A Simple Introduction to Fullerene

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head>  <link rel="preconnect" href="//cdn.shopify.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//cdn.shopify.com"> <link rel="preload" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main-style.css?v=129786468726129743101731684242" as="style"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.matomo.cloud"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.googletagmanager.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//stats.g.doubleclick.net"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//shop.app"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com">  <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];</script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WRVWSTG');</script>  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="omK80dho3EyPdBHGxmXmUp2Vkp-ocp7MJfLR3Cz0s0g" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="xKEp_-nP7x29cfuAWtHLv48Ct_b6jpeKwqfZMvOAxbE" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="EB63B887BD3CE1B8D4E50B80A0ECAA4B" /> <meta name="ahrefs-site-verification" content="6c7d0dfa52dac66a14b1b1076f7f2c70ac72eb934e781f22eafa93718ea15121">  <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title> A Simple Introduction to Fullerene | Ossila </title><meta name="description" content="Fullerenes are a special type, or allotrope, of carbon. They are famous for their hollow, cage-like structures typically made entirely of carbon atoms." /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/apple-touch-icon.png?v=47689890648139992551729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-32x32.png?v=170914528706734454101729065668"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/favicon-16x16.png?v=162550173345868048431729065668"> <link rel="manifest" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/site.webmanifest?v=100969836723433583841729065669"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=95647162979764929801729065669" color="#39499c"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#418fde"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/introduction-to-fullerene" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main-style.css?v=129786468726129743101731684242">  <script>var shopifyMoneyFormat = '${{amount}}';</script> <script defer src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/main.js?v=120109391065215852831729088283"></script>  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="A Simple Introduction to Fullerene" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Fullerenes are a special type, or allotrope, of carbon. They are famous for their hollow, cage-like structures typically made entirely of carbon atoms." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ossila.com/pages/introduction-to-fullerene" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ossila" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ossilascience"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="A Simple Introduction to Fullerene: Structure, Properties, and Applications"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Fullerenes are a special type, or allotrope, of carbon. They are famous for their hollow, cage-like structures typically made entirely of carbon atoms. These carbon atoms are arranged in patterns of hexagons and pentagons, similar to the pattern on a football or a geodesic dome. On This Page C60: The Buckyball How was C60 Discovered? The Structure of C60 Fullerene Properties of Fullerenes Applications of Fullerenes Other Types of Fullerenes Fullerenes vs. Other Forms of Carbon C60: The Buckyball The most famous fullerene is called C60(carbon-60), also known as "buckminsterfullerene" or simply a "buckyball." It was discovered in 1985 by scientists at Rice University in Houston, Texas. The name comes from Buckminster Fuller, an architect who designed dome structures that look similar to C60. This molecule, shaped like a football, was named "Molecule of the Year" in 1991 because of"> <script>window.performance && window.performance.mark && window.performance.mark('shopify.content_for_header.start');</script><meta id="shopify-digital-wallet" name="shopify-digital-wallet" content="/8230287/digital_wallets/dialog"> <script async="async" src="/checkouts/internal/preloads.js?locale=en-US"></script> <script id="shopify-features" type="application/json">{"accessToken":"617cbb4d26a0b7cdd5a40372523be336","betas":["rich-media-storefront-analytics"],"domain":"www.ossila.com","predictiveSearch":true,"shopId":8230287,"smart_payment_buttons_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/spb.en.js","dynamic_checkout_cart_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/dynamic-checkout-cart.en.js","locale":"en"}</script> <script>var Shopify = Shopify || {}; Shopify.shop = "ossila.myshopify.com"; Shopify.locale = "en"; Shopify.currency = {"active":"USD","rate":"1.3"}; Shopify.country = "US"; Shopify.theme = {"name":"theme-export-16-32-00","id":144855990488,"schema_name":null,"schema_version":null,"theme_store_id":null,"role":"main"}; Shopify.theme.handle = "null"; Shopify.theme.style = {"id":null,"handle":null}; Shopify.cdnHost = "www.ossila.com/cdn"; Shopify.routes = Shopify.routes || {}; Shopify.routes.root = "/";</script> <script type="module">!function(o){(o.Shopify=o.Shopify||{}).modules=!0}(window);</script> <script>!function(o){function n(){var o=[];function n(){o.push(Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments))}return n.q=o,n}var t=o.Shopify=o.Shopify||{};t.loadFeatures=n(),t.autoloadFeatures=n()}(window);</script> <script id="shop-js-analytics" type="application/json">{"pageType":"page"}</script> <script id="__st">var __st={"a":8230287,"offset":0,"reqid":"96c4b951-ca52-4599-a2ee-fd628827589c-1732366010","pageurl":"www.ossila.com\/pages\/introduction-to-fullerene","s":"pages-112263495896","u":"ab93afe649d9","p":"page","rtyp":"page","rid":112263495896};</script> <script>window.ShopifyPaypalV4VisibilityTracking = true;</script> <script id="captcha-bootstrap">!function(){'use strict';const t='contact',e='account',n='new_comment',o=[[t,t],['blogs',n],['comments',n],[t,'customer']],c=[[e,'customer_login'],[e,'guest_login'],[e,'recover_customer_password'],[e,'create_customer']],r=t=>t.map((([t,e])=>`form[action*='/${t}']:not([data-nocaptcha='true']) input[name='form_type'][value='${e}']`)).join(',');function s(t,e,n=!1){try{const o=window.sessionStorage;for(const[n,c]of Object.entries(JSON.parse(o.getItem(e))))t.elements[n]&&(t.elements[n].value=c);n&&o.removeItem(e)}catch{}}const a='form_key',i=['recaptcha-v3-token','g-recaptcha-response','h-captcha-response','password'],u=()=>{try{return window.sessionStorage}catch{return}},m=t=>t.elements[a],f='form_type',d='cptcha';function p(t){t.dataset[d]=!0}const l=window,h=l.document,_='Shopify',y='ce_forms',E='captcha';let v=!1;((t,e)=>{const n=(g='f06e6c50-85a8-45c8-87d0-21a2b65856fe','https://cdn.shopify.com/shopifycloud/storefront-forms-hcaptcha/ce_storefront_forms_captcha_hcaptcha.v1.4.0.iife.js',T={infoText:'Protected by hCaptcha',privacyText:'Privacy',termsText:'Terms'},(t,e,n)=>{const o=l[_][y],c=o.bindForm;if(c)return c(t,g,e,T).then(n);o.q.push([[t,g,e,T],n]),v||(h.body.append(Object.assign(h.createElement('script'),{id:'captcha-provider',async:!0,src:'https://cdn.shopify.com/shopifycloud/storefront-forms-hcaptcha/ce_storefront_forms_captcha_hcaptcha.v1.4.0.iife.js'})),v=!0)});var g,T;l[_]=l[_]||{},l[_][y]=l[_][y]||{},l[_][y].q=[],l[_][E]=l[_][E]||{},l[_][E].protect=function(t,e){n(t,void 0,e),p(t)},Object.freeze(l[_][E]),function(t,e,n,l,h,_){const[y,E,v,g]=function(t,e,n){const s=e?o:[],a=t?c:[],i=[...s,...a],u=[...o],m=r(i),f=r(s),d=n&&r(i.filter((([t,e])=>n.includes(e)))),p=r(u),l=t=>()=>t?[...document.querySelectorAll(t)].map((t=>t.form)):[];return[l(m),l(f),l(d),l(p)]}(l,h,_),T=t=>{const e=t.target;return e instanceof HTMLFormElement?e:e&&e.form},S=t=>y().includes(t);t.addEventListener('submit',(t=>{const e=T(t);if(!e)return;const n=S(e)&&!e.dataset.hcaptchaBound&&!e.dataset.recaptchaBound,o=m(e),c=g().includes(e)&&(!o||!o.value);(n||c)&&t.preventDefault(),c&&!n&&(function(t){try{if(!u())return;!function(t){const e=u();if(!e)return;const n=m(t);if(!n)return;const o=n.value;o&&e.removeItem(o)}(t);const e=Array.from(Array(32),(()=>Math.random().toString(36)[2])).join('');!function(t,e){m(t)||t.append(Object.assign(document.createElement('input'),{type:'hidden',name:a})),t.elements[a].value=e}(t,e),function(t,e){const n=u();if(!n)return;const o=[...t.querySelectorAll('input[type="password"]')].map((({name:t})=>t)),c=[...i,...o],r={};for(const[s,a]of new FormData(t).entries())c.includes(s)||(r[s]=a);n.setItem(e,JSON.stringify(r))}(t,e)}catch(e){console.error('failed to persist form',e)}}(e),e.submit())}));const w=(t,e)=>{t&&!t.dataset[d]&&(n(t,e.some((e=>e===t))),p(t))};for(const o of['focusin','change'])t.addEventListener(o,(t=>{const e=T(t);S(e)&&w(e,E())}));const A=e.get('form_key'),b=e.get(f),I=A&&b;t.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',(()=>{const t=E();if(I)for(const e of t)e.elements[f].value===b&&s(e,A);[...new Set([...v(),...y().filter((t=>'true'===t.dataset.shopifyCaptcha))])].forEach((e=>w(e,t)))}))}(h,new URLSearchParams(l.location.search),n,!0,!1,['guest_login'])})()}();</script> <script integrity="sha256-EGCDRYTvIEOXsReXgqGwkAR+5Dl8tickSrieA/ZcQwc=" data-source-attribution="shopify.loadfeatures" defer="defer" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/storefront/load_feature-1060834584ef204397b1179782a1b090047ee4397cb627244ab89e03f65c4307.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script integrity="sha256-HAs5a9TQVLlKuuHrahvWuke+s1UlxXohfHeoYv8G2D8=" data-source-attribution="shopify.dynamic-checkout" defer="defer" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/storefront/features-1c0b396bd4d054b94abae1eb6a1bd6ba47beb35525c57a217c77a862ff06d83f.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script>window.performance && window.performance.mark && window.performance.mark('shopify.content_for_header.end');</script> <link href="https://monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com" rel="dns-prefetch"> <script>(function(){if ("sendBeacon" in navigator && "performance" in window) {var session_token = document.cookie.match(/_shopify_s=([^;]*)/);function handle_abandonment_event(e) {var entries = performance.getEntries().filter(function(entry) {return /monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com/.test(entry.name);});if (!window.abandonment_tracked && entries.length === 0) {window.abandonment_tracked = true;var currentMs = Date.now();var navigation_start = performance.timing.navigationStart;var payload = {shop_id: 8230287,url: window.location.href,navigation_start,duration: currentMs - navigation_start,session_token: session_token && session_token.length === 2 ? session_token[1] : "",page_type: "page"};window.navigator.sendBeacon("https://monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com/v1/produce", JSON.stringify({schema_id: "online_store_buyer_site_abandonment/1.1",payload: payload,metadata: {event_created_at_ms: currentMs,event_sent_at_ms: currentMs}}));}}window.addEventListener('pagehide', handle_abandonment_event);}}());</script> <script id="web-pixels-manager-setup">(function d(d,e,r,a,n){var o,i,t,s,l=(i=(o={modern:/Edge?\/(1{2}[4-9]|1[2-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Firefox\/(1{2}[4-9]|1[2-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Chrom(ium|e)\/(9{2}|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|(Maci|X1{2}).+ Version\/(15\.\d+|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)([,.]\d+|)( $\w+$|)( Mobile\/\w+|) Safari\/|Chrome.+OPR\/(9{2}|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|(CPU[ +]OS|iPhone[ +]OS|CPU[ +]iPhone|CPU IPhone OS|CPU iPad OS)[ +]+(15[._]\d+|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})[._]\d+)([._]\d+|)|Android:?[ /-](12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})(\.\d+|)(\.\d+|)|Android.+Firefox\/(12[7-9]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+Chrom(ium|e)\/(12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|SamsungBrowser\/([2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+/,legacy:/Edge?\/(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Firefox\/(5[4-9]|[6-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Chrom(ium|e)\/(5[1-9]|[6-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)([\d.]+$|.*Safari\/(?![\d.]+ Edge\/[\d.]+$))|(Maci|X1{2}).+ Version\/(10\.\d+|(1[1-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)([,.]\d+|)( $\w+$|)( Mobile\/\w+|) Safari\/|Chrome.+OPR\/(3[89]|[4-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|(CPU[ +]OS|iPhone[ +]OS|CPU[ +]iPhone|CPU IPhone OS|CPU iPad OS)[ +]+(10[._]\d+|(1[1-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})[._]\d+)([._]\d+|)|Android:?[ /-](12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})(\.\d+|)(\.\d+|)|Mobile Safari.+OPR\/([89]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+\.\d+|Android.+Firefox\/(12[7-9]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+Chrom(ium|e)\/(12[89]|1[3-9]\d|[2-9]\d{2}|\d{4,})\.\d+(\.\d+|)|Android.+(UC? ?Browser|UCWEB|U3)[ /]?(15\.([5-9]|\d{2,})|(1[6-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})\.\d+)\.\d+|SamsungBrowser\/(5\.\d+|([6-9]|\d{2,})\.\d+)|Android.+MQ{2}Browser\/(14(\.(9|\d{2,})|)|(1[5-9]|[2-9]\d|\d{3,})(\.\d+|))(\.\d+|)|K[Aa][Ii]OS\/(3\.\d+|([4-9]|\d{2,})\.\d+)(\.\d+|)/}).modern,t=o.legacy,s=navigator.userAgent,i.test(s)?"modern":(t.test(s),"legacy"));window.Shopify=window.Shopify||{};var c=window.Shopify;c.analytics=c.analytics||{};var u=c.analytics;u.replayQueue=[],u.publish=function(d,e,r){return u.replayQueue.push([d,e,r]),!0};try{self.performance.mark("wpm:start")}catch(d){}var h=[r,"/wpm","/b",n,l.substring(0,1),".js"].join("");!function(d){var e=d.src,r=d.async,a=void 0===r||r,n=d.onload,o=d.onerror,i=document.createElement("script"),t=document.head,s=document.body;i.async=a,i.src=e,n&&i.addEventListener("load",n),o&&i.addEventListener("error",o),t?t.appendChild(i):s?s.appendChild(i):console.error("Did not find a head or body element to append the script")}({src:h,async:!0,onload:function(){var r=window.webPixelsManager.init(d);e(r);var a=window.Shopify.analytics;a.replayQueue.forEach((function(d){var e=d[0],a=d[1],n=d[2];r.publishCustomEvent(e,a,n)})),a.replayQueue=[],a.publish=r.publishCustomEvent,a.visitor=r.visitor},onerror:function(){var e=d.storefrontBaseUrl.replace(/\/$/,""),r="".concat(e,"/.well-known/shopify/monorail/unstable/produce_batch"),n=JSON.stringify({metadata:{event_sent_at_ms:(new Date).getTime()},events:[{schema_id:"web_pixels_manager_load/3.1",payload:{version:a||"latest",bundle_target:l,page_url:self.location.href,status:"failed",surface:d.surface,error_msg:"".concat(h," has failed to load")},metadata:{event_created_at_ms:(new Date).getTime()}}]});try{if(self.navigator.sendBeacon.bind(self.navigator)(r,n))return!0}catch(d){}var o=new XMLHttpRequest;try{return o.open("POST",r,!0),o.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","text/plain"),o.send(n),!0}catch(d){console&&console.warn&&console.warn("[Web Pixels Manager] Got an unhandled error while logging a load error.")}return!1}})})({shopId: 8230287,storefrontBaseUrl: "https://www.ossila.com",extensionsBaseUrl: "https://extensions.shopifycdn.com/cdn/shopifycloud/web-pixels-manager",surface: "storefront-renderer",enabledBetaFlags: [],webPixelsConfigList: [{"id":"shopify-app-pixel","configuration":"{}","eventPayloadVersion":"v1","runtimeContext":"STRICT","scriptVersion":"0220","apiClientId":"shopify-pixel","type":"APP","privacyPurposes":["ANALYTICS","MARKETING"]},{"id":"shopify-custom-pixel","eventPayloadVersion":"v1","runtimeContext":"LAX","scriptVersion":"0220","apiClientId":"shopify-pixel","type":"CUSTOM","privacyPurposes":["ANALYTICS","MARKETING"]}],isMerchantRequest: false,initData: {"shop":{"name":"Ossila","paymentSettings":{"currencyCode":"GBP"},"myshopifyDomain":"ossila.myshopify.com","countryCode":"GB","storefrontUrl":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com"},"customer":null,"cart":null,"checkout":null,"productVariants":[],"purchasingCompany":null},},function pageEvents(webPixelsManagerAPI) {webPixelsManagerAPI.publish("page_viewed", {});},"https://www.ossila.com/cdn","1518c2ba4d2b3301a1e3cb6576947ef22edf7bb6","3c762e5aw5b983e43pc2dc4883m545d5a27",);</script> <script>window.ShopifyAnalytics = window.ShopifyAnalytics || {}; window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta = window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta || {}; window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta.currency = 'USD'; var meta = {"page":{"pageType":"page","resourceType":"page","resourceId":112263495896}}; for (var attr in meta) { window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta[attr] = meta[attr]; }</script> <script>window.ShopifyAnalytics.merchantGoogleAnalytics = function() { }; </script> <script class="analytics">(function () { var customDocumentWrite = function(content) { var jquery = null; if (window.jQuery) { jquery = window.jQuery; } else if (window.Checkout && window.Checkout.$) { jquery = window.Checkout.$; } if (jquery) { jquery('body').append(content); } }; var hasLoggedConversion = function(token) { if (token) { return document.cookie.indexOf('loggedConversion=' + token) !== -1; } return false; } var setCookieIfConversion = function(token) { if (token) { var twoMonthsFromNow = new Date(Date.now()); twoMonthsFromNow.setMonth(twoMonthsFromNow.getMonth() + 2); document.cookie = 'loggedConversion=' + token + '; expires=' + twoMonthsFromNow; } } var trekkie = window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib = window.trekkie = window.trekkie || []; if (trekkie.integrations) { return; } trekkie.methods = [ 'identify', 'page', 'ready', 'track', 'trackForm', 'trackLink' ]; trekkie.factory = function(method) { return function() { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift(method); trekkie.push(args); return trekkie; }; }; for (var i = 0; i < trekkie.methods.length; i++) { var key = trekkie.methods[i]; trekkie[key] = trekkie.factory(key); } trekkie.load = function(config) { trekkie.config = config || {}; trekkie.config.initialDocumentCookie = document.cookie; var first = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; var script = document.createElement('script'); script.type = 'text/javascript'; script.onerror = function(e) { var scriptFallback = document.createElement('script'); scriptFallback.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptFallback.onerror = function(error) { var Monorail = { produce: function produce(monorailDomain, schemaId, payload) { var currentMs = new Date().getTime(); var event = { schema_id: schemaId, payload: payload, metadata: { event_created_at_ms: currentMs, event_sent_at_ms: currentMs } }; return Monorail.sendRequest("https://" + monorailDomain + "/v1/produce", JSON.stringify(event)); }, sendRequest: function sendRequest(endpointUrl, payload) { // Try the sendBeacon API if (window && window.navigator && typeof window.navigator.sendBeacon === 'function' && typeof window.Blob === 'function' && !Monorail.isIos12()) { var blobData = new window.Blob([payload], { type: 'text/plain' }); if (window.navigator.sendBeacon(endpointUrl, blobData)) { return true; } // sendBeacon was not successful } // XHR beacon var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); try { xhr.open('POST', endpointUrl); xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain'); xhr.send(payload); } catch (e) { console.log(e); } return false; }, isIos12: function isIos12() { return window.navigator.userAgent.lastIndexOf('iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 12_') !== -1 || window.navigator.userAgent.lastIndexOf('iPad; CPU OS 12_') !== -1; } }; Monorail.produce('monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com', 'trekkie_storefront_load_errors/1.1', {shop_id: 8230287, theme_id: 144855990488, app_name: "storefront", context_url: window.location.href, source_url: "//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js"}); }; scriptFallback.async = true; scriptFallback.src = '//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js'; first.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptFallback, first); }; script.async = true; script.src = '//www.ossila.com/cdn/s/trekkie.storefront.20de3b35f21c3bd6ff73e3f1547eb7d54e6e94e4.min.js'; first.parentNode.insertBefore(script, first); }; trekkie.load( {"Trekkie":{"appName":"storefront","development":false,"defaultAttributes":{"shopId":8230287,"isMerchantRequest":null,"themeId":144855990488,"themeCityHash":"16159948506774673750","contentLanguage":"en","currency":"USD"},"isServerSideCookieWritingEnabled":true,"monorailRegion":"shop_domain"},"Session Attribution":{},"S2S":{"facebookCapiEnabled":false,"source":"trekkie-storefront-renderer","apiClientId":580111}} ); var loaded = false; trekkie.ready(function() { if (loaded) return; loaded = true; window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib = window.trekkie; var originalDocumentWrite = document.write; document.write = customDocumentWrite; try { window.ShopifyAnalytics.merchantGoogleAnalytics.call(this); } catch(error) {}; document.write = originalDocumentWrite; window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib.page(null,{"pageType":"page","resourceType":"page","resourceId":112263495896}); var match = window.location.pathname.match(/checkouts\/(.+)\/(thank_you|post_purchase)/) var token = match? match[1]: undefined; if (!hasLoggedConversion(token)) { setCookieIfConversion(token); } }); var eventsListenerScript = document.createElement('script'); eventsListenerScript.async = true; eventsListenerScript.src = "//www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/shopify/assets/shop_events_listener-61fa9e0a912c675e178777d2b27f6cbd482f8912a6b0aa31fa3515985a8cd626.js"; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(eventsListenerScript); })();</script> <script class="boomerang"> (function () { window.BOOMR = window.BOOMR || {}; window.BOOMR.themeName = ""; window.BOOMR.themeVersion = ""; window.BOOMR.shopId = 8230287; window.BOOMR.themeId = 144855990488; })();</script> <script defer src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shopifycloud/perf-kit/shopify-perf-kit-1.0.2.min.js" data-application="storefront-renderer" data-shop-id="8230287" data-render-region="gcp-asia-southeast1" data-page-type="page" data-theme-instance-id="144855990488" data-monorail-region="shop_domain" data-resource-timing-sampling-rate="10" ></script> </head> <body>  <svg aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs>  <symbol id="icon-bars" viewBox="0 0 24 28"> <path d="M24 21v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1zM24 13v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1zM24 5v2c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-22c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-2c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h22c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-shopping-cart" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M11 21c0-0.552-0.225-1.053-0.586-1.414s-0.862-0.586-1.414-0.586-1.053 0.225-1.414 0.586-0.586 0.862-0.586 1.414 0.225 1.053 0.586 1.414 0.862 0.586 1.414 0.586 1.053-0.225 1.414-0.586 0.586-0.862 0.586-1.414zM22 21c0-0.552-0.225-1.053-0.586-1.414s-0.862-0.586-1.414-0.586-1.053 0.225-1.414 0.586-0.586 0.862-0.586 1.414 0.225 1.053 0.586 1.414 0.862 0.586 1.414 0.586 1.053-0.225 1.414-0.586 0.586-0.862 0.586-1.414zM7.221 7h14.57l-1.371 7.191c-0.046 0.228-0.166 0.425-0.332 0.568-0.18 0.156-0.413 0.246-0.688 0.241h-9.734c-0.232 0.003-0.451-0.071-0.626-0.203-0.19-0.143-0.329-0.351-0.379-0.603zM1 2h3.18l0.848 4.239c0.108 0.437 0.502 0.761 0.972 0.761h1.221l-0.4-2h-0.821c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1 0 0.053 0.004 0.105 0.012 0.155 0.004 0.028 0.010 0.057 0.017 0.084l1.671 8.347c0.149 0.751 0.57 1.383 1.14 1.811 0.521 0.392 1.17 0.613 1.854 0.603h9.706c0.748 0.015 1.455-0.261 1.995-0.727 0.494-0.426 0.848-1.013 0.985-1.683l1.602-8.402c0.103-0.543-0.252-1.066-0.795-1.17-0.065-0.013-0.13-0.019-0.187-0.018h-16.18l-0.84-4.196c-0.094-0.462-0.497-0.804-0.98-0.804h-4c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-search" viewBox="0 0 400 400"> <defs> <style> .cls-1 { stroke-width: 0px; } </style> </defs> <path class="cls-1" d="m318.38,297.56l-68.3-68.3c14.49-19.6,23.07-43.84,23.07-70.09,0-65.17-52.83-118-118-118s-118,52.83-118,118,52.83,118,118,118c16.62,0,32.43-3.44,46.78-9.64l73.24,73.24c3.6,3.6,8.43,5.34,13.7,5.34,7.8,0,16.59-3.81,23.81-11.04,5.37-5.37,9.08-11.9,10.46-18.39,1.6-7.54-.14-14.51-4.76-19.13Zm-163.51-71.57c-37.05,0-67.19-30.14-67.19-67.19s30.14-67.19,67.19-67.19,67.19,30.14,67.19,67.19-30.14,67.19-67.19,67.19Z"/> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-navigate_next" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M9.984 6l6 6-6 6-1.406-1.406 4.594-4.594-4.594-4.594z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-star" viewBox="0 0 26 28"> <path d="M26 10.109c0 0.281-0.203 0.547-0.406 0.75l-5.672 5.531 1.344 7.812c0.016 0.109 0.016 0.203 0.016 0.313 0 0.406-0.187 0.781-0.641 0.781-0.219 0-0.438-0.078-0.625-0.187l-7.016-3.687-7.016 3.687c-0.203 0.109-0.406 0.187-0.625 0.187-0.453 0-0.656-0.375-0.656-0.781 0-0.109 0.016-0.203 0.031-0.313l1.344-7.812-5.688-5.531c-0.187-0.203-0.391-0.469-0.391-0.75 0-0.469 0.484-0.656 0.875-0.719l7.844-1.141 3.516-7.109c0.141-0.297 0.406-0.641 0.766-0.641s0.625 0.344 0.766 0.641l3.516 7.109 7.844 1.141c0.375 0.063 0.875 0.25 0.875 0.719z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-envelope" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M28 11.094v12.406c0 1.375-1.125 2.5-2.5 2.5h-23c-1.375 0-2.5-1.125-2.5-2.5v-12.406c0.469 0.516 1 0.969 1.578 1.359 2.594 1.766 5.219 3.531 7.766 5.391 1.313 0.969 2.938 2.156 4.641 2.156h0.031c1.703 0 3.328-1.188 4.641-2.156 2.547-1.844 5.172-3.625 7.781-5.391 0.562-0.391 1.094-0.844 1.563-1.359zM28 6.5c0 1.75-1.297 3.328-2.672 4.281-2.438 1.687-4.891 3.375-7.313 5.078-1.016 0.703-2.734 2.141-4 2.141h-0.031c-1.266 0-2.984-1.437-4-2.141-2.422-1.703-4.875-3.391-7.297-5.078-1.109-0.75-2.688-2.516-2.688-3.938 0-1.531 0.828-2.844 2.5-2.844h23c1.359 0 2.5 1.125 2.5 2.5z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-phone" viewBox="0 0 22 28"> <path d="M22 19.375c0 0.562-0.25 1.656-0.484 2.172-0.328 0.766-1.203 1.266-1.906 1.656-0.922 0.5-1.859 0.797-2.906 0.797-1.453 0-2.766-0.594-4.094-1.078-0.953-0.344-1.875-0.766-2.734-1.297-2.656-1.641-5.859-4.844-7.5-7.5-0.531-0.859-0.953-1.781-1.297-2.734-0.484-1.328-1.078-2.641-1.078-4.094 0-1.047 0.297-1.984 0.797-2.906 0.391-0.703 0.891-1.578 1.656-1.906 0.516-0.234 1.609-0.484 2.172-0.484 0.109 0 0.219 0 0.328 0.047 0.328 0.109 0.672 0.875 0.828 1.188 0.5 0.891 0.984 1.797 1.5 2.672 0.25 0.406 0.719 0.906 0.719 1.391 0 0.953-2.828 2.344-2.828 3.187 0 0.422 0.391 0.969 0.609 1.344 1.578 2.844 3.547 4.813 6.391 6.391 0.375 0.219 0.922 0.609 1.344 0.609 0.844 0 2.234-2.828 3.187-2.828 0.484 0 0.984 0.469 1.391 0.719 0.875 0.516 1.781 1 2.672 1.5 0.313 0.156 1.078 0.5 1.188 0.828 0.047 0.109 0.047 0.219 0.047 0.328z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-left" viewBox="0 0 21 28"> <path d="M18.297 4.703l-8.297 8.297 8.297 8.297c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406l-2.594 2.594c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-11.594-11.594c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l11.594-11.594c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l2.594 2.594c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 19 28"> <path d="M17.297 13.703l-11.594 11.594c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-2.594-2.594c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l8.297-8.297-8.297-8.297c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.016 0-1.406l2.594-2.594c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l11.594 11.594c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.016 0 1.406z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M26.297 12.625l-11.594 11.578c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-11.594-11.578c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.031 0-1.422l2.594-2.578c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l8.297 8.297 8.297-8.297c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l2.594 2.578c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.031 0 1.422z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-chevron-up" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M26.297 20.797l-2.594 2.578c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-8.297-8.297-8.297 8.297c-0.391 0.391-1.016 0.391-1.406 0l-2.594-2.578c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.031 0-1.422l11.594-11.578c0.391-0.391 1.016-0.391 1.406 0l11.594 11.578c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.031 0 1.422z"></path> </symbol>  <symbol id="icon-download" viewBox="0 0 26 28"> <path d="M20 21c0-0.547-0.453-1-1-1s-1 0.453-1 1 0.453 1 1 1 1-0.453 1-1zM24 21c0-0.547-0.453-1-1-1s-1 0.453-1 1 0.453 1 1 1 1-0.453 1-1zM26 17.5v5c0 0.828-0.672 1.5-1.5 1.5h-23c-0.828 0-1.5-0.672-1.5-1.5v-5c0-0.828 0.672-1.5 1.5-1.5h7.266l2.109 2.125c0.578 0.562 1.328 0.875 2.125 0.875s1.547-0.313 2.125-0.875l2.125-2.125h7.25c0.828 0 1.5 0.672 1.5 1.5zM20.922 8.609c0.156 0.375 0.078 0.812-0.219 1.094l-7 7c-0.187 0.203-0.453 0.297-0.703 0.297s-0.516-0.094-0.703-0.297l-7-7c-0.297-0.281-0.375-0.719-0.219-1.094 0.156-0.359 0.516-0.609 0.922-0.609h4v-7c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h4c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1v7h4c0.406 0 0.766 0.25 0.922 0.609z"></path> </symbol> </defs> </svg> <form method="post" action="/localization" id="hidden-country-currency-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="shopify-localization-form" enctype="multipart/form-data"><input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="localization" /><input type="hidden" name="utf8" value="✓" /><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put" /><input type="hidden" name="return_to" value="/pages/introduction-to-fullerene" /><input type="hidden" id="hidden-country-currency-select" name="country_code" value=""></form> <noscript><iframe class="noscript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WRVWSTG" height="0" width="0"></iframe></noscript> <div id="hamburger-menu-button"> <svg class="icon icon-bars"><use xlink:href="#icon-bars"></use></svg> </div>  <div id="mobile-navbar"> <div class="mobile-navbar-container"> <nav id="mobile-navbar-nav" class="mobile-navbar-row">  <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/cart"> <svg class="icon icon-shopping-cart"><use xlink:href="#icon-shopping-cart"></use></svg><span id='cart-notification-dot'class="invisible"></span>View Cart / Quote </a> <div role="separator" class="divider" id="empty-divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_equipment">Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_equipment" class="mobile-nav-collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_thin_film_coating">Thin Film Coating <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_thin_film_coating"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/dip-coater">Dip Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/slot-die-coater">Slot Die Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater">Spin Coater</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater?variant=49558270476504">Spin Coater Advanced</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/spin-coater-syringe-pump-bundle">Spin Coating Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/syringe-pump">Syringe Pump</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/dual-syringe-pump">Dual Syringe Pump</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_sample_preparation">Sample Preparation <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_sample_preparation"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/analytical-balance">Analytical Balance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/microbalances">Microbalance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/uv-ozone-cleaner">UV Ozone Cleaner</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_cleanroom_equipment">Cleanroom Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_cleanroom_equipment"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/glove-box">Glove Box</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood">Laminar Flow Hood</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_electrical_characterization">Electrical Characterization <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_electrical_characterization"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984">Four-Point Probe</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system">Four-Point Probe Plus</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/led-measurement-system">LED Measurement System</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/potentiostat">Potentiostat</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-cell-iv-test-system">Solar Cell I-V Test System</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/xtralien-source-measure-unit-source-meter">Source Measure Unit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/micromanipulator">Micromanipulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/test-boards">Electrical Test Boards</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_solar_simulators">Solar Simulators <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_solar_simulators"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-simulator">Solar Simulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/solar-simulator-iv-test-system-bundle">Solar Cell Testing Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/indoor-solar-simulator">Indoor Light Simulator</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/solar-simulators">All Solar Simulators</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_surface_characterization">Surface Characterization <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_surface_characterization"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/contact-angle-goniometer">Contact Angle Goniometer</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984">Four-Point Probe</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/four-point-probe-system">Four-Point Probe Plus</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_electrochemistry">Electrochemistry Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_electrochemistry"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/potentiostat">Potentiostat</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemical-cells">Electrochemical Cells</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/photoelectrochemical-cells">Photoelectrochemical Cells</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrodes">Electrodes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemistry">All Electrochemistry Supplies</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_spectroscopy">Spectroscopy Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_spectroscopy"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/optical-spectrometer">USB Spectrometer</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/optical-spectroscopy-bundle">Optical Spectroscopy Kit</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=light-source#browse-products">LED Light Sources</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=optical-filter#browse-products">Optical Filters</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy">All Spectroscopy Equipment</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_linear_stages">Motion Control <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_linear_stages"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/linear-stage">Linear Stages</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/micromanipulator">Micromanipulator</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_life_sciences">Life Sciences <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_life_sciences"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/glove-box">Glove Box</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood">Laminar Flow Hood</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/analytical-balance">Analytical Balance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/microbalances">Microbalance</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/micropipette-variable-volume">Micropipette</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/syringe-pump">Syringe Pump</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="https://www.ossila.com/products/quartz-coated-microscope-slides">Microscope Slides</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies">Laboratory Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/life-sciences">All Life Science Equipment</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_materials">Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_materials" class="mobile-nav-collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_building_blocks">Chemistry Building Blocks <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_building_blocks"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/fluorinated-building-blocks">Fluorinated Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/heterocyclic-building-blocks">Heterocyclic Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/non-heterocyclic-building-blocks">Non-heterocyclic Building Blocks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/building-blocks">All Chemistry Building Blocks</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_monomers">Monomers <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse" id="navbar_alt_monomers"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/boronate-monomers">Boronate Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/stannylated-monomers">Organotin Compounds</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dibromo-monomers">Dibromo Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/carbaldehyde-monomers">Carbaldehyde Monomers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/diamines-dianhydrides">Diamines & Dianhydrides</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/monomers">All Monomers</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_organometallic">Organometallic Chemistry <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_organometallic"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/mof-ligands">MOF Ligands</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cof-ligands">COF Ligands</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/organic-frameworks">All Porous Organic Frameworks</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_low_dimensional">Low Dimensional Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_low_dimensional"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/quantum-dots">Nanodots and Quantum Dots</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/carbon-nanotubes">Carbon Nanotubes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/2d-materials">2D Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/low-dimensional-materials">All Low Dimensional Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_battery">Battery Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_battery"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cathode-active-materials">Cathode Active Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/anode-active-materials">Anode Active Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/battery-materials">All Battery Materials </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_optoelectronic">Optoelectronic Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_optoelectronic"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/photonic-and-optical-materials">Photonic & Optical Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/liquid-crystals">Liquid Crystals</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/optoelectronic-materials">All Optoelectronic Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_fullerenes_nfas">Fullerenes and NFAs <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_fullerenes_nfas"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/fullerene-acceptors">Fullerene Acceptors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors">Non-Fullerene Acceptors</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_polymers">Semiconducting Polymers <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_polymers"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/opv-polymers">OPV Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/ofet-and-oled-polymers">OFET and OLED Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/interface-polymers">Interface Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/luminosyn-polymers">Luminosyn™ Polymers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/semiconducting-polymers">All Semiconducting Polymers</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_perovskites">Perovskite Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_perovskites"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-inks">Perovskite Inks</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-precursor-materials">Perovskite Precursors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-interface-materials">Perovskite Interface Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/products/perovskite-quantum-dots">Perovskite Quantum Dots</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/self-assembled-monolayers">Self-Assembled Monolayers</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/perovskite-materials">All Perovskite Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dssc-materials">DSSC Dyes & Electrolytes</a> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_semiconducting_molecules">Semiconducting Molecules <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_semiconducting_molecules"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/transport-layer-materials">Transport Layer Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/host-materials">Host Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/dopant-materials">Dopant Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/tadf-materials">TADF Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/sublimed-materials">High Purity Sublimed Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/semiconducting-molecules">All Semiconducting Molecules</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_organic_conductors">Organic Conductors <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse" id="navbar_alt_organic_conductors"> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/pedot">PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Complexes</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/small-molecule-opv-donors">Small Molecule OPV Donors</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/cathode-interlayer-materials">Cathode Interlayer Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/green-energy-materials">Green Energy Materials</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/organic-conductors">All Organic Conductors </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-row"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/materials">Popular and New Materials</a> </div> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication" id="">Substrates & Fabrication </a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_supplies">Laboratory Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_supplies" class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication">Substrates & Fabrication</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/electrochemistry">Electrochemistry Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/spectroscopy">Spectroscopy Equipment</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/solution-making">Solution Making Supplies</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/equipment-accessories">Equipment Accessories</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies">General Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider" id="empty-divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar_alt_careers">Join The Team <b class="caret"></b> </a> <div id="navbar_alt_careers" class="mobile-nav-collapse collapse"> <div class="mobile-nav-row" id="all"> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/careers">Careers Home</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/jobs-in-sheffield">Jobs in Sheffield</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/jobs-in-leiden">Jobs in Leiden</a> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/how-to-apply">How to Apply</a> </div> </div> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/resources">Resources</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/pages/contact-us">Contact Us</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/account/login">Log In</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> <a class="mobile-nav-link" href="/account/register">Create Account</a> <div role="separator" class="divider"></div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="header-container"> <div id="top-banner" class="affix"> <div class="container"> <span id="top-banner-default-message">FREE shipping to <span class='country-name'></span> on qualifying orders when you spend <span class='OssilaCurrencyExchange' data-type='freeshipping'></span> or more<span id="country-banner-eu-short">, <a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping">processed by Ossila BV</a></span>. <span class='localise'><span data-region='GB'>All prices ex. VAT.</span></span></span> <span id="top-banner-fallback-message">Qualifying orders ship free worldwide! Fast, secure, and backed by the Ossila guarantee.</span> <span id="top-banner-geoip-message"><a id="top-banner-geoip-link" href="#" >It looks like you are visiting from <span class='country-name'></span>, <span class="top-banner-link-cta">click to shop in <span id='suggested-currency'></span></span></a> or <a class="top-banner-link-cta access-bar-location" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#choose-country-modal" >change country</a>.</span> <span id="country-banner-eu">Orders to the EU are processed by <a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping" class="top-banner-link-cta">our EU office</a>.</span> </div> </div>  <div id="full-width-quick-access-bar" class="affix"> <div class="container">  <a href="/pages/careers">Join the Team</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/pages/contact-us">Contact Us</a> <span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/how-to-order">How to Order</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/worldwide-shipping">Shipping</a> <span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span><a class="access-bar-link-style-two" href="/account/login">Log In</a> <a class="access-bar-link-style-one" href="/account/register">Create Account</a><span class="access-bar-link-style-two">|</span> <a data-toggle="modal" data-target="#choose-country-modal" title="Change location" class="access-bar-location"><span id="country-picker-link">Worldwide</span><b>, </b><span class="OssilaCurrencyExchangeCode">$ USD  </span> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAASCAQAAAAwXnw3AAAADklEQVR42mNkYGAkHQEAAjcAE0gePCMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" id="country-flag" alt="Flag" width="18" height="13" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> </div>  <div id="full-width-logo-bar" class="affix"> <div class="container"> <div class="row">  <div id="ossila-logo-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-5ths ossila-logo-container"> <a href="/"> <img id="ossila-logo-cropped" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-cropped-solid.svg?v=90346444705215197591729065669" alt="Ossila" width="112.766" height="47" loading="lazy"/> <div class="translate"> <span data-language="default" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-en.svg?v=172663942863124619311729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="111.766" height="14.250" /></span> <span data-language="nl" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-nl.svg?v=14793549594696857181729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="165.594" height="14.250" /></span> <span data-language="zh-cn" class="no-fade-in"><img class="ossila-logo-strapline" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/303/assets/ossila-logo-enabling-science-zh-cn.svg?v=61077249394089122901729065669" alt="enabling materials science" loading="lazy" width="58.969" height="14.250" /></span> </div> </a>  </div> <div id="search-and-currency-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8">  <div id="search-bar-container"> <form id="search-bar" action="/search" method="get">  <div id="search-bar-input-group" class="input-group search-bar-input-group"> <input id="search-bar-input" class="form-control search-bar-input" name="q" placeholder="Search for..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button id="search-bar-button" class="btn btn-primary search-bar-button" type="submit" name="search" aria-label="search"><svg class="icon icon-search"><use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use></svg></button> </span> </div> </form> </div>  <div id="cart-and-currency-container" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 cart-and-currency-container"> <div id="cart-container" class="cart-container"> <a href="/cart"><div id="search-bar-cart-button" class="btn btn-primary btn-ossila-green search-bar-cart-button"><svg class="icon icon-shopping-cart"><use xlink:href="#icon-shopping-cart"></use></svg><span id='cart-notification-dot'class="invisible"></span>View Cart / Quote<span id="cart-quantity-badge">0</span></div></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="full-width-top-navbar affix"> <div class="mega-menu-container"> <nav class="mega-menu-navbar"> <ul class="mega-menu-navbar-nav mega-menu-row"> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown mega-menu-col"> <a href="/pages/resources">Resources</a> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a class="mega-menu-dropdown-toggle" href="#">Equipment <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/thin-film-coating"> Thin Film Coating<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/dip-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dip Coater</a> <a href="/products/slot-die-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Slot Die Coater <strong>(Upgraded!)</strong></a> <a href="/products/spin-coater"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coater</a> <a href="/products/spin-coater?variant=49558270476504"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coater Advanced</a> <a href="/products/spin-coater-syringe-pump-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spin Coating Kit</a> <a href="/products/syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Syringe Pump</a> <a href="/products/dual-syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dual Syringe Pump</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Sample Preparation</p> <a href="/products/analytical-balance"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Analytical Balance</a> <a href="/products/microbalances"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microbalance</a> <a href="/products/uv-ozone-cleaner"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> UV Ozone Cleaner</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Cleanroom Equipment</p> <a href="/products/glove-box"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Glove Box</a> <a href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laminar Flow Hood</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Electrical Characterization</p> <a href="/collections/test-boards"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrical Test Boards</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/four-point-probe-system?variant=49564303392984"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe Plus <strong>(New!)</strong></a> <a href="/products/led-measurement-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> LED Measurement System</a> <a href="/products/potentiostat"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Potentiostat</a> <a href="/products/solar-cell-iv-test-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Cell I-V Test System</a> <a href="/products/xtralien-source-measure-unit-source-meter"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Source Measure Unit</a> <a href="/products/micromanipulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micromanipulator <strong>(Coming Soon!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/solar-simulators"> Solar Simulators<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/solar-simulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Simulator</a> <a href="/products/solar-simulator-iv-test-system-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solar Cell Testing Kit</a> <a href="/products/indoor-solar-simulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Indoor Light Simulator</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Surface Characterization</p> <a href="/products/contact-angle-goniometer"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Contact Angle Goniometer</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe</a> <a href="/products/four-point-probe-system"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Four-Point Probe Plus <strong>(New!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/electrochemistry"> Electrochemistry Supplies<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/potentiostat"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Potentiostat</a> <a href="/collections/electrochemical-cells"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrochemical Cells</a> <a href="/collections/photoelectrochemical-cells"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Photoelectrochemical Cells</a> <a href="/collections/electrodes"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrodes</a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/spectroscopy"> Spectroscopy Equipment<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/optical-spectrometer"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> USB Spectrometer</a> <a href="/products/optical-spectroscopy-bundle"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Optical Spectroscopy Kit</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=light-source#browse-products"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> LED Light Sources</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy?constraint=optical-filter#browse-products"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Optical Filters</a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> Motion Control </p> <a href="/collections/linear-stage"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Linear Stages</a> <a href="/products/micromanipulator"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micromanipulator <strong>(Coming Soon!)</strong></a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/life-sciences"> Life Sciences<svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/products/glove-box"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Glove box</a> <a href="/collections/laminar-flow-hood"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laminar Flow Hood</a> <a href="/products/analytical-balance"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Analytical Balance</a> <a href="/products/microbalances"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microbalance</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/micropipette-variable-volume"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Micropipettes</a> <a href="/products/syringe-pump"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Syringe Pump</a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/quartz-coated-microscope-slides"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Microscope Slides</a> <a href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a class="mega-menu-dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-hover="dropdown" data-toggle="dropdown"> Materials <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/building-blocks"> Chemistry Building Blocks <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/fluorinated-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Fluorinated Building Blocks </a> <a href="/collections/heterocyclic-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Heterocyclic Building Blocks </a> <a href="/collections/non-heterocyclic-building-blocks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Non-heterocyclic Building Blocks </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/monomers"> Monomers <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/boronate-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Boronate Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/stannylated-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Organotin Compounds </a> <a href="/collections/dibromo-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dibromo Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/carbaldehyde-monomers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Carbaldehyde Monomers </a> <a href="/collections/diamines-dianhydrides"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Diamines & Dianhydrides </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/organic-frameworks"> Porous Organic Frameworks <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/mof-ligands"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> MOF Ligands </a> <a href="/collections/cof-ligands"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> COF Ligands </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/low-dimensional-materials"> Low Dimensional Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/quantum-dots"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Nanodots and Quantum Dots </a> <a href="/collections/carbon-nanotubes"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Carbon Nanotubes </a> <a href="/collections/2d-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> 2D Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/battery-materials"> Battery Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/cathode-active-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Cathode Active Materials </a> <a href="/collections/anode-active-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Anode Active Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/optoelectronic-materials"> Optoelectronic Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/photonic-and-optical-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Photonic & Optical Materials </a> <a href="/collections/liquid-crystals"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Liquid Crystals </a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> Fullerenes and NFAs </p> <a href="/collections/fullerene-acceptors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Fullerene Acceptors </a> <a href="/collections/non-fullerene-acceptors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Non-Fullerene Acceptors </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/semiconducting-polymers"> Semiconducting Polymers <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/opv-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> OPV Polymers </a> <a href="/collections/ofet-and-oled-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> OFET and OLED Polymers</a> <a href="/collections/interface-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Interface Polymers</a> <a href="/collections/luminosyn-polymers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Luminosyn™ Polymers</a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/perovskite-materials"> Perovskite Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-inks"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Inks </a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-precursor-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Precursors</a> <a href="/collections/perovskite-interface-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Interface Materials</a> <a href="/products/perovskite-quantum-dots"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Perovskite Quantum Dots</a> <a href="/collections/self-assembled-monolayers"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Self-Assembled Monolayers</a> <p class="mega-menu-section-header"> DSSC Dyes and Electrolytes </p> <a href="/collections/dssc-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> DSSC Dyes & Electrolytes </a> </div> <div class="mega-menu-quarter-col"> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/semiconducting-molecules"> Semiconducting Molecules <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/transport-layer-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Transport Layer Materials </a> <a href="/collections/host-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Host Materials </a> <a href="/collections/dopant-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Dopant Materials </a> <a href="/collections/tadf-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> TADF Materials </a> <a href="/collections/sublimed-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> High Purity Sublimed Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/organic-conductors"> Organic Conductors <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> <a href="/collections/pedot"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Polymer Blends </a> <a href="/collections/small-molecule-opv-donors"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Small Molecule OPV Donors </a> <a href="/collections/cathode-interlayer-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Cathode Interlayer Materials </a> <a href="/collections/green-energy-materials"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Green Energy Materials </a> <a class="mega-menu-section-header" href="/collections/materials"> Popular and New Materials <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication">Substrates & Fabrication </a> </li> <li class="mega-menu-dropdown custom-mega-menu mega-menu-col"> <a href="#">Laboratory Supplies <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="mega-menu-dropdown-menu mega-menu-quarter-col" id="menu-supplies"> <div class="mega-menu-row"> <div class="mega-menu-full-col"> <p class="mega-menu-section-header">Supplies and Accessories</p> <a href="/collections/substrates-and-fabrication"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Substrates & Fabrication</a> <a href="/collections/electrochemistry"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Electrochemistry Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/spectroscopy"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Spectroscopy Equipment</a> <a href="/collections/solution-making"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Solution Making Supplies</a> <a href="/collections/equipment-accessories"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> Equipment Accessories</a> <a href="/collections/general-laboratory-supplies"> <svg class="icon icon-navigate_next"><use xlink:href="#icon-navigate_next"></use></svg> General Laboratory Supplies</a> </div> </div> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="container"> <div id="unsupported-browser-message" class="alert-warning"> <p>It looks like you are using an unsupported browser. You can still place orders by emailing us on <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a>, but you may experience issues browsing our website. Please consider upgrading to a modern browser for better security and an improved browsing experience.</p> </div> </div>  <main> <div id="informational-page"> <h1>A Simple Introduction to Fullerene: Structure, Properties, and Applications</h1> <div class="container"> <img alt="How are fullerenes made?" class="featured-image" height="280" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/fullerenes.jpg?crop=center&width=1340&height=280" width="1340"> <p>Fullerenes are a special type, or allotrope, of carbon. They are famous for their hollow, cage-like structures typically made entirely of carbon atoms. These carbon atoms are arranged in patterns of hexagons and pentagons, similar to the pattern on a football or a geodesic dome.</p> <figure><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/fullerene-comparison.svg?v=1724845121" alt="fullerene compared to a football and geodesic dome"></figure> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <p style="margin-top: 10px;" class="h3">On This Page</p> <hr> <ul> <li><a href="#buckyball">C60: The Buckyball</a></li> <li><a href="#discovery-of-c60">How was C60 Discovered?</a></li> <ul></ul> <li><a href="#c60-structure">The Structure of C60 Fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="#properties">Properties of Fullerenes</a></li> <li><a href="#applications">Applications of Fullerenes</a></li> <ul></ul> <li><a href="#types-of-fullerenes">Other Types of Fullerenes</a></li> <li><a href="#forms-of-carbon">Fullerenes vs. Other Forms of Carbon</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <h2 id="buckyball">C60: The Buckyball</h2> <hr> <ul> <li>The most famous fullerene is called C60(carbon-60), also known as "buckminsterfullerene" or simply a "buckyball."</li> <li>It was discovered in 1985 by scientists at Rice University in Houston, Texas.</li> <li>The name comes from Buckminster Fuller, an architect who designed dome structures that look similar to C60.</li> <li>This molecule, shaped like a football, was named "Molecule of the Year" in 1991 because of its unique structure and potential uses in science.</li> </ul> <figure><video alt="C60 Fullerene" autoplay="autoplay" loop="loop" muted="muted" src="https://cdn.ossila.com/videos/c60-structure.mp4" title="C60 Fullerene" type="video/mp4" class="widescreen scaled-video" width="212"></video> <figcaption>C60 Fullerene</figcaption> </figure> <h2 id="discovery-of-c60">How was C60 Discovered?</h2> <hr> <p>Sir Harold W. Kroto, Robert F. Curl, Jr., and Richard Smalley were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for discovering C60. They recreated conditions similar to those in space by shining a laser on graphite, which created carbon vapor. When this cooled, the carbon atoms bonded together to form C60. This discovery led to the exploration of other fullerenes.</p> <figure><img alt="" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/fullerene_Discovery-of-fullerene.svg?v=1723023193"></figure> <h2 id="c60-structure">The Structure of C60 Fullerene</h2> <hr> <p><a href="https://www.ossila.com/products/c60" title="C60, C60 Fullerene, carbon-60">C60</a> has a unique shape made up of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. Each carbon atom forms bonds in a way that creates this strong, symmetrical shape, which gives the molecule its stability. The pentagons are isolated, meaning no two pentagons share an edge.</p> <figure><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/fullerene_Fullerene-components.svg?v=1723023194" alt=""></figure> <h2 id="properties">Properties of Fullerenes</h2> <hr> <p>Fullerenes have several interesting properties, which make them useful molecules.</p> <table width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <th width="25%">Strong and stable</th> <td>Their cage-like structure makes them very stable and able to withstand high pressures and temperatures.</td> </tr> <tr> <th width="25%">Electron acceptors</th> <td>Fullerenes can accept electrons, which is useful in devices like solar cells that generate electricity from sunlight.</td> </tr> <tr> <th width="25%">Low conductivity</th> <td>Due to their curved structure, fullerenes don't conduct electricity very well as electrons can not jump between the molecules.</td> </tr> <tr> <th width="25%">Low melting point</th> <td>There are only weak intermolecular forces between fullerene molecules that are easily overcome with heat energy.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="applications">Applications of Fullerenes</h2> <hr> <p>Fullerenes have unique physical and chemical properties, making them useful in various fields:</p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <li> <strong>Medicine:</strong> They are being studied for drug delivery and cancer treatment.</li> <li> <strong>Electronics:</strong> Fullerenes can be used in solar cells and other electronic devices like sensors.</li> <li> <strong>Catalysts:</strong> They are reactive and have a large surface area to volume ratio to maximise catalysis.</li> <li> <strong>Lubricant:</strong> Because of their small size and strong structure, as well as their rounded shape fullerenes are ideal for use as lubricants as they reduce friction.</li> </ul> </ul> </ul> <figure><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/fullerene-as-a-lubricant.svg?v=1724147069"></figure> <h2 id="types-of-fullerenes">Other Types of Fullerenes</h2> <hr> <ul> <ul> <ul> <li> <strong>Higher Fullerenes:</strong> Fullerenes with more than 60 carbon atoms, like C70 or C84, have similar structures but different arrangements of hexagons and pentagons.</li> <li> <strong>Heterofullerenes:</strong> Some fullerenes have carbon atoms replaced by other elements like nitrogen or boron, which changes their properties.</li> <li> <strong>Endohedral Fullerenes:</strong> These are fullerenes with other atoms or molecules trapped inside their carbon cage, which can alter their behavior and make them useful in fields like medicine and electronics.</li> <li> <strong>Fullerene Derivatives:</strong> Fullerenes with other chemical groups attached to it to give it different properties.</li> </ul> <div class="product-row"> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/pcbm"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/pcbm-pc60bm-c60pcbm-160848-22-6-chemical-structure-title.png?v=1729070303&width=190" alt="PCBM" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">PCBM</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $325</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/bis-pcbm"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/bis-pcbm-pc60bm-bisadduct-1048679-01-1-chemical-struicture-title.png?v=1723547900&width=190" alt="bis-PCBM (PC60BM Bisadduct)" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">bis-PCBM (PC60BM Bisadduct)</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $494</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/pc70bm"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/C70PCBM-M114.png?v=1719826166&width=190" alt="PC70BM (C70-PCBM), PC71BM" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">PC70BM (C70-PCBM), PC71BM</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $481</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/icba-indene-c60-bisadduct"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/FullereneAcceptors_ICBA_Indene-C60Bisadduct.jpg?v=1718716177&width=190" alt="ICBA (Indene-C60 Bisadduct)" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">ICBA (Indene-C60 Bisadduct)</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">Price $858</span> </a> </div> <div class="product-container text-center"> <a href="/products/c70"> <img class="product-image img-responsive" width="189.583" height="189.583" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/FullereneAcceptors_C70.jpg?v=1718716220&width=190" alt="C70 Fullerene" /> <p class="h4 word-wrap product-name">C70 Fullerene</p><span class="product-min-price product-price">From $338</span> </a> </div> </div> </ul> </ul> <h2 id="forms-of-carbon">Fullerenes vs. Other Forms of Carbon</h2> <hr> <p>Other carbon allotropes include:</p> <ul> <ul> <ul> <li> <strong>Graphite:</strong> Made of layers of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons. These layers can slide over each other, making graphite useful as a lubricant.</li> <li> <strong>Graphene:</strong> A single layer of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons, like a sheet of graphite. It has excellent electrical conductivity.</li> <li> <strong>Diamond:</strong> In diamonds, each carbon atom bonds to four others, forming a very hard, 3D structure.</li> </ul> </ul> </ul> <h2>Learn More</h2> <hr> <div class="row button-row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-are-fullerenes-made"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Huffman-Kratschmer-Method.png?v=1723101405&width=160&height=160&crop=left" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="fullerene c60"></a> <a href="/pages/how-are-fullerenes-made">How are Fullerenes Made?</a> <p>Today, fullerenes are made using three main methods; Huffman-Krätschmer, combustion and microwave. Chemical synthesis techniques, such as laser irradiation and pyrolysis, offer exciting possibilities for producing fullerene derivatives that were previously not accessible.</p> <a href="/pages/how-are-fullerenes-made">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/uses-of-fullerenes"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/FullereneAcceptors_C60_Fullerene.jpg?v=1718716198&width=160&height=160" loading="lazy" alt="powerful electronics" heigh="160"></a> <a href="/pages/uses-of-fullerenes">Uses of Fullerene and its Derivatives</a> <p>Fullerene and its derivatives are used in chemical, electronic, medicinal, and biological sciences due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Fullerene, also known as C60 or buckminsterfullerene, is a type of carbon allotrope that has properties that can be tuned depending on what it will be used for.</p> <a href="/pages/uses-of-fullerenes">Read more...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <h3>Contributors</h3> <hr> <p>Edited by</p> <p style="text-align: left;" class="no-margin"><a href="/pages/our-writers#amelia-wood" title="Author Biography: Amelia Wood">Dr. Amelia Wood</a></p> <p class="text-muted">Application Scientist</p> <p>Diagrams by</p> <p style="text-align: left;" class="no-margin"><a href="/pages/our-writers#content-team" title="Our Content Team">Sam Force</a></p> <p class="text-muted">Graphic Designer</p> </div> </div> <p class="text-muted">We used pre-trained AI to help us write this page. As part of our <a href="/pages/our-writers#how-we-write">editorial process</a>, our in-house experts review, fact-check, and edit all AI-generated content to make sure we provide you with accurate and helpful information.</p> </div> </div> </main>  <div class="full-width-footer"> <footer id="footer" class="footer container"> <div class="clearfix footer-elems nav-footer" id="footer-links"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Ossila</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/press-and-media">Press and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/our-writers">Our Writing Team</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/awards-and-testimonials">Awards and Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/feedback">Leave Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/terms-and-conditions">Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> <span>Copyright © 2024 Ossila</span> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Join the Team</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/careers">Careers at Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-sheffield">Jobs in Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-leiden">Jobs in Leiden</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Collaborate</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/reprinting-permissions">Free Digital Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/conference-fund">Conference Sponsorship for Students</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/outreach-support">Science Outreach Support</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/graduation-awards-sponsorship">Graduation Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/letters-of-support">Letters of Support</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Your Account</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/account/login">Log In</a></li> <li><a href="/account/register">Create Account</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Order Information</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/how-to-order">How to Order</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping">Worldwide Shipping Charges</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/returns-and-cancellations">Returns and Cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/warranty-information">Warranty Information</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/distributors">Regional Distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/deals-and-discounts">Deals and Discounts</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/price-drop-guarantee">Price Drop Guarantee</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Customer Support</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="/pages/contact-us">Send an Enquiry</a></li> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a></li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">Main Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +44 (0)114 2999 180</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 8:00-17:00 (GMT/BST)</li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">EU Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +31 (0)718 081020</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 9:00-17:00 (CET/CEST)</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila Ltd</span> <span class="double-right-padding">Company Number 06920105</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number GB 978 2092 81</span> <span>EORI Number GB978209281000</span> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila BV</span> <span class="double-right-padding">CCI number 84102241</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number NL 863097182B01</span> <span>EORI Number NL863097182</span> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="bottom-banner" class="hidden"> <div id="cookie-banner" class="hidden"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <span class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 no-margin pad-half-height">The Ossila website uses cookies for core functionality. By continuing to browse the website you consent to the use of these cookies.</span> <a href="/pages/privacy-policy#cookies" class="col-xs-6 col-sm-2 text-center pad-half-height">More Information</a> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-2 text-center"> <a href="#" class="btn-close">Accept & Close</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="basic_modal" id="basic-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="basic-modal-title" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <p class="modal-title" id="basic-modal-title"></p> <button type="button" class="close basic-modal-close" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body" id="basic-modal-text"> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-ossila-grey basic-modal-close">Close</button> <a href="" class="btn btn-ossila-grey" id="basic-modal-link">More Information</a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="currency-modal" id="choose-country-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="choose-country-modal-title" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <p class="modal-title" id="choose-country-modal-title">Choose locale</p> <button type="button" class="close modal-close" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <label class="modal-label" for="countries-dropdown">Select Delivery Country or Region</label> <select class="currency-picker" name="country_dropdown_selector" id="countries-dropdown"></select> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2"> <label class="modal-label" for="currency-picker">Choose Preferred Currency</label> <form method="post" action="/localization" id="currency-modal-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="shopify-localization-form" enctype="multipart/form-data"><input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="localization" /><input type="hidden" name="utf8" value="✓" /><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put" /><input type="hidden" name="return_to" value="/pages/introduction-to-fullerene" /> <select id="country-currency-modal-select" name="country_code" class="currency-picker"> <option selected="true" value="US">United States Dollar, $ USD</option> <option disabled="disabled">----</option> <option data-name="Australian Dollar" value="AU">Australian Dollar, $ AUD</option> <option data-name="British Pound" value="GB">British Pound, £ GBP</option> <option data-name="Bulgarian Lev" value="BG">Bulgarian Lev, лв. BGN</option> <option data-name="Canadian Dollar" value="CA">Canadian Dollar, $ CAD</option> <option data-name="Chilean Peso" value="CL">Chilean Peso, $ CLP</option> <option data-name="Chinese Renminbi Yuan" value="CN">Chinese Renminbi Yuan, ¥ CNY</option> <option data-name="Czech Koruna" value="CZ">Czech Koruna, Kč CZK</option> <option data-name="Danish Krone" value="DK">Danish Krone, kr. DKK</option> <option data-name="Euro" value="NL">Euro, € EUR</option> <option data-name="Hong Kong Dollar" value="HK">Hong Kong Dollar, $ HKD</option> <option data-name="Hungarian Forint" value="HU">Hungarian Forint, Ft HUF</option> <option data-name="Indian Rupee" value="BT">Indian Rupee, ₹ INR</option> <option data-name="Israeli New Sheqel" value="IL">Israeli New Sheqel, ₪ ILS</option> <option data-name="Japanese Yen" value="JP">Japanese Yen, ¥ JPY</option> <option data-name="Malaysian Ringgit" value="MY">Malaysian Ringgit, RM MYR</option> <option data-name="New Taiwan Dollar" value="TW">New Taiwan Dollar, $ TWD</option> <option data-name="New Zealand Dollar" value="CK">New Zealand Dollar, $ NZD</option> <option data-name="Norwegian Krone" value="NO">Norwegian Krone, kr NOK</option> <option data-name="Pakistani Rupee" value="PK">Pakistani Rupee, ₨ PKR</option> <option data-name="Peruvian Sol" value="PE">Peruvian Sol, S/. PEN</option> <option data-name="Philippine Peso" value="PH">Philippine Peso, ₱ PHP</option> <option data-name="Polish Złoty" value="PL">Polish Złoty, zł PLN</option> <option data-name="Romanian Leu" value="RO">Romanian Leu, Lei RON</option> <option data-name="Saudi Riyal" value="SA">Saudi Riyal, ر.س SAR</option> <option data-name="Serbian Dinar" value="RS">Serbian Dinar, РСД RSD</option> <option data-name="Singapore Dollar" value="BN">Singapore Dollar, $ SGD</option> <option data-name="South African Rand" value="SZ">South African Rand, R ZAR</option> <option data-name="South Korean Won" value="KR">South Korean Won, ₩ KRW</option> <option data-name="Swedish Krona" value="SE">Swedish Krona, kr SEK</option> <option data-name="Swiss Franc" value="LI">Swiss Franc,  CHF</option> <option data-name="Thai Baht" value="TH">Thai Baht, ฿ THB</option> <option data-name="United Arab Emirates Dirham" value="AE">United Arab Emirates Dirham, د.إ AED</option> <option data-name="Uruguayan Peso" value="UY">Uruguayan Peso, $ UYU</option> </select> </form> <p class="text-small text-center text-bold no-margin pad-top-half-height">Online orders to <span class="country-name"></span> can only be placed in <span class="forced-currency"></span>. For other payment methods, request a quote or send a purchase order to info@ossila.com to purchase via offline channels.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-ossila-grey modal-close">Close</button> <button type="button" id="save-local-settings" class="btn btn-ossila-green">Close and Save</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="back-to-top-outer"> <a title="Return to the top" class="back-to-top-link" href="#"> <div id="back-to-top-inner">Return to the top</div> </a> </div> </body> </html> <script> // GA4 tracking // container ID is used to access dataLayer get function const gtmContainerId = 'GTM-WRVWSTG'; // Empty object to attach functions to depending on the page type let dataLayerFunctions = {}; // Matomo Tracking var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; // Collection page view for ecommerce trackiong // Product views for ecommerce tracking // Cart view for ecommerce tracking // Track quote requests as ecommerce conversions _paq.push(['disableCookies']); // Disable all cookies _paq.push(['enableJSErrorTracking']); // Track JS errors _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); // tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['trackAllContentImpressions']); (function() { var u="https://ossila.matomo.cloud/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/ossila.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); // ES6 compatibility check (function(){function n(){return typeof Promise!="undefined"&&typeof Symbol=="function"&&typeof Symbol("test")=="symbol"&&typeof Array.from!="undefined"&&typeof Object.assign!="undefined"&&typeof Map!="undefined"&&typeof Set!="undefined"}document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){if(!n()){var e=document.getElementById("unsupported-browser-message");e&&(e.style.display="block")}});})(); </script>

CINXE.COM

A Simple Introduction to Fullerene | Ossila