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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Instrumentacija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instrumentacija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Instrumentacija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instrumentacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beethovenov_utjecaj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beethovenov_utjecaj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Beethovenov utjecaj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beethovenov_utjecaj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proširena_instrumentacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proširena_instrumentacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Proširena instrumentacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proširena_instrumentacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest_orkestra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest_orkestra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Povijest orkestra</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Povijest_orkestra-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Povijest orkestra</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Povijest_orkestra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dvorovi_i_kazališta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dvorovi_i_kazališta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dvorovi i kazališta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dvorovi_i_kazališta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uspon_simfonije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uspon_simfonije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Uspon simfonije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uspon_simfonije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolucija_puhača" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolucija_puhača"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Revolucija puhača</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolucija_puhača-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izbirljiva_publika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izbirljiva_publika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Izbirljiva publika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izbirljiva_publika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamo_iz_krize?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamo_iz_krize?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Kamo iz krize?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamo_iz_krize?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orkestar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 100 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchester" title="Orchester – švicarski njemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Orchester" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="švicarski njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="أوركسترا – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوركسترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9F%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܐܘܪܟܝܣܛܪܐ – aramejski" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܪܟܝܣܛܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوركسترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوركسترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquesta" title="Orquesta – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orquesta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestr" title="Orkestr – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orkestr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="اورکستر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورکستر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Аркестр – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аркестр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Оркестър – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оркестър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2" title="ঐকবাদনদল – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঐকবাদনদল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestar" title="Orkestar – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Orkestar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquestra" title="Orquestra – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orquestra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ئۆرکێسترا – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆرکێسترا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestr" title="Orchestr – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Orchestr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Оркестр – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оркестр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkester" title="Orkester – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Orkester" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchester" title="Orchester – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orchester" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestra" title="Orkestra – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Orkestra" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AE%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Ορχήστρα – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορχήστρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Orchestra" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestro" title="Orkestro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orkestro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquesta" title="Orquesta – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orquesta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkester" title="Orkester – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orkester" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestra" title="Orkestra – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orkestra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ارکستر – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارکستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkesteri" title="Orkesteri – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orkesteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestur" title="Orkestur – ferojski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Orkestur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ferojski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre" title="Orchestre – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orchestre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkest" title="Orkest – zapadnofrizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Orkest" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadnofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceolfhoireann" title="Ceolfhoireann – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceolfhoireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%BC%A6%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98" title="管弦樂團 – gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="管弦樂團" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ork%C3%A8s" title="Orkès – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Orkès" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquestra" title="Orquestra – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orquestra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbopuvaaty" title="Mbopuvaaty – gvaranski" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbopuvaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="תזמורת – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תזמורת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenekar" title="Zenekar – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zenekar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Նվագախումբ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նվագախումբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkes" title="Orkes – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orkes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre" title="Orchestre – interligua" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Orchestre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interligua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestro" title="Orkestro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Orkestro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlj%C3%B3msveit" title="Hljómsveit – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hljómsveit" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9" title="オーケストラ – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーケストラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakeschra" title="Aakeschra – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aakeschra" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestra" title="Orkestra – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Orkestra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ორკესტრი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორკესტრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Оркестр – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оркестр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಗೋಷ್ಠಿಗಾನ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೋಷ್ಠಿಗಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%80%ED%98%84%EC%95%85%EB%8B%A8" title="관현악단 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="관현악단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Оркестр – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оркестр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkes" title="Orkes – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Orkes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestras" title="Orkestras – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orkestras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C4%B7estris" title="Orķestris – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Orķestris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Оркестар – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оркестар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="ഓർകെസ്ട്ര – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓർകെസ്ട്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Найрал хөгжим – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Найрал хөгжим" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestra" title="Orkestra – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orkestra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="သံစုံတီးဝိုင်းကြီး – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံစုံတီးဝိုင်းကြီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="अर्केस्त्रा – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अर्केस्त्रा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkest" title="Orkest – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orkest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkester" title="Orkester – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Orkester" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkester" title="Orkester – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orkester" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orqu%C3%A8stra" title="Orquèstra – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Orquèstra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestru" title="Orkestru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Orkestru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkiestra" title="Orkiestra – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orkiestra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquestra" title="Orquestra – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orquestra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatawaki" title="Yatawaki – kečuanski" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yatawaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestr%C4%83_simfonic%C4%83" title="Orchestră simfonică – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orchestră simfonică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Оркестер – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Оркестер" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Оркестр – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оркестр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra – sicilijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkeasttar" title="Orkeasttar – sjeverni sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Orkeasttar" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sjeverni sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestar" title="Orkestar – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Orkestar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchester" title="Orchester – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Orchester" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkester" title="Orkester – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Orkester" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Оркестар – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оркестар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchester" title="Orchester – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Orchester" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkester" title="Orkester – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Orkester" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="சேர்ந்திசை – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சேர்ந்திசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Оркестр – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оркестр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="ออร์เคสตรา – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออร์เคสตรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestra" title="Orkestra – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Orkestra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestra" title="Orkestra – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orkestra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Оркестр – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оркестр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ork%C3%A9str" title="Orkéstr – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Orkéstr" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Оркестр – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оркестр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="آرکسٹرا – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آرکسٹرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestr" title="Orkestr – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Orkestr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Orchestra" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0n_nh%E1%BA%A1c_giao_h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Dàn nhạc giao hưởng – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dàn nhạc giao hưởng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkestra" title="Orkestra – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Orkestra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%BC%A6%E4%B9%90%E5%9B%A2" title="管弦乐团 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="管弦乐团" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="ארקעסטער – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארקעסטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%BC%A6%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98" title="管弦樂團 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="管弦樂團" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A1n-hi%C3%A2n-ga%CC%8Dk-tho%C3%A2n" title="Koán-hiân-ga̍k-thoân – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Koán-hiân-ga̍k-thoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%BC%A6%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98" title="管弦樂團 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="管弦樂團" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42998#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orkestar" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Orkestar" rel="discussion" title="Razgovorna stranica [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown 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href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&printable=yes" title="Inačica za ispis ove stranice [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inačica za ispis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedijini projekti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Orchestras" hreflang="en"><span>Zajednički poslužitelj</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42998" title="Poveznica na stavku na projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Eindhoven4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Eindhoven4.jpg/300px-Eindhoven4.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Eindhoven4.jpg/450px-Eindhoven4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Eindhoven4.jpg/600px-Eindhoven4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Nizozemski klasični orkestar O&U u Eindhovenu</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Orkestar</b> je instrumentalni glazbeni ansambl koji je obično prilično velik, najčešće sa sekcijama gudača, limenih glazbala, drvenih puhačkih glazbala, uglavnom i s udaraljkama. Izraz <i><b>orkestar</b></i> dolazi od naziva za mjesto ispred starogrčkih kazališnih pozornica rezerviranih za kor. Orkestar je kroz 17. i 18. stoljeće prolazio kroz razdoblje rasta u broju članova, ali se u sastavu tijekom 20. stoljeća promijenio jako malo. </p><p>Puni orkestar (od oko 100 članova) ponekad se može nazivati <b>simfonijskim</b> ili <b>filharmonijskim orkestrom</b>; ti prefiksi ne označavaju nikakvu strogu razliku bilo u instrumentalnom sastavu ili ulozi orkestra, ali mogu biti u razlikovanju različitih ansambala koji se nalaze u istom gradu (primjerice, Londonski simfonijski orkestar i Londonski filharmonijski orkestar). Simfonijski orkestar obično u sastavu ima preko 80 glazbenika, u nekim slučajevima i iznad stotinu, ali stvaran broj glazbenika angažiranih u izvođenju određenog glazbenog djela može se razlikovati prema tome što izvode i veličini prostora na kojem izvode. Vodeći komorni orkestar može imati preko 50 članova, dok su drugi puno manji od toga. </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentacija">Instrumentacija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Instrumentacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Instrumentacija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tipičan simfonijski orkestar ima četiri proporcionalne skupine sličnih <a href="/wiki/Glazbeni_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Glazbeni instrument">instrumenata</a>, koji se u notnom zapisu u pravilu pojavljuju ovim redom (brojevi su navedeni samo radi proporcionalnosti): </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Drveni_puha%C4%8Dki_instrumenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Drveni puhački instrumenti">drveni puhački instrumenti</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pikolo" title="Pikolo">pikolo</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta">flaute</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Oboa" title="Oboa">oboe</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Engleski_rog" title="Engleski rog">engleski rog</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet">klarineta</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Bas_klarinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas klarinet">bas klarinet</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/Fagot" title="Fagot">fagota</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Kontrafagot" title="Kontrafagot">kontrafagot</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Limeni_puha%C4%8Dki_instrumenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Limeni puhački instrumenti">limeni puhački instrumenti</a></b> 2* do 8 <a href="/wiki/Rog_(glazbalo)" title="Rog (glazbalo)">rogova</a>*, 2* do 5 <a href="/wiki/Truba" title="Truba">truba</a>*, 2 do 3 <a href="/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon">trombona</a>, 1 do 2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bas_trombon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bas trombon (stranica ne postoji)">bas trombona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Udaraljke" title="Udaraljke">udaraljke</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Dobo%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Doboš">doboš</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bas_bubanj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bas bubanj (stranica ne postoji)">bas bubanj</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cinele" title="Činele">činele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trokut_(glazbalo)" title="Trokut (glazbalo)">trokut</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celesta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celesta (stranica ne postoji)">celesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ksilofon" title="Ksilofon">ksilofon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gong</a>, i mnogi drugi.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDi%C4%8Dani_instrumenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Žičani instrumenti">Žičani instrumenti</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Harfa" title="Harfa">harfe</a>, 16 do 30 <a href="/wiki/Violina" title="Violina">violina</a>*, 8 do 12 <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>*, 8 do 12 <a href="/wiki/Violon%C4%8Delo" title="Violončelo">violončela</a>*, i 5 do 8 <a href="/wiki/Kontrabas" title="Kontrabas">kontrabasova</a>*.</li></ul> <p>Orkestar povremeno sadrži i značajnije puhačke instrumente, kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufonij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eufonij (stranica ne postoji)">eufonij</a>, alt saksofon, alt klarinet i bariton rog. </p><p>Instrumenti označeni zvjezdicom smatraju se "jezgrom" simfonijskih orkestara i samo se u najrjeđim slučajevima, u većini simfonijske literature, ne koriste. Druga navedena glazbala smatraju se "pomoćnima" i manje često su potrebna, ali još uvijek ih se smatra "standardnima". Simfonijski radovi iz kasnog 19. stoljeća koji zahtijevalu <i>sve</i> pomoćne instrumente, kao i velik broj gudača, obično u svom punom naslovu uključuju frazu "za <b>veliki</b> orkestar". Primjerice, <i>Ein Heldenleben</i> Richarda Straussa. </p><p>Danas <a href="/wiki/Glazbenik" title="Glazbenik">glazbenici</a> obično sviraju pod palicom <a href="/wiki/Dirigent" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigent">dirigenta</a>, ali nekada orkestri nisu imali dirigenta nego su slijedili prvu violinu ili <a href="/wiki/Harfa" title="Harfa">harfista</a> koji je radi toga svirao <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" class="mw-redirect" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a>. I neki moderni orkestri sviraju bez dirigenta, pogotovo ako nisu veliki ili ako žele povijesno točno izvesti <a href="/wiki/Barokna_glazba" title="Barokna glazba">baroknu glazbu</a> i glazbu ranijih razdoblja. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Simfonija" title="Simfonija">Simfonijski</a> orkestri na svom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Repertoar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repertoar (stranica ne postoji)">repertoaru</a> najčešće imaju zapadnu <a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_glazba" title="Klasična glazba">klasičnu glazbu</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operu</a>. Ipak, koriste se i za <a href="/wiki/Popularna_glazba" class="mw-redirect" title="Popularna glazba">popularnu glazbu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beethovenov_utjecaj">Beethovenov utjecaj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Beethovenov utjecaj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Beethovenov utjecaj"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:FHM-Choir-Orchestra-mk2006-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/FHM-Choir-Orchestra-mk2006-04.jpg/300px-FHM-Choir-Orchestra-mk2006-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/FHM-Choir-Orchestra-mk2006-04.jpg/450px-FHM-Choir-Orchestra-mk2006-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/FHM-Choir-Orchestra-mk2006-04.jpg/600px-FHM-Choir-Orchestra-mk2006-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Orkestar sa zborom (<i>chorus</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Tzv. "standardni dodatak" dvostrukih puhača i limenih instrumenata u orkestru iz prve polovice 19. stoljeća obično se smatra zaslugom Ludwiga van Beethovena. S iznimkom njegove Četvrte simfonije i Koncerta za violinu i orkestar (koja specificira jednu flautu), skladateljeva instrumentacija gotovo je uvijek u djelo stavljala parove flauta, oboa, klarineta, fagota, rogova i truba. Proširenje ove pojedinačne "palete boje zvuka" u Trećoj, Petoj, Šestoj i Devetoj simfoniji Beethoven je pažljivo proračunao radi inovativnog efekta. Treći rog u Trećoj simfoniji "Eroica" služi ne samo harmonijskoj fleksibilnosti, nego i za efekt "zbornog" limenog instrumenta u Triju. Pikolo, kontrafagot i tromboni dodaju se u trijumfalnom finalu njegove Pete simfonije. Pikolo i par trombona pomaču prikazati oluju i sjaj sunca u Šestoj simfoniji, a Deveta simfonija zahtijeva drugi par rogova zbog razloga sličnih onim u Eroici (od tada su četiri roga postala standard); Beethovenovo korištenje pikola, kontrafagota, trombona i ritamskih udaraljki zajedno sa zborom i vokalnim solistima - u finalu Devete simfonije najranija su naznaka da se timbralne granice simfonije trebaju proširiti. Ali nekoliko desetljeća nakon njegove smrti, simfonijska instrumentacija ostala je vjerna Beethovenovu utvrđenu modelu, sa samo nekoliko iznimki. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proširena_instrumentacija"><span id="Pro.C5.A1irena_instrumentacija"></span>Proširena instrumentacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Proširena instrumentacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Proširena instrumentacija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dodatni instrumenti ne smatraju se standardnima, ali se povremeno koriste. Najčešći primjer za to su saksofon, flugelhorn, kornet, eufonij, čembalo, Wagnerova tuba, harmonika, mandolina, gitara, sitara, orgulje i harmonij. Saksofoni se primjerice koriste u dijelu repertoara 19. i 20. stoljeća. U nekim radovima, npr. u orkestraciji Mauricea Ravela i Modesta Musorgskog kao solo instrument, a u Rahmanjinovljevim Slavenskim plesovima i Ravelovom Boleru kao dio orkestralnog ansambla. Na sličan način se eufonij pojavljuje u nekoliko romantičnih skladbi, kao i u klasičnoj glazbi 20. stoljeća, a korneti u baletu Labuđe jezero Čajkovskog, Debussyjevoj skladbi La Mer, i nekoliko orkestralnih djela Hectora Berlioza. Za te uloge orkestri zovu slobodne umjetnike izvođače, osim ako određeni nestandardan instrument također svira neki drugi član orkestra (npr. trombonist može u raznim odlomcima prijeći na sviranje dionice za eufonij). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest_orkestra">Povijest orkestra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Povijest orkestra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest orkestra"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dvorovi_i_kazališta"><span id="Dvorovi_i_kazali.C5.A1ta"></span>Dvorovi i kazališta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Dvorovi i kazališta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dvorovi i kazališta"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orkestar je u početku bio luksuz za aristokrate. Izvodio je privatne koncerte na dvorovima <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">talijanskih</a> kraljeva i plemića. Stanje se promijenilo u 17. stoljeću, kad su počele orkestralne izvedbe u kazalištima Italije i zatim <a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka">Njemačke</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> sagradili su opere, dok je <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> donio procvat <a href="/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska">engleske</a> opere. <a href="/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska">Francuskom</a> je drmao <a href="/wiki/Lully" class="mw-redirect" title="Lully">Lully</a>, koji je uz pomoć <a href="/wiki/Moliere" class="mw-redirect" title="Moliere">Molierea</a> znatno podigao ugled <a href="/wiki/Balet" title="Balet">baletu</a>, uz instrumentalnu i vokalnu glazbu. </p><p>Za orkestre u <a href="/wiki/17._stolje%C4%87e" title="17. stoljeće">17. stoljeću</a> i na početku <a href="/wiki/18._stolje%C4%87e" title="18. stoljeće">18. stoljeća</a> ljudi su se prikupljali odasvud. Skladatelj kao što je <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> imao je na raspolaganju gotovo sve gradske glazbenike, dok je <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel">Georg Friedrich Händel</a> unajmljivao najbolje glazbenike do kojih je mogao doći. Zato se u to doba cijenila sposobnost skladatelja da preradi svoja djela kako bi najbolje iskoristio kvalitetne pjevače ili glazbenike koji su bili pri ruci. Tako bi Händel gotovo svake godine skladao novu verziju svog slavnog oratorija <i><a href="/wiki/Mesija" title="Mesija">Mesija</a></i>. </p><p>S vremenom su plemići počeli stvarati svoje privatne družine glazbenika. Skladatelji kao što je bio mladi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Franz Joseph Haydn</a> mogli su stalno raditi s istim glazbenicima. S druge strane, putujući virtuozi skladali su koncerte koji su isticali njihove izvođačke vještine, pa su putovali iz grada u grad i održavali koncerte gdje god su mogli. </p><p>Dakle, umjesto građanskog skladatelja koji je na raspolaganju imao određeno vrijeme i kontrolu nad glazbenicima, pojavili su se dvorski kompozitori i genijalni izvođači. Zbog toga se javila potreba za glazbom koju je lako naučiti i koja se ne mora mnogo vježbati. To je opet dovelo do promjene u glazbenom stilu i naglaska na novim umijećima. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uspon_simfonije">Uspon simfonije</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Uspon simfonije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Uspon simfonije"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> je imao jedan od najslavnijih orkestara tog doba, koji je u svojim notnim zapisima imao oznake dinamike i fraziranja, što je dotad bilo vrlo rijetko. Osim toga, umjesto složenog <a href="/wiki/Kontrapunkt" title="Kontrapunkt">kontrapunkta</a> razdoblja <a href="/wiki/Barok" title="Barok">baroka</a>, počela se radije koristiti čista <a href="/wiki/Melodija" title="Melodija">melodija</a>, koja će kasnije dovesti do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasi%C4%8Dni_stil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasični stil (stranica ne postoji)">klasičnog stila</a>. </p><p>Tijekom cijele druge polovice <a href="/wiki/18._stolje%C4%87e" title="18. stoljeće">18. stoljeća</a>, skladatelji su bili prisiljeni okupljati glazbenike za izvedbu, koja se nazivala "akademija" i izvodila (naravno) njihove skladbe. Ipak, 1781. godine, koncertna udruga trgovaca osnovala je orkestar Leipzig Gewandhaus, što je bio prvi korak prema građanskim orkestrima koji će se namnožiti u <a href="/wiki/19._stolje%C4%87e" title="19. stoljeće">19. stoljeću</a>. U Bostonu je 1818. godine osnovano društvo "Handel and Haydn Society", Njujorška je filharmonija stvorena 1842. godine, a Bečka filharmonija i engleski orkestar Hallé 1848. godine. Iako su operne kuće i prije imale stalne družine glazbenika, oni nisu svirali koncertnu glazbu. Novi su orkestri potakli skladanje <a href="/wiki/Simfonija" title="Simfonija">simfonija</a> i drugih čisto instrumentalnih oblika. To su ohrabrivali skladatelji/kritičari kao što je bio <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Theodor_Amadeus_Hoffmann" title="Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a>, koji je izjavio kako instrumentalna glazba predstavlja "najčistiji oblik" glazbe. </p><p>Dirigent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Habeneck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Habeneck (stranica ne postoji)">François Habeneck</a> je 1830-ih godina izabrao skupinu glazbenika s kojima je počeo uvježbavati Beethovenove simfonije, koje dotad još nisu bile sve izvedene u Parizu. Razradio je tehnike za zasebno uvježbavanje gudača, bilježio je napomene kako treba svirati, te je razvio više tehnika za orkestralne signale koje su se proširile diljem Europe. Njegov prijatelj i suparnik <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a> usvojio je mnoge od tih inovacija za svoje europske turneje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolucija_puhača"><span id="Revolucija_puha.C4.8Da"></span>Revolucija puhača</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Revolucija puhača" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Revolucija puhača"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istodobno je došlo do brze standardizacije instrumenata. Kad su Stolzel i Blilmel, obojica iz Šleske, izumili ventil za puhačke instrumente <a href="/wiki/1815." title="1815.">1815.</a> godine, to je bila prva u nizu novosti: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theobald_Boehm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theobald Boehm (stranica ne postoji)">Theobald Boehm</a> je uveo ventile za flautu, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Sax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolphe Sax (stranica ne postoji)">Adolphe Sax</a> je unaprijedio drvene puhačke instrumente. Zbog toga je <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a> napisao slavni esej o "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumentacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instrumentacija (stranica ne postoji)">instrumentaciji</a>" (korištenju instrumentalnog zvuka kao ekspresivnog elementa glazbe). </p><p>Odmah su se osjetile posljedice tih izuma: graditelji instrumenata u svim zemljama pomagali su jedni drugima da iskoriste i usavrše te novosti; ubrzo je orkestar dobio novu granu instrumenata s ventilima, koji su poznati kao <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariton_(glazbalo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bariton (glazbalo) (stranica ne postoji)">eufonij</a> i <a href="/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon">trombon</a>, te koji imaju kromatsku ljestvicu i zvučan ton velike ljepote i goleme snage, čime se dobiva veličanstven bas. To je omogućilo i skladnije sviranje nota ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intonacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intonacija (stranica ne postoji)">intonaciju</a>, što je opet dovelo do sve "glađeg" orkestralnog zvuka, koji je dosegao vrhunac 1950-ih godina (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Ormandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Ormandy (stranica ne postoji)">Eugene Ormandy</a> i Filadelfijski simfoničari, dirigent <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>). </p><p>Tijekom prijelaznog razdoblja s novim instrumentima, koji su olakšali izvođenje teških djela, mnogi su skladatelji (a među njima i Wagner i Berlioz) zahtijevali da se za njihove skladbe koriste "prirodne" kromatske stanke umjesto ventila. Ipak, instrumenti s ventilima su malo-pomalo postali standardni, te su se koristili posvuda, sve do ponovnog buđenja starih instrumenata u suvremenoj težnji za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autenti%C4%8Dna_izvedba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autentična izvedba (stranica ne postoji)">autentičnom izvedbom</a> ili "historijski svjesnom izvedbom". </p><p>Kad su uvedeni stalni orkestri, kao i nova lepeza puhačkih instrumenata, te njihova nova sposobnost da se usklade međusobno, puhači su se mogli lakše okupiti. Osim toga, stvoren je profesionalni okvir u kojem su glazbenici mogli stalno vježbati i izvoditi ista djela, pa je mogao nastati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Repertoar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repertoar (stranica ne postoji)">repertoar</a> instrumentalne glazbe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izbirljiva_publika">Izbirljiva publika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Izbirljiva publika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izbirljiva publika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pomalo je ironično što je sljedeće veliko proširenje simfonijske prakse poteklo iz Wagnerova orkestra u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayreuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayreuth (stranica ne postoji)">Bayreuthu</a>, koji je osnovan da izvodi njegove glazbene drame. Wagner je morao imati cijelu vojsku skladatelja i pisara za svoje složene partiture, te je imao posebnu ulogu za dirigenta, koju je opisao u svom utjecajnom eseju "O dirigiranju". To je izazvalo revoluciju u orkestru i postavilo stil orkestralnih izvedaba za sljedećih osamdeset godina. Wagnerove su teorije promijenile tempo, dinamiku, svirku gudača i ulogu prve violine u orkestru. Dirigenti koji su proučavali njegove metode i sami su postali utjecajni. </p><p>Početkom <a href="/wiki/20._stolje%C4%87e" title="20. stoljeće">20. stoljeća</a>, simfonijski su orkestri bili veći, bolje financirani i bolje uvježbani nego ikad prije, pa su kompozitori mogli skladati veća i ambicioznija djela za njih. Kad je počelo doba snimljene glazbe, standard izvedaba dosegao je vrhunac, a vrijeme kad je bilo dovoljno što bolje "progurati" glazbu postalo je prošlost. S obzirom na to da su snimke otkrivale i najmanje greške u studijskoj izvedbi, te kako su ih slušali ljudi koji inače nikad ne bi mogli doći do dalekog grada gdje se izvedba održala, slušatelji su mogli uspoređivati izvedbe iz raznih desetljeća. Zbog toga se sve veća pozornost obraćala na dirigente i kvalitetne orkestre. </p><p>U dvadesetim i tridesetim godinama 20. stoljeća, ekonomski i umjetnički čimbenici doveli su do stvaranja malih koncertnih društava, pogotovo društava koja su izvodila avangardnu glazbu (na primjer, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinski" title="Igor Stravinski">Igora Stravinskog</a> i <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg">Arnolda Schönberga</a>). Ta tendencija osnivanja festivalskih orkestara i specijaliziranih skupina izrazila se i kroz osnivanje ljetnih glazbenih festivala i orkestara za izvođenje manjih djela. </p><p>Kad je krenuo pokret ljubitelja stare glazbe, pojavili su se mnogi orkestri gdje su glazbenici za sviranje koristili stilove koje su naučili iz proučavanja starih priručnika. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamo_iz_krize?"><span id="Kamo_iz_krize.3F"></span>Kamo iz krize?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Kamo iz krize?" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kamo iz krize?"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krajem 20. stoljeća došlo je do krize financiranja i potpore za orkestre u Sjedinjenim Državama i (nešto manje) u Europi. Veličina i trošak simfonijskog orkestra, u usporedbi s veličinom publike, postali su problem koji je udario u samu srž te institucije. Kako su prihodi od snimanja klasične glazbe drastično pali, što je uvelike posljedica promjena u samom snimanju, počelo je razdoblje promjena kojem se još ne vidi kraj. Kritičari kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Lebrecht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Lebrecht (stranica ne postoji)">Norman Lebrecht</a> tvrde da problem leži u "jet-setu", orkestralnom repertoaru i upravi, dok drugi glazbeni stručnjaci, kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Tilson_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Tilson Thomas (stranica ne postoji)">Michael Tilson Thomas</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Essa-Pekka_Salonen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essa-Pekka Salonen (stranica ne postoji)">Essa-Pekka Salonen</a>, kažu da nova glazba, novi načini izvođenja i nov odnos prema zajednici mogu ponovo oživjeti simfonijski orkestar. </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-naslov"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-variant:small-caps; ;;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Orkestralna_glazbala" title="Predložak:Orkestralna glazbala"><span title="Vidi ovaj predložak." style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> • <a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Orkestralna_glazbala&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;;border:none;;" title="Možete urediti ovaj predložak. Prije spremanja provjerite kako će izgledati.">u</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glazbala u orkestru</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;">Standardni postav</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Violina" title="Violina">Violina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a> • <a href="/wiki/Violon%C4%8Delo" title="Violončelo">Violončelo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kontrabas" title="Kontrabas">Kontrabas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flauta" title="Flauta">Flauta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oboa" title="Oboa">Oboa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Engleski_rog" title="Engleski rog">Engleski rog</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pikolo" title="Pikolo">Pikolo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Klarinet" title="Klarinet">Klarinet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fagot" title="Fagot">Fagot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Truba" title="Truba">Truba</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kornet" title="Kornet">Kornet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rog_(glazbalo)" title="Rog (glazbalo)">Rog</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trombon" title="Trombon">Trombon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tuba</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cinele" title="Činele">Činele</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dobo%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Doboš">Doboš</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bas_bubanj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bas bubanj (stranica ne postoji)">Bas bubanj</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalofon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metalofon (stranica ne postoji)">Metalofon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ksilofon" title="Ksilofon">Ksilofon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trokut_(glazbalo)" title="Trokut (glazbalo)">Trokut</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zvona" class="mw-disambig" title="Zvona">Zvona</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;">Dodatna glazbala</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_gitara" title="Klasična gitara">Klasična gitara</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tamburin" title="Tamburin">Tamburin</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenor_bubanj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenor bubanj (stranica ne postoji)">Tenor bubanj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Orgulje" title="Orgulje">Orgulje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glasovir" title="Glasovir">Glasovir</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cembalo" title="Čembalo">Čembalo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saksofon" title="Saksofon">Saksofon</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&oldid=6543858">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orkestar&oldid=6543858</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Glazbena_teorija" title="Kategorija:Glazbena teorija">Glazbena teorija</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Klasi%C4%8Dna_glazba" title="Kategorija:Klasična glazba">Klasična glazba</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 8. prosinca 2022. u 11:28.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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