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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-簡介" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#簡介"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>簡介</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-簡介-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-官职与品秩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#官职与品秩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>官职与品秩</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-官职与品秩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>列表</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-列表-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关列表子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-四川" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#四川"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>四川</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-四川-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-西康" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西康"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>西康</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西康-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雲南" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雲南"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>雲南</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雲南-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-貴州" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#貴州"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>貴州</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-貴州-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-廣西" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#廣西"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>廣西</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-廣西-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-廣東" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#廣東"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>廣東</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-廣東-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-湖廣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#湖廣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>湖廣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-湖廣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-甘肅" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#甘肅"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>甘肅</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-甘肅-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文学作品" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文学作品"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>文学作品</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文学作品-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">土司</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。13种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2" title="ཐུའུ་སི – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐུའུ་སི" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchu-s%E2%80%99" title="Tchu-s’ – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tchu-s’" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tusi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tusi" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi_(chef_tribal)" title="Tusi (chef tribal) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tusi (chef tribal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tusi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tusi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8" title="土司 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="土司" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EC%82%AC" title="토사 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tusi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tusi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ถู่ซือ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถู่ซือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_ty" title="Thổ ty – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thổ ty" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1151000#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="关于此页面的讨论（页面不存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button 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.ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2015年3月18日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%22">"土司"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>本條目是講述東亞歷史上的官名。關於一种麵包，請見<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E5%8F%B8" title="吐司">吐司</a>。</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9C%A8%E5%BA%9C%E8%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%85.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E6%9C%A8%E5%BA%9C%E8%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%85.JPG/250px-%E6%9C%A8%E5%BA%9C%E8%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%85.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E6%9C%A8%E5%BA%9C%E8%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%85.JPG/375px-%E6%9C%A8%E5%BA%9C%E8%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%85.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E6%9C%A8%E5%BA%9C%E8%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%85.JPG/500px-%E6%9C%A8%E5%BA%9C%E8%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%85.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BD%E6%B1%9F%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8" title="丽江土司">丽江土司</a>木府议事厅</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BC%A0%E5%AE%B6%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E5%BC%A0%E5%AE%B6%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.JPG/250px-%E5%BC%A0%E5%AE%B6%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E5%BC%A0%E5%AE%B6%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.JPG/375px-%E5%BC%A0%E5%AE%B6%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E5%BC%A0%E5%AE%B6%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.JPG/500px-%E5%BC%A0%E5%AE%B6%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>张家界土司城</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BF%AF%E7%9E%B0%E6%81%A9%E6%96%BD%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%E4%BF%AF%E7%9E%B0%E6%81%A9%E6%96%BD%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.jpg/250px-%E4%BF%AF%E7%9E%B0%E6%81%A9%E6%96%BD%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%E4%BF%AF%E7%9E%B0%E6%81%A9%E6%96%BD%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.jpg/375px-%E4%BF%AF%E7%9E%B0%E6%81%A9%E6%96%BD%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/%E4%BF%AF%E7%9E%B0%E6%81%A9%E6%96%BD%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.jpg/500px-%E4%BF%AF%E7%9E%B0%E6%81%A9%E6%96%BD%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%9F%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>恩施土司城九进堂</figcaption></figure> <p><b>土司</b>是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>邊疆的官職，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a>始置，用于封授给<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="西北 (中國)">西北</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国西南地区">西南</a>地区的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="少数民族">少数民族</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="部族">部族</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%9B%AE_(%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="頭目 (原住民族)">頭目</a>。 </p><p>受中國文化的影響，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%BB%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="後黎朝">後黎朝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D" title="阮朝">阮朝</a>也在其北部少數民族山區設立類似的土司制度，委任部族首領進行統治<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。中國和西方都有學者將土司制度與美國聯邦政府對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E5%9C%B0" title="印第安保留地">印第安保留地</a>比較的描述<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="簡介"><span id=".E7.B0.A1.E4.BB.8B"></span>簡介</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：簡介"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%9C%9F%E6%AD%B8%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="改土歸流">改土歸流</a></div> <p>土司職位可以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%A5%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="世襲">世襲</a>，但是襲官需要獲得<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="朝廷">朝廷</a>批准<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。土司對朝廷承擔一定的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8E%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="税金">稅金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%9C%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="傜役">傜役</a>、并按照<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="朝廷">朝廷</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%95%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="敕令">敕令</a>提供军队；对内维持其作为部族首领的统治权力。《明史·職官志一》：「凡土司之官九级，自从三（从三品）之袭替，胥从其俗。附寨之官，自都督至镇抚，凡十四等，皆以诰敕辨其伪冒。」 </p><p>元朝的土司有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E6%85%B0%E4%BD%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="宣慰使">宣慰使</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E6%92%AB%E4%BD%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="宣撫使">宣撫使</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%92%AB%E4%BD%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="安撫使">安撫使</a>三種武官職務。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>沿置土司，自明朝起，增加了土<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E5%BA%9C" title="知府">知府</a>、土<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="知州">知州</a>、土<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E5%8E%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="知县">知县</a>三种文官职务。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%9D%E5%AE%97" title="明孝宗">明孝宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%98%E6%B2%BB_(%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D)" class="mw-redirect" title="弘治 (明朝)">弘治</a>五年（1492年）设置廣西慶遠府永順正<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%98%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长官司（页面不存在）">长官司</a>。共十九任世袭长官，至清<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="雍正">雍正</a>時（1726年）實行<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%9C%9F%E5%BD%92%E6%B5%81" title="改土归流">改土歸流</a>。 </p><p>明<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90" title="永乐">永樂</a>十一年，思南宣慰使<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E5%AE%97%E9%BC%8E" title="田宗鼎">田宗鼎</a>与思州宣慰使<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E7%90%9B" title="田琛">田琛</a>因争地叛亂，互相厮殺。亂事平定后，於當地設置<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%83%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="贵州布政使司">贵州布政使司</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，揭开<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%9C%9F%E6%AD%B8%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="改土歸流">改土歸流</a>的序幕。明<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="萬曆">萬曆</a>二十九年（1601年），<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%AD%E5%B7%9E%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="播州之役">播州之役</a>后，以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%92%AD%E5%B7%9E%E5%AE%A3%E6%85%B0%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="播州宣慰司（页面不存在）">播州宣慰司</a>设<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B5%E4%B9%89%E5%BA%9C" title="遵义府">遵義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%B6%8A%E5%BA%9C" title="平越府">平越</a>二府。遵義府入隶<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="四川">四川</a>，平越府入隶<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="贵州">贵州</a>。明代<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%9C%9F%E6%AD%B8%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="改土歸流">改土歸流</a>政策推行並不彻底，真正大规模的推行，是在清朝。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="雍正">雍正</a>三年，發生的长寨事件，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E8%B4%B5%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="云贵总督">云贵总督</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%85%B6%E5%80%AC" title="高其倬">高其倬</a>於长寨地方仲家族村寨（今贵州贵阳府广顺州）建立营房，遭到攻擊。雍正四年，云贵总督<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0" title="鄂尔泰">鄂尔泰</a>上书，阐述改土歸流的必要，开始了改土歸流的改革进程。将世袭的土司改为由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="朝廷">朝廷</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="科舉">科舉</a>任免的流官。同年五月首先平定贵州长寨土司，设立长寨厅（今贵州长顺）。为了推行改土归流的政策，清朝发动了对<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="少数民族">少数民族</a>的多次战争，但是土司制度直到清朝结束也没有完全消失。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%B4%80%E5%B9%B4" title="民國紀年">民国</a>时期，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="宁夏">宁夏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="青海">青海</a>一带的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%A5%E8%8A%B3" title="马步芳">马步芳</a>武装<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E9%A0%86" class="mw-disambig" title="歸順">歸順</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="国民政府">国民政府</a>，但对于其辖地仍然完全自治。抗日期間，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="國民政府">國民政府</a>退守西南邊陲地區，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="西康">西康</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="云南">云南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="四川">四川</a>成为抗战的大后方。<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A3%E6%97%8F" title="傣族">傣族</a>土司<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E4%BA%AC%E7%89%88" title="刀京版">刀京版</a>、潞江土司<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BF%E5%85%89%E5%A4%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="线光天（页面不存在）">线光天</a>等自發組織民眾抗日。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>成立后，经过<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%BF%E5%8C%AA" title="全国大剿匪">全国大剿匪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="土地改革">土地改革</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="民族区域自治">民族区域自治</a>等阶段，在原本的少数民族聚居地区逐渐建立了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="民族自治地方">民族自治地方</a>的各级政府，原有的世袭土司制度被完全废除。 </p><p>中國歷史最久的土司是雲南傣族的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E9%BE%99%E9%87%91%E6%AE%BF%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="景龙金殿国">景龍金殿國</a>政權，由北宋生存至1950年代。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="官职与品秩"><span id=".E5.AE.98.E8.81.8C.E4.B8.8E.E5.93.81.E7.A7.A9"></span>官职与品秩</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：官职与品秩"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>官职名称</th> <th>品秩 </th></tr> <tr> <td>宣慰司宣慰使</td> <td>从三品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>宣抚司宣抚使</td> <td>从四品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>宣抚司同知</td> <td>正五品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>宣抚司副使</td> <td>从五品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>宣抚司经历</td> <td>从八品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>宣抚司知事</td> <td>正九品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>安抚司安抚使</td> <td>从五品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>长官司长官</td> <td>正六品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>长官司副长官</td> <td>（明）从七品、（清）正七品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土知府</td> <td>从四品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土府同知</td> <td>正五品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土府经历</td> <td>正八品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土府知事</td> <td>正九品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土府照磨</td> <td>从九品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土知州</td> <td>正五品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土州同知</td> <td>从六品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土州判</td> <td>从七品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土知县</td> <td>正七品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土县丞</td> <td>正八品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土主簿</td> <td>正九品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土巡检</td> <td>从九品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土典史</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土驿丞</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土盐课司副使</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土盐井司副使</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土总管</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土寨长</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土目</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土舍</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土营长</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土通事</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土通把</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土巡捕</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土火头</td> <td>未入流 </td></tr> <tr> <td>都指挥使司土都指挥使</td> <td>（明）正二品、（清）正三品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>都指挥使司土都指挥佥事</td> <td>（明）正三品、（清）正四品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土千户</td> <td>正五品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土副千户</td> <td>从五品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土百户</td> <td>正六品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土都司</td> <td>从三品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土守备</td> <td>正五品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土千总</td> <td>从六品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土把总</td> <td>正七品 </td></tr> <tr> <td>土外委</td> <td>从九品 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="列表"><span id=".E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>列表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="四川"><span id=".E5.9B.9B.E5.B7.9D"></span>四川</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：四川"><span>编辑</span></a><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9F%8F%E4%B8%AD&rft.btitle=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E9%98%AE%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E6%8E%A2%E6%9E%90&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftsw.yznu.cn%2F_upload%2Farticle%2Ffiles%2Fdd%2F05%2Ffc83d0234605a95d5036e351cf88%2F149a08b7-5083-47d2-92c1-8bd666018371.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDardess2012" class="citation">Dardess, John, Ming China 1368-1644 A Concise History of A Resilient Empire, Roman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Dardess&rft.btitle=Ming+China+1368-1644+A+Concise+History+of+A+Resilient+Empire&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Roman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.第3頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LI, Jian. (2017). The development of Native Amreican and Guizhou Miao areas: A comparative study. In Priscilla Roberts (Eds.), <i>Bridging the Sino-American Divide: American Studies with Chinese Characteristics</i>. Chapter 22. Newcastle, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《明史紀事本末補編》卷四。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《明史·貴州土司傳》卷三一六。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%9F%AF" title="王柯">王柯</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisixiang.com/data/56817.html">〈大一統帝國的連續性與非連續性――元、明、清的土司制度〉</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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