbernstein.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardbernstein.com%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://playbill.com/production/trouble-in-tahiti-playhouse-theatre-vault-0000009368">"Trouble in Tahiti (Broadway, Playhouse Theatre, 1955)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a>. 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Retrieved May 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Wonderful+Town+%E2%80%93+Broadway+Original+%E2%80%93+Winter+Garden+Theatre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Fproduction%2Fwonderful-town-winter-garden-theatre-vault-0000011590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimeone2013311-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimeone2013311_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimeone2013">Simeone 2013</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995260-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1995260_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton1995">Burton 1995</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/2591">Candide (1956/57)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westsidestory.com/authors">"Authors"</a>. West Side Story. Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+Side+Story&rft.atitle=Authors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westsidestory.com%2Fauthors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtishows.com/west-side-story">"West Side Story"</a>. Music Theatre International. September 16, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+Theatre+International&rft.atitle=West+Side+Story&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtishows.com%2Fwest-side-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/9232">West Side Story (1957)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/theater/60-plus-years-later-west-side-story-endures-and-thrives/">"60-plus years later, West Side Story endures and thrives, including a new production at 5th Avenue Theatre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a>. May 24, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=60-plus+years+later%2C+West+Side+Story+endures+and+thrives%2C+including+a+new+production+at+5th+Avenue+Theatre&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftheater%2F60-plus-years-later-west-side-story-endures-and-thrives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329182507/https://bachtrack.com/files/96739-EN-Classical-music-statistics-2018.pdf">"Classical Music in 2018: The year in statistics"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Bachtrack" title="Bachtrack">Bachtrack</a>. 2019. 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Leonard Bernstein. Retrieved September 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Young+People%27s+Concerts&rft.pub=Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardbernstein.com%2Fypc_publications.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/shows/new-york-philharmonic-young-peoples-concerts">"Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic"</a>. Television Academy. 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Retrieved November 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Leonard+Bernstein+Office%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Honors%3A+A+Selected+List+%E2%80%93+Grammy+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardbernstein.com%2Fhonors.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414120119/https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/about-us/history/PREM-WOR_for-web.ashx?la=en">"New York Philharmonic World Premieres"</a>. New York Philharmonic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/about-us/history/PREM-WOR_for-web.ashx?la=en">the original</a> on April 14, 2022. Retrieved January 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+Philharmonic+World+Premieres&rft.pub=New+York+Philharmonic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyphil.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fpdfs%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2FPREM-WOR_for-web.ashx%3Fla%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414120034/https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/about-us/history/PREM-US_for-web.ashx?la=en">"New York Philharmonic United States Premieres"</a>. New York Philharmonic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/about-us/history/PREM-US_for-web.ashx?la=en">the original</a> on April 14, 2022. Retrieved January 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+Philharmonic+United+States+Premieres&rft.pub=New+York+Philharmonic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyphil.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fpdfs%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2FPREM-US_for-web.ashx%3Fla%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/search?sort=titlesort&view=thumbnail&query=thursday+evening+previews&search_button=GO">"Thursday Evening Previews, Performing Arts Encyclopedia, Library of Congress"</a>. memory.loc.gov. Retrieved February 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=memory.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Thursday+Evening+Previews%2C+Performing+Arts+Encyclopedia%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fdiglib%2Fihas%2Fsearch%3Fsort%3Dtitlesort%26view%3Dthumbnail%26query%3Dthursday%2Bevening%2Bpreviews%26search_button%3DGO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2013" class="citation news cs1">Robin, William (May 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/arts/music/new-york-philharmonic-archives-on-leonard-bernstein.html">"Looking Back at 'Lenny's Playlist'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved February 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Looking+Back+at+%27Lenny%27s+Playlist%27&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F02%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fnew-york-philharmonic-archives-on-leonard-bernstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_Bernstein" class="citation web cs1">Leonard Bernstein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/writings/the-truth-about-a-legend-glenn-gould">"The Truth About a Legend"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved February 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=The+Truth+About+a+Legend&rft.au=Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Flectures%2Fwritings%2Fthe-truth-about-a-legend-glenn-gould&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bernstein.classical.org/features/who-is-the-boss-of-a-concerto-bernstein-on-goulds-historic-brahms-concerto/">"Who is the Boss of a Concerto? Bernstein on Gould's Historic Brahms Performance"</a>. Classical.org. September 25, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical.org&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+Boss+of+a+Concerto%3F+Bernstein+on+Gould%27s+Historic+Brahms+Performance&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbernstein.classical.org%2Ffeatures%2Fwho-is-the-boss-of-a-concerto-bernstein-on-goulds-historic-brahms-concerto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mwatts/glenn/lennie.html">Transcription of Bernstein's Glenn Gould Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001031125032/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mwatts/glenn/lennie.html">Archived</a> October 31, 2000, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (from a <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> webpage). </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller" class="citation web cs1">Keller, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/legacy/Bernstein_and_Mahler.pdf">"Bernstein and Mahler: Channeling a Prophet"</a> (PDF). New York Philharmonic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://nyphil.org/~/media/pdfs/legacy/Bernstein_and_Mahler.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bernstein+and+Mahler%3A+Channeling+a+Prophet&rft.pub=New+York+Philharmonic&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyphil.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fpdfs%2Flegacy%2FBernstein_and_Mahler.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_Bernstein1960" class="citation web cs1">Leonard Bernstein (February 7, 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/who-is-gustav-mahler">"Who is Gustav Mahler?"</a>. leonardbernstein.com (episode transcript of Young People's Concert). Retrieved February 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=Who+is+Gustav+Mahler%3F&rft.date=1960-02-07&rft.au=Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Flectures%2Ftelevision-scripts%2Fyoung-peoples-concerts%2Fwho-is-gustav-mahler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_Bernstein" class="citation web cs1">Leonard Bernstein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/musbernstein.100020134/">"Mahler: His Time Has Come"</a> (typewritten manuscript for an article in <a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_(magazine)" title="High Fidelity (magazine)">High Fidelity</a>, April 16, 1967) – via <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahler%3A+His+Time+Has+Come&rft.au=Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fmusbernstein.100020134%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414120001/http://69.18.170.204/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=220100&limit=3000&xBranch=ALL&xsdate=&xedate=&theterm=Mellow,%20William%20%5BTenor%5D&x=0&xhomepath=http://69.18.170.204/archives/&xhome=http://69.18.170.204/archives/bibpro.htm">"BiblioTech PRO V3.2b"</a>. 69.18.170.204. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://69.18.170.204/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=220100&limit=3000&xBranch=ALL&xsdate=&xedate=&theterm=Mellow,%20William%20%5BTenor%5D&x=0&xhomepath=http://69.18.170.204/archives/&xhome=http://69.18.170.204/archives/bibpro.htm">the original</a> on April 14, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=69.18.170.204&rft.atitle=BiblioTech+PRO+V3.2b&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F69.18.170.204%2Farchives%2Fscripts%2Fcgiip.exe%2FWService%3DBibSpeed%2Ffullcit.w%3FxCID%3D220100%26limit%3D3000%26xBranch%3DALL%26xsdate%3D%26xedate%3D%26theterm%3DMellow%2C%2520William%2520%255BTenor%255D%26x%3D0%26xhomepath%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2F69.18.170.204%2Farchives%2F%26xhome%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2F69.18.170.204%2Farchives%2Fbibpro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/about/humanitarian/an-artists-response-to-violence">"An Artist's Response to Violence | Humanitarian | About | Leonard Bernstein"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved March 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=An+Artist%27s+Response+to+Violence+%7C+Humanitarian+%7C+About+%7C+Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fabout%2Fhumanitarian%2Fan-artists-response-to-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bernstein.classical.org/features/june-1968-remembering-robert-f-kennedy/">"June 6 & 8, 1968: Bernstein, Mahler, and Remembering Robert F. Kennedy"</a>. June 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=June+6+%26+8%2C+1968%3A+Bernstein%2C+Mahler%2C+and+Remembering+Robert+F.+Kennedy&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbernstein.classical.org%2Ffeatures%2Fjune-1968-remembering-robert-f-kennedy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2012/09/29/161824558/leonard-bernsteins-kaddish-symphony-a-crisis-of-faith">"Leonard Bernstein's 'Kaddish' Symphony: A Crisis Of Faith"</a>. NPR. Retrieved March 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein%27s+%27Kaddish%27+Symphony%3A+A+Crisis+Of+Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fdeceptivecadence%2F2012%2F09%2F29%2F161824558%2Fleonard-bernsteins-kaddish-symphony-a-crisis-of-faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laphil.com/musicdb/pieces/257/chichester-psalms">"Chichester Psalms (Leonard Bernstein)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic">Los Angeles Philharmonic</a>. Retrieved March 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chichester+Psalms+%28Leonard+Bernstein%29&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Philharmonic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laphil.com%2Fmusicdb%2Fpieces%2F257%2Fchichester-psalms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329182507/https://bachtrack.com/files/96739-EN-Classical-music-statistics-2018.pdf">"Classical Music in 2018, the year in statistics"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bachtrack.com/files/96739-EN-Classical-music-statistics-2018.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 29, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classical+Music+in+2018%2C+the+year+in+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbachtrack.com%2Ffiles%2F96739-EN-Classical-music-statistics-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wienerphilharmoniker.at/en/konzerte/6th-subscription-concert/7744/">"6th Subscription Concert – Vienna Philharmonic"</a>. wienerphilharmoniker.at. Retrieved May 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wienerphilharmoniker.at&rft.atitle=6th+Subscription+Concert+%E2%80%93+Vienna+Philharmonic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wienerphilharmoniker.at%2Fen%2Fkonzerte%2F6th-subscription-concert%2F7744%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapin1992-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapin1992_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapin1992">Chapin 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_C._Schonberg1971" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Harold C. Schonberg</a> (September 9, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/09/archives/bernsteins-new-work-reflects-his-background-on-broadway.html">"Bernstein's New Work Reflects His Background on Broadway"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved September 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bernstein%27s+New+Work+Reflects+His+Background+on+Broadway&rft.date=1971-09-09&rft.au=Harold+C.+Schonberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F09%2F09%2Farchives%2Fbernsteins-new-work-reflects-his-background-on-broadway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boosey.com/cr/music/Leonard-Bernstein-Mass-full-version/4084">"Leonard Bernstein – Mass (full version)"</a>. boosey.com. Retrieved September 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boosey.com&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein+%E2%80%93+Mass+%28full+version%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boosey.com%2Fcr%2Fmusic%2FLeonard-Bernstein-Mass-full-version%2F4084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_McCabe2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Kevin McCabe (July 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2018/07/20/review-leonard-bernsteins-liturgy-world">"Review: Leonard Bernstein's liturgy for the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a>. 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Retrieved March 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonweal&rft.atitle=Things+Get+Broken+%E2%80%93+Leonard+Bernstein%27s+MASS+at+Fifty&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft.au=Stephen+Schloesser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealmagazine.org%2Fthings-get-broken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggie_Stapleton2021" class="citation web cs1">Maggie Stapleton (July 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicalamerica.com/news/newsstory.cfm?archived=0&storyID=48298&categoryID=5">"Aug 27: Sony Classical Releases Leonard Bernstein's MASS at 50 – Celebrating the Anniversary of its Premiere at the Kennedy Center"</a> (press release Jensen Artists). <a href="/wiki/Musical_America" title="Musical America">Musical America</a>. 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Schonberg">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> (September 20, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/20/archives/opera-a-new-carmen-daring-and-provocative.html">"Opera: A New Carmen, Daring and Provocative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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New York: Leonard Bernstein Music Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913932-82-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-913932-82-5"><bdi>0-913932-82-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40803989">40803989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein%3A+Life%2C+Musical+Compositions+%26+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Leonard+Bernstein+Music+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40803989&rft.isbn=0-913932-82-5&rft.au=Jack+Gottlieb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leonardbernstein.com/about/educator/tanglewood">"Tanglewood | Educator"</a>. www.leonardbernstein.com. 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Retrieved October 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Recording+View%3A+Bernstein%3A+Yet+More+Surprises%3F&rft.date=1993-06-13&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Sedgewick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F06%2F13%2Farts%2Frecordings-view-bernstein-yet-more-surprises.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083385/">Bernstein/Beethoven (TV Mini Series 1982–)</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuYY1gV8jhU">"Leonard Bernstein and Maximilian Schell discussing Beethoven's 6th and 7th Symphony"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, video clip, 9 minutes. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/release/5326663-Leonard-Bernstein-Kiri-Te-Kanawa-José-Carreras-Tatiana-Troyanos-Kurt-Ollmann-Marilyn-Horne-Leonard-">"Leonard Bernstein, Kiri Te Kanawa, José Carreras, Tatiana Troyanos, Kurt Ollmann, Marilyn Horne – Leonard Bernstein Conducts West Side Story"</a>, Discogs, 1989, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231213195551/https://www.discogs.com/release/5326663-Leonard-Bernstein-Kiri-Te-Kanawa-Jos%C3%A9-Carreras-Tatiana-Troyanos-Kurt-Ollmann-Marilyn-Horne-Leonard-">archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2023, retrieved May 9, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discogs&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein%2C+Kiri+Te+Kanawa%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Carreras%2C+Tatiana+Troyanos%2C+Kurt+Ollmann%2C+Marilyn+Horne+%E2%80%93+Leonard+Bernstein+Conducts+West+Side+Story&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Frelease%2F5326663-Leonard-Bernstein-Kiri-Te-Kanawa-Jos%C3%A9-Carreras-Tatiana-Troyanos-Kurt-Ollmann-Marilyn-Horne-Leonard-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusesch_Bayat1988" class="citation web cs1">Susesch Bayat (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/leonard-bernstein-conducting-westside-story-©-susesch-bayat/YAF3A2cktkGOXA">"Leonard Bernstein conducting Westside Story"</a>. 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Retrieved March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PMF&rft.atitle=1990%E2%80%931999+%7C+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmf.or.jp%2Fen%2Farchive%2F1990.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1993/0825/25141.html">"Bernstein Legacy Persists in Music-Education Video"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Retrieved March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Bernstein+Legacy+Persists+in+Music-Education+Video&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1993%2F0825%2F25141.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115140/http://www.leonardbernstein.com/pfr/pfr_FALL05_rev2.pdf">"Leonard Bernstein Center for Learning Moves to Gettysburg College"</a> (PDF). Prelude, Fugue & Riffs. The Leonard Bernstein Society. Fall–Winter 2005. pp. 1–2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leonardbernstein.com/pfr/pfr_FALL05_rev2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prelude%2C+Fugue+%26+Riffs&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein+Center+for+Learning+Moves+to+Gettysburg+College&rft.chron=fall%E2%80%93winter&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardbernstein.com%2Fpfr%2Fpfr_FALL05_rev2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102155050/http://webadrenaline.com/artful-2-3-04/about/mission.html">"History of the Leonard Bernstein Center for Learning"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webadrenaline.com/artful-2-3-04/about/mission.html">the original</a> on January 2, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Leonard+Bernstein+Center+for+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebadrenaline.com%2Fartful-2-3-04%2Fabout%2Fmission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1982" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Shirley (1982). Family matters, Sam, Jennie, and the kids. 1982. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671422766" title="Special:BookSources/0671422766"><bdi>0671422766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+matters%2C+Sam%2C+Jennie%2C+and+the+kids&rft.pub=1982&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0671422766&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawn201415–20-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawn201415–20_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShawn2014">Shawn 2014</a>, pp. 15–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicalnotes.net/features/bernstein.html">"Leonard Bernstein, A Total Embrace of Music, Classical Notes, Peter Gutmann"</a>. classicalnotes.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classicalnotes.net&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein%2C+A+Total+Embrace+of+Music%2C+Classical+Notes%2C+Peter+Gutmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicalnotes.net%2Ffeatures%2Fbernstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995212-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1995212_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton1995">Burton 1995</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyser1987196,_204,_322-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeyser1987196,_204,_322_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeyser1987">Peyser 1987</a>, pp. 196, 204, 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllegra_Anderson2023" class="citation news cs1">Allegra Anderson (May 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2023/05/09/realestate/at-home-with-jamie-bernstein.html">"At Home with Jamie Bernstein"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved June 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+Home+with+Jamie+Bernstein&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft.au=Allegra+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fslideshow%2F2023%2F05%2F09%2Frealestate%2Fat-home-with-jamie-bernstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/01/archives/leonard-bernstein-sells-house.html">"Leonard Bernstein Sells House"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. October 1, 1964. Retrieved November 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein+Sells+House&rft.date=1964-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F10%2F01%2Farchives%2Fleonard-bernstein-sells-house.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.indiana.edu/about/cook-music-library/bernstein.html">"Bernstein Collection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_and_Gayle_Cook_Music_Library" title="William and Gayle Cook Music Library">William and Gayle Cook Music Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_School_of_Music" title="Jacobs School of Music">Jacobs School of Music</a>, Indiana University Bloomington. Retrieved June 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=William+and+Gayle+Cook+Music+Library&rft.atitle=Bernstein+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.indiana.edu%2Fabout%2Fcook-music-library%2Fbernstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimeone2013133-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimeone2013133_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimeone2013">Simeone 2013</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/musbernstein.100060233/">"Felicia Bernstein to Leonard Bernstein, n.d."</a> Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. 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Retrieved June 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Invoking+Spirit+of+Bernstein&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft.aulast=Swed&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1999-nov-01-ca-28507-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gayinfluence.blogspot.com/2011/07/leonard-bernstein.html">"Leonard Bernstein a gay man who dabbled in the straight world"</a>. July 12, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein+a+gay+man+who+dabbled+in+the+straight+world&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgayinfluence.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F07%2Fleonard-bernstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995441–442,_445–446-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1995441–442,_445–446_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton1995">Burton 1995</a>, pp. 441–442, 445–446. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2018" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Jamie (2018). Famous father girl: a memoir of growing up Bernstein (First ed.). New York, NY: Harper, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-264135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-264135-9"><bdi>978-0-06-264135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+father+girl%3A+a+memoir+of+growing+up+Bernstein&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Harper%2C+an+imprint+of+HarperCollinsPublishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-06-264135-9&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1995''passim''-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1995''passim''_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton1995">Burton 1995</a>, passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themusicsover.wordpress.com/2009/10/14/leonard-bernstein/">"Died On This Date (October 14, 1990) Leonard Bernstein / World Renowned Composer The Music's Over"</a>. October 14, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Died+On+This+Date+%28October+14%2C+1990%29+Leonard+Bernstein+%2F+World+Renowned+Composer+The+Music%27s+Over&rft.date=2009-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemusicsover.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F10%2F14%2Fleonard-bernstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2003" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Scott (September 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eEPAQAAQBAJ&q=leonard+bernstein+mesothelioma&pg=PA29">The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-6330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-6330-0"><bdi>978-0-7434-6330-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tombstone+Tourist%3A+Musicians&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2003-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7434-6330-0&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eEPAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dleonard%2Bbernstein%2Bmesothelioma%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reaching-193"><a href="#cite_ref-reaching_193-0">^</a> See the TV Documentary, Leonard Bernstein: Reaching for the Note, originally shown in the series <a href="/wiki/American_Masters" title="American Masters">American Masters</a> on PBS in the U.S., now on DVD. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Richman2009" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Richman (September 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.green-wood.com/2009/alec-baldwin-leonard-bernstein/">"Alec Baldwin on Leonard Bernstein"</a>. Retrieved December 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alec+Baldwin+on+Leonard+Bernstein&rft.date=2009-09-16&rft.au=Jeff+Richman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.green-wood.com%2F2009%2Falec-baldwin-leonard-bernstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3rd ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 3707–3708). McFarland & Company. Kindle Edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Davis" title="Peter G. Davis">Davis, Peter G.</a> (May 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/opinion/18Davis.html">"When Mahler Took Manhattan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved August 28, 2018. <q>Small wonder that Bernstein is buried with the score of Mahler's Fifth Symphony placed over his heart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=When+Mahler+Took+Manhattan&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F18%2Fopinion%2F18Davis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5378131/leonard-bernstein-google-doodle/">"Google Doodle Celebrates Leonard Bernstein's 100th Birthday with West Side Story Video"</a> by Annabel Gutterman, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, August 25, 2018; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/leonard-bernsteins-100th-birthday/">"Leonard Bernstein's 100th Birthday"</a>, Google, August 25, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201231202/https://www.skirball.org/exhibitions/leonard-bernstein-100">"Leonard Bernstein at 100"</a>. August 17, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skirball.org/exhibitions/leonard-bernstein-100">the original</a> on February 1, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein+at+100&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skirball.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fleonard-bernstein-100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laweekly.com/leonard-bernstein-at-100-exhibition-comes-to-skirball-cultural-center/">"'Leonard Bernstein at 100' Exhibition Comes to Skirball Cultural Center"</a>. April 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Leonard+Bernstein+at+100%27+Exhibition+Comes+to+Skirball+Cultural+Center&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laweekly.com%2Fleonard-bernstein-at-100-exhibition-comes-to-skirball-cultural-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/skirball-cultural-center-celebrates-leonard-bernstein-at-100-1106543">"Skirball Cultural Center Celebrates 'Leonard Bernstein at 100'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>. April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Skirball+Cultural+Center+Celebrates+%27Leonard+Bernstein+at+100%27&rft.date=2018-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fskirball-cultural-center-celebrates-leonard-bernstein-at-100-1106543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddy_Shaw_Roberts2023" class="citation web cs1">Maddy Shaw Roberts (August 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicfm.com/composers/bernstein-l/maestro-movie-trailer-bradley-cooper/">"First Maestro movie trailer starring Bradley Cooper as Leonard Bernstein finally released"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)" title="Classic FM (UK)">Classic FM (UK)</a>. Retrieved August 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+FM+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=First+Maestro+movie+trailer+starring+Bradley+Cooper+as+Leonard+Bernstein+finally+released&rft.date=2023-08-15&rft.au=Maddy+Shaw+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicfm.com%2Fcomposers%2Fbernstein-l%2Fmaestro-movie-trailer-bradley-cooper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmlinc.org/nyff2023/films/maestro/">"Maestro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Film_at_Lincoln_Center" title="Film at Lincoln Center">Film at Lincoln Center</a>. Retrieved October 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+at+Lincoln+Center&rft.atitle=Maestro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmlinc.org%2Fnyff2023%2Ffilms%2Fmaestro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/bradley-cooper-desperately-wanted-maestro-venice-premiere-1234899896/">"Bradley Cooper 'Desperately' Wanted Maestro to Premiere at Venice, Says Festival Director"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IndieWire" title="IndieWire">IndieWire</a>. August 28, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndieWire&rft.atitle=Bradley+Cooper+%27Desperately%27+Wanted+Maestro+to+Premiere+at+Venice%2C+Says+Festival+Director&rft.date=2023-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2Fnews%2Fgeneral-news%2Fbradley-cooper-desperately-wanted-maestro-venice-premiere-1234899896%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmlinc.org/nyff2023/daily/bradley-cooper-maestro-announced-as-spotlight-gala-of-the-61st-new-york-film-festival/">"Bradley Cooper's Maestro Announced as Spotlight Gala of the 61st New York Film Festival"</a>. Film at Lincoln Center. August 16, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+at+Lincoln+Center&rft.atitle=Bradley+Cooper%27s+Maestro+Announced+as+Spotlight+Gala+of+the+61st+New+York+Film+Festival&rft.date=2023-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmlinc.org%2Fnyff2023%2Fdaily%2Fbradley-cooper-maestro-announced-as-spotlight-gala-of-the-61st-new-york-film-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/about/humanitarian">"Humanitarian | About | Leonard Bernstein"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved September 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=Humanitarian+%7C+About+%7C+Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fabout%2Fhumanitarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein:The_Best_of_All_Possible_Worlds" class="citation web cs1">Bernstein:The Best of All Possible Worlds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224044931/http://www.carnegiehall.org/bernstein/leonardbernstein/essays/nr_socialactivist.html">"Causes and Effecting Change"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnegiehall.org/bernstein/leonardbernstein/essays/nr_socialactivist.html">the original</a> on December 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Causes+and+Effecting+Change&rft.au=Bernstein%3AThe+Best+of+All+Possible+Worlds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegiehall.org%2Fbernstein%2Fleonardbernstein%2Fessays%2Fnr_socialactivist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usopera.com/operas/cradle.html">"The Cradle Will Rock"</a>. usopera.com. Retrieved September 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usopera.com&rft.atitle=The+Cradle+Will+Rock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusopera.com%2Foperas%2Fcradle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/leonard-bernstein">"Leonard Bernstein"</a>. FBI. Retrieved September 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FBI&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2Fleonard-bernstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2009" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (April 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/bernstein-and-the-f-b-i">"Bernstein and the F.B.I."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Retrieved September 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Bernstein+and+the+F.B.I.&rft.date=2009-04-13&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fbernstein-and-the-f-b-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeldes200950-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeldes200950_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeldes2009">Seldes 2009</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wqxr.org/story/leonard-bernsteins-black-america">"Leonard Bernstein's Black America | WQXR Features"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WQXR-FM" title="WQXR-FM">WQXR</a>. February 19, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein%27s+Black+America+%7C+WQXR+Features&rft.pub=WQXR&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wqxr.org%2Fstory%2Fleonard-bernsteins-black-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc2010-212"><a href="#cite_ref-loc2010_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725171227/http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/hopeforamerica/causesandcontroversies/polarization/ExhibitObjects/RadicalChic.aspx">"Radical Chic"</a>. Hope for America: Performers, Politics and Pop Culture. Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/hopeforamerica/causesandcontroversies/polarization/ExhibitObjects/RadicalChic.aspx">the original</a> on July 25, 2012. 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Retrieved September 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endowments+%26+Scholarships%3A+Leonard+Bernstein+Scholarship+Fund&rft.pub=Jacobs+School+of+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.indiana.edu%2Fgiving%2Fscholarships%2Fscholarships-bernstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/admissions/affordability/scholarships-fellowships/bernstein.html">"Leonard Bernstein Fellowship"</a>. brandeis.edu. Retrieved September 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brandeis.edu&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein+Fellowship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fadmissions%2Faffordability%2Fscholarships-fellowships%2Fbernstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascapfoundation.org/ascapfoundation/programs/awards/leonard-bernstein-award">"The ASCAP Foundation Leonard Bernstein Award"</a>. Retrieved September 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ASCAP+Foundation+Leonard+Bernstein+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascapfoundation.org%2Fascapfoundation%2Fprograms%2Fawards%2Fleonard-bernstein-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrquhart" class="citation magazine cs1">Urquhart, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leonardbernstein.com/uploads/pages/files/PFR_1996_Autumn.pdf">"The Quiet Legacy"</a> (PDF). Prelude, Fugue & Riffs. pp. 1, 5. Retrieved September 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prelude%2C+Fugue+%26+Riffs&rft.atitle=The+Quiet+Legacy&rft.pages=1%2C+5&rft.aulast=Urquhart&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardbernstein.com%2Fuploads%2Fpages%2Ffiles%2FPFR_1996_Autumn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_G._Healey1992" class="citation web cs1">John G. Healey (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/about/humanitarian/human-rights-activist">"Leonard Bernstein and Amnesty International"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved September 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein+and+Amnesty+International&rft.date=1992&rft.au=John+G.+Healey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fabout%2Fhumanitarian%2Fhuman-rights-activist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125145523/http://www.emanuelnyc.org/composer.php?composer_id=28">"Temple Emanuel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emanuelnyc.org/composer.php?composer_id=28">the original</a> on November 25, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temple+Emanuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emanuelnyc.org%2Fcomposer.php%3Fcomposer_id%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1993" class="citation news cs1">Harrison, Eric (August 9, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-09-mn-22033-story.html">"The maestro's legacy reverberates in Nashville : Leonard Bernstein's dream of creating a center that integrates the arts and the classroom is in full swing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved October 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+maestro%27s+legacy+reverberates+in+Nashville+%3A+Leonard+Bernstein%27s+dream+of+creating+a+center+that+integrates+the+arts+and+the+classroom+is+in+full+swing&rft.date=1993-08-09&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-08-09-mn-22033-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alexander-bernstein/leonard-bernsteins-artsba_b_3427779.html">"Leonard Bernstein's Arts-Based Education Revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. June 12, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein%27s+Arts-Based+Education+Revolution&rft.date=2013-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Falexander-bernstein%2Fleonard-bernsteins-artsba_b_3427779.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leonardbernstein.com/artful_learning.htm">"Artful Learning Model"</a>. The Leonard Bernstein Center. Retrieved February 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artful+Learning+Model&rft.pub=The+Leonard+Bernstein+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardbernstein.com%2Fartful_learning.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classical-music.com/features/artists/20-greatest-conductors-all-time">"The 20 Greatest Conductors of All Time"</a>. BBC Music Magazine. Retrieved November 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Music+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+20+Greatest+Conductors+of+All+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classical-music.com%2Ffeatures%2Fartists%2F20-greatest-conductors-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/about/conductor/orchestras-conducted">"Orchestras Conducted | Conductor | About | Leonard Bernstein"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved November 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=Orchestras+Conducted+%7C+Conductor+%7C+About+%7C+Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fabout%2Fconductor%2Forchestras-conducted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Halloran1974" class="citation news cs1">Richard Halloran (September 6, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/06/archives/bernstein-captivates-tokyo-audience-dances-on-podium-many-changes.html">"Bernstein Captivates Tokyo Audience"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved November 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bernstein+Captivates+Tokyo+Audience&rft.date=1974-09-06&rft.au=Richard+Halloran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F09%2F06%2Farchives%2Fbernstein-captivates-tokyo-audience-dances-on-podium-many-changes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carnegiehall.org/Explore/Articles/2023/08/30/Leonard-Bernsteins-Carnegie-Hall-Debut">"Leonard Bernstein's Carnegie Hall Debut"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>. Retrieved November 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein%27s+Carnegie+Hall+Debut&rft.pub=Carnegie+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegiehall.org%2FExplore%2FArticles%2F2023%2F08%2F30%2FLeonard-Bernsteins-Carnegie-Hall-Debut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrammyMuseum-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GrammyMuseum_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GrammyMuseum_246-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grammymuseum.org/museum-at-home/revisit-leonard-bernstein-at-100/">"Revisit: Leonard Bernstein at 100"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Museum" title="Grammy Museum">Grammy Museum</a>. May 22, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revisit%3A+Leonard+Bernstein+at+100&rft.pub=Grammy+Museum&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrammymuseum.org%2Fmuseum-at-home%2Frevisit-leonard-bernstein-at-100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTommasini2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Tommasini, Anthony</a> (August 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/23/arts/music/leonard-bernstein-conductor.html">"In Praise of Bernstein as Conductor: Movement That Mesmerized"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved November 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Praise+of+Bernstein+as+Conductor%3A+Movement+That+Mesmerized&rft.date=2018-08-23&rft.aulast=Tommasini&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F23%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fleonard-bernstein-conductor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/archive/interview/newton-mansfield/">"Newton Mansfield | Interview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Masters" title="American Masters">American Masters</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Retrieved November 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Masters&rft.atitle=Newton+Mansfield+%7C+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Famericanmasters%2Farchive%2Finterview%2Fnewton-mansfield%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leonardbernstein.com/discography">"Discography | Leonard Bernstein"</a>. www.leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved November 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=Discography+%7C+Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardbernstein.com%2Fdiscography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1982" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, John L. (1982). Conductors on Record. UK: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-22990-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-22990-9"><bdi>978-0-313-22990-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conductors+on+Record&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-313-22990-9&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeithman" class="citation web cs1">Peithman, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capradio.org/121553">"Composing or Conducting, Bernstein Created Music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CapRadio" title="CapRadio">CapRadio</a>. Retrieved November 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Composing+or+Conducting%2C+Bernstein+Created+Music&rft.pub=CapRadio&rft.aulast=Peithman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capradio.org%2F121553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/omnibus/the-american-musical-comedy">"The American Musical Comedy | Omnibus | Television Scripts | Lectures/Scripts/Writings | Leonard Bernstein"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved November 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Musical+Comedy+%7C+Omnibus+%7C+Television+Scripts+%7C+Lectures%2FScripts%2FWritings+%7C+Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Flectures%2Ftelevision-scripts%2Fomnibus%2Fthe-american-musical-comedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2_ATgHmDsY">Bernstein in Paris – Ravel Piano Concerto No. 1 in G major, I. Allegramente (excerpt)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> Retrieved November 10, 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELairdLin2019-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELairdLin2019_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLairdLin2019">Laird & Lin 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Chapin" title="Schuyler Chapin">Chapin, Schuyler</a> (Spring 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/uploads/pages/files/PFR_1992_Spring.pdf">"The Television Journey"</a> (PDF). Prelude, Fugue & Riffs: 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prelude%2C+Fugue+%26+Riffs&rft.atitle=The+Television+Journey&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Chapin&rft.aufirst=Schuyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fuploads%2Fpages%2Ffiles%2FPFR_1992_Spring.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/arts/festival/history/bernstein-brandeis/index.html">"Bernstein at Brandeis"</a>. brandeis.edu. 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Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92888-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92888-4"><bdi>978-0-393-92888-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 28, 2024 – via W. W. Norton & Company Study Space.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein&rft.btitle=The+Enjoyment+of+Music&rft.edition=10th+StudySpace&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-92888-4&rft.au=Kristine+Forney&rft.au=Joseph+Machlis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwnorton.com%2Fcollege%2Fmusic%2Fenj10%2Fcomplete%2Fcontent%2Fcomposers%2Fbrnstn.asp%3Fchap%3D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessner2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Lessner, Joanne Sydney (March 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2018/03/05/shofar-sounds-leonard-bernsteins-work/">"A Shofar Sounds in Leonard Bernstein's Work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Magazine" title="Hadassah Magazine">Hadassah Magazine</a>. Retrieved April 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hadassah+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Shofar+Sounds+in+Leonard+Bernstein%27s+Work&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft.aulast=Lessner&rft.aufirst=Joanne+Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadassahmagazine.org%2F2018%2F03%2F05%2Fshofar-sounds-leonard-bernsteins-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://londonconcertchoir.org/musical-works/bernstein-missa-brevis">"Bernstein: Missa Brevis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_Concert_Choir" title="London Concert Choir">London Concert Choir</a>. June 17, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bernstein%3A+Missa+Brevis&rft.pub=London+Concert+Choir&rft.date=2018-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flondonconcertchoir.org%2Fmusical-works%2Fbernstein-missa-brevis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Baber, Katherine. Leonard Bernstein and the Language of Jazz (2019)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottlieb2010146-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottlieb2010146_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGottlieb2010">Gottlieb 2010</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen1978-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen1978_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen1978">Rosen 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/about/composer/bernstein-and-dance">"Bernstein and Dance | Composer | About | Leonard Bernstein"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved March 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=Bernstein+and+Dance+%7C+Composer+%7C+About+%7C+Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fabout%2Fcomposer%2Fbernstein-and-dance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTommasini1998" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Tommasini, Anthony</a> (July 22, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/22/arts/critic-s-notebook-when-bernstein-saw-the-future.html">"Critic's Notebook; When Bernstein Saw the Future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. pp. E1–E2. Retrieved May 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Critic%27s+Notebook%3B+When+Bernstein+Saw+the+Future&rft.pages=E1-E2&rft.date=1998-07-22&rft.aulast=Tommasini&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F07%2F22%2Farts%2Fcritic-s-notebook-when-bernstein-saw-the-future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/3UoAk1h">Facsimile</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_(Doubleday)1994406–407-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_(Doubleday)1994406–407_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurton_(Doubleday)1994">Burton (Doubleday) 1994</a>, pp. 406–407. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hagen, Daron (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/uploads/pages/files/PFR_2015_SS.pdf">"Bernstein's Seemingly Simple Song"</a> (PDF). 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Deutsche Grammophon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Grammophon&rft.atitle=BERNSTEIN+The+1953+American+Decca+Recordings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschegrammophon.com%2Fen%2Fcatalogue%2Fproducts%2Fbernstein-the-1953-american-decca-recordings-40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sonyclassical.com/artists/artist-details/leonard-bernstein">"Leonard Bernstein"</a>. sonyclassical.com. Retrieved July 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sonyclassical.com&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonyclassical.com%2Fartists%2Fartist-details%2Fleonard-bernstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicalnotes.net/columns/bernstein.html">"Lenny's Back (Slight Return) The Bernstein Century Edition, Classical Notes, Peter Gutmann"</a>. classicalnotes.net. Retrieved July 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classicalnotes.net&rft.atitle=Lenny%27s+Back+%28Slight+Return%29+The+Bernstein+Century+Edition%2C+Classical+Notes%2C+Peter+Gutmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicalnotes.net%2Fcolumns%2Fbernstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/label/418701-The-Royal-Edition">"The Royal Edition"</a>. Discogs. Retrieved July 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discogs&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Flabel%2F418701-The-Royal-Edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classical.net/music/recs/reviews/s/sny63154a.php">"Classical Net Review – Bernstein Century"</a>. Classical Net. Retrieved July 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical+Net&rft.atitle=Classical+Net+Review+%E2%80%93+Bernstein+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classical.net%2Fmusic%2Frecs%2Freviews%2Fs%2Fsny63154a.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazin" class="citation web cs1">Fazin, Leslie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Sony-Classical-Releases-Limited-Edition-60CD-Set-to-Honor-Leonard-Bernstein-20101124">"Sony Classical Releases Limited Edition 60-CD Set to Honor Leonard Bernstein"</a>. BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved July 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BroadwayWorld.com&rft.atitle=Sony+Classical+Releases+Limited+Edition+60-CD+Set+to+Honor+Leonard+Bernstein&rft.aulast=Fazin&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Farticle%2FSony-Classical-Releases-Limited-Edition-60CD-Set-to-Honor-Leonard-Bernstein-20101124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Weber" class="citation web cs1">Hans Weber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leonardbernstein.com/about/conductor/deutsche-grammophon">"About | | Conductor | Deutsche Grammophon"</a>. leonardbernstein.com. Retrieved July 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leonardbernstein.com&rft.atitle=About+%7C+%7C+Conductor+%7C+Deutsche+Grammophon&rft.au=Hans+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleonardbernstein.com%2Fabout%2Fconductor%2Fdeutsche-grammophon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> (as printed in the 1993 Spring issue of Prelude, Fugue & Riffs) </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1955">"The 27th Academy Awards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a>. October 4, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+27th+Academy+Awards&rft.pub=Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaterhalloffame.org/members.html#B">"Members"</a>. Theater Hall of Fame.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theater+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaterhalloffame.org%2Fmembers.html%23B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/awards/hall-of-fame-honorees">"Honorees"</a>. Television Academy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Television+Academy&rft.atitle=Honorees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emmys.com%2Fawards%2Fhall-of-fame-honorees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicalwalkoffame.org/view-inductees/?id=11">"Bernstein, Leonard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Classical_Music_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="American Classical Music Hall of Fame">American Classical Music Hall of Fame</a>. Retrieved March 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Classical+Music+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Bernstein%2C+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassicalwalkoffame.org%2Fview-inductees%2F%3Fid%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissa_Wasserman2015" class="citation web cs1">Melissa Wasserman (October 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421031425/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/m/APPredirect.php?AID=53131">"Legacy Walk unveils five new bronze memorial plaques"</a>. Windy City Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/m/APPredirect.php?AID=53131">the original</a> on April 21, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windy+City+Times&rft.atitle=Legacy+Walk+unveils+five+new+bronze+memorial+plaques&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.au=Melissa+Wasserman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windycitymediagroup.com%2Fm%2FAPPredirect.php%3FAID%3D53131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-283"><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"</a> (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618085806/http://amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 18, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+B&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macdowellcolony.org/artists/leonard-bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacDowell_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDowell Colony">MacDowell Colony</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-news/8447621/MacDowell-Medal-winners-1960-2011.html">"MacDowell Medal winners 1960-2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. April 13, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-news/8447621/MacDowell-Medal-winners-1960-2011.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=MacDowell+Medal+winners+1960-2011&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftheatre%2Ftheatre-news%2F8447621%2FMacDowell-Medal-winners-1960-2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.co.uk/HallofFame/ArtistPage/Bernstein">"Leonard Bernstein (composer, conductor and pianist)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gramophone&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bernstein+%28composer%2C+conductor+and+pianist%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramophone.co.uk%2FHallofFame%2FArtistPage%2FBernstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Burton" title="Humphrey Burton">Burton, Humphrey</a> (1995). Leonard Bernstein. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-17368-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-17368-6"><bdi>978-0-571-17368-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32510075">32510075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32510075&rft.isbn=978-0-571-17368-6&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBurton_(Doubleday)1994">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leonardbernstein00hump">Doubleday edition (1994)</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapin1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Chapin" title="Schuyler Chapin">Chapin, Schuyler</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leonardbernstein00chap">Leonard Bernstein: Notes from a Friend</a>. New York: Walker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1216-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1216-5"><bdi>978-0-8027-1216-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25787112">25787112</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein%3A+Notes+from+a+Friend&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25787112&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1216-5&rft.aulast=Chapin&rft.aufirst=Schuyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleonardbernstein00chap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb2010" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Jack (2010). Working With Bernstein. Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-186-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-186-5"><bdi>978-1-57467-186-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+With+Bernstein&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57467-186-5&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaird2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laird" title="Paul Laird">Laird, Paul R.</a> (2002). Leonard Bernstein: A Guide to Research. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3517-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3517-7"><bdi>978-0-8153-3517-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein%3A+A+Guide+to+Research&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3517-7&rft.aulast=Laird&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLairdLin2019" class="citation book cs1">Laird, Paul R.; Lin, Hsun (2019). Historical Dictionary of Leonard Bernstein. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1344-8"><bdi>978-1-5381-1344-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1084631326">1084631326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Leonard+Bernstein&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1084631326&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-1344-8&rft.aulast=Laird&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Lin%2C+Hsun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyser1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Peyser" title="Joan Peyser">Peyser, Joan</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bernsteinbiograp00peys">Bernstein, a Biography</a>. New York: Beech Tree Books/William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-04918-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-04918-8"><bdi>978-0-688-04918-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernstein%2C+a+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Beech+Tree+Books%2FWilliam+Morrow&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-688-04918-8&rft.aulast=Peyser&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbernsteinbiograp00peys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeldes2009" class="citation book cs1">Seldes, Barry (2009). Leonard Bernstein: The Political Life of an American Musician. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25764-1"><bdi>978-0-520-25764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein%3A+The+Political+Life+of+an+American+Musician&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25764-1&rft.aulast=Seldes&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawn2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Shawn" title="Allen Shawn">Shawn, Allen</a> (2014). Leonard Bernstein: An American Musician. Jewish Lives. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14428-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14428-4"><bdi>978-0-300-14428-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein%3A+An+American+Musician&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Jewish+Lives&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14428-4&rft.aulast=Shawn&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimeone2013" class="citation book cs1">Simeone, Nigel, ed. (2013). The Leonard Bernstein Letters. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17909-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17909-5"><bdi>978-0-300-17909-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861692638">861692638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leonard+Bernstein+Letters&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861692638&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17909-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Bernstein, Burton (1982). Family Matters: Sam, Jennie, and the Kids. Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-13342-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-13342-0">978-0-595-13342-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Burton; Haws, Barbara, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leonardbernstein00burt">Leonard Bernstein: American Original</a>. Contains chapters by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rich" title="Alan Rich">Alan Rich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Boyer_(historian)" title="Paul Boyer (historian)">Paul Boyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Oja" title="Carol J. Oja">Carol J. Oja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Page_(music_critic)" title="Tim Page (music critic)">Tim Page</a>, Burton Bernstein, Jonathan Rosenberg, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Horowitz" title="Joseph Horowitz">Joseph Horowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_McGlaughlin" title="Bill McGlaughlin">Bill McGlaughlin</a>, James M. Keller, and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-153786-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-153786-8"><bdi>978-0-06-153786-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein%3A+American+Original&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-153786-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleonardbernstein00burt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bernstein, Jamie (2018). Famous Father Girl: A Memoir of Growing Up Bernstein. HarperCollins Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-264135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-264135-9">978-0-06-264135-9</a>.</li> <li>Bernstein, Shirley (1963). Making Music: Leonard Bernstein. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Press. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007E073Y">B0007E073Y</a>.</li> <li>Briggs, John (1961). Leonard Bernstein: The Man, His Works and His World. World Publishing Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-163-81079-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-163-81079-8">978-1-163-81079-8</a>.</li> <li>Burton, William W. (1995). Conversations about Bernstein. New York: Oxford University Press, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507947-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507947-0">978-0-19-507947-0</a>.</li> <li>Cone, Molly and Robert Galster (1970). Leonard Bernstein. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-690-48786-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-690-48786-2">978-0-690-48786-2</a></li> <li>Ewen, David (1960). Leonard Bernstein, A Biography for Young People. Philadelphia: Chilton Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-376-19065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-376-19065-6">978-1-376-19065-6</a></li> <li>Fluegel, Jane (ed.) (1991). Bernstein: Remembered: a life in pictures. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88184-722-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88184-722-2">978-0-88184-722-2</a>.</li> <li>Freedland, Michael (1987). Leonard Bernstein. London, England: Harrap. Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-245-54499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-245-54499-6">978-0-245-54499-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Jack, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leonardbernstein0000bern">Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts</a> (revised ed.). New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-42435-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-42435-6"><bdi>978-0-385-42435-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein%27s+Young+People%27s+Concerts&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-385-42435-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleonardbernstein0000bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Green, Diane Huss (1963). Lenny's Surprise Piano. San Carlos, California: Golden Gate Junior Books. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006AYE10">B0006AYE10</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Jonas_Gruen" title="John Jonas Gruen">Gruen, John</a> (1968). The Private World of Leonard Bernstein. Photographs by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Heyman" title="Ken Heyman">Ken Heyman</a>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-57855-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-57855-9"><bdi>978-0-670-57855-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+World+of+Leonard+Bernstein&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-670-57855-9&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hurwitz, Johanna (1963). Leonard Bernstein: A Passion of Music. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0501-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0501-5">978-0-8276-0501-5</a>.</li> <li>Ledbetter, Steven (1988). Sennets & Tuckets, A Bernstein Celebration. Boston: Boston Symphony Orchestra in association with David Godine Publisher. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-775-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-775-2">978-0-87923-775-2</a>.</li> <li>Reidy, John P. & Norman Richards (1967). People of Destiny: Leonard Bernstein. Chicago: Children's Press. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0092UTPIW">B0092UTPIW</a>.</li> <li>Robinson, Paul (1982). Bernstein (The Art of Conducting Series). New York: Vanguard Press. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01K92K1OI">B01K92K1OI</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation thesis cs1">Rozen, Brian D. (1997). The Contributions of Leonard Bernstein to Music Education: An Analysis of his 53 Young People's Concerts (PhD thesis). Rochester, New York: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48156751">48156751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Contributions+of+Leonard+Bernstein+to+Music+Education%3A+An+Analysis+of+his+53+Young+People%27s+Concerts&rft.inst=University+of+Rochester&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48156751&rft.aulast=Rozen&rft.aufirst=Brian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meryle_Secrest" title="Meryle Secrest">Secrest, Meryle</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leonardbernstein00secr">Leonard Bernstein – A Life</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-40731-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-40731-6"><bdi>0-679-40731-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonard+Bernstein+%E2%80%93+A+Life&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-679-40731-6&rft.aulast=Secrest&rft.aufirst=Meryle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleonardbernstein00secr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Bernstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfe,_Tom" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfe, Tom">Wolfe, Tom</a> (1987). Radical Chic and Mau Mauing the Flak Catchers. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01NAOARU3">B01NAOARU3</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leonard_Bernstein" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Leonard_Bernstein" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leonardbernstein.com">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152505#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sonyclassical.de/kuenstler/artist-products/Leonard-Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sony_Classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Classical">Sony Classical</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/299702">Leonard Bernstein</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152505#P1953" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0077086/">Leonard Bernstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152505#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/7257">Leonard Bernstein</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152505#P1220" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iobdb.com/CreditableEntity/7511">Leonard Bernstein</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Off-Broadway_Database" title="Internet Off-Broadway Database">Internet Off-Broadway Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152505#P4456" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.playbill.com/person/leonard-bernstein-vault-0000001256">Leonard Bernstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/Playbill#Other_media" title="Playbill">Playbill Vault</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152505#P6132" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/people/leonard-bernstein">Talking About Leonard Bernstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Interviews:_An_Oral_History_of_Television" title="The Interviews: An Oral History of Television">The Interviews: An Oral History of Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brahms.ircam.fr/en/leonard-bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> composer's entry on <a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a>'s database</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_records">Archival records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Archival records">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu998001">Finding aid to the Leonard Bernstein collection, circa 1900–1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/leonard-bernstein/about-this-collection/">Leonard Bernstein Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (All available online)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crowd.loc.gov/campaigns/bernstein/">By the people: Writings By, From, and To Leonard Bernstein</a> — Completed transcription campaign of his papers launched by <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu013008">Mildred Spiegel Zucker collection of Leonard Bernstein correspondence and related materials, 1936–1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.nyphil.org/">New York Philharmonic Digital Archives</a> has original program pamphlets, program recordings, scores, images, and business documents (Available online)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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screen{.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-solo .navbox-title{background-color:#f0e68c}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-vocal .navbox-title{background-color:#f4bf92}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-non-perform .navbox-title{background-color:#bfe0bf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-group .navbox-title{background-color:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-cover .navbox-title{background-color:#d8bfd8}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-classical .navbox-title{background-color:#b0e0e6}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist-temp .navbox-title{background-color:#d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clienpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clienpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox navbox-musical-artist navbox-musical-artist-non-vocal" aria-labelledby="Leonard_Bernstein" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leonard_Bernstein" title="Template:Leonard Bernstein"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leonard_Bernstein" title="Template talk:Leonard Bernstein"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leonard_Bernstein" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leonard Bernstein"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leonard_Bernstein" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Leonard_Bernstein" title="List of compositions by Leonard Bernstein">List of compositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Leonard_Bernstein" title="List of awards and nominations received by Leonard Bernstein">Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera and operetta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trouble_in_Tahiti" title="Trouble in Tahiti">Trouble in Tahiti</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Quiet_Place_(opera)" title="A Quiet Place (opera)">A Quiet Place</a> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Town_(musical)" title="On the Town (musical)">On the Town</a> (1944) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York_(On_the_Town)" title="New York, New York (On the Town)">New York, New York</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lonely_Town_(On_the_Town)" title="Lonely Town (On the Town)">Lonely Town</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1950_musical)" title="Peter Pan (1950 musical)">Peter Pan</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Town" title="Wonderful Town">Wonderful Town</a> (1953) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ohio_(1953_song)" title="Ohio (1953 song)">Ohio</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a> (1957) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Boy_Like_That" title="A Boy Like That">A Boy Like That</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_(West_Side_Story_song)" title="America (West Side Story song)">America</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cool_(West_Side_Story_song)" title="Cool (West Side Story song)">Cool</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gee,_Officer_Krupke" title="Gee, Officer Krupke">Gee, Officer Krupke</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Feel_Pretty" title="I Feel Pretty">I Feel Pretty</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maria_(West_Side_Story_song)" title="Maria (West Side Story song)">Maria</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Hand,_One_Heart" title="One Hand, One Heart">One Hand, One Heart</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Something%27s_Coming_(song)" title="Something's Coming (song)">Something's Coming</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Somewhere_(song)" title="Somewhere (song)">Somewhere</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonight_(West_Side_Story_song)" title="Tonight (West Side Story song)">Tonight</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tonight_Quintet" title="Tonight Quintet">Tonight Quintet</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Party_with_Betty_Comden_and_Adolph_Green" title="A Party with Betty Comden and Adolph Green">A Party with Betty Comden and Adolph Green</a> (1958, collaboration)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Race_to_Urga" title="The Race to Urga">The Race to Urga</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1600_Pennsylvania_Avenue_(musical)" title="1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical)">1600 Pennsylvania Avenue</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Madwoman_of_Central_Park_West" title="The Madwoman of Central Park West">The Madwoman of Central Park West</a> (1979, contribution)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_Free_(ballet)" title="Fancy Free (ballet)">Fancy Free</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dybbuk_(ballet)" title="Dybbuk (ballet)">Dybbuk</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Bernstein)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Bernstein)">Symphony No. 1</a> (Jeremiah) (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Bernstein)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Bernstein)">Symphony No. 2</a> (The Age of Anxiety) (1948–49, revised 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Bernstein)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Bernstein)">Symphony No. 3</a> (Kaddish) (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanfare_for_the_Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Music" title="CBS Music">CBS Music</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slava!_A_Political_Overture" title="Slava! A Political Overture">Slava! A Political Overture</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertimento_(Bernstein)" title="Divertimento (Bernstein)">Divertimento</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_Prayer" title="Opening Prayer">Concerto for Orchestra</a> (1986, 1988, 1989, originally Jubilee Games)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concertante</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude,_Fugue_and_Riffs" title="Prelude, Fugue and Riffs">Prelude, Fugue and Riffs</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenade_after_Plato%27s_%22Symposium%22" title="Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"">Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4alil_(Bernstein)" title="Ḥalil (Bernstein)">Ḥalil</a> (1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_(Bernstein)" title="Piano Trio (Bernstein)">Piano Trio</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_for_Clarinet_and_Piano_(Bernstein)" title="Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (Bernstein)">Clarinet Sonata</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_Suite_(Bernstein)" title="Dance Suite (Bernstein)">Dance Suite</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Choral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hashkiveinu_(Bernstein)" title="Hashkiveinu (Bernstein)">Hashkiveinu</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Psalms" title="Chichester Psalms">Chichester Psalms</a> (1965)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Olympic_Hymn_(Bernstein)" title="Olympic Hymn (Bernstein)">Olympic Hymn</a>" (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_Brevis_(Bernstein)" title="Missa Brevis (Bernstein)">Missa Brevis</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vocal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_148_(Bernstein)" title="Psalm 148 (Bernstein)">Psalm 148</a> (art song, 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Hate_Music_(song_cycle)" title="I Hate Music (song cycle)">I Hate Music</a> (song cycle, 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Bonne_Cuisine:_Four_Recipes_for_Voice_and_Piano" title="La Bonne Cuisine: Four Recipes for Voice and Piano">La Bonne Cuisine</a> (song cycle, 1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/So_Pretty_(song)" title="So Pretty (song)">So Pretty</a>" (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songfest:_A_Cycle_of_American_Poems_for_Six_Singers_and_Orchestra" title="Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra">Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra</a> (1977)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Twelve_Tone_Melody" title="My Twelve Tone Melody">My Twelve Tone Melody</a>" (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non_troppo_presto_(Bernstein)" title="Non troppo presto (Bernstein)">Non troppo presto (Music for the Dance No. 1)</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_for_the_Dance_No._2" title="Music for the Dance No. 2">Music for the Dance No. 2</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_(Bernstein)" title="Piano Sonata (Bernstein)">Sonata for the Piano</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniversaries_(Bernstein)" title="Anniversaries (Bernstein)">Anniversaries</a> (1942—1988) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Anniversaries" title="Seven Anniversaries">Seven Ann.</a> (1942–43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Anniversaries" title="Four Anniversaries">Four Ann.</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Anniversaries" title="Five Anniversaries">Five Ann.</a> (1949–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Anniversaries" title="Thirteen Anniversaries">Thirteen Ann.</a> (1988)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Sabras" title="Four Sabras">Four Sabras</a> (ca. 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_Suite_(Bernstein)" title="Bridal Suite (Bernstein)">Bridal Suite</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touches_(Bernstein)" title="Touches (Bernstein)">Touches</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lark_(play)" title="The Lark (play)">The Lark (incidental music)</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(Bernstein)" title="Mass (Bernstein)">Mass</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_Prayer" title="Opening Prayer">Opening Prayer</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Town_(film)" title="On the Town (film)">On the Town (1949 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story (1961 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(2021_film)" title="West Side Story (2021 film)">West Side Story (2021 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Joy_of_Music" title="The Joy of Music">The Joy of Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_for_the_Love_of_Learning" title="Academy for the Love of Learning">Academy for the Love of Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artful_Learning" title="Artful Learning">Artful Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernstein%E2%80%93Mahler_cycle" title="Bernstein–Mahler cycle">Bernstein–Mahler cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Pop:_The_Rock_Revolution" title="Inside Pop: The Rock Revolution">Inside Pop: The Rock Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein_Festival_of_the_Creative_Arts" title="Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Creative Arts">Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Creative Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic_concert_of_April_6,_1962" title="New York Philharmonic concert of April 6, 1962">New York Philharmonic concert of April 6, 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Music_Festival" title="Pacific Music Festival">Pacific Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unanswered_Question_(lecture_series)" title="The Unanswered Question (lecture series)">The Unanswered Question (lecture series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Concerts" title="Young People's Concerts">Young People's Concerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_(2023_film)" title="Maestro (2023 film)">Maestro (2023 film)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_(soundtrack)" title="Maestro (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Leonard_Bernstein" title="Category:Leonard Bernstein">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arthur_Laurents,_Leonard_Bernstein_and_Stephen_Sondheim&#039;s_West_Side_Story_(1957)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Side_Story" title="Template:West Side Story"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Side_Story" title="Template talk:West Side Story"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Side_Story" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Side Story"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arthur_Laurents,_Leonard_Bernstein_and_Stephen_Sondheim&#039;s_West_Side_Story_(1957)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laurents" title="Arthur Laurents">Arthur Laurents</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a>'s <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a> (1957)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspiration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Dances_from_West_Side_Story" title="Symphonic Dances from West Side Story">Symphonic Dances from West Side Story</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a> (1961 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_Suite" title="West Side Story Suite">West Side Story Suite</a> (1995 ballet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(2021_film)" title="West Side Story (2021 film)">West Side Story</a> (2021 film) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_West_Side_Story_(2021_film)" title="List of accolades received by West Side Story (2021 film)">accolades</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swango_(musical)" title="Swango (musical)">Swango</a> (2002 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank_Story" title="West Bank Story">West Bank Story</a> (2005 parody film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Act 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Something%27s_Coming_(song)" title="Something's Coming (song)">Something's Coming</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maria_(West_Side_Story_song)" title="Maria (West Side Story song)">Maria</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tonight_(West_Side_Story_song)" title="Tonight (West Side Story song)">Tonight</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_(West_Side_Story_song)" title="America (West Side Story song)">America</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cool_(West_Side_Story_song)" title="Cool (West Side Story song)">Cool</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Hand,_One_Heart" title="One Hand, One Heart">One Hand, One Heart</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tonight_Quintet" title="Tonight Quintet">Tonight (Quintet & Chorus)</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Act 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Feel_Pretty" title="I Feel Pretty">I Feel Pretty</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Somewhere_(song)" title="Somewhere (song)">Somewhere</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gee,_Officer_Krupke" title="Gee, Officer Krupke">Gee, Officer Krupke</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Boy_Like_That" title="A Boy Like That">A Boy like That</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(Original_Broadway_Cast)" title="West Side Story (Original Broadway Cast)">West Side Story</a> (1957 original cast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(Andr%C3%A9_Previn_album)" title="West Side Story (André Previn album)">West Side Story</a> (1959 Previn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_soundtrack)" title="West Side Story (1961 soundtrack)">West Side Story</a> (1961 soundtrack)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(Cal_Tjader_album)" title="West Side Story (Cal Tjader album)">West Side Story</a> (1961 Tjader)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernstein_Plays_Brubeck_Plays_Bernstein" title="Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein">Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein</a> (1961 Brubeck Quartet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(Oscar_Peterson_Trio_album)" title="West Side Story (Oscar Peterson Trio album)">West Side Story</a> (1962 Peterson Trio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenton%27s_West_Side_Story" title="Kenton's West Side Story">Kenton's West Side Story</a> (1962 Kenton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiko%E2%80%93Mariano_Quartet_(in_West_Side)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toshiko–Mariano Quartet (in West Side)">Toshiko–Mariano Quartet (in West Side)</a> (1963 Akiyoshi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(Earl_Hines_album)" title="West Side Story (Earl Hines album)">West Side Story</a> (1974 Earl Hines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(2021_soundtrack)" title="West Side Story (2021 soundtrack)">West Side Story</a> (2021 soundtrack)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_First_Time_(Glee)" title="The First Time (Glee)">The First Time</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side_Story" title="Upper West Side Story">Upper West Side Story</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Side_Story" title="Wild Side Story">Wild Side Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Girl_(1987_film)" title="China Girl (1987 film)">China Girl</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Roses_(Outkast_song)" title="Roses (Outkast song)">Roses</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_(2000_film)" title="Josh (2000 film)">Josh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superjail!" title="Superjail!">Superjail!</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Borinque%C3%B1a" title="La Borinqueña">La Borinqueña</a>" (used in 2021 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_Philharmonic_Music_Directors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NYPhil_music_directors" title="Template:NYPhil music directors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NYPhil_music_directors" title="Template talk:NYPhil music directors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NYPhil_music_directors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NYPhil music directors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_Philharmonic_Music_Directors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a> Music Directors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureli_Corelli_Hill" title="Ureli Corelli Hill">Ureli Corelli Hill</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Eisfeld" title="Theodore Eisfeld">Theodore Eisfeld</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bergmann_(musician)" title="Carl Bergmann (musician)">Carl Bergmann</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Damrosch" title="Leopold Damrosch">Leopold Damrosch</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Thomas_(conductor)" title="Theodore Thomas (conductor)">Theodore Thomas</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Neuendorff" title="Adolf Neuendorff">Adolf Neuendorff</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Seidl" title="Anton Seidl">Anton Seidl</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Paur" title="Emil Paur">Emil Paur</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Damrosch" title="Walter Damrosch">Walter Damrosch</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Safonov" title="Vasily Safonov">Vasily Safonov</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Str%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Josef Stránský">Josef Stránský</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Mengelberg" title="Willem Mengelberg">Willem Mengelberg</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barbirolli" title="John Barbirolli">John Barbirolli</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Rodzi%C5%84ski" title="Artur Rodziński">Artur Rodziński</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos" title="Dimitri Mitropoulos">Dimitri Mitropoulos</a> (1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Masur" title="Kurt Masur">Kurt Masur</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Gilbert_(conductor)" title="Alan Gilbert (conductor)">Alan Gilbert</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_van_Zweden" title="Jaap van Zweden">Jaap van Zweden</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a> (2026)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg/100px-New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg/150px-New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg/200px-New_York_Philharmonic_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="201" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Leonard_Bernstein" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Leonard_Bernstein" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Leonard_Bernstein" title="List of awards and nominations received by Leonard Bernstein">Awards for Leonard Bernstein</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" title="Template:Ernst von Siemens Music Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" title="Template talk:Ernst von Siemens Music Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ernst von Siemens Music Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" title="Ernst von Siemens Music Prize">Ernst von Siemens Music Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> (1986)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schreier" title="Peter Schreier">Peter Schreier</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Robbins_Landon" title="H. C. Robbins Landon">H. C. Robbins Landon</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann" title="Helmut Lachenmann">Helmut Lachenmann</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arditti_Quartet" title="Arditti Quartet">Arditti Quartet</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel" title="Mauricio Kagel">Mauricio Kagel</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Brinkmann" title="Reinhold Brinkmann">Reinhold Brinkmann</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Henri Dutilleux</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Ferneyhough" title="Brian Ferneyhough">Brian Ferneyhough</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Huber" title="Klaus Huber">Klaus Huber</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gielen" title="Michael Gielen">Michael Gielen</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_Reimann" title="Aribert Reimann">Aribert Reimann</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Friedrich Cerha</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G%C3%BClke" title="Peter Gülke">Peter Gülke</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Eschenbach" title="Christoph Eschenbach">Christoph Eschenbach</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd" title="Per Nørgård">Per Nørgård</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Laurent_Aimard" title="Pierre-Laurent Aimard">Pierre-Laurent Aimard</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Furrer" title="Beat Furrer">Beat Furrer</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Saunders" title="Rebecca Saunders">Rebecca Saunders</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabea_Zimmermann" title="Tabea Zimmermann">Tabea Zimmermann</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Aperghis" title="Georges Aperghis">Georges Aperghis</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuk_Chin" title="Unsuk Chin">Unsuk Chin</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Children&#039;s_Music_Album" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Children%27s_Album" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Children's Album"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Children%27s_Album" title="Template talk:Grammy Award for Best Children's Album"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Children%27s_Album" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy Award for Best Children's Album"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Children&#039;s_Music_Album" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Children%27s_Music_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Children's Music Album">Grammy Award for Best Children's Music Album</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1958−1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Chipmunk_Song_(Christmas_Don%27t_Be_Late)" title="The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)">The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)</a>" – <a href="/wiki/Ross_Bagdasarian" title="Ross Bagdasarian">Ross Bagdasarian Sr.</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_the_Wolf" title="Peter and the Wolf">Peter and the Wolf</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ustinov" title="Peter Ustinov">Peter Ustinov</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_All_Sing_with_The_Chipmunks" title="Let's All Sing with The Chipmunks">Let's All Sing with The Chipmunks</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ross_Bagdasarian" title="Ross Bagdasarian">Ross Bagdasarian Sr.</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_the_Wolf" title="Peter and the Wolf">Prokofiev: Peter and The Wolf</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_the_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival of the Animals">Saint-Saëns: Carnival of the Animals</a>/<a href="/wiki/Young_Person%27s_Guide_to_the_Orchestra" title="Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra">Britten: Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1962)</li> <li>Bernstein Conducts for Young People – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins:_Original_Cast_Soundtrack" title="Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack">Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke" title="Dick Van Dyke">Dick Van Dyke</a> & <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a> Presents: "Fox in Sox" and "<a href="/wiki/Green_Eggs_and_Ham" title="Green Eggs and Ham">Green Eggs and Ham</a>" – <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Miller_(actor)" title="Marvin Miller (actor)">Marvin Miller</a> (1965)</li> <li>Dr. Seuss Presents - "If I Ran the Zoo" and "Sleep Book" – <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Miller_(actor)" title="Marvin Miller (actor)">Marvin Miller</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas!_(TV_special)" title="How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special)">Dr. Seuss: How The Grinch Stole Christmas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</a> (1967)</li> <li>No Award (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter,_Paul_and_Mommy" title="Peter, Paul and Mommy">Peter, Paul and Mommy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter,_Paul_and_Mary" title="Peter, Paul and Mary">Peter, Paul and Mary</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Cooney</a> & <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Z._Shepard" title="Thomas Z. Shepard">Thomas Z. Shepard</a> (producers) (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby_Talks_to_Kids_About_Drugs" title="Bill Cosby Talks to Kids About Drugs">Bill Cosby Talks to Kids About Drugs</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Company" title="The Electric Company">The Electric Company</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a> & <a href="/wiki/Rita_Moreno" title="Rita Moreno">Rita Moreno</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street_discography" title="Sesame Street discography">Sesame Street Live!</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joe_Raposo" title="Joe Raposo">Joe Raposo</a> (producer) (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_and_Tigger_Too" title="Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too">Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Winchell" title="Paul Winchell">Paul Winchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(actor)" title="Sebastian Cabot (actor)">Sebastian Cabot</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Holloway" title="Sterling Holloway">Sterling Holloway</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1975−1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Little Prince – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_the_Wolf" title="Peter and the Wolf">Peter and the Wolf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_the_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival of the Animals">Carnival of the Animals</a>" – <a href="/wiki/Hermione_Gingold" title="Hermione Gingold">Hermione Gingold</a> & <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aren%27t_You_Glad_You%27re_You%3F_(album)" title="Aren't You Glad You're You? (album)">Aren't You Glad You're You</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cerf_(producer)" title="Christopher Cerf (producer)">Christopher Cerf</a> & Jim Timmens (producers) (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Muppet_Show_(album)" title="The Muppet Show (album)">The Muppet Show</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a> (producer) (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Muppet_Movie_(soundtrack)" title="The Muppet Movie (soundtrack)">The Muppet Movie</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a> & <a href="/wiki/Paul_Williams_(songwriter)" title="Paul Williams (songwriter)">Paul Williams</a> (producers) (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Harmony_(compilation_albums)" title="In Harmony (compilation albums)">In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Levine" title="David Levine">David Levine</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Simon" title="Lucy Simon">Lucy Simon</a> (producers) (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street_discography" title="Sesame Street discography">Sesame Country</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a> & Dennis Scott (producers) (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Harmony_(compilation_albums)" title="In Harmony (compilation albums)">In Harmony 2</a> – David Levine & <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Simon" title="Lucy Simon">Lucy Simon</a> (producers) (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial_(album)" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album)">E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> (producer) (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_the_Sidewalk_Ends" title="Where the Sidewalk Ends">Where the Sidewalk Ends</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shel_Silverstein" title="Shel Silverstein">Shel Silverstein</a> and Ron Haffkine (producer) (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street_Presents:_Follow_That_Bird" title="Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird">Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a> & <a href="/wiki/Steve_Buckingham_(record_producer)" title="Steve Buckingham (record producer)">Steve Buckingham</a> (producers) (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street_discography" title="Sesame Street discography">The Alphabet</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a>, Geri Van Rees & Kathryn King (producers) (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">The Elephant's Child</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin" title="Bobby McFerrin">Bobby McFerrin</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">Pecos Bill</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ry_Cooder" title="Ry Cooder">Ry Cooder</a> (1988)</li> <li>The Rock-A-Bye Collection, Volume 1 – Tanya Goodman (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_soundtrack)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 soundtrack)">The Little Mermaid: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Menken" title="Alan Menken">Alan Menken</a> & <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ashman" title="Howard Ashman">Howard Ashman</a> (songwriters) (1990)</li> <li>A Cappella Kids – Clifford "Barney" Robertson (producer) (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_soundtrack)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)">Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alan_Menken" title="Alan Menken">Alan Menken</a> & <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ashman" title="Howard Ashman">Howard Ashman</a> (songwriters) (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2011−present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>All About Bullies... Big and Small – Gloria Domina, James Cravero, Kevin Mackie, Patrick Robinson & Steve Pullara (producers) (2011)</li> <li>Can You Canoe? – The Okee Dokee Brothers (2012)</li> <li>Throw a Penny in the Wishing Well – <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Gasoi" title="Jennifer Gasoi">Jennifer Gasoi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Malala" title="I Am Malala">I Am Malala: How One Girl Stood Up for Education and Changed the World</a> – Neela Vaswani (2014)</li> <li>Home – <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kubart" title="Tim Kubart">Tim Kubart</a> (2015)</li> <li>Infinity Plus One – <a href="/wiki/Secret_Agent_23_Skidoo" title="Secret Agent 23 Skidoo">Secret Agent 23 Skidoo</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feel_What_U_Feel" title="Feel What U Feel">Feel What U Feel</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Loeb" title="Lisa Loeb">Lisa Loeb</a> (2017)</li> <li>All the Sounds – Lucy Kalantari & The Jazz Cats (2018)</li> <li>Ageless Songs for the Child Archetype – Jon Samson (2019)</li> <li>All the Ladies – <a href="/wiki/Joanie_Leeds" title="Joanie Leeds">Joanie Leeds</a> (2020)</li> <li>A Colorful World − <a href="/wiki/Falu" title="Falu">Falu</a> (2021)</li> <li>The Movement – Alphabet Rockers (2022)</li> <li>We Grow Together Preschool Songs – <a href="/wiki/123_Andr%C3%A9s" title="123 Andrés">123 Andrés</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><div>From 1993–2010, the category was split into <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Musical_Album_for_Children" title="Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children">Best Musical Album for Children</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album_for_Children" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children">Best Spoken Word Album for Children</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_&amp;_Storytelling_Recording" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template talk:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_&amp;_Storytelling_Recording" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Audio_Book,_Narration_%26_Storytelling_Recording" title="Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording">Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows – <a href="/wiki/Stan_Freberg" title="Stan Freberg">Stan Freberg</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>FDR Speaks – Robert Bialek (producer) (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein_Discusses_Humor_in_Music_and_Conducts_Till_Eulenspiegel%27s_Merry_Pranks" title="Leonard Bernstein Discusses Humor in Music and Conducts Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks">Humor in Music</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1961)</li> <li>The Story-Teller: A Session with Charles Laughton – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf%3F" title="Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?">Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (playwright) (1963)</li> <li>BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy – <a href="/wiki/That_Was_the_Week_That_Was" title="That Was the Week That Was">That Was the Week That Was</a> (1964)</li> <li>John F. Kennedy: As We Remember Him – <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a> (producer) (1965)</li> <li>Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years – <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> (1966)</li> <li>Gallant Men – <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> (1967)</li> <li>Lonesome Cities – <a href="/wiki/Rod_McKuen" title="Rod McKuen">Rod McKuen</a> (1968)</li> <li>We Love You Call Collect – <a href="/wiki/Art_Linkletter" title="Art Linkletter">Art Linkletter</a> & <a href="/wiki/Diane_Linkletter" title="Diane Linkletter">Diane Linkletter</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderata_(Les_Crane_album)" title="Desiderata (Les Crane album)">Desiderata</a> – <a href="/wiki/Les_Crane" title="Les Crane">Les Crane</a> (1971)</li> <li>Lenny – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Botnick" title="Bruce Botnick">Bruce Botnick</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris" title="Richard Harris">Richard Harris</a> (1973)</li> <li>Good Evening – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!">Give 'em Hell, Harry!</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1975)</li> <li>Great American Documents – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Belle_of_Amherst" title="The Belle of Amherst">The Belle of Amherst</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1978)</li> <li>Ages of Man: Readings from Shakespeare – <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pat_Carroll" title="Pat Carroll">Pat Carroll</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donovan%27s_Brain" title="Donovan's Brain">Donovan's Brain</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Movie on Record</a> – Tom Voegeli (producer) and Various Artists (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Warfield" title="William Warfield">William Warfield</a> (1983)</li> <li>The Words of Gandhi – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mike_Berniker" title="Mike Berniker">Mike Berniker</a> (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1985)</li> <li>Interviews from the Class of '55 Recording Sessions – <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chips_Moman" title="Chips Moman">Chips Moman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Nelson" title="Ricky Nelson">Ricky Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wobegon_Days" title="Lake Wobegon Days">Lake Wobegon Days</a> – <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Keillor" title="Garrison Keillor">Garrison Keillor</a> (1987)</li> <li>Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson – <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> (1988)</li> <li>It's Always Something – <a href="/wiki/Gilda_Radner" title="Gilda Radner">Gilda Radner</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracie:_A_Love_Story" title="Gracie: A Love Story">Gracie: A Love Story</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Burns" title="George Burns">George Burns</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_(miniseries)" title="The Civil War (miniseries)">The Civil War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a> (1991)</li> <li>What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS – <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Earvin "Magic" Johnson</a> and Robert O'Keefe (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Pulse_of_Morning" title="On the Pulse of Morning">On the Pulse of Morning</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_in_the_Van" title="Get in the Van">Get in the Van</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rollins" title="Henry Rollins">Henry Rollins</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenal_Woman:_Four_Poems_Celebrating_Women" title="Phenomenal Woman: Four Poems Celebrating Women">Phenomenal Woman</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Takes_a_Village" title="It Takes a Village">It Takes a Village</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (1996)</li> <li>Charles Kuralt's Spring – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kuralt" title="Charles Kuralt">Charles Kuralt</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_Me" title="Still Me">Still Me</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve">Christopher Reeve</a> (1998)</li> <li>The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. – <a href="/wiki/LeVar_Burton" title="LeVar Burton">LeVar Burton</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Measure_of_a_Man:_A_Spiritual_Autobiography" title="The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography">The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>, Rick Harris, and John Runnette (producers) (2000)</li> <li>Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones – <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers), and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Song_Flung_Up_to_Heaven" title="A Song Flung Up to Heaven">A Song Flung Up to Heaven</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> and Charles B. Potter (producer) (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lies_and_the_Lying_Liars_Who_Tell_Them" title="Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them">Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> and Paul Ruben (producer) (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)">My Life</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Endangered_Values" title="Our Endangered Values">Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> / With Ossie and Ruby – <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Jacob Bronstein (producer) (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth_(book)" title="An Inconvenient Truth (book)">An Inconvenient Truth</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beau_Bridges" title="Beau Bridges">Beau Bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Nixon" title="Cynthia Nixon">Cynthia Nixon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blair_Underwood" title="Blair Underwood">Blair Underwood</a> (2008)</li> <li>Always Looking Up – <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_(The_Book)" title="Earth (The Book)">The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> (2010)</li> <li>If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won't) – <a href="/wiki/Betty_White" title="Betty White">Betty White</a> (2011)</li> <li>Society's Child – <a href="/wiki/Janis_Ian" title="Janis Ian">Janis Ian</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_Again" title="America Again">America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> (2013)</li> <li>Diary of a Mad Diva – <a href="/wiki/Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Life:_Reflections_at_90" class="mw-redirect" title="A Full Life: Reflections at 90">A Full Life: Reflections at 90</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2015)</li> <li>In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox – <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Diarist" title="The Princess Diarist">The Princess Diarist</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Fisher" title="Carrie Fisher">Carrie Fisher</a> (2017)</li> <li>Faith: A Journey for All – <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becoming_(book)" title="Becoming (book)">Becoming</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(book)" title="Blowout (book)">Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Rachel Maddow</a> (2020)</li> <li>Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis − <a href="/wiki/Don_Cheadle" title="Don Cheadle">Don Cheadle</a> (2021)</li> <li>Finding Me – <a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_We_Carry" title="The Light We Carry">The Light We Carry: Overcoming in Uncertain Times</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Template:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Template talk:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1963–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></li></ul></li> <li>1967 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li></ul></li> <li>1968 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a></li></ul></li> <li>1972 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson" title="Mahalia Jackson">Mahalia Jackson</a></li></ul></li> <li>1984 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a></li></ul></li> <li>1985 <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a></li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a></li></ul></li> <li>1987 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Herman" title="Woody Herman">Woody Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a></li></ul></li> <li>1989 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Tatum" title="Art Tatum">Art Tatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan" title="Sarah Vaughan">Sarah Vaughan</a></li></ul></li> <li>1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1991–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1991 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Wells" title="Kitty Wells">Kitty Wells</a></li></ul></li> <li>1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a></li></ul></li> <li>1993 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chet_Atkins" title="Chet Atkins">Chet Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Monroe" title="Bill Monroe">Bill Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Waller" title="Fats Waller">Fats Waller</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Cline" title="Patsy Cline">Patsy Cline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Lee" title="Peggy Lee">Peggy Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mancini" title="Henry Mancini">Henry Mancini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bland" title="Bobby Bland">Bobby "Blue" Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers" title="The Everly Brothers">The Everly Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Grappelli" title="Stéphane Grappelli">Stéphane Grappelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peterson" title="Oscar Peterson">Oscar Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a></li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mills_Brothers" title="The Mills Brothers">The Mills Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9" title="Mel Tormé">Mel Tormé</a></li></ul></li> <li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Miller" title="Mitch Miller">Mitch Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2001–2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney" title="Rosemary Clooney">Rosemary Clooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Green" title="Al Green">Al Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mathis" title="Johnny Mathis">Johnny Mathis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Puente" title="Tito Puente">Tito Puente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel" title="Simon & Garfunkel">Simon & Garfunkel</a></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cliburn" title="Van Cliburn">Van Cliburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Funk_Brothers" title="The Funk Brothers">The Funk Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Jenkins" title="Ella Jenkins">Ella Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Watson" title="Doc Watson">Doc Watson</a></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Arnold" title="Eddy Arnold">Eddy Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Blakey" title="Art Blakey">Art Blakey</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carter_Family" title="Carter Family">Carter Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Gould" title="Morton Gould">Morton Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton" title="Jelly Roll Morton">Jelly Roll Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinetop_Perkins" title="Pinetop Perkins">Pinetop Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Staple_Singers" title="The Staple Singers">The Staple Singers</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weavers" title="The Weavers">The Weavers</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s" title="Booker T. & the M.G.'s">Booker T. & the M.G.'s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Band" title="The Band">The Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Roach" title="Max Roach">Max Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Boys_of_Alabama" title="The Blind Boys of Alabama">The Blind Boys of Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">The Four Tops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Jones" title="Hank Jones">Hank Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lee" title="Brenda Lee">Brenda Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Paxton" title="Tom Paxton">Tom Paxton</a></li></ul></li> <li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Darin" title="Bobby Darin">Bobby Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_%22Honeyboy%22_Edwards" title="David "Honeyboy" Edwards">David "Honeyboy" Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynn" title="Loretta Lynn">Loretta Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">André Previn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Terry" title="Clark Terry">Clark Terry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2011–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Haynes" title="Roy Haynes">Roy Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_String_Quartet" title="Juilliard String Quartet">Juilliard String Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingston_Trio" title="The Kingston Trio">The Kingston Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Beverly_Shea" title="George Beverly Shea">George Beverly Shea</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band" title="The Allman Brothers Band">The Allman Brothers Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Campbell" title="Glen Campbell">Glen Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobim" title="Antônio Carlos Jobim">Antônio Carlos Jobim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jones" title="George Jones">George Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Memphis_Horns" title="The Memphis Horns">The Memphis Horns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Scott-Heron" title="Gil Scott-Heron">Gil Scott-Heron</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Haden" title="Charlie Haden">Charlie Haden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightnin%27_Hopkins" title="Lightnin' Hopkins">Lightnin' Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patti_Page" title="Patti Page">Patti Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Chenier" title="Clifton Chenier">Clifton Chenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">The Isley Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson" title="Kris Kristofferson">Kris Kristofferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Manzanero" title="Armando Manzanero">Armando Manzanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Powell" title="Maud Powell">Maud Powell</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Guy" title="Buddy Guy">Buddy Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaco_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Flaco Jiménez">Flaco Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Louvin_Brothers" title="The Louvin Brothers">The Louvin Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shorter" title="Wayne Shorter">Wayne Shorter</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brown" title="Ruth Brown">Ruth Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane" title="Jefferson Airplane">Jefferson Airplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-DMC" title="Run-DMC">Run-DMC</a></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Caesar" title="Shirley Caesar">Shirley Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal" title="Ahmad Jamal">Ahmad Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Pride" title="Charley Pride">Charley Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Simone" title="Nina Simone">Nina Simone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly_Stone" title="Sly Stone">Sly Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Blaine" title="Hal Blaine">Hal Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meters" title="The Meters">The Meters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic" title="Parliament-Funkadelic">Parliament-Funkadelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Eckstine" title="Billy Eckstine">Billy Eckstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donny_Hathaway" title="Donny Hathaway">Donny Hathaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Iglesias" title="Julio Iglesias">Julio Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_%26_Dave" title="Sam & Dave">Sam & Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionne_Warwick" title="Dionne Warwick">Dionne Warwick</a></li></ul></li> <li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Flack" title="Roberta Flack">Roberta Flack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prine" title="John Prine">John Prine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy" title="Public Enemy">Public Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe" title="Sister Rosetta Tharpe">Sister Rosetta Tharpe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five" title="Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five">Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-N-Pepa" title="Salt-N-Pepa">Salt-N-Pepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin" title="Bobby McFerrin">Bobby McFerrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey" title="Ma Rainey">Ma Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slick_Rick" title="Slick Rick">Slick Rick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">The Supremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Wilson" title="Ann Wilson">Ann Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(rock_musician)" title="Nancy Wilson (rock musician)">Nancy Wilson</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clark_Sisters" title="The Clark Sisters">The Clark Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight" title="Gladys Knight">Gladys Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Wynette" title="Tammy Wynette">Tammy Wynette</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Gramophone Hall of Fame">Gramophone Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conductors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barbirolli" title="John Barbirolli">John Barbirolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham_selected_discography" title="Thomas Beecham selected discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult_discography" title="Adrian Boult discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly" title="Riccardo Chailly">Riccardo Chailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Colin Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Giulini" title="Carlo Maria Giulini">Carlo Maria Giulini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink_discography" title="Bernard Haitink discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hogwood" title="Christopher Hogwood">Christopher Hogwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber" title="Carlos Kleiber">Carlos Kleiber</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber_discography" title="Carlos Kleiber discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackerras" title="Charles Mackerras">Charles Mackerras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Marriner" title="Neville Marriner">Neville Marriner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Mravinsky" title="Yevgeny Mravinsky">Yevgeny Mravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pappano" title="Antonio Pappano">Antonio Pappano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinnock" title="Trevor Pinnock">Trevor Pinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle_discography" title="Simon Rattle discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" title="Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti_discography" title="Georg Solti discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini_discography" title="Arturo Toscanini discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allen_(baritone)" title="Thomas Allen (baritone)">Thomas Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Victoria de los Ángeles">Victoria de los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Janet Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Bj%C3%B6rling" title="Jussi Björling">Jussi Björling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_DiDonato" title="Joyce DiDonato">Joyce DiDonato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ferrier" title="Kathleen Ferrier">Kathleen Ferrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu" title="Angela Gheorghiu">Angela Gheorghiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Ghiaurov" title="Nicolai Ghiaurov">Nicolai Ghiaurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi">Tito Gobbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hampson" title="Thomas Hampson">Thomas Hampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hotter" title="Hans Hotter">Hans Hotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Hvorostovsky" title="Dmitri Hvorostovsky">Dmitri Hvorostovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundula_Janowitz" title="Gundula Janowitz">Gundula Janowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kaufmann" title="Jonas Kaufmann">Jonas Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keenlyside" title="Simon Keenlyside">Simon Keenlyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Kirkby" title="Emma Kirkby">Emma Kirkby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sofie_von_Otter" title="Anne Sofie von Otter">Anne Sofie von Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">Elisabeth Schwarzkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa" title="Kiri Te Kanawa">Kiri Te Kanawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Terfel" title="Bryn Terfel">Bryn Terfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wunderlich" title="Fritz Wunderlich">Fritz Wunderlich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboardists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Ove_Andsnes" title="Leif Ove Andsnes">Leif Ove Andsnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Gilels" title="Emil Gilels">Emil Gilels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gulda" title="Friedrich Gulda">Friedrich Gulda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin" title="Marc-André Hamelin">Marc-André Hamelin</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin_discography" title="Marc-André Hamelin discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Hewitt" title="Angela Hewitt">Angela Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hough" title="Stephen Hough">Stephen Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kempff" title="Wilhelm Kempff">Wilhelm Kempff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Kissin" title="Evgeny Kissin">Evgeny Kissin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leonhardt" title="Gustav Leonhardt">Gustav Leonhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lang_Lang" title="Lang Lang">Lang Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinu_Lipatti" title="Dinu Lipatti">Dinu Lipatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu_Lupu" title="Radu Lupu">Radu Lupu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Benedetti_Michelangeli" title="Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli">Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">András Schiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Artur Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Sokolov" title="Grigory Sokolov">Grigory Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida" title="Mitsuko Uchida">Mitsuko Uchida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String/brass/ woodwind players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9" title="Maurice André">Maurice André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Brain" title="Dennis Brain">Dennis Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bream" title="Julian Bream">Julian Bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyung_Wha_Chung" title="Kyung Wha Chung">Kyung Wha Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_du_Pr%C3%A9" title="Jacqueline du Pré">Jacqueline du Pré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Galway" title="James Galway">James Galway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Isserlis" title="Steven Isserlis">Steven Isserlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Mayer" title="Albrecht Mayer">Albrecht Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Milstein" title="Nathan Milstein">Nathan Milstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud" title="Emmanuel Pahud">Emmanuel Pahud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(guitarist)" title="John Williams (guitarist)">John Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg_Quartett" title="Alban Berg Quartett">Alban Berg Quartett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet" title="Amadeus Quartet">Amadeus Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_Trio" title="Beaux Arts Trio">Beaux Arts Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Singers" title="The King's Singers">The King's Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A1cs_Quartet" title="Takács Quartet">Takács Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tallis_Scholars" title="The Tallis Scholars">The Tallis Scholars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producers/engineers/ record label executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coutaz" title="Bernard Coutaz">Bernard Coutaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Culshaw" title="John Culshaw">John Culshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Robert_Fine" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Robert Fine">C. Robert Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gaisberg" title="Fred Gaisberg">Fred Gaisberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Heymann" title="Klaus Heymann">Klaus Heymann</a></li> <li>Alain Lanceron</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Legge" title="Walter Legge">Walter Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis_(Decca)" title="Edward Lewis (Decca)">Edward Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mohr" title="Richard Mohr">Richard Mohr</a></li> <li>Ted Perry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilkinson" title="Kenneth Wilkinson">Kenneth Wilkinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(1980s)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1980s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1980s" title="Template talk:Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1980s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(1980s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honorees</a> (1980s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille" title="Agnes de Mille">Agnes de Mille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fontanne" title="Lynn Fontanne">Lynn Fontanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Dunham" title="Katherine Dunham">Katherine Dunham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Thomson" title="Virgil Thomson">Virgil Thomson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Merce Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Dunne" title="Irene Dunne">Irene Dunne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Jay_Lerner" title="Alan Jay Lerner">Alan Jay Lerner</a> & <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Loewe" title="Frederick Loewe">Frederick Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Tudor" title="Antony Tudor">Antony Tudor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Milstein" title="Nathan Milstein">Nathan Milstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Nikolais" title="Alwin Nikolais">Alwin Nikolais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burns" title="George Burns">George Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrna_Loy" title="Myrna Loy">Myrna Loy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schneider" title="Alexander Schneider">Alexander Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Danilova" title="Alexandra Danilova">Alexandra Danilova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1980s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2000s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2010s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2020s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Léonie_Sonning_Music_Prize_Laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Léonie_Sonning_Music_Prize_Laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize" title="Léonie Sonning Music Prize">Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Christoff" title="Boris Christoff">Boris Christoff</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogens_W%C3%B6ldike" title="Mogens Wöldike">Mogens Wöldike</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Janet Baker</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Claire_Alain" title="Marie-Claire Alain">Marie-Claire Alain</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schreier" title="Peter Schreier">Peter Schreier</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Ericson" title="Eric Ericson">Eric Ericson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krystian_Zimerman" title="Krystian Zimerman">Krystian Zimerman</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bashmet" title="Yuri Bashmet">Yuri Bashmet</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd" title="Per Nørgård">Per Nørgård</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">András Schiff</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Behrens" title="Hildegard Behrens">Hildegard Behrens</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michala_Petri" title="Michala Petri">Michala Petri</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jarrett" title="Keith Jarrett">Keith Jarrett</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Ulrik_Mortensen" title="Lars Ulrik Mortensen">Lars Ulrik Mortensen</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Fr%C3%B6st" title="Martin Fröst">Martin Fröst</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ad%C3%A8s" title="Thomas Adès">Thomas Adès</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Blomstedt" title="Herbert Blomstedt">Herbert Blomstedt</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Kavakos" title="Leonidas Kavakos">Leonidas Kavakos</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Abrahamsen" title="Hans Abrahamsen">Hans Abrahamsen</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hannigan" title="Barbara Hannigan">Barbara Hannigan</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuk_Chin" title="Unsuk Chin">Unsuk Chin</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Laurent_Aimard" title="Pierre-Laurent Aimard">Pierre-Laurent Aimard</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Glennie" title="Evelyn Glennie">Evelyn Glennie</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud" title="Emmanuel Pahud">Emmanuel Pahud</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Special_Tony_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template talk:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_Tony_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Special_Tony_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Special_Tony_Award" title="Special Tony Award">Special Tony Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1947–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Chamberlain" title="Dora Chamberlain">Dora Chamberlain</a> / Ira and Rita Katzenberg / <a href="/wiki/Jules_Leventhal" title="Jules Leventhal">Jules Leventhal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Burns_Mantle" title="Burns Mantle">Burns Mantle</a> / P. A. MacDonald / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Sardi_Sr." title="Vincent Sardi Sr.">Vincent Sardi Sr.</a> (1947)</li> <li>Vera Allen / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Beisman" title="Paul Beisman">Paul Beisman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joe_E._Brown" title="Joe E. Brown">Joe E. Brown</a> / Cast of <a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Dowling" title="Robert W. Dowling">Robert W. Dowling</a> / Experimental Theatre Inc. / Rosalind Gilder / <a href="/wiki/June_Lockhart" title="June Lockhart">June Lockhart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Pierce_(backstage_doorman)" title="George Pierce (backstage doorman)">George Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1948)</li> <li>No award (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Evans_(actor)" title="Maurice Evans (actor)">Maurice Evans</a> / Philip Faversham / <a href="/wiki/Brock_Pemberton" title="Brock Pemberton">Brock Pemberton</a> (1950)</li> <li>Ruth Green (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kook" title="Edward Kook">Edward Kook</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Lillie" title="Beatrice Lillie">Beatrice Lillie</a> (1953)</li> <li>No award (1954)</li> <li>Proscenium Productions (1955)</li> <li>Fourth Street Chekov Theatre / <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">City Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">The New York Public Library Theatre Collection</a> / The Shakespearewrights / <a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="American Shakespeare Theatre">American Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Barrault" title="Jean-Louis Barrault">Jean-Louis Barrault</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willie_Hammerstein" title="Willie Hammerstein">William Hammerstein</a> / Joseph Harbuck / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Shyre" title="Paul Shyre">Paul Shyre</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Heims_Beck" title="Louise Heims Beck">Mrs. Martin Beck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russel_Crouse" title="Russel Crouse">Russel Crouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Lindsay" title="Howard Lindsay">Howard Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> / Cast of <a href="/wiki/La_Plume_de_Ma_Tante" title="La Plume de Ma Tante">La Plume de Ma Tante</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Thurber" title="James Thurber">James Thurber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_III" title="John D. Rockefeller III">John D. Rockefeller III</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson" title="Brooks Atkinson">Brooks Atkinson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._McNeil_Lowry" title="W. McNeil Lowry">W. McNeil Lowry</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Miller" title="Gilbert Miller">Gilbert Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smith_(designer)" title="Oliver Smith (designer)">Oliver Smith</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Menken" title="Helen Menken">Helen Menken</a> (1966)</li> <li>No award (1967)</li> <li>APA-Phoenix Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Bailey" title="Pearl Bailey">Pearl Bailey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> (1968)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonard Bernstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">The National Theatre Company of Great Britain</a> / The <a href="/wiki/Negro_Ensemble_Company" title="Negro Ensemble Company">Negro Ensemble Company</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fontanne" title="Lynn Fontanne">Lynn Fontanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lunt" title="Alfred Lunt">Alfred Lunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (1970)</li> <li>Ingram Ash / <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Norton" title="Elliot Norton">Elliot Norton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof" title="Fiddler on the Roof">Fiddler on the Roof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Merman" title="Ethel Merman">Ethel Merman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a>-American Theatre Society (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Shubert_Organization" title="The Shubert Organization">Shubert Organization</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <a href="/wiki/A_Moon_for_the_Misbegotten" title="A Moon for the Misbegotten">A Moon for the Misbegotten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / Harold Friedlander / <a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Development_Fund" title="Theatre Development Fund">Theatre Development Fund</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_F._Wharton_(lawyer)" title="John F. Wharton (lawyer)">John F. Wharton</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre" title="Circle in the Square Theatre">Circle in the Square Theatre</a> / Thomas H. Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Pincus" title="Mathilde Pincus">Mathilde Pincus</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Crawford" title="Cheryl Crawford">Cheryl Crawford</a> / Equity Liberty Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Manilow" title="Barry Manilow">Barry Manilow</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_the_Deaf" title="National Theatre of the Deaf">National Theatre of the Deaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tomlin" title="Lily Tomlin">Lily Tomlin</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Dragoti" title="Stan Dragoti">Stan Dragoti</a> and Charles Moss (1978)</li> <li>Walter F. Diehl / <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> (1979)</li> <li>Richard Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore" title="Mary Tyler Moore">Mary Tyler Moore</a> / Hobe Morrison (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">Warner Communications</a> (1982)</li> <li>No award (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Chorus_Line" title="A Chorus Line">A Chorus Line</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Feller" title="Peter Feller">Peter Feller</a> / La Tragedie de Carmen (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Council_on_the_Arts" title="New York State Council on the Arts">New York State Council on the Arts</a> (1985)</li> <li>No award (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mason" title="Jackie Mason">Jackie Mason</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> (1988)</li> <li>No award (1989)</li> <li>No award (1990–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Harvey Sabinson (1995)</li> <li>No award (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Jacobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard B. Jacobs">Bernard B. Jacobs</a> (1997)</li> <li>Edward E. Colton / Ben Edwards (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Hagen" title="Uta Hagen">Uta Hagen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> / Isabelle Stevenson (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame_Edna_Everage#2000–2009" title="Dame Edna Everage">Dame Edna: The Royal Tour</a> / T. Edward Hambleton (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gemignani" title="Paul Gemignani">Paul Gemignani</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> / Robert Whitehead (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cy_Feuer" title="Cy Feuer">Cy Feuer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russell_Simmons" title="Russell Simmons">Russell Simmons</a>' Def Poetry Jam on Broadway (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Nederlander" title="James M. Nederlander">James M. Nederlander</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jones_(stage_actress)" title="Sarah Jones (stage actress)">Sarah Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> (2006)</li> <li>No award (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Herman" title="Jerry Herman">Jerry Herman</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn" title="Alan Ayckbourn">Alan Ayckbourn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marian_Seldes" title="Marian Seldes">Marian Seldes</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a> / Philip J. Smith (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Gersten" title="Bernard Gersten">Bernard Gersten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ming_Cho_Lee" title="Ming Cho Lee">Ming Cho Lee</a> / Paul Libin (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Greenwood" title="Jane Greenwood">Jane Greenwood</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cameron_Mitchell" title="John Cameron Mitchell">John Cameron Mitchell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Harnick" title="Sheldon Harnick">Sheldon Harnick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_W._Mason" title="Marshall W. Mason">Marshall W. Mason</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Miles Wilkin (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chita_Rivera" title="Chita Rivera">Chita Rivera</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Harris" title="Rosemary Harris">Rosemary Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mazzie" title="Marin Mazzie">Marin Mazzie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Terrence_McNally" title="Terrence McNally">Terrence McNally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Tilders" title="Sonny Tilders">Sonny Tilders</a> and Creature Technology Company / Jason Michael Webb / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wheeler_(musician)" title="Harold Wheeler (musician)">Harold Wheeler</a> (2019)</li> <li>The Broadway Advocacy Coalition / <a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne's</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Utopia_(film)" title="American Utopia (film)">American Utopia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_Love_Supreme" title="Freestyle Love Supreme">Freestyle Love Supreme</a> / <a href="/wiki/Graciela_Daniele" title="Graciela Daniele">Graciela Daniele</a> (2020/21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_C._Nicola" title="James C. Nicola">James C. Nicola</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Grey" title="Joel Grey">Joel Grey</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kander" title="John Kander">John Kander</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Edelman" title="Alex Edelman">Alex Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abe_Jacob" title="Abe Jacob">Abe Jacob</a> / Nikiya Mathis / <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Brien_(director)" title="Jack O'Brien (director)">Jack O'Brien</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_C._Wolfe" title="George C. Wolfe">George C. 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152505#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152505#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152505#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368573393">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110292324">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71577114">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2135/">FAST</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/160305/">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmhpHvCVqwCWCq89K8G3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118510002">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50007704">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138914334">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138914334">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00433130">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV027470">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35238367">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000600836&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1760270">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/27616">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069861536">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90401361">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000035027&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000063723&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61598">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199602371">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs6896nd284psmz">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622157105606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/245350">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258495205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000189746">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521475206706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14830965">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01523219?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fa39bc82-9b27-4bbb-9425-d719a72e09ac">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/107984">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brahms.ircam.fr/leonard-bernstein">BRAHMS</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/leonard-bernstein/896">Grammy Awards</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/bios/leonard-bernstein">Emmy Awards</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/b1260">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/698086">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118510002.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118510002">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02672314X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6096wdb">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67m06hd">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30088132">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&oldid=1259523861">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Bernstein&oldid=1259523861</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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[\"CITEREFLeonard_Bernstein\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard_Bernstein1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLessner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddy_Shaw_Roberts2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaggie_Stapleton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelissa_Wasserman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNYT_Staff1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOja2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeithman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeyser1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Halloran1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodríguez2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRovner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiff2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchonberg1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchonberg1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeldes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeldes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimeone2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Schloesser2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusesch_Bayat1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwed1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwed1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Revuers1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTommasini1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTommasini2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrquhart\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebmaster2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitemeyer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFpacificsymphony2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFrachelsamoul2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 50,\n [\"--\"] = 1,\n [\"1990 Television Hall of Fame\"] = 1,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 5,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 158,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Bernstein, Leonard\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Discogs artist\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Em\"] = 2,\n [\"Ernst von Siemens Music Prize\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 2,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 3,\n [\"Grammy Award for Best Children's Album\"] = 1,\n [\"Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album\"] = 1,\n [\"Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award\"] = 1,\n [\"Gramophone Hall of Fame\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IBDB name\"] = 1,\n [\"IBDB show\"] = 1,\n [\"IBDB title\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb title\"] = 5,\n [\"IOBDB name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 13,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Leonard Bernstein\"] = 1,\n [\"Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"NYPhil music directors\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Playbill person\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Retrieved\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 38,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Special Tony Award\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack\"] = 1,\n [\"The Interviews about\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"West Side Story\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","340","16.0"],["?","280","13.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","10.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","7.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","6.6"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","4.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","4.7"],["type","60","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","1.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","1.9"],["[others]","640","30.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-5fqwl","timestamp":"20241130110036","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonard_Bernstein","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q152505","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q152505","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-07T16:06:07Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T17:13:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6a\/Leonard_Bernstein_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg","headline":"American conductor and composer (1918\u20131990)"}</script> </body> </html>