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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_grapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_grapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>From grapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_grapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Red</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>White</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rosé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rosé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Rosé</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rosé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Orange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sparkling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sparkling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Sparkling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sparkling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dessert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dessert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Dessert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dessert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_other_fruits_and_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_other_fruits_and_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>From other fruits and foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_other_fruits_and_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fruit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Fruit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Honey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Starch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grape_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grape_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grape varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grape_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>European classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Beyond Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vintages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vintages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vintages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vintages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collecting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collecting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collecting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collecting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exporting_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exporting_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Exporting countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exporting_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Culinary uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Religious significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Ancient religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Packaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Professions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forgery_and_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forgery_and_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Forgery and manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forgery_and_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short-term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short-term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Short-term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short-term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Long-term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 174 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">174 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Санэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Санэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyn" title="Wyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wein" title="Wein – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%88%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%A0%E1%8C%85" title="የወይን ጠጅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የወይን ጠጅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABn" title="Wīn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wīn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B0" title="نبيذ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبيذ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%90_(%DC%AB%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%90)" title="ܚܡܪܐ (ܫܬܝܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܡܪܐ (ܫܬܝܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Գինի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գինի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinu" title="Vinu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vinu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="वाइन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="वाइन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaguy" title="Kaguy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kaguy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99rab" title="Şərab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şərab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شراب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شراب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="দ্রাক্ষাসুরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্রাক্ষাসুরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B4-t%C3%B4-chi%C3%BA" title="Phô-tô-chiú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phô-tô-chiú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Шарап – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шарап" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Віно – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Віно – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Віно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arak" title="Arak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Вино – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вино" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wein" title="Wein – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wein" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwin" title="Gwin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дарһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дарһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi" title="Vi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Эрех – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эрех" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alak" title="Alak – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alak" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADno" title="Víno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Víno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayini" title="Wayini – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Wayini" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyo" title="Vinyo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Vinyo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwin" title="Gwin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viidna" title="Viidna – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Viidna" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wein" title="Wein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wino" title="Wino – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wino" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="वाइन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="वाइन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein" title="Vein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF" title="Κρασί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρασί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9n" title="Vén – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vén" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinu" title="Vinu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vinu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardo" title="Ardo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شراب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شراب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" title="Wine – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Wine" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADn" title="Vín – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vín" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyn_(drank)" title="Wyn (drank) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wyn (drank)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADon" title="Fíon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeyn" title="Feeyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Feeyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACon" title="Fìon – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fìon" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B1o" title="Viño – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viño" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="葡萄酒 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="葡萄酒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EC%A3%BC" title="포도주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포도주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Գինի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գինի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wino" title="Wino – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wino" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuman_anggur" title="Minuman anggur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minuman anggur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C3%A6%D0%BD" title="Сæн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сæн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADn" title="Vín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="יין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_(omb%C3%A8n-omb%C3%A8n)" title="Anggur (ombèn-ombèn) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anggur (ombèn-ombèn)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Av%C9%9B%C9%9B_s%CA%8Al%CA%8Am" title="Ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Чагъыр – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Чагъыр" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ღვინო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღვინო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Шарап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шарап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwin" title="Gwin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divai" title="Divai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Divai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diven_(non)" title="Diven (non) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Diven (non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven" title="Ven – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ven" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eerab" title="Şerab – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerab" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Шарап – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шарап" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Чахир – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чахир" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinum" title="Vinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABns" title="Vīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4in" title="Wäin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wäin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vynas" title="Vynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien" title="Wien – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wien" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor_(ital)" title="Bor (ital) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bor (ital)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="वाइन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वाइन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Вино – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вино" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divay" title="Divay – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Divay" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D" title="വീഞ്ഞ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വീഞ്ഞ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8" title="वाईन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वाईन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ღვინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ღვინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="نبيت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نبيت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wain" title="Wain – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_(minuman)" title="Anggur (minuman) – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Anggur (minuman)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bino" title="Bino – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bino" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Дарс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дарс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA)" title="ဝိုင် (အရက်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝိုင် (အရက်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijn" title="Wijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien" title="Wien – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wien" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="वाइन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वाइन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="ワイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80" title="ЧагӀар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЧагӀар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharob" title="Sharob – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sharob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਾਈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wein" title="Wein – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Wein" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شراب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شراب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شراب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شراب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wain" title="Wain – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wain" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6" title="ស្រា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្រា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien_(Drunk)" title="Wien (Drunk) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wien (Drunk)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wino" title="Wino – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wino" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinho" title="Vinho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vinho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winu" title="Winu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Winu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Вино – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вино" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Вино – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вино" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Вино – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вино" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binu" title="Binu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Binu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" title="Wine – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_(pije_alkoolike)" title="Vera (pije alkoolike) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vera (pije alkoolike)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinu" title="Vinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" title="Wine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شراب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شراب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADno" title="Víno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Víno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wino_(nap%C5%8Fwek)" title="Wino (napŏwek) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wino (napŏwek)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شەراب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەراب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Вино – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вино" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino" title="Vino – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vino" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_(inuman)" title="Anggur (inuman) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Anggur (inuman)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viini" title="Viini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alak" title="Alak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வைன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வைன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Шәраб – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шәраб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="వైన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వైన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="ไวน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Бода – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бода" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Earap" title="Şarap – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şarap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobesa" title="Bobesa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Bobesa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Вино – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вино" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Вино – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вино" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شراب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شراب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%86%D9%88" title="ۋىنو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋىنو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeuj_Makit" title="Laeuj Makit – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laeuj Makit" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin" title="Vin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_vang" title="Rượu vang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rượu vang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein" title="Vein – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vein" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9n" title="Vén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyn" title="Wyn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Wyn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bino" title="Bino – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bino" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="葡萄酒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葡萄酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="וויין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="葡萄酒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葡萄酒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eerab" title="Şerab – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şerab" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABns" title="Vīns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vīns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="葡萄酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葡萄酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wain" title="Wain – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Wain" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q282#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wine" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wine (disambiguation)">Wine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Wine</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg/220px-Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg/330px-Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg/440px-Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3073" data-file-height="3073" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Glasses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">white wine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Alcoholic beverage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by volume</a> </span></th><td class="infobox-data">5–16%<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data">Varies; see <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-contact_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin-contact wine">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wine</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drink</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">fermented</a> <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast</a> consumes the <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> in the fruit and converts it to <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, releasing <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> in the process. Wine is most often made from <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, and the term "wine" generally refers to grape wine when used without any qualification. Even so, wine can be made <a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">from a variety of fruit crops</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">currant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sambucus" title="Sambucus">elderberry</a>. </p><p>Different varieties of grapes and <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> of yeasts are major factors in different styles of wine. These differences result from the complex interactions between the <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemical</a> development of the grape, the reactions involved in <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>, the grape's growing environment (<a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a>), and the wine production process. Many countries enact legal <a href="/wiki/Appellation" title="Appellation">appellations</a> intended to define styles and qualities of wine. These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production. </p><p>Wine has been produced for thousands of years. The earliest evidence of wine is from the present-day <a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a> (6000 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Persia</a> (5000 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a> (4000 BCE). <a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World wine</a> has some connection to alcoholic beverages made by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> but is mainly connected to later Spanish traditions in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-[[Georgia_(country)|Georgia]]_made_'world's_oldest_wine'_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[[Georgia_(country)|Georgia]]_made_'world's_oldest_wine'-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archeologyMethodTheory2014322_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archeologyMethodTheory2014322-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, as <a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World wine</a> further developed viticulture techniques, Europe would encompass three of the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">wine-producing regions</a>. Based on statistics gathered by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Vine_and_Wine" title="International Organisation of Vine and Wine">International Organisation of Vine and Wine</a> in 2022 the top five wine producing countries were Italy, France, Spain, the United States, and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wine has long played an important role in religion. <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a> was associated with <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">ancient Egyptians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was used by both the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Cult of Dionysus">cult of Dionysus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Romans</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">Bacchanalia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> also incorporates it in the <a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman wine">Roman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israeli</a> wine cultures are still connected to these ancient roots. Similarly the largest wine regions in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a> have heritages in connection to <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">sacramental wine</a>, likewise, viticulture traditions in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> started within New Spain as <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> friars and monks first produced wines in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_wine" title="New Mexico wine">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Congressional_Serial_Set_1903_p._263_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congressional_Serial_Set_1903_p._263-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-California_Vineyardists_Association_Associated_California_Fruit_Industries_1980_p._8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-California_Vineyardists_Association_Associated_California_Fruit_Industries_1980_p.-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_Kvevri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Georgian_Kvevri.jpg/220px-Georgian_Kvevri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Georgian_Kvevri.jpg/330px-Georgian_Kvevri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Georgian_Kvevri.jpg/440px-Georgian_Kvevri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Georgian clay vessels</a>, historically used in wine making.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg/220px-Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg/330px-Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg/440px-Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">Areni-1 cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> is home to the world's oldest known winery.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></div> <p>The earliest known traces of wine are from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6000</span> BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-archeologyMethodTheory2014322_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archeologyMethodTheory2014322-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-[[Georgia_(country)|Georgia]]_made_'world's_oldest_wine'_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[[Georgia_(country)|Georgia]]_made_'world's_oldest_wine'-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Persia</a>) (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5000</span> BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-indie_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indie-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archaeology96_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeology96-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4100 BCE</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Earliest_known_winery_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earliest_known_winery-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000</span> BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-SicilyGuardian_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SicilyGuardian-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wine reached the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and was consumed and celebrated by ancient civilizations like ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout history, wine has been consumed for its <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">intoxicating effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAC_per_Drink_tables_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAC_per_Drink_tables-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Effects_at_Specific_B.A.C._Levels_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_at_Specific_B.A.C._Levels-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence for grape wine and viniculture, dating to 6000–5800 BCE was found on the territory of modern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both archaeological and genetic evidence suggest that the earliest production of wine outside of Georgia was relatively later, likely having taken place elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Southern Caucasus</a> (which encompasses <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>), or the <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asian</a> region between <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Turkey</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known winery, from 4100 BCE, is the <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">Areni-1 winery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Earliest_known_winery_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earliest_known_winery-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IOAUCLA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOAUCLA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixed with <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Fermented_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented drink">fermented drinks</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in the early years of the seventh millennium BCE. Pottery jars from the Neolithic site of <a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, contained traces of <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric acid</a> and other organic compounds commonly found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Common_hawthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Common hawthorn">hawthorn</a>, cannot be ruled out.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If these drinks, which seem to be the precursors of <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a>, included grapes rather than other fruits, they would have been any of the several dozen indigenous wild species in China, rather than <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>, which was introduced 6000 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_et_al_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_et_al-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li&Bardaji_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li&Bardaji-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cañete_et_al_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cañete_et_al-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archeologyMethodTheory2014322_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archeologyMethodTheory2014322-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, a 2,600-year-old well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenician</a> wine press was excavated at Tell el-Burak, south of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, probably devoted to making wine for trading in their colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread of wine culture westwards was most probably due to the Phoenicians, who spread outward from a base of <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coast centered around modern day <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (as well as including small parts of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Palestine</a> and coastal <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic culture</a> in Sardinia already had a custom of consuming wine before the arrival of the Phoenicians.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wines of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> were exported to Egypt during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> and then throughout the Mediterranean. Evidence for this includes two Phoenician shipwrecks from 750 BCE, found with their cargoes of wine still intact, which were discovered by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the first great traders in wine (<i>cherem</i>), the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of olive oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin, similar to <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">retsina</a>. </p><p>The earliest remains of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Apadana Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> dating back to 515 BCE include carvings depicting soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> subject nations bringing gifts to the Achaemenid king, among them <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> bringing their famous <a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">wine</a>. </p><p>Literary references to wine are abundant in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> (8th century BCE, but possibly relating earlier compositions), <a href="/wiki/Alkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkman">Alkman</a> (7th century BCE), and others. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, six of 36 wine <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphoras</a> were found in the tomb of King <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> bearing the name "Kha'y", a royal chief <a href="/wiki/Vintner" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintner">vintner</a>. Five of these amphoras were designated as originating from the king's personal estate, with the sixth from the estate of the royal house of <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traces of wine have also been found in central Asian <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in modern-day China, dating from the second and first millennia BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:29-autunno,Taccuino_Sanitatis,_Casanatense_4182..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/220px-29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/330px-29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg/440px-29-autunno%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Casanatense_4182..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pressing_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressing wine">Pressing wine</a> after the harvest; <i>Tacuinum Sanitatis</i>, 14th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The first known mention of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>-based wines in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is from the late 4th-century BCE writings of <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>, the chief minister of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>. In his writings, Chanakya condemns the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his court's frequent indulgence of a style of wine known as <i>madhu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_355-356-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">ancient Romans</a> planted vineyards near garrison towns so wine could be produced locally rather than shipped over long distances. Some of these areas are now world-renowned for wine production.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans discovered that burning sulfur candles inside empty wine vessels kept them fresh and free from a <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> smell.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> supported wine because the clergy required it for the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharist (Catholic Church)">Mass</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monks</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> made wine for years, aging it in caves.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_pg_62-63_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_pg_62-63-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining white wine from bastard—bad or tainted <i><a href="/wiki/Bastardo_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastardo (grape)">bastardo</a></i> wine.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the descendants of the sacramental wine were refined for a more palatable taste. This gave rise to modern <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spanish wine</a>, and these wine grape traditions were brought into <a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World wine</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Mission_(grape)" title="Mission (grape)">Mission grapes</a> were brought by Franciscan monks to <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> in 1628 beginning the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_wine" title="New Mexico wine">New Mexico wine</a> heritage, these grapes were also brought to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> which started the <a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">California wine</a> industry. Thanks to Spanish wine culture, these two regions eventually evolved into the oldest and largest producers, respectively, of <a href="/wiki/Wine_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine of the United States">wine of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birchell_Steel_2013_p._40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birchell_Steel_2013_p.-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_Mexico._Office_of_Cultural_Affairs_1995_p._41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Mexico._Office_of_Cultural_Affairs_1995_p.-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viking sagas earlier mentioned a fantastic land filled with wild grapes and high-quality wine called precisely <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Team_2017_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Team_2017-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the Spanish establishing their American wine grape traditions in California and New Mexico, both France and Britain had unsuccessfully attempted to establish grapevines in <a href="/wiki/Florida_wine" title="Florida wine">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_wine" title="Virginia wine">Virginia</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby,_p._462_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby,_p._462-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In East Asia, the first modern wine industry was <a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japanese wine</a>, developed in 1874 after grapevines were brought back from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Word_for_Wine_in_European_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Word_for_Wine_in_European_languages.svg/220px-Word_for_Wine_in_European_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Word_for_Wine_in_European_languages.svg/330px-Word_for_Wine_in_European_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Word_for_Wine_in_European_languages.svg/440px-Word_for_Wine_in_European_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the words for wine in European languages</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This section contains <a href="/wiki/Linear_B_Syllabary" title="Linear B Syllabary">Linear B Unicode characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Linear_B" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Linear B.</div></div> </div> <p>The English word "wine" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*winam</i>, an early borrowing from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>vinum</i>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <i>ღვინო</i> (<i>ghvee-no</i>), "wine", itself derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> stem *<i>win-o-</i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">գինի</span>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:գինի">gini</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οἶνος</span></span> <i>oinos</i>; <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϝ</a>οῖνος</span></span> <i>woinos</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>: <i>wiyana</i>; <a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a>: <i>oino</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest attested terms referring to wine are the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀕𐀶𐀺𐄀𐀚𐀺</span></span> <i>me-tu-wo ne-wo</i> (*<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μέθυϝος νέϝῳ</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "in (the month)" or "(festival) of the new wine", and <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐀺𐀜𐀷𐀴𐀯</span></span> <i>wo-no-wa-ti-si</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "wine garden", written in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linear B also includes, inter alia, an <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideogram</a> for wine, i.e. <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language text"><span lang="gmy">𐂖</span></span>. </p><p>The ultimate Indo-European origin of the word is the subject of some continued debate. Some scholars have noted the similarities between the words for wine in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (e.g. Armenian <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:գինի">gini</a></i>, Latin <i>vinum</i>, Ancient Greek οἶνος, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> вино <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[vʲɪˈno]</a></span>), <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:ღვინო">ღვინო</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[ˈɣvino]</a></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> (<i>*wayn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> יין <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[jajin]</a></span>), pointing to the possibility of a common origin of the word denoting "wine" in these language families.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Georgian word goes back to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Kartvelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Kartvelian">Proto-Kartvelian</a> *<i>ɣwino</i>-,<sup id="cite_ref-klimov_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klimov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is either a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a><sup id="cite_ref-klimov_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klimov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-as1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-an1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-an1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or the lexeme was specifically borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Armenian">Proto-Armenian</a> *<i>ɣʷeinyo</i>-, whence Armenian <i>gini</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-klimov_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klimov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An alternate hypothesis by Fähnrich supposes *<i>ɣwino</i>-, a native Kartvelian word derived from the verbal root *<i>ɣun</i>- ('to bend').<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Kartvelian/%C9%A3wino-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Kartvelian/ɣwino-">*<i>ɣwino</i>-</a> for more. All these theories place the origin of the word in the same geographical location, South Caucasus, that has been established based on archeological and biomolecular studies as the origin of viticulture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_wine">Types of wine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wine types: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a>, made from blue grapes with skins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a>, made from green grapes or destemmed blue grapes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a>, made from blue grapes, where the skins are sorted from early in the <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> process or rosé wine can also be made from rosé wine grape varieties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange wine</a>, made from white wine grapes where the grape skins are not removed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling wine</a>, made from both green and blue grapes. <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a> is made from <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">pinot noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_Meunier" title="Pinot Meunier">pinot meunier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">chardonnay</a> around <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a>, wine with a higher alcohol content than the other types.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice wine</a>, wine with a characteristically sweet taste and low alcohol content.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert wine</a>, are sweet wines that are typically served with a dessert.</li></ul> <p>The types have such different properties that in practice they are considered different drinks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wine is made in many ways from different fruits, with grapes being the most common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_grapes">From grapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From grapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The type of grape used and the amount of <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">skin contact</a> while the juice is being extracted determines the color and general style of the wine. The color has no relation to a wine's <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">sweetness</a>—all may be made sweet or dry. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Types of wine from grapes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Long contact with grape skins </th> <th>Short contact with grape skins </th> <th>No contact with grape skins </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Red grapes</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé wine</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">White grapes</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange wine</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red">Red</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Red"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></div> <p>Red wine gains its color and flavor (notably, <a href="/wiki/Tannins_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins (wine)">tannins</a>) from the grape skin, by allowing the grapes to <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">soak in the extracted juice</a>. Red wine is made from dark-colored <a href="/wiki/Grape_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape varieties">red grape varieties</a>. The actual <a href="/wiki/Wine_color" title="Wine color">color of the wine</a> can range from violet, typical of young wines, through red for mature wines, to brown for older red wines. The juice from most red grapes is actually greenish-white; the red color comes from <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a> present in the skin of the grape. A notable exception is the family of rare <i><a href="/wiki/Teinturier" class="mw-redirect" title="Teinturier">teinturier</a></i> varieties, which actually have red flesh and produce red juice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White">White</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: White"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></div> <p>To make white wine, grapes are pressed quickly with the juice immediately drained away from the grape skins. The grapes used are typically <a href="/wiki/Grape_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape varieties">white grape varieties</a>, though red grapes may be used if the winemaker is careful not to let the skin stain the <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a> during the separation of the pulp-juice. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">pinot noir</a> (a red grape) is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">Dry</a> (low sugar) white wine is the most common, derived from the complete fermentation of the juice, however sweet white wines such as <a href="/wiki/Moscato_d%27Asti" title="Moscato d'Asti">Moscato d'Asti</a> are also made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rosé"><span id="Ros.C3.A9"></span>Rosé</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rosé"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></div> <p>A rosé wine gains <a href="/wiki/Wine_color" title="Wine color">color</a> from red grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a>. It may be the oldest known type of wine, as it is the most straightforward to make with the <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">skin contact method</a>. The color can range from a pale orange to a vivid near-purple, depending on the varietals used and wine-making techniques. </p><p>There are three primary ways to produce rosé wine: Skin contact (allowing dark grape skins to stain the <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a>), saignée (removing juice from the <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> early in fermentation and continuing fermentation of the juice separately), and <a href="/wiki/Blending_(alcohol_production)" title="Blending (alcohol production)">blending</a> of a red and white wine (uncommon and discouraged in most wine growing regions). Rosé wines have a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweetness (wine)">sweetness levels</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dryness_(taste)" title="Dryness (taste)">dry</a> <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provençal (wine)">Provençal</a> rosé to sweet <a href="/wiki/White_Zinfandel" title="White Zinfandel">White Zinfandels</a> and blushes. Rosé wines are made from a wide variety of grapes all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_encyclopedia_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_encyclopedia-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orange">Orange</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange wine</a></div> <p>Sometimes called amber wines, these are wines made with white grapes but with the skins allowed to <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">soak</a> during pressing, similar to red and rosé wine production. They are notably <a href="/wiki/Tannic_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannic (wine)">tannic</a>, and usually made dry.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sparkling">Sparkling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sparkling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling wine</a></div> <p>These are <a href="/wiki/Effervescence" title="Effervescence">effervescent</a> wines, made in any of the above styles (i.e, orange, red, rosé, white). They must undergo <a href="/wiki/Secondary_fermentation_(wine)" title="Secondary fermentation (wine)">secondary fermentation</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, which creates the bubbles. </p><p>Two common methods of accomplishing this are the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">traditional method</a>, used for <a href="/wiki/Cava_(Spanish_wine)" title="Cava (Spanish wine)">Cava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a>, and more expensive sparkling wines, and the <a href="/wiki/Charmat_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmat method">Charmat method</a>, used for <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asti_wine" title="Asti wine">Asti</a>, and less expensive wines. A hybrid <i>transfer method</i> is also used, yielding intermediate results, and simple addition of carbon dioxide is used in the cheapest of wines.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bottles used for sparkling wine must be thick to withstand the pressure of the gas behind the <a href="/wiki/Cork_(plug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork (plug)">cork</a>, which can be up to 6 standard atmospheres (88 psi).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dessert">Dessert</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dessert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert wine</a></div><p>This refers to sweet wines that have a high level of <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">sugar</a> remaining after <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>. There are various ways of increasing the amount of sugar in a wine, yielding products with different strengths and names. <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Icewine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauternes_(wine)" title="Sauternes (wine)">Sauternes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokaji" title="Tokaji">Tokaji Aszú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trockenbeerenauslese" title="Trockenbeerenauslese">Trockenbeerenauslese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vin_Santo" title="Vin Santo">Vin Santo</a> are some examples. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_other_fruits_and_foods">From other fruits and foods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: From other fruits and foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fruit">Fruit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fruit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit wine</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Wines from other fruits</a>, such as apples and berries, are usually named after the fruit from which they are produced, and combined with the word "wine" (for example, <a href="/wiki/Apfelwein" title="Apfelwein">apple wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elderberry_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderberry wine">elderberry wine</a>) and are generically called <a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">fruit wine</a> or country wine (similar to <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Vin_de_pays" title="Vin de pays">vin de pays</a></i>). Other than the grape <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> traditionally used for wine-making, most fruits naturally lack either sufficient fermentable sugars, proper amount of acidity, yeast amounts needed to promote or maintain fermentation, or a combination of these three materials. This is probably one of the main reasons why wine derived from grapes has historically been more prevalent by far than other types, and why specific types of fruit wines have generally been confined to the regions in which the fruits were native or introduced for other reasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honey">Honey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Honey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></div> <p>Mead, also called honey wine, is created by fermenting <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains, or <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>. As long as the primary substance fermented is honey, the drink is considered mead.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mead was produced in ancient history throughout Europe, Africa and Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was known in Europe before grape wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornsey_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornsey-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Starch">Starch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Starch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other drinks called "wine", such as <a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">barley wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">huangjiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (beverage)">cheongju</a>), are made from starch-based materials and resemble <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> more than traditional wine, while <a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">ginger wine</a> is fortified with <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>. In these latter cases, the term "wine" refers to the similarity in alcohol content rather than to the production process.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commercial use of the English word "wine" (and its equivalent in other languages) is protected by law in many jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wine_Label_decoder_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine_Label_decoder-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grape_varieties">Grape varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Grape varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldova_Competitiveness_Project,_USAID_Moldova_(48121804303).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121804303%29.jpg/220px-Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121804303%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121804303%29.jpg/330px-Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121804303%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121804303%29.jpg/440px-Moldova_Competitiveness_Project%2C_USAID_Moldova_%2848121804303%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Grape vineyard</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">List of grape varieties</a></div> <p>Wine is usually made from one or more <a href="/wiki/Variety_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variety (biology)">varieties</a> of the European <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>. When one of these varieties is used as the predominant grape (usually defined by law as minimums of 75% to 85%), the result is a "<a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a>" as opposed to a "blended" wine. Blended wines are not necessarily inferior to varietal wines, rather they are a different style of wine-making.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wine can also be made from other species of grape or from <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(grapes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid (grapes)">hybrids</a>, created by the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_crossing_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic crossing (vine)">genetic crossing</a> of two species. <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_labrusca" title="Vitis labrusca">V. labrusca</a></i> (of which the <a href="/wiki/Concord_grape" title="Concord grape">Concord grape</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_aestivalis" title="Vitis aestivalis">V. aestivalis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_rupestris" title="Vitis rupestris">V. rupestris</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_rotundifolia" title="Vitis rotundifolia">V. rotundifolia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_riparia" title="Vitis riparia">V. riparia</a></i> are native <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> grapes usually grown to eat fresh or for grape juice, jam, or jelly, and only occasionally made into wine. </p><p>Hybridization is different from <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a>. Most of the world's vineyards are planted with European <i>Vitis vinifera</i> vines that have been grafted onto North American species' rootstock, a common practice due to their resistance to <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a>, a root louse that eventually kills the vine. In the late 19th century, most of Europe's vineyards (excluding some of the driest in the south) were devastated by the infestation, leading to widespread vine deaths and eventual replanting. Grafting is done in every wine-producing region in the world except in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> – the only places not yet exposed to the insect.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_pg_97_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_pg_97-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of wine production, <i><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a></i> is a concept that encompasses the varieties of grapes used, elevation and shape of the vineyard, type and chemistry of soil, climate and seasonal conditions, and the local yeast cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range of possible combinations of these factors can result in great differences among wines, influencing the fermentation, finishing, and aging processes as well. Many wineries use growing and production methods that preserve or accentuate the <a href="/wiki/Aroma_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma (wine)">aroma</a> and taste influences of their unique <i>terroir</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_22-23_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_22-23-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, flavor differences are less desirable for producers of mass-market <a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">table wine</a> or other cheaper wines, where consistency takes precedence. Such producers try to minimize differences in sources of grapes through production techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Micro-oxygenation" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-oxygenation">micro-oxygenation</a>, tannin filtration, cross-flow filtration, thin-film evaporation, and spinning cones.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 700 grapes go into one bottle of wine, approximately 2.6 pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification of wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_grapes03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/170px-Wine_grapes03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/255px-Wine_grapes03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/340px-Wine_grapes03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Wine grapes on a vine</figcaption></figure> <p>Regulations govern the classification and sale of wine in many regions of the world. European wines tend to be classified by region (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chianti" title="Chianti">Chianti</a>), while non-European wines are most often classified by grape (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>). Market recognition of particular regions has recently been leading to their increased prominence on non-European wine labels. Examples of recognized non-European locales include <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA" title="Napa Valley AVA">Napa Valley</a>, Santa Clara Valley, <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_Valley_AVA" title="Sonoma Valley AVA">Sonoma Valley</a>, Anderson Valley, and <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendocino County">Mendocino County</a> in California; <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Willamette Valley (wine)">Willamette Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rogue_Valley_AVA" title="Rogue Valley AVA">Rogue Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oregon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon (wine)">Oregon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Valley_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Valley (wine)">Columbia Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (wine)">Washington</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley_(wine)" title="Barossa Valley (wine)">Barossa Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australia (wine)">South Australia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter Valley (wine)">Hunter Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New South Wales (wine)">New South Wales</a>; Luján de Cuyo in <a href="/wiki/Argentina_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentina (wine)">Argentina</a>; Vale dos Vinhedos in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke's Bay Region">Hawke's Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand (wine)">New Zealand</a>; Central Valley in <a href="/wiki/Chile_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile (wine)">Chile</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Valley_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Okanagan Valley (wine)">Okanagan Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_wine" title="British Columbia wine">British Columbia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Ontario" title="Essex County, Ontario">Essex County</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Ontario_wine" title="Ontario wine">Ontario</a> are the three largest producers. </p><p>Some blended wine names are marketing terms whose use is governed by <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> law rather than by specific wine laws. For example, <a href="/wiki/Meritage" title="Meritage">Meritage</a> is generally a Bordeaux-style blend of <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> and Merlot, but may also include <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petit_Verdot" title="Petit Verdot">Petit Verdot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a>. Commercial use of the term Meritage is allowed only via licensing agreements with the Meritage Association. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_classifications">European classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: European classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscato_d%27Asti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Moscato_d%27Asti.jpg/170px-Moscato_d%27Asti.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Moscato_d%27Asti.jpg/255px-Moscato_d%27Asti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Moscato_d%27Asti.jpg/340px-Moscato_d%27Asti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Italian <a href="/wiki/Moscato_d%27Asti" title="Moscato d'Asti">Moscato d'Asti</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">DOCG</a> wine</figcaption></figure> <p>France has various <a href="/wiki/Appellation" title="Appellation">appellation</a> systems based on the concept of <i>terroir</i>, with classifications ranging from <i><a href="/wiki/Vin_de_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Vin de Table">Vin de Table</a></i> ("table wine") at the bottom, through <i><a href="/wiki/Vin_de_Pays" class="mw-redirect" title="Vin de Pays">Vin de Pays</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellation d'Origine Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure">Appellation d'Origine Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure</a></i> (AOVDQS), up to <i><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée">Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée</a></i> (AOC) or similar, depending on the region.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> has developed a system resembling that of France and, in fact, pioneered this concept in 1756 with a royal charter creating the Demarcated Douro Region and regulating the production and trade of wine.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany created a similar scheme in 2002, although it has not yet achieved the authority of the other countries' classification systems.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> have classifications based on a dual system of region of origin and product quality.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beyond_Europe">Beyond Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Beyond Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_World_wines" class="mw-redirect" title="New World wines">New World wines</a>—those made outside the traditional wine regions of Europe—are usually classified by grape rather than by <i>terroir</i> or region of origin, although there have been unofficial attempts to classify them by quality.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (February 2020)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Canadian Food and Drug Regulations, wine in Canada is an alcoholic drink that is produced by the complete or partial alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes, grape must, products derived solely from fresh grapes, or any combination of them. There are many materials added during the course of the manufacture, such as yeast, concentrated grape juice, <a href="/wiki/Dextrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextrose">dextrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> or glucose solids, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup" title="Inverted sugar syrup">invert sugar</a>, sugar, or aqueous solutions. <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium sulphate">Calcium sulphate</a> in such quantity that the content of soluble sulphates in the finished wine shall not exceed 0.2 percent weight by volume calculated as potassium sulphate. <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">Calcium carbonate</a> in such quantity that the content of <a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">tartaric acid</a> in the finished wine shall not be less than 0.15 percent weight by volume. Also, <a href="/wiki/Sulphurous_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphurous acid">sulphurous acid</a>, including salts thereof, in such quantity that its content in the finished wine shall not exceed 70 parts per million in the free state, or 350 parts per million in the combined state, calculated as sulphur dioxide. Caramel, <a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pectinase" title="Pectinase">pectinase</a> at a maximum level of use consistent with good manufacturing practice. Prior to final filtration may be treated with a strongly acid cation exchange resin in the sodium ion form, or a weakly basic anion exchange resin in the hydroxyl ion form.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vintages">Vintages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vintages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champagne_mill%C3%A9sim%C3%A9_1995.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Champagne_mill%C3%A9sim%C3%A9_1995.JPG/170px-Champagne_mill%C3%A9sim%C3%A9_1995.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Champagne_mill%C3%A9sim%C3%A9_1995.JPG/255px-Champagne_mill%C3%A9sim%C3%A9_1995.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Champagne_mill%C3%A9sim%C3%A9_1995.JPG/340px-Champagne_mill%C3%A9sim%C3%A9_1995.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Vintage French Champagne</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, for a wine to be vintage-dated and labeled with a country of origin or <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">American Viticultural Area</a> (AVA; e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_Valley" title="Sonoma Valley">Sonoma Valley</a>), 95% of its volume must be from grapes harvested in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-27_CFR_4.27_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27_CFR_4.27-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a wine is not labeled with a country of origin or AVA the percentage requirement is lowered to 85%.<sup id="cite_ref-27_CFR_4.27_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27_CFR_4.27-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vintage wines are generally bottled in a single batch so that each bottle will have a similar taste. Climate's impact on the character of a wine can be significant enough to cause different vintages from the same vineyard to vary dramatically in flavor and quality.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, vintage wines are produced to be individually characteristic of the particular vintage and to serve as the flagship wines of the producer. Superior vintages from reputable producers and regions will often command much higher prices than their average ones. Some vintage wines (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Brunello_di_Montalcino" title="Brunello di Montalcino">Brunello</a>), are only made in better-than-average years. </p><p>For consistency, non-vintage wines can be blended from more than one vintage, which helps wine-makers sustain a reliable market image and maintain sales even in bad years.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One recent study suggests that for the average wine drinker, the vintage year may not be as significant for perceived quality as had been thought, although wine connoisseurs continue to place great importance on it.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tasting">Tasting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempranillowine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tempranillowine.jpg/220px-Tempranillowine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tempranillowine.jpg/330px-Tempranillowine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tempranillowine.jpg/440px-Tempranillowine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Judging <a href="/wiki/Wine_color" title="Wine color">color</a> is the first step in tasting a wine.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a> is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines contain many chemical compounds similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">sweetness of wine</a> is determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation, relative to the acidity present in the wine. <a href="/wiki/Dry_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry wine">Dry wine</a>, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. Some wine labels suggest opening the bottle and letting the wine "breathe" for a couple of hours before serving, while others recommend drinking it immediately. <a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanting</a> (the act of pouring a wine into a special container just for breathing) is a controversial subject among wine enthusiasts. In addition to aeration, decanting with a filter allows the removal of bitter sediments that may have formed in the wine. Sediment is more common in older bottles, but aeration may benefit younger wines.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_46_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_46-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During aeration, a younger wine's exposure to air often "relaxes" the drink, making it smoother and better integrated in aroma, texture, and flavor. Older wines generally fade (lose their character and flavor intensity) with extended aeration.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these general rules, breathing does not necessarily benefit all wines. Wine may be tasted as soon as the bottle is opened to determine how long it should be aerated, if at all.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When tasting wine, individual flavors may also be detected, due to the complex mix of organic molecules (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>) that grape juice and wine can contain. Experienced tasters can distinguish between flavors characteristic of a specific grape and flavors that result from other factors in wine-making. Typical intentional flavor elements in wine—chocolate, vanilla, or coffee—are those imparted by aging in oak casks rather than the grape itself.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_tasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal tasting">Vertical and horizontal tasting</a> involves a range of vintages within the same grape and vineyard, or the latter in which there is one vintage from multiple vineyards. "<a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a>" flavors (<a href="/wiki/Isoamyl_acetate" title="Isoamyl acetate">isoamyl acetate</a>) are the product of yeast metabolism, as are spoilage aromas such as "medicinal" or "Band-Aid" (<a href="/wiki/4-Ethylphenol" title="4-Ethylphenol">4-ethylphenol</a>), "spicy" or "smoky" (<a href="/wiki/4-ethylguaiacol" class="mw-redirect" title="4-ethylguaiacol">4-ethylguaiacol</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rotten egg (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some varieties can also exhibit a mineral flavor due to the presence of water-soluble salts as a result of limestone's presence in the vineyard's soil. Wine aroma comes from volatile compounds released into the air.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaporization of these compounds can be accelerated by twirling the wine glass or serving at room temperature. Many drinkers prefer to chill red wines that are already highly aromatic, like <a href="/wiki/Chinon_AOC" title="Chinon AOC">Chinon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaujolais" title="Beaujolais">Beaujolais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_44-45_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_44-45-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ideal temperature for serving a particular wine is a matter of debate by wine enthusiasts and sommeliers, but some broad guidelines have emerged that will generally enhance the experience of tasting certain common wines. White wine should foster a sense of coolness, achieved by serving at "cellar temperature" (13 °C or 55 °F). Light red wines drunk young should also be brought to the table at this temperature, where they will quickly rise a few degrees. Red wines are generally perceived best when served <i>chambré</i> ("at room temperature"). However, this does not mean the temperature of the dining room—often around 21 °C (70 °F)—but rather the coolest room in the house and, therefore, always slightly cooler than the dining room itself. Pinot noir should be brought to the table for serving at 16 °C (61 °F) and will reach its full bouquet at 18 °C (64 °F). Cabernet Sauvignon, zinfandel, and Rhone varieties should be served at 18 °C (64 °F) and allowed to warm on the table to 21 °C (70 °F) for best aroma.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collecting">Collecting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Collecting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging of wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investment_wine" title="Investment wine">Investment wine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">Storage of wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaux94_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Margaux94_1.jpg/170px-Margaux94_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Margaux94_1.jpg/255px-Margaux94_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Margaux94_1.jpg/340px-Margaux94_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margaux" title="Château Margaux">Château Margaux</a>, a <a href="/wiki/First_Growth" title="First Growth">First Growth</a> from the Bordeaux region of France, is highly collectible.</figcaption></figure> <p>Outstanding vintages from the best vineyards may sell for thousands of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">dollars</a> per bottle, though the broader term "fine wine" covers those typically retailing in excess of US$30–50.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Investment_wine" title="Investment wine">Investment wines</a>" are considered by some to be <a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a>: those for which demand increases rather than decreases as their prices rise. Particular selections such as "Verticals", which span multiple vintages of a specific grape and vineyard, may be highly valued. The most notable was a <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Yquem#Since_1968" title="Château d'Yquem">Château d'Yquem</a> 135-year vertical containing every vintage from 1860 to 2003 sold for $1.5 million. The most common wines purchased for investment include those from <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_wine" title="Burgundy wine">Burgundy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cult_wine" title="Cult wine">cult wines</a> from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and elsewhere; and <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">vintage port</a>. Characteristics of highly collectible wines include: </p> <ol><li>A proven track record of holding well over time</li> <li>A drinking-window plateau (i.e., the period for maturity and approachability) that is many years long</li> <li>A consensus among experts as to the quality of the wines</li> <li>Rigorous production methods at every stage, including grape selection and appropriate barrel aging</li></ol> <p>Investment in fine wine has attracted those who take advantage of their victims' relative ignorance of this wine market sector.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such <a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">wine fraudsters</a> often profit by charging excessively high prices for off-vintage or lower-status wines from well-known wine regions, while claiming that they are offering a sound investment unaffected by <a href="/wiki/Economic_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic cycle">economic cycles</a>. As with any investment, thorough research is essential to making an informed decision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">List of wine-producing countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">List of wine-producing regions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapes_Fermenting_-_John_Kosovich_Wines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grapes_Fermenting_-_John_Kosovich_Wines.jpg/220px-Grapes_Fermenting_-_John_Kosovich_Wines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grapes_Fermenting_-_John_Kosovich_Wines.jpg/330px-Grapes_Fermenting_-_John_Kosovich_Wines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grapes_Fermenting_-_John_Kosovich_Wines.jpg/440px-Grapes_Fermenting_-_John_Kosovich_Wines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Grapes fermenting to make wine in Western Australia</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>2014 wine production estimates</b><sup id="cite_ref-FAO636_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO636-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country<br /><small>(with link to wine article)</small></th> <th>Production<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,796,600 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,607,850 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,293,466 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,700,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,498,380 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,214,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,186,343 </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,146,006 </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">920,200 </td></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke;"> <th colspan="2">World*</th> <th style="text-align:center;"><b>30,806,000</b> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>* May include official, semi-official or estimated data.</small> </p><p>Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between 30 and 50 degrees latitude north and south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. The world's southernmost vineyards are in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Otago" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a> region of New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> near the <a href="/wiki/45th_parallel_south" title="45th parallel south">45th parallel south</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the northernmost are in <a href="/wiki/Flen" title="Flen">Flen</a>, Sweden, just north of the <a href="/wiki/59th_parallel_north" title="59th parallel north">59th parallel north</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exporting_countries">Exporting countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Exporting countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 80%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Top ten wine exporting countries in 2022<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th style="width:140px;">Country </th> <th style="width:100px;">1000 <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,190 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,120 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,400 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">830 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">640 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">440 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">350 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">330 </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">300 </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wine_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine of the United States">United States</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">280 </td></tr> <tr style="background:whitesmoke;"> <th colspan="2">World*</th> <th style="text-align:center;">10,319 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>* May include official, semi-official or estimated data. </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>2013 export market shares<sup id="cite_ref-FAO535_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO535-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th style="width:140px;">Country </th> <th style="width:110px;">Market share<br /><small>(% of value in US$)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">30% </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">19% </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">10% </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">5% </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">4% </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">4% </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">3% </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">3% </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Argentina_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentina wine">Argentina</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">3% </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The UK was the world's largest importer of wine in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Drink wine" redirects here. For the Adele song, see <a href="/wiki/I_Drink_Wine" title="I Drink Wine">I Drink Wine</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_consumption_per_person,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wine_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Wine_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wine_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Wine_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wine_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Wine_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Wine consumption per person, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_as_a_share_of_total_alcohol_consumption,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wine_as_a_share_of_total_alcohol_consumption%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Wine_as_a_share_of_total_alcohol_consumption%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wine_as_a_share_of_total_alcohol_consumption%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Wine_as_a_share_of_total_alcohol_consumption%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wine_as_a_share_of_total_alcohol_consumption%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Wine_as_a_share_of_total_alcohol_consumption%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Wine as a share of total alcohol consumption, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Wine-consumption data from a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption">list of countries by alcohol consumption</a> measured in liters of pure ethyl alcohol consumed <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> in a given year, according to the most recent data from the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. The methodology includes persons 15 years of age or older.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 40% of individuals above the legal drinking age consider themselves "wine drinkers", which is higher than all other alcoholic beverages combined (34%) and those who do not drink at all (26%).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Wine consumption </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:140px;">Country </th> <th style="width:100px;">Liters per capita </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>8.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>6.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>6.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>5.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></td> <td>5.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>5.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>5.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>4.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></td> <td>4.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>4.62 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Wine vs. beer consumption per capita </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:140px;">Country </th> <th style="width:100px;">Wine (l) </th> <th style="width:100px;">Beer (l) </th> <th style="width:100px;">Wine/beer ratio </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></td> <td>4.18</td> <td>0.45</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>6.38</td> <td>1.73</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>8.14</td> <td>2.31</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></td> <td>3.92</td> <td>1.12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td> <td>3.40</td> <td>1.12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td>3.95</td> <td>1.33</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.97 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></td> <td>2.29</td> <td>0.89</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.57 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>4.51</td> <td>2.20</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>4.62</td> <td>2.49</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>6.65</td> <td>3.75</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.77 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_uses">Culinary uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Culinary uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg/220px-R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg/330px-R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg/440px-R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)" title="Reduction (cooking)">Reduction</a> of red wine for a sauce by cooking it on a stovetop. It is called a reduction because the heat boils off some of the water, leaving a more concentrated, wine-flavoured sauce.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wine is a popular and important <a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">drink</a> that accompanies and enhances a wide range of cuisines, from the simple and traditional <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a> to the most sophisticated and complex <a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisines</a>. Wine is often served with dinner. Sweet <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert wines</a> may be served with the <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a> course. In fine restaurants in Western countries, wine typically accompanies dinner. At a restaurant, patrons are helped to make good food-wine pairings by the restaurant's <a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">sommelier</a> or wine waiter. Individuals dining at home may use wine guides to help make food–wine pairings. Wine is also drunk without the accompaniment of a meal in <a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">wine bars</a> or with a selection of cheeses (at a wine and cheese party). Wines are also used as a theme for organizing various events such as <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a> around the world; the city of <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Savonia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Savonia">North Savonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> is known for its annual Kuopio Wine Festivals (<i>Kuopion viinijuhlat</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as a drink, but as a flavor agent, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Stock_(food)" title="Stock (food)">stocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">braising</a>, since its acidity lends balance to rich <a href="/wiki/Basic_taste#Savouriness" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic taste">savory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet">sweet</a> dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wine_sauce" title="Wine sauce">Wine sauce</a> is an example of a culinary sauce that uses wine as a primary ingredient.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural wines may exhibit a broad range of alcohol content, from below 9% to above 16% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a>, with most wines being in the 12.5–14.5% range.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wines</a> (usually with brandy) may contain 20% alcohol or more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religious significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">Religion and alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wine_in_religious_communities_of_the_Middle_East" title="Wine in religious communities of the Middle East">Wine in religious communities of the Middle East</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_religions">Ancient religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ancient religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of wine in ancient <a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Eastern">Near Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">Ancient Egyptian</a> religious ceremonies was common. <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">Libations</a> often included wine, and the <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">religious mysteries</a> of Dionysus used wine as a sacramental <a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">entheogen</a> to induce a mind-altering state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher wine</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>Baruch atah Hashem (Ado-nai) Eloheinu melech ha-olam, boray p'ree hagafen – Praised be the Lord, our God, King of the universe, Creator of the fruit of the vine.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The blessing over wine said before consuming the drink.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Wine is an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish laws and traditions</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a></i> is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. On Pesach (<a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>) during the Seder, it is a <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic</a> obligation of adults to drink four cups of wine.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabernacle (Judaism)">Tabernacle</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that this does not mean that wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception that contributes to the Christian beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>. "It has been one of history's cruel ironies that the blood libel—accusations against Jews using the blood of murdered gentile children for the making of wine and matzot—became the false pretext for numerous <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>. And due to the danger, those who live in a place where blood libels occur are <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">halachically</a> exempted from using red wine, lest it be seized as "evidence" against them."<sup id="cite_ref-reWineBloodlibel_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reWineBloodlibel-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Marriage_at_Cana_-_Decani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Marriage_at_Cana_-_Decani.jpg/170px-The_Marriage_at_Cana_-_Decani.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Marriage_at_Cana_-_Decani.jpg/255px-The_Marriage_at_Cana_-_Decani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Marriage_at_Cana_-_Decani.jpg/340px-The_Marriage_at_Cana_-_Decani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> making wine from water in <i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_at_Cana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage at Cana">The Marriage at Cana</a></i>, a 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Visoki Dečani monastery">Visoki Dečani monastery</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Christian views on alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a></div><p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, wine is used in a sacred rite called the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, which originates in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> account of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> 22:19) describing <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> sharing bread and wine with his disciples and commanding them to "do this in remembrance of me." Beliefs about the nature of the Eucharist vary among <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theologies_contrasted" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharistic theologies contrasted">Eucharistic theologies contrasted</a>). </p><p>While some Christians consider the use of wine from the grape as essential for the validity of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a>, many Protestants also allow (or require) <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurized</a> grape juice as a substitute. Wine was used in Eucharistic rites by all Protestant groups until an alternative arose in the late 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dentist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibitionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bramwell_Welch" title="Thomas Bramwell Welch">Thomas Bramwell Welch</a> applied new pasteurization techniques to stop the natural fermentation process of <a href="/wiki/Grape_juice" title="Grape juice">grape juice</a>. Some Christians who were part of the growing <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice, and the substitution spread quickly over much of the United States, as well as to other countries to a lesser degree.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There remains an ongoing debate between some American <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations as to whether wine can and should be used for the Eucharist or allowed as an ordinary drink, with Catholics and some mainline Protestants allowing wine drinking in moderation, and some conservative Protestant groups opposing consumption of alcohol altogether.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The earliest viticulture tradition in the Southwestern United States starts with <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">sacramental wine</a>, beginning in the 1600s, with Christian friars and monks producing <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_wine" title="New Mexico wine">New Mexico wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mei.jpg/170px-Mei.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mei.jpg/255px-Mei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mei.jpg/340px-Mei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>All alcohol is prohibited under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, although there has been a long tradition of drinking wine in some Islamic areas, especially in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and alcohol">Islam and alcohol</a></div> <p>Alcoholic drinks, including wine, are forbidden under most interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many Muslim countries, possession or consumption of alcoholic drinks carry legal penalties. <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> had previously had <a href="/wiki/Viticulture_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Viticulture in Iran">a thriving wine industry</a> that disappeared after the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Greater_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Persia">Greater Persia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">mey</a></i> (Persian wine) was a central theme of <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> for more than a thousand years, long before the advent of Islam. Some <a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a> sects – one of the two main branches of Islam in Turkey (the other being <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>) – use wine in their religious services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Certain exceptions to the ban on alcohol apply. Alcohol derived from a source other than the grape (or its byproducts) and the date<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is allowed in "very small quantities" (loosely defined as a quantity that does not cause intoxication) under the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> <i>madhab</i>, for specific purposes (such as medicines), where the goal is not intoxication. However, modern Hanafi scholars regard alcohol consumption as totally forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packaging">Packaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork (material)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Closure_(bottle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (bottle)">Closure (bottle)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canned_wine" title="Canned wine">Canned wine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corks019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Corks019.jpg/170px-Corks019.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Corks019.jpg/255px-Corks019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Corks019.jpg/340px-Corks019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Assorted <a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">wine corks</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most wines are sold in <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">glass bottles</a> and sealed with <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">corks</a> (50% of which come from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increasing number of wine producers have been using <a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">alternative closures</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">screwcaps</a> and synthetic <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> "corks". Although alternative closures are less expensive and prevent <a href="/wiki/Cork_taint" title="Cork taint">cork taint</a>, they have been blamed for such problems as excessive <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some wines are packaged in thick plastic bags within <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">corrugated fiberboard</a> boxes, and are called "<a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">box wines</a>", or "cask wine". Tucked inside the package is a tap affixed to the <a href="/wiki/Bag_in_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Bag in box">bag in box</a>, or bladder, that is later extended by the consumer for serving the contents. Box wine can stay acceptably fresh for up to a month after opening because the bladder collapses as wine is dispensed, limiting contact with air and, thus, slowing the rate of oxidation. In contrast, bottled wine <a href="/wiki/Oxidize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidize">oxidizes</a> more rapidly after opening because of the increasing ratio of air to wine as the contents are dispensed; it can degrade considerably in a few days. <a href="/wiki/Canned_wine" title="Canned wine">Canned wine</a> is one of the fastest-growing forms of alternative wine packaging on the market.<sup id="cite_ref-cans_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cans-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental considerations of wine packaging reveal the benefits and drawbacks of both bottled and box wines. The glass used to make bottles is a nontoxic, naturally occurring substance that is completely recyclable, whereas the plastics used for box-wine containers are typically much less environmentally friendly. However, wine-bottle manufacturers have been cited for <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> violations. A <i>New York Times</i> editorial suggested that box wine, being lighter in package weight, has a reduced <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> from its distribution; however, box-wine plastics, even though possibly recyclable, can be more labor-intensive (and therefore expensive) to process than glass bottles. In addition, while a wine box is recyclable, its plastic bladder most likely is not.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people are drawn to canned wine due to its portability and recyclable packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-cans_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cans-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some wine is sold in <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> kegs and is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Wine_on_tap" title="Wine on tap">wine on tap</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage">Storage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">Storage of wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_Barrels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wine_Barrels.jpg/170px-Wine_Barrels.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wine_Barrels.jpg/255px-Wine_Barrels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wine_Barrels.jpg/340px-Wine_Barrels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3183" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> <a href="/wiki/Wine_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine barrel">wine barrels</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellars</a>, or wine rooms, if they are above-ground, are places designed specifically for the storage and aging of wine. Fine restaurants and some private homes have wine cellars. In an active wine cellar, temperature and humidity are maintained by a climate-control system. Passive wine cellars are not climate-controlled, and so must be carefully located. Because wine is a natural, perishable food product, all types—including red, white, sparkling, and fortified—can spoil when exposed to heat, light, vibration or fluctuations in temperature and humidity. When properly stored, wines can maintain their quality and in some cases improve in aroma, flavor, and complexity as they age. Some wine experts contend that the optimal temperature for aging wine is 13 °C (55 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others 15 °C (59 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wine refrigerators offer a smaller alternative to wine cellars and are available in capacities ranging from small, 16-bottle units to furniture-quality pieces that can contain 500 bottles. Wine refrigerators are not ideal for aging, but rather serve to chill wine to the proper temperature for drinking. These refrigerators keep the humidity low (usually under 50%), below the optimal humidity of 50% to 70%. Lower humidity levels can dry out corks over time, allowing oxygen to enter the bottle, which reduces the wine's quality through oxidation.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some types of alcohol are sometimes stored in the freezer, such as <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>, it is not possible to safely freeze wine in the bottle, as there is insufficient room for it to expand as it freezes and the bottle will usually crack. Certain shapes of bottle may allow the cork to be pushed out by the ice, but if the bottle is frozen on its side, the wine in the narrower neck will invariably freeze first, preventing this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professions">Professions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Professions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a large number of occupations and professions that are part of the wine industry, ranging from the individuals who grow the grapes, prepare the wine, bottle it, sell it, assess it, market it and finally make recommendations to clients and serve the wine. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Related professions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cellar master </td> <td>A person in charge of a wine cellar </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cooper_(profession)" title="Cooper (profession)">Cooper</a> </td> <td>A craftsperson of wooden barrels and casks. A <a href="/wiki/Cooper_(profession)" title="Cooper (profession)">cooperage</a> is a facility that produces such casks </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gociant" class="mw-redirect" title="Négociant">Négociant</a> </td> <td>A wine merchant who purchases the product of smaller growers or wine-makers to sell them under its own name </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oenologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenologist">Oenologist</a> </td> <td>A wine scientist or <a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">wine chemist</a>; a student of <a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">oenology</a>. In the 2000s, BSc degrees in oenology and <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> are available. A wine-maker may be trained as an oenologist, but often hires one as a consultant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a> </td> <td>Also called a "wine steward", this is a specialist wine expert in charge of developing a restaurant's <a href="/wiki/Wine_list" title="Wine list">wine list</a>, educating the staff about wine, and assisting customers with their selections (especially food–wine pairings) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vintner" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintner">Vintner</a> or winemaker </td> <td>A wine producer; a person who makes wine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viticulturist" class="mw-redirect" title="Viticulturist">Viticulturist</a> </td> <td>A specialist in the science of grapevines; a manager of vineyard pruning, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation (wine)">irrigation</a>, and pest control </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wine_critic" title="Wine critic">Wine critic</a> </td> <td>A wine expert and journalist who tastes and reviews wines for books and magazines </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wine_taster" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine taster">Wine taster</a> </td> <td>A wine expert who tastes wines to ascertain their quality and flavour </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wine waiter </td> <td>A restaurant or <a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">wine bar</a> <a href="/wiki/Waiting_staff" title="Waiting staff">server</a> with a basic- to mid-level knowledge of wine and food–wine pairings </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forgery_and_manipulation">Forgery and manipulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Forgery and manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">List of food contamination incidents</a></div> <p>Incidents of fraud, such as mislabeling the origin or quality of wines, have resulted in regulations on labeling. "Wine scandals" that have received media attention include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/1985_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 diethylene glycol wine scandal</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Diethylene_glycol" title="Diethylene glycol">diethylene glycol</a> was used as a sweetener in some Austrian wines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud#Hazardous_materials" title="Wine fraud">In 1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> (a toxic type of alcohol) was used to alter certain wines manufactured in Italy.</li> <li>In 2008, some Italian wines were found to include <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2010, some Chinese red wines were found to be adulterated, and as a consequence China's Hebei province shut down nearly 30 wineries.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine" title="Health effects of wine">Health effects of wine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Red_wine_headache" title="Red wine headache">Red wine headache</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Red table wine</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">355 kJ (85 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">2.6 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.6 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.0 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.1 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><span class="wrap">Alcohol <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(ethanol)</span></span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">10.6 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;">10.6 g alcohol is 13%vol.<br />100 g wine is approximately 100 ml (3.4 fl oz.)<br />Sugar and alcohol content can vary.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short-term">Short-term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Short-term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></div> <p>Wine contains <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethyl alcohol">ethyl alcohol</a>, the chemical in <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distilled_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled spirits">distilled spirits</a>. The effects of wine depend on the amount consumed, the span of time over which consumption occurs, and the amount of alcohol in the wine, among other factors. Drinking enough to reach a <a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood alcohol concentration">blood alcohol concentration</a> (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% may cause an overall improvement in mood, increase self-confidence and sociability, decrease anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_flush_reaction" title="Alcohol flush reaction">flushing of the face</a>, and impair judgment and fine <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">motor coordination</a>. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g. slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a>, unconsciousness, <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde amnesia</a>, vomiting, and death may occur due to <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration" title="Pulmonary aspiration">inhalation of vomit</a> during unconsciousness. A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>, life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol poisoning">alcohol poisoning</a>. The operation of vehicles or machinery while drunk can increase the risk of accident, and many countries have laws against <a href="/wiki/Drinking_and_driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking and driving">drinking and driving</a>. The social context and quality of wine can affect the mood and emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term">Long-term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Long-term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term effects of alcohol consumption">Long-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg/220px-Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg/330px-Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg/440px-Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>Most significant of the possible <a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term effects of alcohol consumption">long-term effects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, one of the constituents of wine. Consumption of alcohol by pregnant mothers may result in <a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">fetal alcohol spectrum disorders</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main active ingredient of wine is ethanol. A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that moderate ethanol consumption brought no mortality benefit compared with lifetime abstention from ethanol consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A systematic analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease study found that consumption of ethanol <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">increases the risk of cancer</a> and increases the risk of all-cause mortality, and that the most healthful dose of ethanol is zero consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have concluded that drinking small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink daily in women and two drinks daily in men) is associated with a decreased risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, and early death.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee2014_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethanol consumption increases the risk of heart disease, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>. Some studies that reported benefits of moderate ethanol consumption erred by lumping former drinkers and life-long abstainers into a single group of nondrinkers, hiding the health benefits of life-long abstention from ethanol.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee2014_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk is greater in younger people due to <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</a> which may result in violence or accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee2014_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) annually are due to ethanol use.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Stats_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Stats-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcohol use disorder</a> is the inability to stop or control alcohol use despite harmful consequences to health, job, or relationships; alternative terms include alcoholism, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, or alcohol addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2003_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2003-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2013_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schu2014_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schu2014-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee2014_146-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee2014_146-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause <a href="/wiki/Liver_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver cirrhosis">liver cirrhosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> "cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although red wine contains more of the <a href="/wiki/Stilbene" title="Stilbene">stilbene</a> <a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a> and of other polyphenols than white wine, the evidence for a cardiac health benefit is of poor quality and at most, the benefit is trivial.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grape skins naturally produce resveratrol in response to fungal infection, including exposure to yeast during <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a>. White wine generally contains lower levels of the chemical as it has minimal contact with grape skins during this process.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/22px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/30px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">List of grape varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine" title="Health effects of wine">Health effects of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">Storage of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_blanc" title="Vidal blanc">Vidal blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">Hybrid grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_warehouses_of_Bercy" title="Wine warehouses of Bercy">Wine warehouses of Bercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wine" title="Blue wine">Blue wine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masterclass.com/articles/learn-about-alcohol-content-in-wine-highest-to-lowest-abv-wines">"Learn About Alcohol Content in Wine: Highest to Lowest ABV Wines – 2023 – MasterClass"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412191442/https://www.masterclass.com/articles/learn-about-alcohol-content-in-wine-highest-to-lowest-abv-wines">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+About+Alcohol+Content+in+Wine%3A+Highest+to+Lowest+ABV+Wines+%E2%80%93+2023+%E2%80%93+MasterClass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masterclass.com%2Farticles%2Flearn-about-alcohol-content-in-wine-highest-to-lowest-abv-wines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-[[Georgia_(country)|Georgia]]_made_'world's_oldest_wine'-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-[[Georgia_(country)|Georgia]]_made_'world's_oldest_wine'_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-[[Georgia_(country)|Georgia]]_made_'world's_oldest_wine'_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41977709">"Georgia made 'world's oldest wine'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 13 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114041222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41977709">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visual+Capitalist&rft.atitle=Ranked%3A+World%27s+Biggest+Wine+Producers+by+Country&rft.aulast=Rojo+Moro&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visualcapitalist.com%2Fcp%2Fbiggest-wine-producers-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch1936" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/A.html">"Isis and Osiris"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL306/1936/volume.xml"><i>Moralia</i></a>. Vol. V. Translated by Babbitt, Frank Cole (Loeb Classical Library ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 3–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99337-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99337-2"><bdi>978-0-674-99337-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span> – via Loeb Classical Library and University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isis+and+Osiris&rft.btitle=Moralia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=3-6&rft.edition=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99337-2&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FMoralia%2FIsis_and_Osiris%2A%2FA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congressional_Serial_Set_1903_p._263-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Congressional_Serial_Set_1903_p._263_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KAQdAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA263"><i>Congressional Serial Set</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1903. p. 263<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Serial+Set&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKAQdAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2019_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2019" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Fiona (29 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winemag.com/2019/04/29/new-mexicos-deep-winemaking-history/">"New Mexico's Deep Winemaking History"</a>. <i>Wine Enthusiast</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190823164804/https://www.winemag.com/2019/04/29/new-mexicos-deep-winemaking-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=New+Mexico%27s+Deep+Winemaking+History&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.winemag.com%2F2019%2F04%2F29%2Fnew-mexicos-deep-winemaking-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-California_Vineyardists_Association_Associated_California_Fruit_Industries_1980_p.-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-California_Vineyardists_Association_Associated_California_Fruit_Industries_1980_p._8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalifornia_Vineyardists_AssociationAssociated_California_Fruit_Industries1980" class="citation book cs1">California Vineyardists Association; Associated California Fruit Industries (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X00sAQAAMAAJ"><i>Wines and Vines</i></a>. Hiaring Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wines+and+Vines&rft.pub=Hiaring+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.au=California+Vineyardists+Association&rft.au=Associated+California+Fruit+Industries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX00sAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indie-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indie_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllsworth2012" class="citation news cs1">Ellsworth, Amy (18 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penn.museum/blog/collection/125th-anniversary-object-of-the-day/7000-year-old-wine-jar-object-of-the-day-24/">"7,000 Year-old Wine Jar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826123906/http://www.penn.museum/blog/collection/125th-anniversary-object-of-the-day/7000-year-old-wine-jar-object-of-the-day-24/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.practicalwinery.com/janfeb09/page1.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practical+Winery+%26+Vineyard+Journal&rft.atitle=Sulfur+Dioxide%3A+Science+behind+this+anti-microbial%2C+anti-oxidant%2C+wine+additive&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.practicalwinery.com%2Fjanfeb09%2Fpage1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips_pg_62-63-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_pg_62-63_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2002" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Rod (12 November 2002). <i>A Short History of Wine</i>. Harper Perennial. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093737-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093737-9"><bdi>978-0-06-093737-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Wine&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2002-11-12&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093737-9&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Rod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"The Great Resource". <a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Palaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Tales from the Palaces"><i>Tales from the Palaces</i></a>. Series 1. Episode 9. 3 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tales+from+the+Palaces&rft.series=Series+1.+Episode+9&rft.date=2006-11-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408235146/http://www.fas.usda.gov/agx/ISMG/Global%20Wine%20Report%20Final%20Aug2006.pdf">"Global Wine Report August 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 7–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.usda.gov/agx/ISMG/Global%20Wine%20Report%20Final%20Aug2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Wine+Report+August+2006&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.usda.gov%2Fagx%2FISMG%2FGlobal%2520Wine%2520Report%2520Final%2520Aug2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birchell_Steel_2013_p.-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birchell_Steel_2013_p._40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirchellSteel2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Birchell, D.B.; Steel, G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5f0kvgAACAAJ"><i>New Mexico Wine: An Enchanting History</i></a>. American Palate Series (in Italian). American Palate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-643-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-643-2"><bdi>978-1-60949-643-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Mexico+Wine%3A+An+Enchanting+History&rft.series=American+Palate+Series&rft.pub=American+Palate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-643-2&rft.aulast=Birchell&rft.aufirst=D.B.&rft.au=Steel%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5f0kvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Mexico._Office_of_Cultural_Affairs_1995_p.-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_Mexico._Office_of_Cultural_Affairs_1995_p._41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Mexico._Office_of_Cultural_Affairs1995" class="citation book cs1">New Mexico. Office of Cultural Affairs (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvoRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Enchanted Lifeways: The History, Museums, Arts & Festivals of New Mexico</i></a>. New Mexico Magazine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937206-39-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937206-39-3"><bdi>978-0-937206-39-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enchanted+Lifeways%3A+The+History%2C+Museums%2C+Arts+%26+Festivals+of+New+Mexico&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Magazine&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-937206-39-3&rft.au=New+Mexico.+Office+of+Cultural+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvoRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Team_2017-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Team_2017_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.winecoolerdirect.com/vinland/">"Vinland: The Mystical Legend of "The Land of Grapes"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>WineCoolerDirect.com</i>. 19 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617165838/https://learn.winecoolerdirect.com/vinland/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WineCoolerDirect.com&rft.atitle=Vinland%3A+The+Mystical+Legend+of+%22The+Land+of+Grapes%22&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.winecoolerdirect.com%2Fvinland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sotheby,_p._462-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby,_p._462_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2005" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, T. (2005). <i>The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia</i> (Fourth ed.). Dorling Kindersly. p. 568. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8"><bdi>0-7566-1324-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sotheby%27s+Wine+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=568&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersly&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7566-1324-8&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonRobinson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Johnson_(wine_writer)" title="Hugh Johnson (wine writer)">Johnson, Hugh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Robinson, Jancis</a> (2013). <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Atlas_of_Wine" title="The World Atlas of Wine">The World Atlas of Wine</a></i>. Octopus Publishing Group. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784724030" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784724030"><bdi>978-1784724030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Wine&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Octopus+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1784724030&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Jancis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=wine">"wine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=wine&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dwine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiter1800" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Whiter, Walter (1800). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRPVgBfSrdMC&q=foinos+wine&pg=PA145">"Wine"</a>. <i>Etymologicon Magnum, Or Universal Etymological Dictionary, on a New Plan</i>. Francis Hodson. p. 145<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wine&rft.btitle=Etymologicon+Magnum%2C+Or+Universal+Etymological+Dictionary%2C+on+a+New+Plan&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Francis+Hodson&rft.date=1800&rft.aulast=Whiter&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSRPVgBfSrdMC%26q%3Dfoinos%2Bwine%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=oi)=nos1"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οἶνος</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Found on the <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">PY</a> Fr 1202 tablet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">Cf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=me/qu^"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μέθυ</span></span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Found on the PY Vn 48 and PY Xa 1419 tablets.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627172549/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=651">"Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture"</a>. Dartmouth College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=651">the original</a> on 27 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mycenaean+and+Late+Cycladic+Religion+and+Religious+Architecture&rft.pub=Dartmouth+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~prehistory%2Faegean%2F%3Fpage_id%3D651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalaima" class="citation web cs1">Palaima, T.G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516070021/http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Palaima.pdf">"The Last days of Pylos Polity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Université de Liège. 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American School of Classical Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780876619513" title="Special:BookSources/9780876619513"><bdi>9780876619513</bdi></a> – via Google books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaean+feast&rft.pub=American+School+of+Classical+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780876619513&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJ6vBrYKPnMC%26dq%3Dme-tu-wo-ne-wo%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/Show/16682">"Palaeolexicon - The Linear B word wo-no-wa-ti-si"</a>. <i>www.palaeolexicon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.palaeolexicon.com&rft.atitle=Palaeolexicon+-+The+Linear+B+word+wo-no-wa-ti-si&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeolexicon.com%2FWord%2FShow%2F16682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson_IV2010" class="citation book cs1">Fortson IV, Benjamin W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kn5c5dJmNUC&q=wine"><i>Indo-European Language and Culture, an introduction</i></a>. Blackwell Publishing. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405188968" title="Special:BookSources/9781405188968"><bdi>9781405188968</bdi></a> – via Google books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%2C+an+introduction&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781405188968&rft.aulast=Fortson+IV&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kn5c5dJmNUC%26q%3Dwine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klimov-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klimov_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klimov_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klimov_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimov1998" class="citation book cs1">Klimov, Georgij (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3B1ryOyFPFkC"><i>Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages</i></a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015658-4"><bdi>978-3-11-015658-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Kartvelian+Languages&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-11-015658-4&rft.aulast=Klimov&rft.aufirst=Georgij&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3B1ryOyFPFkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamkrelidzeIvanov1994" class="citation book cs1">Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Ivanov, Vjačeslav V. (1994). <i>Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture</i>. Berlin/New York: Mouton De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-009646-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-009646-3"><bdi>3-11-009646-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+and+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+A+reconstruction+and+historical+analysis+of+a+proto-language+and+a+proto-culture&rft.place=Berlin%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Mouton+De+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-11-009646-3&rft.aulast=Gamkrelidze&rft.aufirst=Thomas+V.&rft.au=Ivanov%2C+Vja%C4%8Deslav+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s1_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead2012" class="citation book cs1">Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vm2SugMy8C0C&dq=%C9%A3wino&pg=PA505"><i>The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics</i></a>. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-635-3838-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-635-3838-1"><bdi>978-87-635-3838-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sound+of+Indo-European%3A+Phonetics%2C+Phonemics%2C+and+Morphophonemics&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-87-635-3838-1&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Benedicte+Nielsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvm2SugMy8C0C%26dq%3D%25C9%25A3wino%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereltsvaigLewis2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asya_Pereltsvaig" title="Asya Pereltsvaig">Pereltsvaig, Asya</a>; Lewis, Martin W. (2015). <i>The Indo-European Controversy</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Controversy&rft.pages=193-195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pereltsvaig&rft.aufirst=Asya&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Martin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-as1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-as1_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbeitman2000" class="citation book cs1">Arbeitman, Yoël (2000). <i>The Asia Minor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter</i>. Peeters Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asia+Minor+Connexion%3A+Studies+on+the+Pre-Greek+Languages+in+Memory+of+Charles+Carter&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Arbeitman&rft.aufirst=Yo%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-an1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-an1_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiewierska1998" class="citation book cs1">Siewierska, Anna (1998). <i>Constituent Order in the Languages of Europe</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constituent+Order+in+the+Languages+of+Europe&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Siewierska&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartirosyan2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hrach_Martirosyan" title="Hrach Martirosyan">Martirosyan, Hrach</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00mart"><i>Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon</i></a></span>. Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00mart/page/n227">214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004173378" title="Special:BookSources/9789004173378"><bdi>9789004173378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Armenian+Inherited+Lexicon&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004173378&rft.aulast=Martirosyan&rft.aufirst=Hrach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetymologicaldict00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdjarian" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adjarian, Hrachia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=7&pageNumber=564"><i>Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words]</i></a> (in Armenian). Vol. I. Yerevan: Yerevan State University. p. 559. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226011243/http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=7&pageNumber=564">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayer%C4%93n+armatakan+ba%E1%B9%99aran+%5BDictionary+of+Armenian+Root+Words%5D&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=559&rft.pub=Yerevan+State+University&rft.aulast=Adjarian&rft.aufirst=Hrachia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nayiri.com%2FimagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp%3FdictionaryId%3D7%26pageNumber%3D564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarostin" class="citation web cs1">Starostin, Sergei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Ckart%5Ckartet&first=1&text_proto=%C9%A3wino&method_proto=substring">"Kartvelian Etymology database"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095237/http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Ckart%5Ckartet&first=1&text_proto=%C9%A3wino&method_proto=substring">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kartvelian+Etymology+database&rft.aulast=Starostin&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarling.rinet.ru%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresponse.cgi%3Froot%3Dconfig%26morpho%3D0%26basename%3D%255Cdata%255Ckart%255Ckartet%26first%3D1%26text_proto%3D%25C9%25A3wino%26method_proto%3Dsubstring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (2010). <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, volume 10. Vol. II. with the assistance of Lucien van Beek. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 1059.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=Leiden+Indo-European+Etymological+Dictionary+Series%2C+volume+10&rft.pages=1059&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFähnrich2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fähnrich, Heinz (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kartwelischesety00fhnr"><i>Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch</i></a></span> (in German). Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kartwelischesety00fhnr/page/n485">486</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161092" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161092"><bdi>9789004161092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kartwelisches+Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004161092&rft.aulast=F%C3%A4hnrich&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkartwelischesety00fhnr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pg 593 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_encyclopedia-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_encyclopedia_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Clarke <i>Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Wine</i> pgs 15, 225, 320, 360 Time Warner Books, London 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-72654-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-72654-0">0-316-72654-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldinA2015" class="citation cs2">Waldin, Monty; A, Harvey David A. Harvey David (19 November 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198705383.001.0001/acref-9780198705383-e-4149">"orange wine"</a>, <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198705383.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198705383.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870538-3"><bdi>978-0-19-870538-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604204131/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198705383.001.0001/acref-9780198705383-e-4149">archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.atitle=orange+wine&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198705383.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870538-3&rft.aulast=Waldin&rft.aufirst=Monty&rft.au=A%2C+Harvey+David+A.+Harvey+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198705383.001.0001%2Facref-9780198705383-e-4149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulbertCozzolinoRisticWilkinson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Culbert, Julie; Cozzolino, Daniel; Ristic, Renata; Wilkinson, Kerry (8 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6272211">"Classification of Sparkling Wine Style and Quality by MIR Spectroscopy"</a>. <i>Molecules</i>. <b>20</b> (5): 8341–8356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules20058341">10.3390/molecules20058341</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6272211">6272211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26007169">26007169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.atitle=Classification+of+Sparkling+Wine+Style+and+Quality+by+MIR+Spectroscopy&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=8341-8356&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6272211%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26007169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmolecules20058341&rft.aulast=Culbert&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Cozzolino%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Ristic%2C+Renata&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6272211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/how-much-pressure-is-there-in-a-champagne-bottle/">"How much pressure is there in a champagne bottle?"</a>. <i>BBC Science Focus Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604204135/https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/how-much-pressure-is-there-in-a-champagne-bottle/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Science+Focus+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+much+pressure+is+there+in+a+champagne+bottle%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencefocus.com%2Fscience%2Fhow-much-pressure-is-there-in-a-champagne-bottle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitch1990" class="citation book cs1">Fitch, Edward (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kg8nObaAZMEC"><i>Rites of Odin</i></a>. St. Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87542-224-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87542-224-4"><bdi>978-0-87542-224-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rites+of+Odin&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87542-224-4&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKg8nObaAZMEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat (Anthea Bell, tr.) <i>The History of Food</i>, 2nd ed. 2009:30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornsey-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hornsey_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornsey2003" class="citation book cs1">Hornsey, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqnvNsgas20C"><i>A History of Beer and Brewing</i></a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-630-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-630-0"><bdi>978-0-85404-630-0</bdi></a>. <q>...mead was known in Europe long before wine, although archaeological evidence of it is rather ambiguous. This is principally because the confirmed presence of beeswax or certain types of pollen ... is only indicative of the presence of honey (which could have been used for sweetening some other drink) – not necessarily of the production of mead.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Beer+and+Brewing&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-630-0&rft.aulast=Hornsey&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqnvNsgas20C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Fal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227015623/http://www.avbc.com/news/BW.html">"Barley Wine"</a>. Anderson Valley Brewing Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avbc.com/news/BW.html">the original</a> on 27 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barley+Wine&rft.pub=Anderson+Valley+Brewing+Company&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Fal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avbc.com%2Fnews%2FBW.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wine_Label_decoder-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wine_Label_decoder_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1991" class="citation book cs1">George, Rosemary (1991). <i>The Simon & Schuster Pocket Wine Label Decoder</i>. Fireside. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72897-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72897-7"><bdi>978-0-671-72897-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Simon+%26+Schuster+Pocket+Wine+Label+Decoder&rft.pub=Fireside&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-671-72897-7&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/dining/drinks/wine-school-california-grenache.html">"Don't Judge a Wine by the Grape on Its Label"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1 February 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409181539/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/dining/drinks/wine-school-california-grenache.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Judge+a+Wine+by+the+Grape+on+Its+Label&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F02%2F01%2Fdining%2Fdrinks%2Fwine-school-california-grenache.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_pg_97-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_pg_97_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Jancis (28 April 2006). <i>Jancis Robinson's Wine Course: A Guide to the World of Wine</i>. Abbeville Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0883-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0883-5"><bdi>978-0-7892-0883-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jancis+Robinson%27s+Wine+Course%3A+A+Guide+to+the+World+of+Wine&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=2006-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7892-0883-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jancis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFragaMalheiroMoutinho-PereiraCardoso2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fraga, Helder; Malheiro, Aureliano C.; Moutinho-Pereira, José; Cardoso, Rita M.; Soares, Pedro M. M.; Cancela, Javier J.; Pinto, Joaquim G.; Santos, João A.; et al. (24 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176712">"Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in Iberian Viticultural Regions"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (9): e108078. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j8078F">2014PLoSO...9j8078F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0108078">10.1371/journal.pone.0108078</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176712">4176712</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25251495">25251495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Integrated+Analysis+of+Climate%2C+Soil%2C+Topography+and+Vegetative+Growth+in+Iberian+Viticultural+Regions&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e108078&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4176712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25251495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0108078&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9j8078F&rft.aulast=Fraga&rft.aufirst=Helder&rft.au=Malheiro%2C+Aureliano+C.&rft.au=Moutinho-Pereira%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Cardoso%2C+Rita+M.&rft.au=Soares%2C+Pedro+M.+M.&rft.au=Cancela%2C+Javier+J.&rft.au=Pinto%2C+Joaquim+G.&rft.au=Santos%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+A.&rft.au=%C3%81lvarez%2C+In%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4176712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_22-23-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_22-23_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonJancis_Robinson2001" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Hugh; Jancis Robinson (13 September 2001). <i>The World Atlas of Wine</i>. 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Not a Badge of Honor"</a>. GeekSpeak, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080505010850/http://winegeeks.com/articles/85">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Alcohol+is+a+Wine+Fault...+Not+a+Badge+of+Honor&rft.pub=GeekSpeak%2C+LLC&rft.date=2006-05-14&rft.aulast=Citriglia&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwinegeeks.com%2Farticles%2F85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/g25692093/random-trivia/?slide=25">"Celebrate National Trivia Day with These 35 Fun Facts"</a>. 27 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803165939/https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/g25692093/random-trivia/?slide=25">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrate+National+Trivia+Day+with+These+35+Fun+Facts&rft.date=2019-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodhousekeeping.com%2Flife%2Fg25692093%2Frandom-trivia%2F%3Fslide%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terroir-france.com/wine/rates.htm">"Wine classification"</a>. <i>French Wine Guide</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801163958/http://www.terroir-france.com/wine/rates.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=French+Wine+Guide&rft.atitle=Wine+classification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terroir-france.com%2Fwine%2Frates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoode" class="citation web cs1">Goode, Jamie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wineanorak.com/terroir2.htm">"Terroir revisited: towards a working definition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323181113/https://wineanorak.com/terroir2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terroir+revisited%3A+towards+a+working+definition&rft.aulast=Goode&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wineanorak.com%2Fterroir2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523163736/http://www.250rdd.utad.pt/en/index.html">"The Spirit of the Commemorations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.250rdd.utad.pt/en/index.html">the original</a> on 23 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+the+Commemorations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.250rdd.utad.pt%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanwinesociety.org/wine_classification.htm">"About German Wine"</a>. <i>German wine society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904060723/http://www.germanwinesociety.org/wine_classification.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+wine+society&rft.atitle=About+German+Wine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanwinesociety.org%2Fwine_classification.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/germanylawsandclassifications.shtml">"German Wine Guide: Wine Laws and Classifications"</a>. <i>The Winedoctor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122121449/http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/germanylawsandclassifications.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Winedoctor&rft.atitle=German+Wine+Guide%3A+Wine+Laws+and+Classifications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewinedoctor.com%2Fregionalguides%2Fgermanylawsandclassifications.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831222708/http://www.winesfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_4938361_4938888_1_-1,00.html">"Land of wines"</a>. <i>Wines from Spain</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winesfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_4938361_4938888_1_-1,00.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wines+from+Spain&rft.atitle=Land+of+wines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winesfromspain.com%2Ficex%2Fcda%2Fcontroller%2FpageGen%2F0%2C3346%2C1549487_4938361_4938888_1_-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChlebnikowskiAlex_Chlebnikowski" class="citation web cs1">Chlebnikowski, Simon; Alex Chlebnikowski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504155940/http://www.nicks.com.au/Index.aspx?link_id=76.907">"Towards an Australian Wine Classification"</a>. Nicks Wine Merchants. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicks.com.au/Index.aspx?link_id=76.907">the original</a> on 4 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+an+Australian+Wine+Classification&rft.pub=Nicks+Wine+Merchants&rft.aulast=Chlebnikowski&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Alex+Chlebnikowski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicks.com.au%2FIndex.aspx%3Flink_id%3D76.907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camwheeler.com/wine/2005/langtons-australian-wine-classification-iv/">"Langton's Australian Wine Classification IV"</a>. 27 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227135931/http://www.camwheeler.com/wine/2005/langtons-australian-wine-classification-iv/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Langton%27s+Australian+Wine+Classification+IV&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camwheeler.com%2Fwine%2F2005%2Flangtons-australian-wine-classification-iv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch" class="citation web cs1">Branch, Legislative Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-31.html#h-62">"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations"</a>. <i>laws.justice.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170717042107/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-31.html#h-62">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Consolidated+federal+laws+of+canada%2C+Food+and+Drug+Regulations&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Legislative+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fregulations%2FC.R.C.%2C_c._870%2Fpage-31.html%23h-62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27_CFR_4.27-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-27_CFR_4.27_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-27_CFR_4.27_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_27_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 27 of the United States Code">Title 27 of the United States Code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=33fc0c0194b58b6fe95208945b5c637a&rgn=div5&view=text&node=27:1.0.1.1.2&idno=27#27:1.0.1.1.2.3.25.8">§ 4.27</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217043053/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=33fc0c0194b58b6fe95208945b5c637a&rgn=div5&view=text&node=27:1.0.1.1.2&idno=27">Archived</a> 17 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreton" class="citation web cs1">Breton, Félicien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frenchscout.com/wine-vintages">"Wine vintages, vintage charts"</a>. French Scout. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113212824/http://www.frenchscout.com/wine-vintages">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wine+vintages%2C+vintage+charts&rft.pub=French+Scout&rft.aulast=Breton&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A9licien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchscout.com%2Fwine-vintages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatman2002" class="citation news cs1">Platman, Clive (2 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:BPOC&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0F671027250245CB&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0D0CB57AB53DF815">"Wine: Lovely bubbly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Post" title="Birmingham Post">Birmingham Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110080330/http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Post&rft.atitle=Wine%3A+Lovely+bubbly&rft.date=2002-10-02&rft.aulast=Platman&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3AAWNB%3ABPOC%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx%26rft_dat%3D0F671027250245CB%26svc_dat%3DInfoWeb%3Aaggregated4%26req_dat%3D0D0CB57AB53DF815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau2006" class="citation journal cs1">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regulations.justia.com/view/43285/">"Change to Vintage Date Requirements (2005R-212P)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i>. <b>71</b> (84): 25748. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216145300/http://regulations.justia.com/view/43285/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Change+to+Vintage+Date+Requirements+%282005R-212P%29&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=84&rft.pages=25748&rft.date=2006-05&rft.au=Alcohol+and+Tobacco+Tax+and+Trade+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fregulations.justia.com%2Fview%2F43285%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_L._Weil" title="Roman L. Weil">Weil, Roman L.</a> (25 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liquidasset.com/WEILVDQS.PDF">"Parker v. Prial: The Death of the Vintage Chart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625002705/http://www.liquidasset.com/WEILVDQS.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parker+v.+Prial%3A+The+Death+of+the+Vintage+Chart&rft.date=2001-05-25&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Roman+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liquidasset.com%2FWEILVDQS.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_46-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_46_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonJancis_Robinson2001" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Hugh; Jancis Robinson (13 September 2001). <i>The World Atlas of Wine</i>. Mitchell Beazley. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84000-332-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84000-332-1"><bdi>978-1-84000-332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Wine&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=2001-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-84000-332-1&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Jancis+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:KLSC&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10CBABDF8E627AD8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0D0CB57AB53DF815">"Fruity character and breathing times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Straits_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Straits Times">The New Straits Times</a></i>. 18 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110080330/http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Fruity+character+and+breathing+times&rft.date=2005-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_id%3Dinfo%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3AAWNB%3AKLSC%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx%26rft_dat%3D10CBABDF8E627AD8%26svc_dat%3DInfoWeb%3Aaggregated4%26req_dat%3D0D0CB57AB53DF815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://williamsonwines.com/decanting-wine">"Decanting wine"</a>. Williamson's Wines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410135708/https://williamsonwines.com/decanting-wine">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>As a general rule wine should be tasted as soon as it is opened to determine how long it might be aerated</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decanting+wine&rft.pub=Williamson%27s+Wines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwilliamsonwines.com%2Fdecanting-wine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreton" class="citation web cs1">Breton, Félicien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-wine">"Types of wine"</a>. French Scout. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060425213221/http://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-wine">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+wine&rft.pub=French+Scout&rft.aulast=Breton&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A9licien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchscout.com%2Ftypes-of-wine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFETS_Laboratories2001" class="citation web cs1">ETS Laboratories (15 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219204946/http://www.etslabs.com/scripts/ets/pagetemplate/blank.asp?pageid=193">"<i>Brettanomyces</i> Monitoring by Analysis of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etslabs.com/scripts/ets/pagetemplate/blank.asp?pageid=193">the original</a> on 19 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brettanomyces+Monitoring+by+Analysis+of+4-ethylphenol+and+4-ethylguaiacol&rft.date=2001-03-15&rft.au=ETS+Laboratories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etslabs.com%2Fscripts%2Fets%2Fpagetemplate%2Fblank.asp%3Fpageid%3D193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFETS_Laboratories2002" class="citation web cs1">ETS Laboratories (15 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219205658/http://www.etslabs.com/scripts/ets/pagetemplate/blank.asp?pageid=350">"Sulfides in Wine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etslabs.com/scripts/ets/pagetemplate/blank.asp?pageid=350">the original</a> on 19 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sulfides+in+Wine&rft.date=2002-05-15&rft.au=ETS+Laboratories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etslabs.com%2Fscripts%2Fets%2Fpagetemplate%2Fblank.asp%3Fpageid%3D350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez-MíguezManuela_Gómez-MíguezaIsabel_M._VicarioaFrancisco_J._Heredia2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gómez-Míguez, M. José; Manuela Gómez-Mígueza; Isabel M. Vicarioa; Francisco J. Heredia (April 2007). "Assessment of colour and aroma in white wines vinifications: Effects of grape maturity and soil type". <i>Journal of Food Engineering</i>. <b>79</b> (3): 758–764. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jfoodeng.2006.02.038">10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.02.038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Engineering&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+colour+and+aroma+in+white+wines+vinifications%3A+Effects+of+grape+maturity+and+soil+type&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=758-764&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jfoodeng.2006.02.038&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez-M%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=M.+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Manuela+G%C3%B3mez-M%C3%ADgueza&rft.au=Isabel+M.+Vicarioa&rft.au=Francisco+J.+Heredia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_44-45-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_&_Robinson_pg_44-45_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonJancis_Robinson2001" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Hugh; Jancis Robinson (13 September 2001). <i>The World Atlas of Wine</i>. Mitchell Beazley. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84000-332-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84000-332-1"><bdi>978-1-84000-332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Wine&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=2001-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-84000-332-1&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Jancis+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellaprat2003" class="citation book cs1">Pellaprat, Henri-Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-9DBtWQUL0C&q=%22wine+cooler%22+temperature&pg=PT81"><i>The great book of French cuisine</i></a>. New York: Vendome. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-231-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-231-6"><bdi>978-0-86565-231-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+book+of+French+cuisine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vendome&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86565-231-6&rft.aulast=Pellaprat&rft.aufirst=Henri-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-9DBtWQUL0C%26q%3D%2522wine%2Bcooler%2522%2Btemperature%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/Berry_Brothers_%26_Rudd" class="mw-redirect" title="Berry Brothers & Rudd">Berry Brothers & Rudd</a>, one of the world's largest dealers, start "fine wine" prices at about £25—in March 2009 with a wine from <a href="/wiki/Au_Bon_Climat" title="Au Bon Climat">Au Bon Climat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbr.com/fine-wine/offers">website "Fine wine offers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120114418/http://www.bbr.com/fine-wine/offers">Archived</a> 20 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004234819/https://www.economist.com/business/2011/06/16/chateau-lafake/">"Château Lafake"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/business/2011/06/16/chateau-lafake">the original</a> on 4 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A2teau+Lafake&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusiness%2F2011%2F06%2F16%2Fchateau-lafake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO636-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAO636_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520105103/http://faostat.fao.org/site/636/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=636">"Crops processed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the United Nations (FAO). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wineoftheweek.com/regions/otago.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Wine+Regions+%E2%80%93+Central+Otago&rft.date=2005-04-16&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wineoftheweek.com%2Fregions%2Fotago.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beer100.com/history/winehistory.htm">"Wine History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610051515/http://www.beer100.com/history/winehistory.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wine+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beer100.com%2Fhistory%2Fwinehistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/240649/top-wine-exporting-countries-since-2007/">"Wine exports by country worldwide 2022"</a>. <i>Statista</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Wine+exports+by+country+worldwide+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F240649%2Ftop-wine-exporting-countries-since-2007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO535-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAO535_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714143437/http://faostat.fao.org/site/535/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=535">"Crops and livestock products"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the United Nations (FAO)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/535/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=535">the original</a> on 14 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations+%28FAO%29&rft.atitle=Crops+and+livestock+products&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaostat.fao.org%2Fsite%2F535%2FDesktopDefault.aspx%3FPageID%3D535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7827713.stm">"UK tops world wine imports table"</a>. BBC. 14 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422171120/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7827713.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Wine+as+a+share+of+total+alcohol+consumption&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fwine-as-share-alcohol-consumption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf">Global status report on alcohol and health</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). World Health Organization. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156415-1"><bdi>978-92-4-156415-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Global+status+report+on+alcohol+and+health&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156415-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fsubstance_abuse%2Fpublications%2Fglobal_alcohol_report%2Fmsbgsruprofiles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513100751/https://lizthachmw.com/tag/wine-statistics-for-2019/">"Wine Statistics for 2019"</a>. <i>Dr. Liz Thach, MW</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lizthachmw.com/tag/wine-statistics-for-2019/">the original</a> on 13 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Liz+Thach%2C+MW&rft.atitle=Wine+Statistics+for+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flizthachmw.com%2Ftag%2Fwine-statistics-for-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuopiowinefestival.fi/">"Kuopion Viinijuhlat » Kuopio Wine Festival"</a> (in Finnish). Kuopio Wine Festival. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726025917/https://kuopiowinefestival.fi/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuopion+Viinijuhlat+%C2%BB+Kuopio+Wine+Festival&rft.pub=Kuopio+Wine+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuopiowinefestival.fi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/6-secrets-of-cooking-with-wine">"6 Secrets of Cooking With Wine"</a>. <i>WebMD</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614071208/https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/6-secrets-of-cooking-with-wine">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=6+Secrets+of+Cooking+With+Wine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fa-to-z-guides%2Ffeatures%2F6-secrets-of-cooking-with-wine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker,_Robert_M.2008" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Robert M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHp1GJk8IMcC&pg=PA15"><i>Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide, 7th Edition</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3997-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-3997-4"><bdi>978-1-4391-3997-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parker%27s+Wine+Buyer%27s+Guide%2C+7th+Edition&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-3997-4&rft.au=Parker%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHp1GJk8IMcC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJancis_Robinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jancis Robinson (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc"><i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2"><bdi>978-0-19-860990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860990-2&rft.au=Jancis+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span> See <i>alcoholic strength</i> at p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich" class="citation web cs1">Rich, Tracey R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewfaq.org/holidaya.htm">"Pesach: Passover"</a>. <i>Judaism 101</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202135231/http://www.jewfaq.org/holidaya.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Judaism+101&rft.atitle=Pesach%3A+Passover&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Tracey+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewfaq.org%2Fholidaya.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner2000" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, Jacob (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologyofth_neus_2001_000_7080715"><i>The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism</i></a></span>. Boston, Massachusetts: BRILL. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theologyofth_neus_2001_000_7080715/page/n137">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11617-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11617-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11617-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Halakhah%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Law+of+Judaism&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11617-7&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheologyofth_neus_2001_000_7080715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reWineBloodlibel-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reWineBloodlibel_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutman" class="citation web cs1">Rutman, Rabbi Yisrael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509103442/http://torah.org/features/holydays/passover/pesacheat.html">"Pesach: What We Eat and Why We Eat It"</a>. Project Genesis Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torah.org/features/holydays/passover/pesacheat.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pesach%3A+What+We+Eat+and+Why+We+Eat+It&rft.pub=Project+Genesis+Inc.&rft.aulast=Rutman&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Yisrael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torah.org%2Ffeatures%2Fholydays%2Fpassover%2Fpesacheat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118114338/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824374,00.html">"Almost Like Wine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>. 3 September 1956. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512181043/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7342425.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829184544/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/12/worlddispatch.iran">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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American Heart Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Alcohol-and-Heart-Health_UCM_305173_Article.jsp">the original</a> on 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+Heart+Health&rft.pub=American+Heart+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heart.org%2FHEARTORG%2FGettingHealthy%2FNutritionCenter%2FHealthyEating%2FAlcohol-and-Heart-Health_UCM_305173_Article.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" class="citation web cs1">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/quickstats/general_info.htm">"General Information on Alcohol Use and Health"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918004654/http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/quickstats/general_info.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Information+on+Alcohol+Use+and+Health&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Falcohol%2Fquickstats%2Fgeneral_info.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Heart_Association" class="citation web cs1">American Heart Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4422">"Alcohol, Wine and Cardiovascular Disease"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110717/http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4422">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcohol%2C+Wine+and+Cardiovascular+Disease&rft.au=American+Heart+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheart.org%2Fpresenter.jhtml%3Fidentifier%3D4422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeraattalab-MotlaghJayediShab-Bidar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zeraattalab-Motlagh, Sheida; Jayedi, Ahmad; Shab-Bidar, Sakineh (8 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2Fnqab250">"The effects of resveratrol supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>114</b> (5): 1675–1685. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2Fnqab250">10.1093/ajcn/nqab250</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34320173">34320173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+resveratrol+supplementation+in+patients+with+type+2+diabetes%2C+metabolic+syndrome%2C+and+nonalcoholic+fatty+liver+disease%3A+an+umbrella+review+of+meta-analyses+of+randomized+controlled+trials&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1675-1685&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2Fnqab250&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34320173&rft.aulast=Zeraattalab-Motlagh&rft.aufirst=Sheida&rft.au=Jayedi%2C+Ahmad&rft.au=Shab-Bidar%2C+Sakineh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fajcn%252Fnqab250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbería-LatasaGeaMartínez-González2022" class="citation journal cs1">Barbería-Latasa, María; Gea, Alfredo; Martínez-González, Miguel A. 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"Resveratrol in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a dietary and clinical perspective". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1290</b> (1): 37–51. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NYASA1290...37T">2013NYASA1290...37T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnyas.12150">10.1111/nyas.12150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23855464">23855464</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206223647">206223647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Resveratrol+in+primary+and+secondary+prevention+of+cardiovascular+disease%3A+a+dietary+and+clinical+perspective.&rft.volume=1290&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-51&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnyas.12150&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206223647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23855464&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NYASA1290...37T&rft.aulast=Tom%C3%A9-Carneiro&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lvez%2C+M&rft.au=Larrosa%2C+M&rft.au=Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez-Gasc%C3%B3n%2C+MJ&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Almagro%2C+FJ&rft.au=Ruiz-Ros%2C+JA&rft.au=Tom%C3%A1s-Barber%C3%A1n%2C+FA&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Conesa%2C+MT&rft.au=Esp%C3%ADn%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrémont2000" class="citation journal cs1">Frémont, Lucie (January 2000). "Biological effects of resveratrol". <i>Life Sciences</i>. <b>66</b> (8): 663–673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0024-3205%2899%2900410-5">10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00410-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10680575">10680575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Biological+effects+of+resveratrol&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=663-673&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0024-3205%2899%2900410-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10680575&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9mont&rft.aufirst=Lucie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColman2008" class="citation book cs1">Colman, Tyler (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYMhU_vwl2oC"><i>Wine Politics: How Governments, Environmentalists, Mobsters, and Critics Influence the Wines We Drink</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25521-0"><bdi>978-0-520-25521-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+Politics%3A+How+Governments%2C+Environmentalists%2C+Mobsters%2C+and+Critics+Influence+the+Wines+We+Drink&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25521-0&rft.aulast=Colman&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYMhU_vwl2oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominé2001" class="citation book cs1">Dominé, André (2001). <i>Wine</i>. Cologne: Könemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8290-4856-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8290-4856-4"><bdi>3-8290-4856-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-8290-4856-4&rft.aulast=Domin%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulkes2001" class="citation book cs1">Foulkes, Christopher (2001). <i>Larousse Encyclopedia of Wine</i>. Larousse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-03-585013-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-03-585013-3"><bdi>978-2-03-585013-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Larousse+Encyclopedia+of+Wine&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-03-585013-3&rft.aulast=Foulkes&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Johnson_(wine_writer)" title="Hugh Johnson (wine writer)">Johnson, Hugh</a> (2003). <i>Hugh Johnson's Wine Companion</i> (5th ed.). Mitchell Beazley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84000-704-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84000-704-6"><bdi>978-1-84000-704-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugh+Johnson%27s+Wine+Companion&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84000-704-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyMary_Ewing-MulliganPiero_Antinori2006" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Ed; Mary Ewing-Mulligan; Piero Antinori (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winefordummiesfo00edmc"><i>Wine for Dummies</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04579-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04579-4"><bdi>978-0-470-04579-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+for+Dummies&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-470-04579-4&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.au=Mary+Ewing-Mulligan&rft.au=Piero+Antinori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwinefordummiesfo00edmc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacNeil2001" class="citation book cs1">MacNeil, Karen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winebible00kare"><i>The Wine Bible</i></a>. Workman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56305-434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56305-434-1"><bdi>978-1-56305-434-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wine+Bible&rft.pub=Workman&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56305-434-1&rft.aulast=MacNeil&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwinebible00kare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oldman" title="Mark Oldman">Oldman, Mark</a> (2004). <i>Oldman's Guide to Outsmarting Wine</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200492-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200492-0"><bdi>978-0-14-200492-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oldman%27s+Guide+to+Outsmarting+Wine&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-200492-0&rft.aulast=Oldman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Parker">Parker, Robert</a> (2008). <i>Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7198-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7198-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-7198-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parker%27s+Wine+Buyer%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7198-1&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigott2004" class="citation book cs1">Pigott, Stuart (2004). <i>Planet Wine: A Grape by Grape Visual Guide to the Contemporary Wine World</i>. Mitchell Beazley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84000-776-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84000-776-3"><bdi>978-1-84000-776-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planet+Wine%3A+A+Grape+by+Grape+Visual+Guide+to+the+Contemporary+Wine+World&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84000-776-3&rft.aulast=Pigott&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Robinson, Jancis</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc"><i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2"><bdi>978-0-19-860990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860990-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jancis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_James2011" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vAqWNLQkkwUC"><i>Creating Wine: The Emergence of a World Industry, 1840–1914</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3888-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3888-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-3888-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Wine%3A+The+Emergence+of+a+World+Industry%2C+1840%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3888-2&rft.au=Simpson%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvAqWNLQkkwUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402080332/http://eh.net/book_reviews/creating-wine-emergence-world-industry-1840-1914">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZraly2006" class="citation book cs1">Zraly, Kevin (2006). <i>Windows on the World Complete Wine Course</i>. Sterling. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3928-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3928-6"><bdi>978-1-4027-3928-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+on+the+World+Complete+Wine+Course&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3928-6&rft.aulast=Zraly&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Wine</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wine" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Wine">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wine" class="extiw" title="c:Wine">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wine" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Wine">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wine" class="extiw" title="q:Wine">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wine" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Wine">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wine" class="extiw" title="b:Wine">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wine" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Wine">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wine" class="extiw" title="voy:Special:Search/Wine">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/page/2008/sep/04/1"><i>The Guardian</i> & <i>Observer</i> Guide to Wine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wines_and_winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Wines_and_winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_by_country" title="Template talk:Wine by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_wine" title="Moroccan wine">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_wine" title="Abkhazian wine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan wine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_wine" title="Palestinian wine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_wine" title="Philippine wine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_wine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina wine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_wine" title="Danish wine">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_wine" title="Irish wine">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Macedonian wine">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_wine" title="Sammarinese wine">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_wine" title="Paraguayan wine">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_wine" title="Uruguayan wine">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viticulture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viticulture" title="Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viticulture" title="Template talk:Viticulture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viticulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology and<br /> horticulture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">Ampelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">Hybrid grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grape_Genome_Program" title="International Grape Genome Program">International Grape Genome Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripening</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">Rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br /> variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">Soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">slope</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> planting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Grapevine planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Row orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">Vine training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_(vineyard)" title="Clos (vineyard)">Clos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost damage prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture#Green_harvest" title="Viticulture">Green harvest (<i>Vendange verte</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klopotec" title="Klopotec">Klopotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pests and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rot_(grape_disease)" title="Black rot (grape disease)">Black rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis bunch rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae" title="Lasiodiplodia theobromae">Bot canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_arm_of_grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead arm of grapevine">Dead arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_yellows" title="Grapevine yellows">Grapevine yellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_pest_nematode_species" title="List of agricultural pest nematode species">Nematodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Pierce's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Uncinula necator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">Red spider mite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupoecilia_ambiguella" title="Eupoecilia ambiguella">Vine moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">Adaptive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Viticulture" title="Category:Viticulture">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_beverages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcoholic_beverages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></li> <li>Banana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bignay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bokbunja <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Java plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lychee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pineapple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pomegranate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prickly pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Millet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agave americana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ginger <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Galangal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_(wine)" title="Bais (wine)">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cashew apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fig <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghi_(drink)" title="Oghi (drink)">Oghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maize <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackthorn shrub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chili peppers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cinnamon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coffee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazelnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mammee apple flower <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Star anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane/molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vanilla <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Walnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_anaesthesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_anaesthesia" title="Template:Ancient anaesthesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_anaesthesia" title="Template talk:Ancient anaesthesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_anaesthesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient anaesthesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_anaesthesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_anesthesia" title="History of general anesthesia">Ancient anaesthesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants / animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aconitum" title="Aconitum">Aconitum</a></i> (aconite)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></i> (belladonna)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castoreum" title="Castoreum">Castoreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conium" title="Conium">Conium</a></i> (hemlock)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datura_innoxia" title="Datura innoxia">Datura innoxia</a></i> (thorn-apple)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datura_metel" title="Datura metel">Datura metel</a></i> (devil's trumpet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></i> (henbane)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactucarium" title="Lactucarium">Lactucarium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></i> (mandrake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saussurea" title="Saussurea">Saussurea</a></i> (saw-wort)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcohols_(medicine)" title="Alcohols (medicine)">medical use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniine" title="Coniine">Coniine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine">Hyoscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Δ9-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">Hyoscyamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Abulcasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Avenzoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Celsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Rhazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuncuoglu_Sherefeddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabuncuoglu Sherefeddin">Sabuncuoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushrutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjing" title="Zhang Zhongjing">Zhang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/11px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/17px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/22px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/19px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/29px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/38px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/10px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/20px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/19px-Emblem-relax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/29px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/38px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" 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