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id="toc-Types_of_powertrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_of_hybridization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_of_hybridization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Type of hybridization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_of_hybridization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plug-in_hybrids_(PHEVs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plug-in_hybrids_(PHEVs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plug-in_hybrids_(PHEVs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flex-fuel_hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flex-fuel_hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Flex-fuel hybrid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flex-fuel_hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_Management_Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_Management_Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Energy Management Systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_Management_Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predecessors_of_present_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors_of_present_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Predecessors of present technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors_of_present_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern hybrids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latest_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latest_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Latest developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latest_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales_and_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales_and_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sales and rankings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sales_and_rankings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sales and rankings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sales_and_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annual_sales_in_top_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_sales_in_top_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Annual sales in top markets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_sales_in_top_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Japanese market </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 American market </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 European market </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Technology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engines_and_fuel_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engines_and_fuel_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Engines and fuel sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engines_and_fuel_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gasoline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasoline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Gasoline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasoline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diesel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diesel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Diesel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diesel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Human power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Hydrogen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Solar power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bio-fuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bio-fuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.6 Bio-fuels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bio-fuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Design considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_kits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_kits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Conversion kits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_kits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Environmental impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fuel_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Fuel consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Noise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top_ten_EPA-rated_hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_ten_EPA-rated_hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Top ten EPA-rated hybrids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_ten_EPA-rated_hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicle_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Vehicle types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vehicle_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vehicle types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motorcycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorcycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Motorcycles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorcycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automobiles_and_light_trucks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobiles_and_light_trucks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Automobiles and light trucks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobiles_and_light_trucks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-performance_cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-performance_cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 High-performance cars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-performance_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formula_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formula_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Formula One </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formula_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Taxis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Buses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trucks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trucks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Trucks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trucks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Military vehicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Locomotives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_and_other_aquatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_and_other_aquatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Marine and other aquatic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_and_other_aquatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Aircraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_premium_and_showroom_cost_parity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_premium_and_showroom_cost_parity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Hybrid premium and showroom cost parity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_premium_and_showroom_cost_parity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raw_materials_shortage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raw_materials_shortage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Raw materials shortage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raw_materials_shortage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_and_incentives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_and_incentives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legislation and incentives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation_and_incentives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legislation and incentives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legislation_and_incentives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Jordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Republic of Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11.1 Federal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_and_local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_and_local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11.2 States and local </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_and_local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hybrid electric vehicle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مركبة كهربائية هجينة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة كهربائية هجينة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_el%C3%A8ctric_h%C3%ADbrid" title="Vehicle elèctric híbrid – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vehicle elèctric híbrid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerbyd_trydan_heibrid" title="Cerbyd trydan heibrid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerbyd trydan heibrid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridelektrokraftfahrzeug" title="Hybridelektrokraftfahrzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hybridelektrokraftfahrzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh%C3%ADculo_h%C3%ADbrido_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Vehículo híbrido eléctrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vehículo híbrido eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibilgailu_elektriko_hibrido" title="Ibilgailu elektriko hibrido – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ibilgailu elektriko hibrido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="خودروی برقی دوگانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودروی برقی دوگانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hybrid mode" redirects here. For Hybrid EV, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_electromagnetic_transmission_modes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The electromagnetic transmission modes (page does not exist)">the electromagnetic transmission modes</a>. For Mode (electromagnetism), see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_mode_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybrid mode (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">Hybrid mode (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Toyota_Prius_Excel_VVT-i_CVT_1.8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2018_Toyota_Prius_Excel_VVT-i_CVT_1.8.jpg/280px-2018_Toyota_Prius_Excel_VVT-i_CVT_1.8.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2018_Toyota_Prius_Excel_VVT-i_CVT_1.8.jpg/420px-2018_Toyota_Prius_Excel_VVT-i_CVT_1.8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2018_Toyota_Prius_Excel_VVT-i_CVT_1.8.jpg/560px-2018_Toyota_Prius_Excel_VVT-i_CVT_1.8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> is the world's best-selling hybrid car, with cumulative global sales of 5 million units up until September 2022<a href="#cite_note-Prius2023-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MBTA_route_SL5_bus_on_Washington_Street,_April_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MBTA_route_SL5_bus_on_Washington_Street%2C_April_2017.jpg/260px-MBTA_route_SL5_bus_on_Washington_Street%2C_April_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MBTA_route_SL5_bus_on_Washington_Street%2C_April_2017.jpg/390px-MBTA_route_SL5_bus_on_Washington_Street%2C_April_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MBTA_route_SL5_bus_on_Washington_Street%2C_April_2017.jpg/520px-MBTA_route_SL5_bus_on_Washington_Street%2C_April_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/New_Flyer" title="New Flyer">New Flyer</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Flyer_Xcelsior" title="New Flyer Xcelsior">XDE60 Xcelsior</a> <a href="/wiki/Articulated_bus" title="Articulated bus">articulated</a> hybrid-electric bus operated by <a href="/wiki/MBTA" class="mw-redirect" title="MBTA">MBTA</a></figcaption></figure> A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a> that couples a conventional <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> (ICE) with one or more <a href="/wiki/Electric_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric engine">electric engines</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">combined propulsion system</a>. The presence of the electric <a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">powertrain</a>, which has inherently better <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy conversion efficiency</a>, is intended to achieve either better <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a> or better <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> performance than a <a href="/wiki/Conventional_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional vehicle">conventional vehicle</a>. There is a variety of HEV types and the degree to which each functions as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common form of HEV is hybrid electric <a href="/wiki/Passenger_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger car">passenger cars</a>, although hybrid electric <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">tow trucks</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorboat" title="Motorboat">motorboats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HybridCarHist-3">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> also exist. Modern HEVs use <a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">energy recovery</a> technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Motor%E2%80%93generator" title="Motor–generator">motor–generator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a> to recycle the vehicle's <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Electric_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric energy">electric energy</a> via an <a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">alternator</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">stored</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">battery pack</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Supercapacitor" title="Supercapacitor">supercapacitor</a>. Some varieties of HEV use an internal combustion engine to directly drive an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a>, which either recharges the vehicle's batteries or directly powers the electric <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">traction motors</a>; this combination is known as a <a href="/wiki/Range_extender" title="Range extender">range extender</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Many HEVs <a href="/wiki/Idle_reduction" title="Idle reduction">reduce idle emissions</a> by temporarily shutting down the combustion engine at <a href="/wiki/Idle_(engine)" title="Idle (engine)">idle</a> (such as when waiting at the <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic light</a>) and restarting it when needed; this is known as a <a href="/wiki/Start-stop_system" title="Start-stop system">start-stop system</a>. A hybrid-electric system produces less <a href="/wiki/Tailpipe_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailpipe emission">tailpipe emissions</a> than a comparably sized <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine">gasoline engine</a> vehicle since the hybrid's gasoline engine usually has smaller <a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">displacement</a> and thus lower <a href="/wiki/Fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel consumption">fuel consumption</a> than that of a conventional gasoline-powered vehicle. If the engine is not used to drive the car directly, it can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Lohner–Porsche</a> in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-HybridCarHist-3">[3]</a> But hybrid electric vehicles did not become widely available until the release of the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 1997, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a> in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2001-5">[5]</a> Initially, hybrid seemed unnecessary due to the low cost of gasoline. Worldwide increases in the price of petroleum caused many automakers to release hybrids in the late 2000s; they are now perceived as a core segment of the automotive market of the future.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] As of April 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, over 17 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide since their inception in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-TMC15miHEVs-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a> Japan has the world's largest hybrid electric vehicle fleet with 7.5 million hybrids registered as of March 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jap7mi-10">[10]</a> Japan also has the world's highest hybrid <a href="/wiki/Market_penetration" title="Market penetration">market penetration</a> with hybrids representing 19.0% of all passenger cars on the road as of March 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, both figures excluding <a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">kei cars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jap7mi-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-JapanHEVcapital-11">[11]</a> As of December 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, the U.S. ranked second with cumulative sales of 5.8 million units since 1999,<a href="#cite_note-USeDataBook2021-12">[12]</a> and, as of July 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, Europe listed third with 3.0 million cars delivered since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-TMC3miHEVs-13">[13]</a> Global sales are led by the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Motor Corporation">Toyota Motor Corporation</a> with more than 15 million <a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a> and Toyota hybrids sold as of January 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TMC15miHEVs-8">[8]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Honda_Motor_Co.,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Motor Co., Ltd.">Honda Motor Co., Ltd.</a> with cumulative global sales of more than 1.35 million hybrids as of June 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Honda1mi-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Honda2013-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Honda062014-16">[16]</a> As of September 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, worldwide hybrid sales are led by the Toyota Prius liftback, with cumulative sales of 5 million units.<a href="#cite_note-Prius2023-1">[1]</a> The Prius <a href="/wiki/Nameplate" title="Nameplate">nameplate</a> had sold more than 6 million hybrids up to January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-17">[17]</a> Global Lexus hybrid sales achieved the 1 million unit milestone in March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Lexus1mi-18">[18]</a> As of January 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, the conventional Prius is the all-time best-selling hybrid car in both Japan and the U.S., with sales of over 1.8 million in Japan and 1.75 million in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_powertrain">Types of powertrain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of powertrain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">Hybrid vehicle drivetrain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid_Limited_--_11-20-2011_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2011_Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid_Limited_--_11-20-2011_1.jpg/220px-2011_Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid_Limited_--_11-20-2011_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2011_Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid_Limited_--_11-20-2011_1.jpg/330px-2011_Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid_Limited_--_11-20-2011_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2011_Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid_Limited_--_11-20-2011_1.jpg/440px-2011_Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid_Limited_--_11-20-2011_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid#Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Highlander Hybrid">Toyota Highlander Hybrid</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Series-parallel_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series-parallel hybrid">series-parallel drivetrain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Saturn_Vue_GreenLine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2008_Saturn_Vue_GreenLine.jpg/220px-2008_Saturn_Vue_GreenLine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2008_Saturn_Vue_GreenLine.jpg/330px-2008_Saturn_Vue_GreenLine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/2008_Saturn_Vue_GreenLine.jpg/440px-2008_Saturn_Vue_GreenLine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Vue#Green_Line" title="Saturn Vue">Saturn Vue Green Line</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">mild hybrid</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevrolet-Silverado-Hybrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chevrolet-Silverado-Hybrid.jpg/220px-Chevrolet-Silverado-Hybrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chevrolet-Silverado-Hybrid.jpg/330px-Chevrolet-Silverado-Hybrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chevrolet-Silverado-Hybrid.jpg/440px-Chevrolet-Silverado-Hybrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>The 2005–06 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Silverado_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid">Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">mild hybrid</a> using the electric motor mainly to power the accessories.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_ActiveHybrid_7_WAS_2010_8967.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BMW_ActiveHybrid_7_WAS_2010_8967.JPG/220px-BMW_ActiveHybrid_7_WAS_2010_8967.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BMW_ActiveHybrid_7_WAS_2010_8967.JPG/330px-BMW_ActiveHybrid_7_WAS_2010_8967.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BMW_ActiveHybrid_7_WAS_2010_8967.JPG/440px-BMW_ActiveHybrid_7_WAS_2010_8967.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/BMW_Concept_7_Series_ActiveHybrid" title="BMW Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid">BMW Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">mild hybrid</a> with an electric motor designed to increase power and performance.</figcaption></figure> Hybrid electric vehicles can be classified according to the way in which power is supplied to the drivetrain: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Parallel_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel hybrid">parallel hybrids</a>, the ICE and the <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> are both connected to the mechanical <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission</a> and can simultaneously transmit power to drive the wheels, usually through a conventional transmission. Honda's Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) system as found in the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Insight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Civic Hybrid">Civic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Accord_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Accord Hybrid">Accord</a>, as well as the GM Belted Alternator/Starter (<a href="/wiki/BAS_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="BAS Hybrid">BAS Hybrid</a>) system found in the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu" title="Chevrolet Malibu">Chevrolet Malibu</a> hybrids are examples of production parallel hybrids.<a href="#cite_note-UCSHbrid-19">[19]</a> The internal combustion engine of many parallel hybrids can also act as a generator for supplemental recharging. As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, commercialized parallel hybrids use a full size combustion engine with a single, small (<20 kW) electric motor and small battery pack as the electric motor is designed to supplement the main engine, not to be the sole source of motive power from launch. But after 2015 parallel hybrids with over 50 kW are available, enabling electric driving at moderate acceleration. Parallel hybrids are more efficient than comparable non-hybrid vehicles especially during urban stop-and-go conditions where the electric motor is permitted to contribute,<a href="#cite_note-UCSHbrid-19">[19]</a> and during highway operation.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Series_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series hybrid">series hybrids</a>, only the electric motor drives the drivetrain, and a smaller ICE (also called <a href="/wiki/Range_extender_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range extender (vehicle)">range extender</a>) works as a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">generator</a> to power the electric motor or to recharge the batteries. They also usually have a larger battery pack than parallel hybrids, making them more expensive. Once the batteries are low, the small combustion engine can generate power at its optimum settings at all times, making them more efficient in extensive city driving.<a href="#cite_note-UCSHbrid-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series-parallel_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series-parallel hybrid">Power-split hybrids</a> have the benefits of a combination of series and parallel characteristics. As a result, they are more efficient overall, because series hybrids tend to be more efficient at lower speeds and parallel tend to be more efficient at high speeds; however, the cost of power-split hybrid is higher than a pure parallel.<a href="#cite_note-UCSHbrid-19">[19]</a> Examples of power-split (referred to by some as "series-parallel") hybrid powertrains include 2007 models of <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UCSHbrid-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li></ul> In each of the hybrids above it is common to use <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a> to recharge the batteries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_of_hybridization">Type of hybridization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Type of hybridization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">Mild hybrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain#Types_by_degree_of_hybridization" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">Hybrid vehicle drivetrain § Types by degree of hybridization</a></div> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Full hybrid">Full hybrid</a>, sometimes also called a strong hybrid, is a vehicle that can run entirely on its electric motor for a period of time.<a href="#cite_note-Boschert06-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>'s hybrid system, Toyota's <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Synergy_Drive" title="Hybrid Synergy Drive">Hybrid Synergy Drive</a>, Peugeot-Citroën's <a href="/wiki/PSA_HYbrid4" title="PSA HYbrid4">HYbrid4</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Two-Mode_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Mode Hybrid">Two-Mode Hybrid</a> technologies are full hybrid systems.<a href="#cite_note-GreenMild-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_508#508_RXH" title="Peugeot 508">Peugeot 508 RXH HYbrid4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Escape Hybrid">Ford Escape Hybrid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Hybrid" title="Ford Fusion Hybrid">Ford Fusion Hybrid</a> are examples of full hybrids, as these cars can be moved forward on battery power alone. A large, high-capacity battery pack is needed for battery-only operation. These vehicles have a split power path allowing greater flexibility in the drivetrain by interconverting mechanical and electrical power, at some cost in complexity.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">Mild hybrid</a>, is a vehicle that cannot be driven solely on its electric motor, because the electric motor does not have enough power to propel the vehicle on its own.<a href="#cite_note-Boschert06-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenMild-22">[22]</a> Mild hybrids include only some of the features found in hybrid technology, and usually achieve limited <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel consumption savings</a>, up to 15 percent in urban driving and 8 to 10 percent overall cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Boschert06-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreenMild-22">[22]</a> A mild hybrid is essentially a conventional vehicle with oversize starter motor, allowing the engine to be turned off whenever the car is coasting, braking, or stopped, yet restart quickly and cleanly. The motor is often mounted between the engine and transmission, taking the place of the <a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">torque converter</a>, and is used to supply additional propulsion energy when accelerating. Accessories can continue to run on electrical power while the gasoline engine is off, and as in other hybrid designs, the motor is used for regenerative braking to recapture energy. As compared to full hybrids, mild hybrids have smaller batteries and a smaller, weaker motor/generator, which allows manufacturers to reduce cost and weight.<a href="#cite_note-GreenMild-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>'s early hybrids including the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight#First_generation_(ZE1;_1999)" title="Honda Insight">first generation Insight</a> used this design,<a href="#cite_note-GreenMild-22">[22]</a> leveraging their reputation for design of small, efficient gasoline engines; their system is dubbed <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Motor_Assist" title="Integrated Motor Assist">Integrated Motor Assist</a> (IMA). Starting with the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Civic Hybrid">Civic Hybrid</a>, the IMA system now can propel the vehicle solely on electric power during medium speed cruising. Another example is the 2005–2007 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Silverado_Hybrid#Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid">Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid</a>, a full-size <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup truck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GreenMild-22">[22]</a> Chevrolet was able to get a 10% improvement on the Silverado's fuel efficiency by shutting down and restarting the engine on demand and using regenerative braking. <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> has also used its mild <a href="/wiki/BAS_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="BAS Hybrid">BAS Hybrid</a> technology in other models such as the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Vue#Green_Line" title="Saturn Vue">Saturn Vue Green Line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Aura_Hybrid#Aura_Green_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn Aura Hybrid">Saturn Aura Greenline</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu#Powertrain" title="Chevrolet Malibu">2008-2009 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu#Engines_4" title="Chevrolet Malibu">2013–2014 Chevrolet Malibu Eco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GreenMild-22">[22]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plug-in_hybrids_(PHEVs)">Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DCA_06_2012_Chevy_Volt_4035.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DCA_06_2012_Chevy_Volt_4035.JPG/220px-DCA_06_2012_Chevy_Volt_4035.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DCA_06_2012_Chevy_Volt_4035.JPG/330px-DCA_06_2012_Chevy_Volt_4035.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DCA_06_2012_Chevy_Volt_4035.JPG/440px-DCA_06_2012_Chevy_Volt_4035.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>The first generation <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a> able to run in <a href="/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode">all-electric mode</a> up to 35 mi (56 km).</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle">plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a> (PHEV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle with <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable batteries</a> that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric powersource</a>. A PHEV shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>; and of an <a href="/wiki/All-electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric vehicle">all-electric vehicle</a>, also having a <a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">plug</a> to connect to the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a>. PHEVs have a much larger <a href="/wiki/All-electric_range" title="All-electric range">all-electric range</a> as compared to conventional gasoline-electric hybrids, and also eliminate the "<a href="/wiki/Range_anxiety" title="Range anxiety">range anxiety</a>" associated with all-electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted.<a href="#cite_note-Boschert06-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-HotFlat-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flex-fuel_hybrid">Flex-fuel hybrid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flex-fuel hybrid">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prius_flex_BSB_12_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Prius_flex_BSB_12_2018.jpg/220px-Prius_flex_BSB_12_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Prius_flex_BSB_12_2018.jpg/330px-Prius_flex_BSB_12_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Prius_flex_BSB_12_2018.jpg/440px-Prius_flex_BSB_12_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>First commercial <a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">flex-fuel</a> hybrid electric car tested with a <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> as <a href="/wiki/Development_mule" title="Development mule">development mule</a></figcaption></figure> In December 2018, <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota do Brasil</a> announced the development of the world's first commercial hybrid electric car with <a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">flex-fuel engine</a> capable of running with electricity and ethanol fuel or gasoline. The flexible fuel hybrid technology was developed in partnership with several <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Brazilian federal</a> universities, and a prototype was tested for six months using a <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> as <a href="/wiki/Development_mule" title="Development mule">development mule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PriusFlex-25">[25]</a> Toyota announced plans to start series production of a flex hybrid electric car for the Brazilian market in the second half of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-PriusFlex-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ToyotaFlexHEV-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_(E210)" title="Toyota Corolla (E210)">twelfth generation of the Corolla</a> line-up was launched in Brazil in September 2019, which included an Altis trim with the first version of a flex-fuel hybrid powered by a 1.8-litre <a href="/wiki/Atkinson_cycle" title="Atkinson cycle">Atkinson</a> engine.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> By February 2020, sales of the Corolla Altis flex-fuel hybrid represented almost 25% of all Corolla sales in the country.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_Management_Systems">Energy Management Systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Energy Management Systems">edit</a>]</div> To take advantage of the emission reduction potential of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), appropriate design of their energy management systems (EMSs) to control the power flow between the engine and the battery is essential.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In a conventional (non-hybrid) vehicle, there is no need for an energy management strategy: the driver decides the instant power delivery using the brake and accelerator pedals and, in manual transmission vehicles, decides which gear is engaged at any time. In a hybrid vehicle, on the other hand, there is an additional decision that must be taken due to its ability to recover energy during braking or driving downhill: how much power is delivered by each of the energy sources on-board of the vehicle. The recovered energy can be stored in the battery and deployed at a later time to assist the prime mover to provide tractive power. This is why all hybrid vehicles include an energy management controller, interposed between the driver and the component controllers. As mentioned, the aim of the energy management system is to determine the optimal power split between the on-board energy sources. The decision regarding what to consider optimal depends on the specific application: in most cases, the strategies tend to minimize the fuel consumption, but optimization objectives could also include the minimization of pollutant emissions, maximization of battery life or—in general—a compromise among all the above goals.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_plug-in_hybrids" title="History of plug-in hybrids">History of plug-in hybrids</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_days">Early days</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early days">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lohner_Porsche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lohner_Porsche.jpg/220px-Lohner_Porsche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lohner_Porsche.jpg/330px-Lohner_Porsche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lohner_Porsche.jpg/440px-Lohner_Porsche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Lohner–Porsche</a> Mixte Hybrid was the first gasoline-electric hybrid <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a>.</figcaption></figure> William H. Patton filed a patent application for a gasoline-electric hybrid rail-car propulsion system in early 1889, and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid-1889.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> He went on to test and market the Patton Motor Car, a gas-electric hybrid system used to drive <a href="/wiki/Tram_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tram cars">tram cars</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid locomotive">locomotives</a>. A gasoline engine drove a generator that served to charge a <a href="/wiki/Lead_acid_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead acid battery">lead acid battery</a> in parallel with the traction motors. A conventional <a href="/wiki/Series-parallel_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Series-parallel control">series-parallel controller</a> was used for the <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">traction motors</a>. A prototype was built in 1889, an experimental tram car was run in <a href="/wiki/Pullman,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pullman, Illinois">Pullman, Illinois</a>, in 1891, and a production locomotive was sold to a <a href="/wiki/Street_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Street railway">street railway</a> company in <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Falls,_Iowa" title="Cedar Falls, Iowa">Cedar Falls, Iowa</a>, in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1896, the Armstrong Phaeton was developed by Harry E. Dey and built by the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Electric" title="Armstrong Electric">Armstrong Company of Bridgeport</a>, CT for the Roger Mechanical Carriage Company. Though there were steam, electric, and internal combustion vehicles introduced in the early days, the Armstrong Phaeton was innovative with many firsts. Not only did it have a gasoline powered 6.5-liter, two-cylinder engine, but also a dynamo flywheel connected to an onboard battery. The dynamo and regenerative braking were used to charge the battery. Its electric starter was used 16 years before Cadillac's. The dynamo also provided ignition spark and powered the electric lamps. The Phaeton also had the first semi-automatic transmission (no manual clutch). The exhaust system was an integrated structural component of the vehicle. The Armstrong Phaeton's motor was too powerful; the torque damaged the carriage wheels repeatedly.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 1900, while employed at Lohner Coach Factory, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Mixte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HybridCarHist-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> a 4WD series-hybrid version of "System Lohner–Porsche" electric carriage that previously appeared in <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">1900 Paris World Fair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HybridCarHist-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> George Fischer sold hybrid buses to England in 1901; Knight Neftal produced a racing hybrid in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-engines-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieper-patent-fig1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Pieper-patent-fig1.gif/220px-Pieper-patent-fig1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Pieper-patent-fig1.gif/330px-Pieper-patent-fig1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Pieper-patent-fig1.gif/440px-Pieper-patent-fig1.gif 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1 of Henri Pieper's 1905 Hybrid Vehicle Patent Application</figcaption></figure>In 1905, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Pieper" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Pieper">Henri Pieper</a> of Germany/Belgium introduced a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a> with an electric motor/generator, batteries, and a small gasoline engine. It used the electric motor to charge its batteries at cruise speed and used both motors to accelerate or climb a hill. The Pieper factory was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9ria_Automobiles" title="Impéria Automobiles">Impéria</a>, after Pieper died.<a href="#cite_note-Victor_Wouk_p70-74-39">[39]</a> The 1915 Dual Power, made by the <a href="/wiki/Woods_Motor_Vehicle" title="Woods Motor Vehicle">Woods Motor Vehicle</a> electric car maker, had a four-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a> and an electric motor. Below 15 mph (24 km/h) the electric motor alone drove the vehicle, drawing power from a battery pack, and above this speed the "main" engine cut in to take the car up to its 35 mph (56 km/h) top speed. About 600 were made up to 1918.<a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu-40">[40]</a> The Woods hybrid was a commercial failure, proving to be too slow for its price, and too difficult to service. In England, the prototype <a href="/wiki/Lanchester_petrol-electric_car" title="Lanchester petrol-electric car">Lanchester petrol-electric car</a> was made in 1927. It was not a success, but the vehicle is on display in <a href="/wiki/Thinktank,_Birmingham_Science_Museum" title="Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum">Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMT106-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>'s 1928 <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Motorized_Force" title="Experimental Motorized Force">Experimental Motorized Force</a> tested a gasoline-electric bus in a truck convoy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1931, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Gaichen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Gaichen (page does not exist)">Erich Gaichen</a> invented and drove from Altenburg to Berlin a 1/2 horsepower electric car containing features later incorporated into hybrid cars. Its maximum speed was 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), but it was licensed by the Motor Transport Office, taxed by the German Revenue Department and patented by the German Reichs-Patent Amt. The car battery was <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">re-charged by the motor</a> when the car went downhill. Additional power to charge the battery was provided by a cylinder of compressed air which was re-charged by small air pumps activated by vibrations of the chassis and the brakes and by igniting oxyhydrogen gas. No production beyond the prototype was reported.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panzerjager_Tiger_P_Aberdeen_Proving_Grounds.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Panzerjager_Tiger_P_Aberdeen_Proving_Grounds.JPG/220px-Panzerjager_Tiger_P_Aberdeen_Proving_Grounds.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Panzerjager_Tiger_P_Aberdeen_Proving_Grounds.JPG/330px-Panzerjager_Tiger_P_Aberdeen_Proving_Grounds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Panzerjager_Tiger_P_Aberdeen_Proving_Grounds.JPG/440px-Panzerjager_Tiger_P_Aberdeen_Proving_Grounds.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Porsche's Elefant tank destroyer, restored for museum display</figcaption></figure> During the Second World War, Ferdinand Porsche sought to use his firm's experience in hybrid drivetrain design for powering armored fighting vehicles for Nazi Germany. A series of designs, starting with the <a href="/wiki/VK_3001_(P)" class="mw-redirect" title="VK 3001 (P)">VK 3001 (P)</a>, the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/VK_4501_(P)" class="mw-redirect" title="VK 4501 (P)">VK 4501 (P)</a> heavy tank prototype (which became the <a href="/wiki/Elefant" title="Elefant">Elefant</a> tank destroyer) and concluding with the heaviest armored fighting vehicle ever prototyped, the <a href="/wiki/Panzer_VIII_Maus" title="Panzer VIII Maus">Panzerkampfwagen Maus</a> of nearly 190 tonnes in weight, were just two examples of a number of planned Wehrmacht "weapons systems" (including <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_191#Failure_and_end_of_program" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 191">the highly-"electrified" subsystems on the Fw 191 bomber project</a>), crippled in their development by the then-substandard supplies of <a href="/wiki/Copper_conductor" title="Copper conductor">electrical-grade copper</a>, required for the electric final drives on Porsche's armored fighting vehicle powertrain designs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors_of_present_technology">Predecessors of present technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Predecessors of present technology">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative braking system</a>, a core design concept of most modern production HEVs, was developed in 1967 for the <a href="/wiki/American_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="American Motors">American Motors</a> <a href="/wiki/Amitron" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitron">Amitron</a> and called <a href="/wiki/Energy_Regeneration_Brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Regeneration Brake">Energy Regeneration Brake</a> by AMC.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> This completely <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a> powered urban <a href="/wiki/Concept_car" title="Concept car">concept car</a> was recharged by braking, thus increasing the range of the automobile.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The AMC Amitron was first use of regenerative braking technology in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A more recent working prototype of the HEV was built by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Wouk" title="Victor Wouk">Victor Wouk</a> (one of the scientists involved with the <a href="/wiki/Henney_Kilowatt" title="Henney Kilowatt">Henney Kilowatt</a>, the first transistor-based electric car) and Dr. Charles L Rosen. Wouk's work with HEVs in the 1960s and 1970s earned him the title as the "Godfather of the Hybrid".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> They installed a prototype hybrid drivetrain (with a 16-kilowatt (21 hp) <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>) into a 1972 <a href="/wiki/Buick_Skylark" title="Buick Skylark">Buick Skylark</a> provided by GM for the 1970 Federal Clean Car Incentive Program, but the program was stopped by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) in 1976 while Eric Stork, the head of the EPA's vehicle emissions control program at the time, was accused of a prejudicial <a href="/wiki/Coverup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coverup">coverup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1979 the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_131" title="Fiat 131">Fiat 131</a> Ibrido was presented in Detroit,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> a marching prototype made by the CRF (Fiat Research Center). The engine compartment was composed by the 903cc borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_127" title="Fiat 127">Fiat 127</a>, set to output 33 hp only and coupled to a 20 kW electric motor. The scheme proposed by <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> is defined as "parallel hybrid": the petrol engine is connected to the differential with a 1:1 direct gear ratio, without gearbox, instead of the clutch there was an 8-inch torque converter followed by the transmission shaft on which the rotor of the electric motor is keyed, the latter powered by a 12-batteries pack. The regenerative brake concept was further developed in the early 1980s by David Arthurs, an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">electrical engineer</a>, using <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/off-the_shelf" class="extiw" title="wikt:off-the shelf">off-the shelf</a> components, military surplus, and an <a href="/wiki/Opel_GT" title="Opel GT">Opel GT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Voltage_controller" title="Voltage controller">voltage controller</a> to link the batteries, motor (a jet-engine starter motor), and DC <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">generator</a> was Arthurs'. The vehicle exhibited 75 miles per US gallon (3.1 L/100 km; 90 mpg‑imp) <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>, and plans for it were marketed by <a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Karl_Preikschat" title="Fritz Karl Preikschat">Fritz Karl Preikschat</a> invented an electric propulsion and braking system for cars based on regenerative braking.<a href="#cite_note-patents.google.com-52">[52]</a> While clearly not the only patent relating to the hybrid electric vehicle, the patent was important based on 120+ subsequent patents directly citing it.<a href="#cite_note-patents.google.com-52">[52]</a> The patent was issued in the U.S. and the system was not prototyped or commercialized. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a> built three prototypes of the <a href="/wiki/Alfa_33" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfa 33">Alfa 33</a> Hybrid,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> equipped with the tried and tested <a href="/wiki/Alfasud" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfasud">Alfasud</a> <a href="/wiki/Boxer_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer engine">boxer engine</a> (1,500cc, 95 HP) combined with a three-phase asynchronous electric motor (16 HP, 6.1 kgm of torque) supplied by <a href="/wiki/Ansaldo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansaldo">Ansaldo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. The design was realistic and already mass production-oriented, with minimal modifications to the standard body and a weight increase of only 150 kg (110 for the batteries, 20 for the electric engine and 10 for power electronics). The Alfa Romeo 33 Ibrida was able to travel up to 60 km/h in full electric mode, with a 5 km range, very good performance for the time. In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Audi_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi AG">Audi</a> produced its first <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iteration" class="extiw" title="wikt:iteration">iteration</a> of the Audi Duo (the <a href="/wiki/Audi_100#C3" title="Audi 100">Audi C3 100 Avant Duo</a>) experimental vehicle, a <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in parallel hybrid</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Audi_100" title="Audi 100">Audi 100</a> Avant <a href="/wiki/Quattro_(four_wheel_drive_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quattro (four wheel drive system)">quattro</a>. This car had a 9.4 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kilowatts</a> (12.8 <a href="/wiki/Metric_horsepower" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric horsepower">PS</a>; 12.6 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Brake_horsepower" title="Horsepower">bhp</a>) <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> which drove the rear roadwheels. A <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk (automobile)">trunk</a>-mounted <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">nickel–cadmium battery</a> supplied <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> to the motor that drove the rear wheels. The vehicle's front roadwheels were powered by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_Volkswagen_Group_petrol_engines#NF" title="List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines">2.3-litre</a> <a href="/wiki/Straight-five_engine" title="Straight-five engine">five-cylinder</a> <a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">petrol engine</a> with an output of 100 kilowatts (136 PS; 134 bhp). The intent was to produce a vehicle which could operate on the engine in the country, and electric mode in the city. Mode of operation could be selected by the driver. Just ten vehicles are believed to have been made; one <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/drawback" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:drawback">drawback</a> was that due to the extra weight of the electric drive, the vehicles were less efficient when running on their engines alone than standard Audi 100s with the same engine.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Two years later, Audi, unveiled the second duo generation, the <a href="/wiki/Audi_100_Duo" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi 100 Duo">Audi 100 Duo</a> – likewise based on the Audi 100 Avant quattro. Once again, this featured an electric motor, a 21.3 kilowatts (29.0 PS; 28.6 bhp) three-phase machine, driving the rear roadwheels. This time, however, the rear wheels were additionally powered via the <a href="/wiki/Torsen" title="Torsen">Torsen</a> centre <a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">differential</a> from the main engine compartment, which housed a 2.0-litre <a href="/wiki/Straight-four_engine" title="Straight-four engine">four-cylinder engine</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Research and Development was advancing in the 1990s with projects such as the early <a href="/wiki/BMW_5_Series_(E34)" title="BMW 5 Series (E34)">BMW 5 Series (E34)</a> CVT hybrid-electric vehicle <a href="#cite_note-BMWCVTHybridSedan-54">[54]</a> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_ECC" title="Volvo ECC">Volvo ECC</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo</a>. The Volvo ECC was built on the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_850" title="Volvo 850">Volvo 850</a> platform. In contrast to most production hybrids, which use a gasoline piston engine to provide additional acceleration and to recharge the battery storage, the Volvo ECC used a gas turbine engine to drive the generator for recharging. The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton administration</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_a_New_Generation_of_Vehicles" title="Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles">Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles</a> (PNGV) program on 29 September 1993, that involved <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Council_for_Automotive_Research" title="United States Council for Automotive Research">USCAR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">DoE</a>, and other various governmental agencies to engineer the next efficient and clean vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">United States National Research Council</a> (USNRC) cited <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automakers</a>' moves to produce HEVs as evidence that technologies developed under PNGV were being rapidly adopted on <a href="/wiki/Production_line" title="Production line">production lines</a>, as called for under Goal 2. Based on information received from automakers, NRC reviewers questioned whether the "Big Three" would be able to move from the concept phase to cost effective, pre-production <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> vehicles by 2004, as set out in Goal 3.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The program was replaced by the hydrogen-focused <a href="/wiki/FreedomCAR" class="mw-redirect" title="FreedomCAR">FreedomCAR</a> initiative by the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> an initiative to fund research too risky for the private sector to engage in, with the long-term goal of developing effectively carbon emission- and petroleum-free vehicles. 1998 saw the <a href="/wiki/Panoz_Esperante_GTR-1#Q9_HybridPanoz-Zytek" title="Panoz Esperante GTR-1">Esparante GTR-Q9</a> became the first Petrol-Electric Hybrid to race at Le Mans, although the car failed to qualify for the main event. The car managed to finished second in class at Petit Le Mans the same year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_hybrids">Modern hybrids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern hybrids">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_vehicles" title="List of hybrid vehicles">List of hybrid vehicles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_PRIUS_(NHW10)_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Toyota_PRIUS_%28NHW10%29_front.JPG/220px-Toyota_PRIUS_%28NHW10%29_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Toyota_PRIUS_%28NHW10%29_front.JPG/330px-Toyota_PRIUS_%28NHW10%29_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Toyota_PRIUS_%28NHW10%29_front.JPG/440px-Toyota_PRIUS_%28NHW10%29_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius#1997–2001_(model_NHW10)" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius (first generation)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HondaInsight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/HondaInsight.jpg/220px-HondaInsight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/HondaInsight.jpg/330px-HondaInsight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/HondaInsight.jpg/440px-HondaInsight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight#First_generation_(ZE1;_1999)" title="Honda Insight">2000 Honda Insight (first generation)</a></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Summarize_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Section_size_policies" title="Help:Section">too long</a> and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material. (August 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2nd_Honda_Insight_EX_--_05-13-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2nd_Honda_Insight_EX_--_05-13-2011.jpg/220px-2nd_Honda_Insight_EX_--_05-13-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2nd_Honda_Insight_EX_--_05-13-2011.jpg/330px-2nd_Honda_Insight_EX_--_05-13-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2nd_Honda_Insight_EX_--_05-13-2011.jpg/440px-2nd_Honda_Insight_EX_--_05-13-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight#Second_generation" title="Honda Insight">2010 Honda Insight (second generation)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Ford_Fusion_Hybrid_2_--_08-21-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/2010_Ford_Fusion_Hybrid_2_--_08-21-2009.jpg/220px-2010_Ford_Fusion_Hybrid_2_--_08-21-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/2010_Ford_Fusion_Hybrid_2_--_08-21-2009.jpg/330px-2010_Ford_Fusion_Hybrid_2_--_08-21-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/2010_Ford_Fusion_Hybrid_2_--_08-21-2009.jpg/440px-2010_Ford_Fusion_Hybrid_2_--_08-21-2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption>The 2010 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Hybrid" title="Ford Fusion Hybrid">Ford Fusion Hybrid</a> was launched in the U.S. in March 2009.<a href="#cite_note-GreenCar0409-58">[58]</a></figcaption></figure> Automotive hybrid technology became widespread beginning in the late 1990s. The first <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> hybrid vehicle was the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>, launched in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 1997, and followed by the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a>, launched in 1999 in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2001-5">[5]</a> The Prius was launched in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and the rest of the world in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-tmc_20080515-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius#1997–2001_(model_NHW10)" title="Toyota Prius">first-generation Prius</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedan</a> has an estimated <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a> of 52 miles per US gallon (4.5 L/100 km; 62 mpg‑imp) in the city and 45 miles per US gallon (5.2 L/100 km; 54 mpg‑imp) in highway driving. The two-door <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight#First_generation_(ZE1;_1999)" title="Honda Insight">first-generation Insight</a> was estimated at 61 miles per US gallon (3.9 L/100 km; 73 mpg‑imp) in city driving and 68 miles per US gallon (3.5 L/100 km; 82 mpg‑imp) on the highway.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2001-5">[5]</a> The Toyota Prius sold 300 units in 1997 and 19,500 in 2000, and cumulative worldwide Prius sales reached the one million mark in April 2008.<a href="#cite_note-tmc_20080515-59">[59]</a> By early 2010, the Prius global cumulative sales were estimated at 1.6 million units.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-61">[61]</a> Toyota launched a second-generation Prius in 2004 and a third in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-SFGate2009-62">[62]</a> The 2010 Prius has an estimated <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> combined fuel economy cycle of 50 miles per US gallon (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg‑imp).<a href="#cite_note-SFGate2009-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Audi_A4_Duo" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi A4 Duo">Audi Duo III</a> was introduced in 1997, based on the <a href="/wiki/Audi_A4#B5" title="Audi A4">Audi B5 A4 Avant</a>, and was the only Duo to ever make it into series production.<a href="#cite_note-HybridCarHist-3">[3]</a> The Duo III used the 1.9-<a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbocharged_Direct_Injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbocharged Direct Injection">Turbocharged Direct Injection</a> (TDI) <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>, which was coupled with a 21 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kilowatts</a> (29 <a href="/wiki/Metric_horsepower" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric horsepower">PS</a>; 28 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower#Brake_horsepower" title="Horsepower">bhp</a>) electric motor. Due to low demand for it because of its high price,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] only about sixty Audi Duos were produced. Until the release of the <a href="/wiki/Audi_Q7#Q7_hybrid_(2005)" title="Audi Q7">Audi Q7 Hybrid</a> in 2008, the Duo was the only <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> hybrid ever put into production.<a href="#cite_note-HybridCarHist-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Civic Hybrid">Honda Civic Hybrid</a> was introduced in February 2002 as a 2003 model, based on the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_(seventh_generation)" title="Honda Civic (seventh generation)">seventh-generation Civic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Civic03-65">[65]</a> The 2003 Civic Hybrid appears identical to the non-hybrid version, but delivers 50 miles per US gallon (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg‑imp), a 40 percent increase compared to a conventional Civic LX sedan.<a href="#cite_note-Civic03-65">[65]</a> Along with the conventional Civic, it received a styling update for 2004. The redesigned 2004 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius#2004–2009_(model_NHW20)" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius (second generation)</a> improved passenger room, cargo area, and power output, while increasing <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">energy efficiency</a> and reducing emissions. The Honda Insight first generation stopped being produced after 2006 and has a devoted base of owners. A second-generation Insight was launched in 2010. In 2004, Honda also released a 6-cylinder hybrid version of the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Accord" title="Honda Accord">Accord</a> but discontinued it in 2007, citing disappointing sales, although production of a 4-cylinder hybrid began in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Escape Hybrid">Ford Escape Hybrid</a>, the first hybrid electric <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">sport utility vehicle</a> (SUV), was released in 2005. Toyota and Ford entered into a licensing agreement in March 2004 allowing Ford to use 20 patents[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] from Toyota related to hybrid technology, although Ford's engine was independently designed and built.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In exchange for the hybrid licenses, Ford licensed patents involving their European diesel engines to Toyota.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Toyota announced calendar year 2005 hybrid electric versions of the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid#Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Highlander Hybrid">Toyota Highlander Hybrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexus_RX_400h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus RX 400h">Lexus RX 400h</a> with 4WD-i, which uses a rear electric motor to power the rear wheels, negating the need for a transfer case. In 2006, General Motors Saturn Division began to market a <a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">mild</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel hybrid">parallel hybrid</a>, the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Vue#Green_Line" title="Saturn Vue">Saturn Vue Green Line</a>, which utilized GM's Belted <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">Alternator</a>/Starter (<a href="/wiki/BAS_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="BAS Hybrid">BAS Hybrid</a>) system combined with a 2.4-litre L4 engine and an FWD automatic transmission. The same hybrid powertrain was also used to power the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Aura_Hybrid#Aura_Green_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn Aura Hybrid">Saturn Aura Green Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid">Malibu Hybrid</a> models. As of December 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, only the BAS-equipped Malibu is still in (limited) production. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a> released a hybrid electric version of their GS sport sedan, the <a href="/wiki/Lexus_GS450h#GS_450h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus GS450h">GS 450h</a>, with a power output of 335 bhp.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The 2007 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Camry Hybrid">Camry Hybrid</a> became available in summer 2006 in the United States and Canada. <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Altima_Hybrid#Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Altima Hybrid">Altima Hybrid</a> with technology licensed by Toyota in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Commencing in fall 2007, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> began to market their 2008 <a href="/wiki/Two-Mode_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Mode Hybrid">Two-Mode Hybrid</a> models of their <a href="/wiki/GMT900" title="GMT900">GMT900</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Tahoe_Hybrid#Hybrid_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid">Chevrolet Tahoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Tahoe" title="Chevrolet Tahoe">GMC Yukon</a> SUVs, closely followed by the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Escalade_Hybrid#Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadillac Escalade Hybrid">Cadillac Escalade Hybrid</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> version.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> For the 2009 model year, General Motors released the same technology in their half-ton pickup truck models, the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Silverado_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid">Chevrolet Silverado</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/GMC_Sierra" class="mw-redirect" title="GMC Sierra">GMC Sierra</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Two-Mode Hybrid models. The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Hybrid" title="Ford Fusion Hybrid">Ford Fusion Hybrid</a> officially debuted at the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Auto_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles Auto Show">Greater Los Angeles Auto Show</a> in November 2008,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and was launched to the U.S. market in March 2009, together with the second-generation <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Milan_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury Milan Hybrid">Mercury Milan Hybrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GreenCar0409-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latest_developments">Latest developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Latest developments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Honda_CR-Z_EX_--_10-19-2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2011_Honda_CR-Z_EX_--_10-19-2010.jpg/220px-2011_Honda_CR-Z_EX_--_10-19-2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2011_Honda_CR-Z_EX_--_10-19-2010.jpg/330px-2011_Honda_CR-Z_EX_--_10-19-2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2011_Honda_CR-Z_EX_--_10-19-2010.jpg/440px-2011_Honda_CR-Z_EX_--_10-19-2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2037" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Honda_CR-Z" title="Honda CR-Z">Honda CR-Z</a> hybrid was launched in Japan in February 2010, followed by the US in August 2010.<a href="#cite_note-GCC0210-74">[74]</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Summarize_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Section_size_policies" title="Help:Section">too long</a> and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material. (August 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>2009–2010</dt></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Elantra_LPI_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid">Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid</a> was unveiled at the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Motor_Show" title="Seoul Motor Show">Seoul Motor Show</a>, and sales began in the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> domestic market in July 2009. The Elantra LPI (Liquefied Petroleum Injected) is the world's first hybrid vehicle to be powered by an internal combustion engine built to run on <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> (LPG) as a fuel. The Elantra PLI is a <a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">mild hybrid</a> and the first hybrid to adopt advanced <a href="/wiki/Lithium_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium polymer">lithium polymer</a> (Li–Poly) batteries.<a href="#cite_note-Hyundai0709-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The Elantra LPI Hybrid delivers a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy rating</a> of 41.9 miles per US gallon (5.61 L/100 km; 50.3 mpg‑imp) and CO2 emissions of 99 g/km to qualify as a <a href="/wiki/Super_Ultra_Low_Emission_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle">Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle</a> (SULEV).<a href="#cite_note-Hyundai0709-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W221#S_400_Hybrid_(2009-)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz W221">Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHybrid</a> was unveiled in the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Auto_Show" title="Chicago Auto Show">Chicago Auto Show</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gab0209-77">[77]</a> and sales began in the U.S. in October 2009.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1009-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The S400 BlueHybrid is a <a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">mild hybrid</a> and the first hybrid car to adopt a <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gab0209-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-GCC0609-80">[80]</a> The hybrid technology in the S400 was co-developed by <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GreenMild-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gab0209-77">[77]</a> The same hybrid technology is being used in the <a href="/wiki/ActiveHybrid_7" class="mw-redirect" title="ActiveHybrid 7">BMW ActiveHybrid 7</a>, expected to go on sales in the U.S. and Europe by mid-2010.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In December 2009 BMW began sales of its full hybrid <a href="/wiki/BMW_X6#ActiveHybrid_X6_(2009–)" title="BMW X6">BMW ActiveHybrid X6</a>, while Daimler launched the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_M-Class#ML450_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz M-Class">Mercedes-Benz ML450 Hybrid</a> by lease only.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1209-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_Auris_HSD_Hybrid_Concept.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Toyota_Auris_HSD_Hybrid_Concept.JPG/220px-Toyota_Auris_HSD_Hybrid_Concept.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Toyota_Auris_HSD_Hybrid_Concept.JPG/330px-Toyota_Auris_HSD_Hybrid_Concept.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Toyota_Auris_HSD_Hybrid_Concept.JPG/440px-Toyota_Auris_HSD_Hybrid_Concept.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>The 2011 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Auris_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Auris Hybrid">Toyota Auris Hybrid</a> is the first <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> hybrid electric vehicle built in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-JustA-84">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> Sales of the <a href="/wiki/Honda_CR-Z" title="Honda CR-Z">Honda CR-Z</a> began in Japan in February 2010, followed by the U.S. and European markets later in the year, becoming Honda's third hybrid electric car in the market.<a href="#cite_note-GCC0210-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT0810-85">[85]</a> Honda also launched the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Fit_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Fit Hybrid">Honda Fit Hybrid</a> in Japan in October 2010, and unveiled the European version, the Honda Jazz Hybrid, at the <a href="/wiki/2010_Paris_Motor_Show" title="2010 Paris Motor Show">2010 Paris Motor Show</a>, which went on sale in some European markets by early 2011.<a href="#cite_note-GCC100810-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</a> of the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Auris_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Auris Hybrid">Toyota Auris Hybrid</a> began in May 2010 at Toyota Manufacturing UK (TMUK) <a href="/wiki/Burnaston" title="Burnaston">Burnaston</a> plant and became the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle to be built in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-JustA-84">[84]</a> Sales in the UK began in July 2010, at a price starting at£18,950 (US$27,450), £550 (US$800) less than the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edmunds1-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The 2011 Auris Hybrid shares the same <a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">powertrain</a> as the Prius, and combined fuel economy is 74.3 mpg‑imp (3.80 L/100 km; 61.9 mpg‑US).<a href="#cite_note-AurisH-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The 2011 <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_MKZ_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln MKZ Hybrid">Lincoln MKZ Hybrid</a> was unveiled at the 2010 <a href="/wiki/New_York_International_Auto_Show" title="New York International Auto Show">New York International Auto Show</a><a href="#cite_note-GCC0310-91">[91]</a> and sales began in the U.S. in September 2010.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The MKZ Hybrid is the first hybrid version ever to have the same price as the gasoline-engine version of the same car.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Porsche_Cayenne_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche Cayenne Hybrid">Porsche Cayenne Hybrid</a> was launched in the U.S. in late 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Sales2010-94">[94]</a> <dl><dt>2011–2015</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0720.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0720.JPG/220px-VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0720.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0720.JPG/330px-VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0720.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0720.JPG/440px-VW_Jetta_Hybrid_WAS_2012_0720.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>2013 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid">Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> announced at the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show#010" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Motor Show">2010 Geneva Motor Show</a> the launch of the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg#Touareg_V6_TSI_Hybrid_(2009)" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg Hybrid</a>, which went on sale on the U.S. in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> VW also announced plans to introduce <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>-electric hybrid versions of its most popular models in 2012, beginning with the new <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta" title="Volkswagen Jetta">Jetta</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf Hybrid</a> in 2013 together with hybrid versions of the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" title="Volkswagen Polo">Passat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parkers-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-AECs-98">[98]</a> Other gasoline-electric hybrids released in the U.S. in 2011 were the <a href="/wiki/Lexus_CT_200h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus CT 200h">Lexus CT 200h</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Infiniti_M35_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Infiniti M35 Hybrid">Infiniti M35 Hybrid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Sonata_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Sonata Hybrid">Hyundai Sonata Hybrid</a> and its sibling the <a href="/wiki/Kia_Optima_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kia Optima Hybrid">Kia Optima Hybrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT0410-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_3008_HYbrid4" class="mw-redirect" title="Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4">Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4</a> was launched in the European market in 2012, becoming the world's first <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">production</a> <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a>-electric hybrid. According to <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a> the new hybrid delivers a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a> of up to 62 miles per US gallon (3.8 L/100 km; 74 mpg‑imp) and CO2 emissions of 99g/km on the European test cycle.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Toyota_Prius_c_--_05-23-2012_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2012_Toyota_Prius_c_--_05-23-2012_2.JPG/220px-2012_Toyota_Prius_c_--_05-23-2012_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2012_Toyota_Prius_c_--_05-23-2012_2.JPG/330px-2012_Toyota_Prius_c_--_05-23-2012_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2012_Toyota_Prius_c_--_05-23-2012_2.JPG/440px-2012_Toyota_Prius_c_--_05-23-2012_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius c">Toyota Prius c</a> was released in the U.S. in March 2012, and was launched in Japan as Toyota Aqua in December 2011.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_v" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius v">Toyota Prius v</a>, launched in the U.S. in October 2011, is the first spinoff from the <a href="/wiki/Prius" class="mw-redirect" title="Prius">Prius</a> family. Sales in Japan began in May 2011 as the Prius Alpha. The European version, named Prius +, was launched in June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The Prius Aqua was launched in Japan in December 2011, and was released as the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius c">Toyota Prius c</a> in the U.S. in March 2012.<a href="#cite_note-LaunchUS-104">[104]</a> The Prius c was launched in Australia in April 2012.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The production version of the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Yaris Hybrid">Toyota Yaris Hybrid</a> went on sale in Europe in June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Other hybrids released in the U.S. during 2012 are the <a href="/wiki/Audi_Q5_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi Q5 Hybrid">Audi Q5 Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW_5_Series_ActiveHybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW 5 Series ActiveHybrid">BMW 5 Series ActiveHybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW_3_series_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW 3 series Hybrid">BMW 3 series Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_C-Max_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford C-Max Hybrid">Ford C-Max Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acura_ILX" title="Acura ILX">Acura ILX Hybrid</a>. Also during 2012 were released the next generation of <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Camry hybrid">Toyota Camry Hybrid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Hybrid#Second_generation" title="Ford Fusion Hybrid">Ford Fusion Hybrid</a>, both of which offer significantly improved fuel economy in comparison with their previous generations.<a href="#cite_note-USales0912-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-GCC0812-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The 2013 models of the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Avalon_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Avalon Hybrid">Toyota Avalon Hybrid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid">Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid</a> were released in the U.S. in December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Sales2012US-110">[110]</a> Global sales of the Toyota Prius liftback passed the 3 million milestone in June 2013. The Prius liftbak is available in almost 80 countries and regions, and it is the world's best-selling hybrid electric vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-Prius3mi-111">[111]</a> Toyota released the hybrid versions of the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_Axio" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Corolla Axio">Corolla Axio</a> sedan and <a href="/wiki/Corolla_Fielder" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla Fielder">Corolla Fielder</a> station wagon in Japan in August 2013. Both cars are equipped with a 1.5-liter hybrid system similar to the one used in the Prius c.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Toyota_Prius_(ZVW50R)_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_(2018-12-19)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg/220px-2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg/330px-2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg/440px-2019_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_1.8_Hybrid_liftback_%282018-12-19%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Fourth_generation_(XW50;_2015)" title="Toyota Prius">fourth generation Prius</a> was released in Japan in December 2015.</figcaption></figure> Sales of the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Vezel_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Vezel Hybrid">Honda Vezel Hybrid</a> <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a> began in Japan began in December 2013.<a href="#cite_note-GCC122013-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Range_Rover_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Range Rover Hybrid">Range Rover Hybrid</a> diesel-powered electric hybrid was unveiled at the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Motor Show">Frankfurt Motor Show</a>, and retail deliveries in Europe are slated to start in early 2014.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>, the world's second largest manufacturer of hybrids after <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Motor Corporation">Toyota Motor Corporation</a>, reached the milestone of 400,000 hybrid electric vehicles produced in November 2014.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> After 18 years since the introduction of hybrid cars, Japan became in 2014 the first country to reach sales of over 1 million hybrid cars in a single year, and also the Japanese market surpassed the United States as the world's largest hybrid market.<a href="#cite_note-HEV2014JAp-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-1miHEVjap-117">[117]</a> The redesigned and more efficient <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Fourth_generation_(XW50;_2015)" title="Toyota Prius">fourth generation Prius</a> was released for retail customers in Japan in December 2015. The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model year</a> <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Eco" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius Eco">Prius Eco</a> surpassed the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight#First_generation_(ZE1;_1999)" title="Honda Insight">first generation Honda Insight</a> as the all-time <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a>-rated most fuel efficient gasoline-powered car available in the U.S. without <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in capability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EPAMost2015-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-2016PriusEcoTop-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPAtop10-120">[120]</a> In late 2017 Chevy introduced the Chevy ZH2 that runs on hydrogen fuel cells. The ZH2 was built especially for the U.S. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sales_and_rankings">Sales and rankings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sales and rankings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Very_long_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Talk:Hybrid electric vehicle">talk page</a>. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As of April 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 17 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide since their inception in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-TMC15miHEVs-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a> Japan ranks as the market leader with more than 7.5 million hybrids sold as of March 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jap7mi-10">[10]</a> followed by the United States with cumulative sales of 5.4 million units through 2019<a href="#cite_note-USeDataBook2020-121">[121]</a> while 3.0 million hybrid cars had been sold in Europe by July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-TMC3miHEVs-13">[13]</a> Hybrid sales in the rest of the world totaled over 500,000 units by April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a> As of August 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 130,000 hybrids have been sold in Canada, of which, over 100,000 are Toyota and Lexus models.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In Australia, over 50,000 Lexus and Toyota models have been sold through February 2014.<a href="#cite_note-TMC092014-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> As of January 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, global hybrid sales led by <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Motor Company">Toyota Motor Company</a> (TMC) with over 15 million <a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a> and Toyota hybrids sold;<a href="#cite_note-TMC15miHEVs-8">[8]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Honda_Motor_Co.,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Motor Co., Ltd.">Honda Motor Co., Ltd.</a> with cumulative global sales of more than 1.35 million hybrids as of June 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Honda1mi-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Honda2013-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Honda062014-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Motor Corporation">Ford Motor Corporation</a> with over 424,000 hybrids sold in the United States through June 2015, of which, around 10% are <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrids</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Ford200K-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2012US-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2013US-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2014US-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales062015US-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai Group</a> with cumulative global sales of 200,000 hybrids as of March 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, including both <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Motors">Hyundai Motors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kia_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Kia Motors">Kia Motors</a> hybrid models;<a href="#cite_note-Hyundai200K-129">[129]</a> and <a href="/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="PSA Peugeot Citroën">PSA Peugeot Citroën</a> with over 50,000 diesel-powered hybrids sold in Europe through December 2013.<a href="#cite_note-PSA50K-130">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_PRIUS_(ZVW30%26ZVW50)_trimmed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Toyota_PRIUS_%28ZVW30%26ZVW50%29_trimmed.jpg/220px-Toyota_PRIUS_%28ZVW30%26ZVW50%29_trimmed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Toyota_PRIUS_%28ZVW30%26ZVW50%29_trimmed.jpg/330px-Toyota_PRIUS_%28ZVW30%26ZVW50%29_trimmed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Toyota_PRIUS_%28ZVW30%26ZVW50%29_trimmed.jpg/440px-Toyota_PRIUS_%28ZVW30%26ZVW50%29_trimmed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> is the world's all-time top-selling hybrid, and also in both Japan and the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a></figcaption></figure> TMC experienced record sales of hybrid cars during 2013, with 1,279,400 units sold worldwide, and it took nine months to achieve one million hybrid sales.<a href="#cite_note-TMC6mi-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prius062013-132">[132]</a> Again in 2014, TMC sold a record one million hybrids in nine months.<a href="#cite_note-TMC7mi-133">[133]</a> Toyota hybrids combined with Lexus models reached 1 million units in May 2007,<a href="#cite_note-Toyota0909-134">[134]</a> and the U.S. reached the 1 million mark of sales of both brands by February 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Toyota0109-135">[135]</a> Worldwide sales of TMC hybrids totaled over 2 million vehicles by August 2009,<a href="#cite_note-Toyota0909-134">[134]</a> 3 million units by February 2011,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> 5 million in March 2013,<a href="#cite_note-TMC5miHEVs-137">[137]</a> 7 million in September 2014,<a href="#cite_note-TMC7mi-133">[133]</a> and the 8 million mark in July 2015.<a href="#cite_note-TMC8miHEVs-138">[138]</a> The 9 million sales mark was reached in April 2016, again, selling one million hybrids in just ninth months,<a href="#cite_note-TMC9miHEVs-139">[139]</a> and the 10 million milestone in January 2017, achieved one more time just nine months after the previous million.<a href="#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-17">[17]</a> TMC achieved the 15 million sales milestone in January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-TMC15miHEVs-8">[8]</a> Ford experienced record sales of its hybrids models in the U.S. during 2013, with almost 80,000 units sold, almost triple the 2012 total.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> During the second quarter of 2013 Ford achieved its best hybrid sales quarter ever, up 517% over the same quarter of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-PR_Newswire-141">[141]</a> In 2013 Toyota's hybrid market share in the U.S. declined from 2012 totals due to new competition, particularly from Ford with the arrival of new products such as the C-Max Hybrid and the new styling of the Fusion. Except for the Prius c, sales of the other models of the Prius family and the Camry Hybrid suffered a decline from 2012, while the Fusion Hybrid experienced a 164.3% increase from 2012, and C-Max Hybrid sales climbed 156.6%.<a href="#cite_note-Sales2013US-126">[126]</a> During 2013 Ford increased its market share of the American hybrid market from 7.5% in 2012 to 14.7% in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Sales2013US-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FordUSShare092013-142">[142]</a> As of January 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, global hybrid sales are led by the <a href="/wiki/Prius_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Prius family">Prius family</a>, with cumulative sales of 6.0361 million units (excluding plug-in hybrids) representing 60% of the 10 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota and Lexus since 1997.<a href="#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-17">[17]</a> As of January 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> liftback is the leading model of the Toyota brand with cumulative sales of 3.985 million units. Ranking second is the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius c">Toyota Aqua/Prius c</a>, with global sales of 1.380 million units, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_v" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius v">Prius v/α/+</a> with 671,200, the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Camry Hybrid">Camry Hybrid</a> with 614,700 units, the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Auris" title="Toyota Auris">Toyota Auris</a> with 378,000 units, and the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Yaris Hybrid">Toyota Yaris Hybrid</a> with 302,700.<a href="#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-17">[17]</a> U.S. sales of the Toyota Prius reached the 1.0 million milestone in early April 2011,<a href="#cite_note-US1million-143">[143]</a> and cumulative sales of the Prius in Japan exceeded the 1 million mark in August 2011.<a href="#cite_note-JP1million-144">[144]</a> As of January 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, sales of the Prius liftback totaled over 1.8 million units in Japan and 1.75 million in the United States, ranking as the all-time best-selling hybrid car in both countries.<a href="#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a> Global sales of Lexus brand hybrid vehicles worldwide reached the 500,000 mark in November 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Lexus500K-145">[145]</a> The 1 million sales milestone was achieved in March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Lexus1mi-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lexus_RX" title="Lexus RX">Lexus RX 400h/RX 450h</a> ranks as the top-selling Lexus hybrid with 363,000 units delivered worldwide as of January 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Lexus_CT_200h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus CT 200h">Lexus CT 200h</a> with 290,800 units, and the <a href="/wiki/Lexus_ES#Sixth_generation_(XV60;_2012)" title="Lexus ES">Lexus ES 300h</a> with 143,200 units.<a href="#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_sales_in_top_markets">Annual sales in top markets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Annual sales in top markets">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Top national markets for hybrid electric vehicles between 2007 and 2015 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc;">Country </th> <th colspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;">Number of hybrids sold or registered by year </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfc;">2015 </th> <th style="background:#cfc;">2014 </th> <th style="background:#cfc;">2013 </th> <th style="background:#cfc;">2012 </th> <th style="background:#cfc;">2011 </th> <th style="background:#cfc;">2010 </th> <th style="background:#cfc;">2009 </th> <th style="background:#cfc;">2008<a href="#cite_note-dashboard08-146">[146]</a> </th> <th style="background:#cfc;">2007<a href="#cite_note-dashboard07-147">[147]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>633,200(1)<a href="#cite_note-TMC9miHEVs-139">[139]</a></td> <td>Over 1 million<a href="#cite_note-HEV2014JAp-116">[116]</a></td> <td>679,100(1)<a href="#cite_note-TMCGlobal2013-148">[148]</a></td> <td>678,000(1)<a href="#cite_note-TMCJap-149">[149]</a></td> <td>316,300(1)<a href="#cite_note-TMCJap-149">[149]</a></td> <td>392,200(1)<a href="#cite_note-TMCJap-149">[149]</a></td> <td>334,000<a href="#cite_note-Tot2009-150">[150]</a></td> <td>94,259</td> <td>69,015 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a></td> <td>384,404<a href="#cite_note-Sales2015US-151">[151]</a></td> <td>452,152<a href="#cite_note-Sales2014US-127">[127]</a></td> <td>495,771<a href="#cite_note-Sales2014US-127">[127]</a></td> <td>434,498<a href="#cite_note-Sales2012US-110">[110]</a></td> <td>268,752<a href="#cite_note-Sales2011US-152">[152]</a></td> <td>274,210<a href="#cite_note-DoEHEV-153">[153]</a></td> <td>290,271<a href="#cite_note-DoEHEV-153">[153]</a></td> <td>312,386<a href="#cite_note-DoEHEV-153">[153]</a></td> <td>352,274<a href="#cite_note-DoEHEV-153">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>(2)</td> <td>56,030<a href="#cite_note-EU4Q2015-154">[154]</a></td> <td>41,208<a href="#cite_note-EU4Q2015-154">[154]</a></td> <td>46,785<a href="#cite_note-FRA2013-155">[155]</a></td> <td>27,730<a href="#cite_note-FRA2012-156">[156]</a></td> <td>13,340<a href="#cite_note-FRA2011-157">[157]</a></td> <td>9,443<a href="#cite_note-FRA2010-158">[158]</a></td> <td>9,399<a href="#cite_note-FRA200908-159">[159]</a></td> <td>9,137<a href="#cite_note-FRA200908-159">[159]</a></td> <td>7,268<a href="#cite_note-FRA2007-160">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></td> <td>44,580<a href="#cite_note-UK2015-161">[161]</a></td> <td>37,215<a href="#cite_note-UK2013_14-162">[162]</a></td> <td>29,129<a href="#cite_note-UK2013_14-162">[162]</a></td> <td>24,900<a href="#cite_note-UK2012_13-163">[163]</a></td> <td>23,391<a href="#cite_note-UK2011_12-164">[164]</a></td> <td>22,127<a href="#cite_note-UK2010_11-165">[165]</a></td> <td>14,645<a href="#cite_note-UK200906-166">[166]</a></td> <td>15,385<a href="#cite_note-UK200906-166">[166]</a></td> <td>15,971<a href="#cite_note-UK200906-166">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>25,240<a href="#cite_note-EU4Q2015-154">[154]</a></td> <td>21,154<a href="#cite_note-EU4Q2015-154">[154]</a></td> <td>14,695<a href="#cite_note-Ita2013-167">[167]</a></td> <td>5,885<a href="#cite_note-Ita2012-168">[168]</a></td> <td>5,244<a href="#cite_note-EU2011-169">[169]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>22,529<a href="#cite_note-SalesGer2015-170">[170]</a></td> <td>22,908<a href="#cite_note-GER2014-171">[171]</a></td> <td>24,963<a href="#cite_note-GER2013-172">[172]</a></td> <td>21,438<a href="#cite_note-SalesGer2012-173">[173]</a></td> <td>12,622<a href="#cite_note-GER2011-174">[174]</a></td> <td>10,661<a href="#cite_note-GER0510-175">[175]</a></td> <td>8,374<a href="#cite_note-GER0510-175">[175]</a></td> <td>6,464<a href="#cite_note-GER0510-175">[175]</a></td> <td>7,591<a href="#cite_note-GER0510-175">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>18,406<a href="#cite_note-EU4Q2015-154">[154]</a></td> <td>12,083<a href="#cite_note-EU4Q2015-154">[154]</a></td> <td>10,294<a href="#cite_note-ESP2013-176">[176]</a></td> <td>10,030<a href="#cite_note-ESP2012-177">[177]</a></td> <td>10,350<a href="#cite_note-ESP2011-178">[178]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>13,752<a href="#cite_note-Nether2015-179">[179]</a></td> <td>10,341<a href="#cite_note-Nether2014-180">[180]</a></td> <td>18,356<a href="#cite_note-Nether2013-181">[181]</a></td> <td>19,519<a href="#cite_note-Nether2012-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nether2011_14-183">[183]</a></td> <td>14,874<a href="#cite_note-EU2011-169">[169]</a></td> <td>16,111<a href="#cite_note-Nether2010-184">[184]</a></td> <td>16,122<a href="#cite_note-Nether2007_09-185">[185]</a></td> <td>11,837<a href="#cite_note-Nether2007_09-185">[185]</a></td> <td>3,013<a href="#cite_note-Nether2007_09-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td colspan="2">Not available</td> <td>~15,000<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></td> <td>~25,000<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></td> <td colspan="2">Not available</td> <td>16,167<a href="#cite_note-dashboard09-188">[188]</a></td> <td>19,963<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></td> <td>14,828 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>World</td> <td>Over 1.2 million</td> <td>Over 1.6 million</td> <td>Over 1.3 million</td> <td>Over 1.2 million</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>740,000<a href="#cite_note-Polk2009-190">[190]</a></td> <td>511,758</td> <td>500,405 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;">Notes: (1) Partial sales, includes only Toyota/Lexus sales.<a href="#cite_note-TMCJap-149">[149]</a> (2) French registrations between 2011 and 2013 include <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrids</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_market">Japanese market</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Japanese market">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_Aqua_103.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toyota_Aqua_103.JPG/220px-Toyota_Aqua_103.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toyota_Aqua_103.JPG/330px-Toyota_Aqua_103.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Toyota_Aqua_103.JPG/440px-Toyota_Aqua_103.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Aqua" title="Toyota Aqua">Toyota Aqua</a> was the top-selling new car in Japan for three years running, from 2013 to 2015.<a href="#cite_note-TopJap2013-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-TopJap2013_2014-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-TopJap2015-193">[193]</a></figcaption></figure> Japan has the largest hybrid electric vehicle fleet in the world, as of March 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, a total of 7.51 million hybrids registered in the country, excluding <a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">kei cars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jap7mi-10">[10]</a> By 2016 it represented around 45% of cumulative global hybrid sales since their inception in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a> After 18 years since their introduction in the Japanese market, annual hybrid sales surpassed the 1 million mark for the first time in 2014. With cumulative sales of over 4 million hybrids through December 2014, Japan surpassed the United States as the world's largest hybrid market.<a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-HEV2014JAp-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-1miHEVjap-117">[117]</a> It was also the first time that all eight major Japanese manufacturers offered hybrid vehicles in their lineup.<a href="#cite_note-1miHEVjap-117">[117]</a> Japan also has the world's highest hybrid <a href="/wiki/Market_penetration" title="Market penetration">market penetration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JapanHEVcapital-11">[11]</a> as of March 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, hybrids represented 19.0% of all passenger cars on the road.<a href="#cite_note-Jap7mi-10">[10]</a> The hybrid <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> of new car sales began to increase significantly in 2009, when the government implemented aggressive fiscal incentives for fuel efficient vehicles and the third generation Prius was introduced. That year, the hybrid market share of new car sales in the country, including kei cars, jumped from less than 5% in 2008 to over 10% in 2009. If only conventional passenger cars are accounted for, the hybrid market share was about 15%. By 2013 the hybrid market share accounted for more than 30% of the 2.9 million standard passenger vehicles sold, and about 20% of the 4.5 million passenger vehicles including kei cars.<a href="#cite_note-JapHEVshare-194">[194]</a> Sales of standard cars in 2016 totaled 1.49 million units, with the hybrid segment achieving a record 38% market share. Accounting for kei cars, hybrids achieved a market share of 25.7% of new passenger car sales, up from 22.3% in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-JapanHEVcapital-11">[11]</a> In 2016 every one of the standard cars listed in the Japanese top-20 best-selling car ranking had a hybrid version on sale.<a href="#cite_note-JapanHEVcapital-11">[11]</a> and the two top-selling standard cars were models available only as a hybrid, the Toyota Prius and the Toyota Aqua.<a href="#cite_note-Japan2016Top30-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>'s hybrid sales in Japan since 1997, including both Toyota and Lexus models, passed the 1 million mark in July 2010,<a href="#cite_note-Toyota0710-196">[196]</a> 2 million in October 2012,<a href="#cite_note-TMCSales1012-197">[197]</a> and topped the 3 million mark in March 2014.<a href="#cite_note-TMC092014-123">[123]</a> As of January 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, TMC hybrid sales in the country totaled 4,853,000 vehicles, of which, only 4,900 units are commercial vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-TMC10mi-198">[198]</a> Cumulative sales of the original Prius in Japan reached the 1 million mark in August 2011.<a href="#cite_note-JP1million-144">[144]</a> Sales of the <a href="/wiki/Prius_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Prius family">Prius family</a> vehicles totaled 3,435,800 units through January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-17">[17]</a> The Prius liftback is the top-selling model with 1,812,800 units, followed by the Aqua with 1,154,500 units, the Prius α with 446,400, and the Prius plug-in with 22,100.<a href="#cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-17">[17]</a> Cumulative sales of <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>'s hybrid vehicles since November 1999 reached 25,239 units by January 2009,<a href="#cite_note-HondaHEV09-199">[199]</a> and in March 2010, Honda announced that the new 2010 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Insight</a> broke through 100,000 sales in Japan in just one year after its introduction.<a href="#cite_note-Insight100K-200">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_PRIUS_%CE%B1_G_%22Touring_Selection%22_(ZVW40)_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Toyota_PRIUS_%CE%B1_G_%22Touring_Selection%22_%28ZVW40%29_front.JPG/220px-Toyota_PRIUS_%CE%B1_G_%22Touring_Selection%22_%28ZVW40%29_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Toyota_PRIUS_%CE%B1_G_%22Touring_Selection%22_%28ZVW40%29_front.JPG/330px-Toyota_PRIUS_%CE%B1_G_%22Touring_Selection%22_%28ZVW40%29_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Toyota_PRIUS_%CE%B1_G_%22Touring_Selection%22_%28ZVW40%29_front.JPG/440px-Toyota_PRIUS_%CE%B1_G_%22Touring_Selection%22_%28ZVW40%29_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="1874" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius α">Toyota Prius α</a> was launched in Japan in May 2011.</figcaption></figure> Hybrid sales in Japan almost tripled in 2009 as compared to 2008 as a result of government incentives that included a <a href="/wiki/Scrappage_program#Japan" title="Scrappage program">scrappage program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle#Japan" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">tax breaks</a> on hybrid vehicles and other low-emission cars and trucks, and a higher levy on gasoline that rose prices in the order of US$4.50.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polk2009-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Japan_US-201">[201]</a> New hybrid car sales jumped from 94,259 in 2008<a href="#cite_note-dashboard08-146">[146]</a> to 334,000 in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-Tot2009-150">[150]</a> and hybrid sales in 2009 represented around 10% of new vehicles sales in Japan. In contrast, the U.S. market share was 2.8% for the same year.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-60">[60]</a> These record sales allowed Japan to surpass the U.S. in total new hybrid sales, with the Japanese market representing almost half (48%) of the worldwide hybrid sales in 2009 while the U.S. market represented 42% of global sales.<a href="#cite_note-Tot2009-150">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> became the first hybrid to top annual new car sales in Japan with 208,876 units sold in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTPrius10-202">[202]</a> The Insight ranked fifth in overall sales in 2009 with 93,283 units sold.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-60">[60]</a> A total of 315,669 Priuses were sold domestically in 2010, making the Prius the country's best-selling vehicle for the second straight year. Also the Prius broke Japan's annual sales record for a single model for the first time in 20 years, surpassing the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla" title="Toyota Corolla">Toyota Corolla</a>, which in 1990 set the previous sales record with 300,008 units.<a href="#cite_note-Jap2010-203">[203]</a> The Prius sold 252,528 units in 2011, becoming the best-selling vehicle for the third-consecutive year. This figure includes sales of the <a href="/wiki/Prius_%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Prius α">Prius α</a>, launched in May 2011, and the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Aqua" title="Toyota Aqua">Toyota Aqua</a>, launched in December. Despite keeping to the top-selling spot, total Prius sales for 2011 were 20% lower than 2010 due partly to the disruptions caused by the March <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a>, and also because government incentives for hybrid cars were scaled back.<a href="#cite_note-Jap2011-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Nevertheless, during the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#Japan" title="Fiscal year">Japanese fiscal year</a> (April 1, 2011 through March 31, 2012), hybrid vehicles accounted for 16% of all new car sales in the country.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In May 2012, hybrid sales reached a record market share of 19.7% of new car sales in the country, including <a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">kei cars</a>. Sales were led by the conventional Prius followed by the Toyota Aqua. Also during this month, hybrid sales represented 25% of Honda sales and 46% of Toyota sales in the country.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Aqua" title="Toyota Aqua">Toyota Aqua</a>, released in December 2011, ranked as the second top-selling new car in Japan in 2012 after the conventional Prius.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Totaling 262,367 units sold in 2013, the Aqua topped new car sales in Japan in 2013, including kei car sales.<a href="#cite_note-TopJap2013-191">[191]</a> And with 233,209 units sold during 2014, down 11.1% from 2013, the Aqua was the top-selling new car in Japan for the second consecutive year.<a href="#cite_note-TopJap2013_2014-192">[192]</a> Again in 2015, with 215,525 units sold, down 7.6% from 2014, the Aqua ranked as the top-selling new car in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-TopJap2015-193">[193]</a> The Toyota Aqua not only was the best-selling new car in Japan for three years running, from 2013 to 2015,<a href="#cite_note-TopJap2013-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-TopJap2013_2014-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-TopJap2015-193">[193]</a> but it is considered the most successful nameplate launch in the Japanese market of the last 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-Last20yr-209">[209]</a> In the first quarter of 2016, the Prius liftback surpassed the Aqua as the best-selling new car,<a href="#cite_note-TopJap1Q2016-210">[210]</a> the Prius ended 2016 as the best-selling standard car in the Japanese market with 248,258 units, followed by the Aqua with 168,208 units.<a href="#cite_note-Japan2016Top30-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Japan2016-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_market">American market</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: American market">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_States" title="Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States">Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_HEV_market_share_1999_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_HEV_market_share_1999_2014.png/325px-US_HEV_market_share_1999_2014.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_HEV_market_share_1999_2014.png/488px-US_HEV_market_share_1999_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_HEV_market_share_1999_2014.png/650px-US_HEV_market_share_1999_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>HEV <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> of new car sales in the U.S. between 1999 and 2019<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2012US-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2013US-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2014US-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2015US-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2011US-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-DoEHEV-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2017US-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-USeDataBook2020-121">[121]</a></figcaption></figure> The market of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_States" title="Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States">hybrid electric vehicles in the United States</a> is the second largest in the world after Japan<a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a> with cumulative sales of 5.4 million units through December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-USeDataBook2020-121">[121]</a> The 3 million mark was achieved in October 2013, and 4 million in April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-US3miHEVs-214">[214]</a> Sales of hybrid vehicles in the U.S. began to decline following the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">financial crisis of 2007–08</a>, and after a short recovery, began to decline again in 2014 due to <a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">low gasoline prices</a>, and had a small rebound in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2014US-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-USeDataBook2020-121">[121]</a> Hybrid sales in the American market achieved its highest <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> ever in 2013, capturing 3.19% of new carsales that year. At the end of 2015 the hybrid take rate had fallen to 2.21%, dropped to 1.99% in 2016, slightly recovered to 2.4% in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales042016US-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-USeDataBook2020-121">[121]</a> Since their inception in 1999, a total of 5,374,000 hybrid electric automobiles and <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">sport utility vehicles</a> have been sold in the country through December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-USeDataBook2020-121">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius family">Toyota Prius family</a> is the market leader with 1,932,805 units sold through April 2016, representing a 48.0% <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> of total hybrid sales.<a href="#cite_note-Sales2012US-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2013US-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2014US-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2015US-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales2011US-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-DoEHEV-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sales042016US-215">[215]</a> The conventional <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> is the top-selling hybrid model, with 1,643,000 units sold through April 2016, accounting for 40.8% of all hybrids sold in the U.S. since inception.<a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a> The United States accounted for 44.7% of <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Motor Company">Toyota Motor Company</a> global hybrid sales through April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-TMC9miHEVs-139">[139]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_market">European market</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: European market">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Toyota_Auris_Design_TSS_Hybrid_VVt-i_CVT_2.0_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_Toyota_Auris_Design_TSS_Hybrid_VVt-i_CVT_2.0_Front.jpg/220px-2017_Toyota_Auris_Design_TSS_Hybrid_VVt-i_CVT_2.0_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_Toyota_Auris_Design_TSS_Hybrid_VVt-i_CVT_2.0_Front.jpg/330px-2017_Toyota_Auris_Design_TSS_Hybrid_VVt-i_CVT_2.0_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2017_Toyota_Auris_Design_TSS_Hybrid_VVt-i_CVT_2.0_Front.jpg/440px-2017_Toyota_Auris_Design_TSS_Hybrid_VVt-i_CVT_2.0_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4667" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Auris_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Auris Hybrid">Toyota Auris Hybrid</a> was the top-selling hybrid electric vehicle in Europe with 427,600 units through 2017.<a href="#cite_note-TMC11miHEVs-216">[216]</a></figcaption></figure> As of July 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 3.0 million hybrids cars have been sold in Europe since their introduction.<a href="#cite_note-TMC3miHEVs-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-US4mi-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="PSA Peugeot Citroën">PSA Peugeot Citroën</a> had sold over 50,000 diesel-powered hybrids in Europe through December 2013,<a href="#cite_note-PSA50K-130">[130]</a> and Toyota and Lexus hybrids totaled 3.0 million units by July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-TMC3miHEVs-13">[13]</a> In 2014, one-fourth of all new vehicles sold by Toyota in the European Union were hybrid-electric.<a href="#cite_note-EUpocketbook2014-217">[217]</a> The top-selling hybrid markets in 2015 were France, followed by the UK, Italy, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, and Norway.<a href="#cite_note-EU4Q2015-154">[154]</a> As of December 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, hybrid vehicles accounted for 1.4% of new passenger car registrations in the <a href="/wiki/EU_Member_States" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Member States">EU Member States</a>, up from 1.1% in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-EUpocketbook2014-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUpocketbook2013-218">[218]</a> The Netherlands is the leading country within the Union states with a <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> of 3.7% of total passenger car sales in 2014, though fewer hybrid vehicles were sold in the Dutch market in 2014 than in previous years. Accounting for all countries in the continent, Norway is the segment leader, with a market share of 6.9% in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-EUpocketbook2014-217">[217]</a> Sales of hybrids in Europe went up from around 9,000 units in 2004 to 39,880 in 2006, with Toyota accounting for 91% of hybrid sales and Honda with 3,410 units sold that year. Cumulative sales of Toyota hybrids since 2000 reached 69,674 units in 2006, while Honda hybrid sales reached over 8,000 units.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> By January 2009, Honda had sold 35,149 hybrids in Europe, of which 34,757 were <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Civic Hybrid">Honda Civic Hybrids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HondaHEV09-199">[199]</a> During 2008 combined sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrids in Europe were 57,819 units, representing 5.2% of total Toyota sales in the region. Toyota sales were led by Prius with 41,495 units.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Cumulative sales of the Toyota Prius reached 100,000 units in 2008 and the 200,000 mark was reached in July 2010. The UK has been one of the leading European markets for the Prius since its inception, with 20% of Prius sales in Europe by 2010.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Toyota_Yaris_T_Spirit_Hybrid_CVT_1.5_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/2013_Toyota_Yaris_T_Spirit_Hybrid_CVT_1.5_Front.jpg/220px-2013_Toyota_Yaris_T_Spirit_Hybrid_CVT_1.5_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/2013_Toyota_Yaris_T_Spirit_Hybrid_CVT_1.5_Front.jpg/330px-2013_Toyota_Yaris_T_Spirit_Hybrid_CVT_1.5_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/2013_Toyota_Yaris_T_Spirit_Hybrid_CVT_1.5_Front.jpg/440px-2013_Toyota_Yaris_T_Spirit_Hybrid_CVT_1.5_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4146" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Yaris Hybrid">Toyota Yaris Hybrid</a>, released in 2012, is available in Europe in lieu of the <a href="/wiki/Prius_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Prius c">Prius c</a>.</figcaption></figure> Toyota's European hybrid sales reached 70,529 vehicles in 2010, including sales of 15,237 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Auris_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Auris Hybrid">Toyota Auris Hybrids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Sales reached 84,839 units in 2011, including 59,161 Toyota and 25,678 Lexus hybrid vehicles. The Auris hybrid sold 32,725 units in 2011. Lexus hybrids made up 85% of total sales in Western Europe in 2011. Toyota and Lexus hybrids represented 10% percent of Toyota's European new car sales in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Toyota35mi-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> TMC share of hybrid sales out of the company's total European sales climbed from 13% in 2012 to 20% during the first 11 months of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> During the first nine months of 2013, over 118,000 hybrids were sold in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> representing a 1.4% market share of new car sales in the region.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> A total of 192,664 hybrid cars were sold in the European Union and <a href="/wiki/EFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EFTA">EFTA</a> countries in 2014. Sales increased 21.5% in 2015, with 234,170 units sold.<a href="#cite_note-EU4Q2015-154">[154]</a> In 2015, gasoline-powered hybrids represented 91.6% of total hybrid registrations.<a href="#cite_note-Europe2015-227">[227]</a> The top-selling model in 2015 was the Toyota Auris Hybrid, with 75,810 units, up 13.0% from 2014; followed by the Yaris Hybrid with 68,902 units, up 22% from 2014. Seven of the top ten hybrids models sold in 2015 were from either Toyota or the Lexus brand.<a href="#cite_note-Europe2015-227">[227]</a> Toyota achieved record hybrid sales in 2015 with 201,500 units delivered.<a href="#cite_note-TMC9miHEVs-139">[139]</a> Hybrid registrations in the European Union and EFTA countries totaled 74,796 units during the first quarter of 2016, up 29.7% from the same quarter the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-EU1Q2016-228">[228]</a> Cumulative TMC sales since the Prius introduction in Europe in 2000 passed the one million unit milestone in November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-EU1mi-229">[229]</a> As of December 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, the top-selling Toyota hybrids were the Auris Hybrid (427,600), the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Yaris Hybrid">Yaris Hybrid</a> (388,900), and the conventional Prius (299,100).<a href="#cite_note-TMC11miHEVs-216">[216]</a> The top-selling Lexus models are the <a href="/wiki/Lexus_RX" title="Lexus RX">Lexus RX 400h/RX 450h</a> with 111,100 units, and the <a href="/wiki/Lexus_CT_200h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus CT 200h">Lexus CT 200h</a> with 78,100 units.<a href="#cite_note-TMC11miHEVs-216">[216]</a> European sales of TMC hybrids totaled 3 million cars in July 2020.<a href="#cite_note-TMC3miHEVs-13">[13]</a> <dl><dt>UK</dt></dl> Since 2006 hybrid car registrations in the UK totaled 257,404 units up to April 2016, including 11,679 diesel-electric hybrids, which were introduced in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-UK2015-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-UK2013_14-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-UK2012_13-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-UK2011_12-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-UK2010_11-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-UK200906-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-UK042016-230">[230]</a> The market share of the British hybrid segment climbed from 1.1% in 2010, to 1.2% in 2012, and achieved 1.5% of new car registrations in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-EUpocketbook2014-217">[217]</a> Since 2000, when the Prius was launched in the UK, 100,000 Toyota hybrids had been sold by May 2014, and almost 50,000 Lexus models since the introduction of the RX 400h in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Honda had sold in the UK more than 22,000 hybrid cars through December 2011 since the Insight was launched in the country in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> After 15 years since the launch of the Prius in the British market, combined sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrids reached the 200,000 unit milestone in November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> A total of 37,215 hybrids were registered in 2014, and while petrol-electric hybrids increased 32.6% from 2013, diesel-electric hybrids declined 12.6%.<a href="#cite_note-UK2013_14-162">[162]</a> Hybrid registrations totaled a record of 44,580 units in 2015, consisting of 40,707 petrol-powered hybrids and 3,873 powered by diesel; the latter experienced a 36.3% increase from 2014, while petrol-powered hybrid grew by 18.1%. The hybrid segment market shared reached 1.69% of new car registrations in the UK that year.<a href="#cite_note-UK2015-161">[161]</a> <dl><dt>France</dt></dl> A total of 165,915 hybrid cars have been registered in France between 2007 and 2014,<a href="#cite_note-FRA2013-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA2012-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA2011-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA2010-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA200908-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA2007-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA2014-234">[234]</a> including 33,547 diesel-powered hybrids. French registrations account <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a> together with conventional hybrids.<a href="#cite_note-FRA2013-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA2011-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA2014-234">[234]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/EU_Member_States" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Member States">EU Member States</a>, France had the second largest hybrid market share in 2014, with 2.3% of new car sales, down from 2.6% in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-EUpocketbook2014-217">[217]</a> Diesel hybrid technology, introduced by <a href="/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="PSA Peugeot Citroën">PSA Peugeot Citroën</a> with the HYbrid4 system in 2011, represented 20.2% of the hybrid car stock sold in France between 2011 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FRA2013-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA2012-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA2011-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRA2014-234">[234]</a> Among the 13,340 units registered in 2011, the top-selling models in the French market were the Toyota Auris (4,740 units), the Prius (2,429 units), and the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Jazz_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Jazz Hybrid">Honda Jazz Hybrid</a> (1,857 units). The diesel-powered <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_3008_HYbrid4" class="mw-redirect" title="Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4">Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4</a>, launched in late 2011, sold 401 units.<a href="#cite_note-FRA2011-157">[157]</a> Toyota led hybrid sales in the French market in 2013 with 27,536 registrations of its Yaris, Auris and Prius models, followed by the PSA group with 13,400 registrations.<a href="#cite_note-FRA2013-155">[155]</a> During 2014, a total of 42,813 hybrid cars and vans were registered, down 8.5% from 2013. Of these, 9,518 were diesel-electric hybrids, down 31.9% from 13,986 units a year earlier, while registrations of gasoline-electric hybrids were up 1.5%.<a href="#cite_note-FRA2014-234">[234]</a> The top-selling models in 2014 were the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Yaris Hybrid">Toyota Yaris Hybrid</a> with 12,819 units, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Auris" title="Toyota Auris">Toyota Auris</a> with 10,595 and the Peugeot 3008 with 4,189 units.<a href="#cite_note-FRA2014-234">[234]</a> Hybrid registrations in 2014 included 1,519 <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrids</a>, with sales led by the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Outlander_P-HEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV">Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV</a>, with 820 units.<a href="#cite_note-FRA2014-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FRAsales2014-235">[235]</a> <dl><dt>The Netherlands</dt></dl> As of 31 December 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, hybrid car registrations totaled 131,011 units, up 11.7% from 117,259 a year earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Nether2015-179">[179]</a> By the end of 2009 there were about 39,300 hybrid cars registered in the Netherlands, up from 23,000 the previous year. Most of the registered hybrid cars belonged to corporate fleets due to tax incentives established in the country in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-NED2009-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> During the first eight months of 2013, around 65% of TMC cars sold in the Netherlands have been hybrids, with the technology particularly popular among fleet owners and taxi drivers.<a href="#cite_note-TMCEU2013-238">[238]</a> Following the same market trend as in 2014, more <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrids</a> were registered in 2015 (41,226) in the country than conventional hybrids (13,752).<a href="#cite_note-Nether2015-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nether2014-180">[180]</a> As a result of the tax incentives, the country has had for several years the highest hybrid <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> among EU Member States. Hybrid sales climbed from 0.7% in 2006 and 2007 to 2.4% in 2008, and reached 4.2% in 2009. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">financial crisis of 2007–08</a>, the market fell for two years to 2.7% in 2011, but recovered to 4.5% in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-EUpocketbook2013-218">[218]</a> As fewer hybrid vehicles were sold in the Dutch market in 2014 than in previous years, the hybrid segment market share fell to 3.7% of total passenger car sales in 2014. The sales decline is due to a change in the national vehicle taxation scheme.<a href="#cite_note-EUpocketbook2014-217">[217]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, Japan (~20%) and Norway (6.9%) are the only countries with a higher market share than the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-JapHEVshare-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUpocketbook2014-217">[217]</a> <dl><dt>Germany</dt></dl> As of January 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 130,365 hybrid cars registered in Germany,<a href="#cite_note-Germany2015-239">[239]</a> up from 85,575 on the roads on January 1, 2014,<a href="#cite_note-Germany2013-240">[240]</a> and 47,642 vehicles on January 1, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Hybrid car registrations totaled a record of 24,963 units in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-GER2013-172">[172]</a> and declined to 22,908 in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-GER2014-171">[171]</a> and to 22,529 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-SalesGer2015-170">[170]</a> The German hybrid market share climbed from 0.3% in 2010, to 0.8% in 2013, and declined 0.7% of new car registrations in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-EUpocketbook2014-217">[217]</a> <dl><dt>Spain</dt></dl> A total of 10,350 hybrid cars were registered in Spain in 2011, up 22% from 2010 sales. The top-selling hybrids were the Toyota Prius, Toyota Auris HSD and the <a href="/wiki/Lexus_CT_200h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus CT 200h">Lexus CT 200h</a>, which together represented 83,2% of new hybrid car sales in the country.<a href="#cite_note-ESP2011-178">[178]</a> During 2012 hybrid sales remained almost constant with 10,030 units sold, representing 1.44% of new passenger cars sales that year. The top-selling car was the Prius with 3,969 units, followed by the Auris HSD (2,234) and the Lexus CT 200h (1,244). Combined sales of Toyota and Lexus models represented 89.15% of hybrid sales in the Spanish market in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-ESP2012-177">[177]</a> Hybrid sales in 2013 increased 1.72% from 2012, with 10,294 units registered. The Toyota Auris HSD was the top-selling hybrid with 3,644 units, followed by the Prius (2,378) and the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Yaris Hybrid">Yaris Hybrid</a> (1,587 ).<a href="#cite_note-ESP2013-176">[176]</a> <dl><dt>Republic of Ireland</dt></dl> As of February 2020, Hybrid cars as a proportion of all cars for sale in Ireland was very small, which could be seen in a snapshot (7 February 2020) of four car sales websites (Autotrader.ie, Carsireland.ie, Carzone.ie, and Donedeal.ie) that showed that out of circa 38,000 to 70,000 cars listed for sale, only circa 3.7% to 4.7% were Hybrids (including a small proportion of electric plug-in hybrids (PHEV)), so in real terms only 1,844-2,640 hybrid cars were advertised for sale in the market. This very low level of Hybrids compared poorly to the circa 25,338 to 46,940 diesel engine cars available for sale on the same date, representing a much larger, circa 64-67% of the market at that time. The Irish Government (to January 2020) had stated an aim to ban the sale of petrol, diesel and hybrid new ('non-electric') cars from 2030 (compared to the proposed EU ban by 2040, and the UK's proposed ban on the sale of new petrol, diesel and hybrid cars from 2035 as announced in the first week of February, 2020), though car dealers were reported to consider the Irish Government's target for one million electric and plug-in hybrid cars to be in use by 2030, as far too ambitious (The Irish Times, 07/02/2020). A compromise in terms of transition to Electric Vehicles (EVs), and a non-electric car ban implementation around 2030, maybe for acceptance of Hybrid cars with modest size petrol engines (regardless of whether 'Full' or 'Mild' hybrids), for example those at/ less than 1.6Litre (1600cc) engine capacity, and/ or at circa 100g/km CO2, or less in terms of emissions, or a fuel efficiency rating (L/100 km) for Highway/Extra Urban and 'Combined' journeys. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> The varieties of hybrid electric designs can be differentiated by the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">hybrid vehicle drivetrain</a>, the fuel type, and the mode of operation. In 2007, several automobile manufacturers announced that future vehicles will use aspects of hybrid electric technology to reduce fuel consumption without the use of the hybrid drivetrain. Regenerative braking can be used to recapture energy and stored to power electrical accessories, such as air conditioning. Shutting down the engine at idle can also be used to reduce fuel consumption and reduce emissions without the addition of a hybrid drivetrain. In both cases, some of the advantages of hybrid electric technology are gained while additional cost and weight may be limited to the addition of larger batteries and starter motors. There is no standard terminology for such vehicles, although they may be termed <a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">mild hybrids</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engines_and_fuel_sources">Engines and fuel sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Engines and fuel sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gasoline">Gasoline</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gasoline">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine">Gasoline engines</a> are used in most hybrid electric designs and will likely remain dominant for the foreseeable future.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>-derived gasoline is the primary fuel, it is possible to mix in varying levels of ethanol created from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources. Like most modern <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a> powered vehicles, HEVs can typically use up to about 15% <a href="/wiki/Bioethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethanol">bioethanol</a>. Manufacturers may move to <a href="/wiki/Flexible_fuel_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible fuel engine">flexible fuel engines</a>, which would increase allowable ratios, but no plans are in place at present. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diesel">Diesel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Diesel">edit</a>]</div> The most prominent example of a full hybrid diesel system is the <a href="/wiki/PSA_HYbrid4" title="PSA HYbrid4">HYbrid4</a> by PSA Peugeot-Citroën. It was discontinued in 2016, following the decline in diesel popularity following the VW <a href="/wiki/Dieselgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieselgate">Dieselgate</a> scandal. <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric">Diesel-electric</a> HEVs use a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> for power generation. Diesels have advantages when delivering constant power for long periods of time, suffering less wear while operating at higher efficiency. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The diesel engine's high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer substantially improved mileage. Most diesel vehicles can use 100% pure <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>), so they can use but do not need <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> at all for fuel (although mixes of biofuel and petroleum are more common). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] If diesel-electric HEVs were in use, this benefit would likely also apply. Diesel-electric hybrid drivetrains have begun to appear in commercial vehicles (particularly buses); as of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, no light duty diesel-electric hybrid passenger cars are widelyavailable, although prototypes exist. Peugeot was expected to produce a diesel-electric hybrid version of its 308 in late 2008 for the European market.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="PSA Peugeot Citroën">PSA Peugeot Citroën</a> has unveiled two demonstrator vehicles featuring a diesel-electric hybrid drivetrain: the <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_307" title="Peugeot 307">Peugeot 307</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4" title="Citroën C4">Citroën C4</a> Hybride HDi and <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën C-Cactus">Citroën C-Cactus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> diesel-electric hybrid car that achieved 2 L/100 km (140 mpg‑imp; 120 mpg‑US) fuel economy, but has yet to sell a hybrid vehicle. <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a> has been testing the <a href="/wiki/Opel_Astra" title="Opel Astra">Opel Astra</a> Diesel Hybrid. There have been no concrete dates suggested for these vehicles, but press statements have suggested production vehicles would not appear before 2009. At the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009 both Mercedes and BMW displayed diesel-electric hybrids.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Robert Bosch GmbH</a> is supplying hybrid diesel-electric technology to diverse automakers and models, including the <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_308" title="Peugeot 308">Peugeot 308</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> So far, production diesel-electric engines have mostly[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] appeared in <a href="/wiki/Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a> buses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Corporation" title="Eaton Corporation">Eaton Corp.</a> in the US and <a href="/wiki/Iveco" title="Iveco">Iveco</a> in Europe, has begun deploying a small fleet of Hybrid diesel electric delivery trucks.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> As of October 2007, Fedex operates more than 100 diesel electric hybrids in North America, Asia and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_power">Human power</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Human power">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></div> There are bicycles that consist of an electric motor fitted turned by a generator powered from pedals almost similar to but different from pedal only bicycles. It also combines an <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> to store surplus power which can be charged from <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a>, from battery chargers like a <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a> and also from the pedal powered generator just like in an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> vehicle that uses the <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a> to charge the battery. It is quite likely that such vehicles are considered hybrids since power to the electric motor is coming from two sources (i.e. pedal power via a generator and battery power)). <dl><dt>Liquefied petroleum gas</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AVANTE_HYBRID_LPI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AVANTE_HYBRID_LPI.JPG/220px-AVANTE_HYBRID_LPI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AVANTE_HYBRID_LPI.JPG/330px-AVANTE_HYBRID_LPI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/AVANTE_HYBRID_LPI.JPG/440px-AVANTE_HYBRID_LPI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Elantra_LPI_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid">Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a> introduced in 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Elantra_LPI_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid">Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid</a>, which is the first <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> hybrid electric vehicle to run on <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> (LPG).<a href="#cite_note-Hyundai0709-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hydrogen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></div> Hydrogen can be used in cars in two ways: a source of combustible heat, or a source of electrons for an electric motor. The burning of hydrogen is not being developed in practical terms; it is the hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicle (HFEV) which is garnering all the attention. <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel cells">Hydrogen fuel cells</a> create electricity fed into an electric motor to drives the wheels. Hydrogen is not burned, but it is consumed. This means molecular hydrogen, H2, is combined with oxygen to form water. 2H2 (4e−) + O2 --> 2H2O (4e−). The molecular hydrogen and oxygen's mutual affinity drives the fuel cell to separate the electrons from the hydrogen, to use them to power the electric motor, and to return them to the ionized water molecules that were formed when the electron-depleted hydrogen combined with the oxygen in the fuel cell. Recalling that a hydrogen atom is nothing more than a proton and an electron; in essence, the motor is driven by the proton's atomic attraction to the oxygen nucleus, and the electron's attraction to the ionized water molecule. An HFEV is an all-electric car featuring an open-source battery in the form of a hydrogen tank and the atmosphere. HFEVs may also comprise closed-cell batteries for the purpose of power storage from regenerative braking, but this does not change the source of the motivation. It implies the HFEV is an electric car with two types of batteries. Since HFEVs are purely electric, and do not contain any type of heat engine, they are not hybrids. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar_power">Solar power</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Solar power">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a></div> Some vehicles like mostly cars and occasionally other vehicles combine the solar <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaic cell</a> propulsion system with an <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">electric battery</a> that is charged by the solar panel or sometimes like <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a> vehicles can also be charged from the power grid. These types of vehicles are technically hybrids, although they consist of two types of cells, since both of them use different fuels. The advantage of combining the two systems is that the vehicle can function with the battery if there is no sunlight and also reduces the risk of getting stuck on the road in case of a battery depletion since the solar panels charge the battery simultaneously. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bio-fuels">Bio-fuels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bio-fuels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flexifuel_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexifuel vehicle">flexifuel vehicle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escape_E85_Flex_Fuel_Hybrid_WAS_2010_8941.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Escape_E85_Flex_Fuel_Hybrid_WAS_2010_8941.JPG/220px-Escape_E85_Flex_Fuel_Hybrid_WAS_2010_8941.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Escape_E85_Flex_Fuel_Hybrid_WAS_2010_8941.JPG/330px-Escape_E85_Flex_Fuel_Hybrid_WAS_2010_8941.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Escape_E85_Flex_Fuel_Hybrid_WAS_2010_8941.JPG/440px-Escape_E85_Flex_Fuel_Hybrid_WAS_2010_8941.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Escape Hybrid">Ford Escape Hybrid</a> was the first hybrid electric vehicle with a <a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">flex-fuel engine</a> capable of running on <a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a> fuel.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg/220px-Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg/330px-Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg/440px-Ford_Escape_E85_Flex_Plug-in_Hybrid_views_and_badging_WAS_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Escape Hybrid">Ford Escape</a> <a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a> flex-fuel <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a></figcaption></figure> Hybrid vehicles might use an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> running on <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible-fuel">flexible-fuel</a> engine running on <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a> or engines running on <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>. In 2007 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Motor Corporation">Ford</a> produced 20 demonstration <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Escape Hybrid">Escape Hybrid</a> E85s for real-world testing in fleets in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Also as a demonstration project, Ford delivered in 2008 the first flexible-fuel <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a> <a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> (DOE), a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Escape Hybrid">Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid</a>, capable of running on gasoline or E85.<a href="#cite_note-FlesFuelHybrid-250">[250]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a> <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle">plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a> would be the first commercially available flex-fuel plug-in hybrid capable of adapting the propulsion to the biofuels used in several world markets such as the ethanol blend <a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a> in the U.S., or <a href="/wiki/Neat_alcohol_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Neat alcohol fuel">E100</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, or biodiesel in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GMVoltFlex-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green0107-252">[252]</a> The Volt will be <a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a> <a href="/wiki/Flex-fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Flex-fuel">flex-fuel</a> capable about a year after its introduction.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_considerations">Design considerations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Design considerations">edit</a>]</div> In some cases, manufacturers are producing HEVs that use the added energy provided by the hybrid systems to give vehicles a power boost, rather than significantly improved fuel efficiency compared to their traditional counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> The trade-off between added performance and improved fuel efficiency is partly controlled by the software within the hybrid system and partly the result of the engine, battery and motor size. In the future, manufacturers may provide HEV owners with the ability to partially control this balance (fuel efficiency vs. added performance) as they wish, through a user-controlled setting.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Toyota announced in January, 2006 that it was considering a "high-efficiency" button.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_kits">Conversion kits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Conversion kits">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_conversion" title="Electric vehicle conversion">Electric vehicle conversion</a></div> One can buy a stock hybrid or convert a stock petroleum car to a hybrid electric vehicle using an <a href="/wiki/Aftermarket_kit" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermarket kit">aftermarket hybrid kit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#Environmental_issues" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle § Environmental issues</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_consumption">Fuel consumption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fuel consumption">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">Fuel efficiency</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#Fuel_consumption_and_emissions_reductions" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle § Fuel consumption and emissions reductions</a></div> Electric hybrids reduce petroleum consumption under certain circumstances, compared to otherwise similar conventional vehicles, primarily by using three mechanisms:<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <ol><li>Reducing wasted energy during idle/low output, generally by turning the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a> off</li> <li>Recapturing waste energy (i.e. regenerative braking)</li> <li>Reducing the size and power of the ICE, and hence inefficiencies from under-utilization, by using the added power from the electric motor to compensate for the loss in peak power output from the smaller ICE.</li></ol> Any combination of these three primary hybrid advantages may be used in different vehicles to realize different fuel usage, power, emissions, weight and cost profiles. The <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a> in an HEV can be smaller, lighter, and more efficient than the one in a conventional vehicle, because the combustion engine can be sized for slightly above average power demand rather than peak power demand. The drive system in a vehicle is required to operate over a range of speed and power, but an ICE's highest efficiency is in a narrow range of operation, making conventional vehicles inefficient. On the contrary, in most HEV designs, the ICE operates closer to its range of highest efficiency more frequently. The power curve of electric motors is better suited to variable speeds and can provide substantially greater torque at low speeds compared with internal-combustion engines. The greater <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a> of HEVs has implication for reduced petroleum consumption and <a href="/wiki/Roadway_air_dispersion_modeling" title="Roadway air dispersion modeling">vehicle air pollution emissions</a> worldwide<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Many hybrids use the <a href="/wiki/Atkinson_cycle" title="Atkinson cycle">Atkinson cycle</a>, which gives greater efficiency, but less power for the size of engine. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise">Noise</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Noise">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_warning_sounds" title="Electric vehicle warning sounds">Electric vehicle warning sounds</a></div> Reduced noise emissions resulting from substantial use of the electric motor at idling and low speeds, leading to <a href="/wiki/Roadway_noise" title="Roadway noise">roadway</a> <a href="/wiki/Noise_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise mitigation">noise reduction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> in comparison to conventional gasoline or diesel powered engine vehicles, resulting in beneficial <a href="/wiki/Noise_health_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise health effects">noise health effects</a> (although road noise from tires and wind, the loudest noises at highway speeds from the interior of most vehicles, are not affected by the hybrid design alone). Reduced noise may not be beneficial for all road users, as blind people or the visually impaired consider the noise of combustion engines a helpful aid while crossing streets and feel quiet hybrids could pose an unexpected hazard.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Tests have shown that vehicles operating in electric mode can be particularly hard to hear below 20 mph (32 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> A 2009 study conducted by the NHTSA found that crashes involving pedestrian and bicyclist have higher incidence rates for hybrids than <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> vehicles in certain vehicle maneuvers. These accidents commonly occurred on in zones with low speed limits, during daytime and in clear weather.<a href="#cite_note-NHTSA-264">[264]</a> In January 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan)">Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism</a> issued guidelines for hybrid and other near-silent vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-TMC0810-265">[265]</a> The Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act of 2010 was approved by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> in December 2010,<a href="#cite_note-ACB-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-S841-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smart-268">[268]</a> and the bill was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on January 4, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> A proposed rule was published for comment by the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> (NHTSA) in January, 2013. It would require hybrids and electric vehicles traveling at less than 18.6 mph (30 km/h) to emit warning sounds that pedestrians must be able to hear over background noises.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-DT031813-271">[271]</a> The rules are scheduled to go into effect in September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-DT031813-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT01713-272">[272]</a> In April 2014 the European Parliament approved legislation that requires the mandatory use of Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems (AVAS) for all new electric and hybrid electric vehicles, and car manufacturers have to comply within five years.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> As of mid-2010, and in advance of upcoming legislation, some carmakers announced their decision to address this safety issue shared by regular hybrids and all types of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicles</a>, and as a result, the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf#Warning_sounds" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a>, both launched in late 2010, and the <a href="/wiki/Infiniti_M#M35h_(Hybrid_version)_(2011–2019)" title="Infiniti M">Nissan Fuga hybrid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fisker_Karma" title="Fisker Karma">Fisker Karma</a> <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a>, both launched in 2011, include synthesized sounds to alert pedestrians, the blind and others to their presence.<a href="#cite_note-NissanNoise-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoBlogNoise-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT101309-277">[277]</a> Toyota introduced its <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_warning_sounds#Toyota" title="Electric vehicle warning sounds">Vehicle Proximity Notification System</a> (VPNS) in the United States in all 2012 <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model year</a> Prius family vehicles, including the <a href="/wiki/Prius_v" class="mw-redirect" title="Prius v">Prius v</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prius_Plug-in_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Prius Plug-in Hybrid">Prius Plug-in Hybrid</a> and the standard Prius.<a href="#cite_note-Prii-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> There is also <a href="/wiki/After-market_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="After-market (general)">aftermarket</a> technology available in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> to make hybrids sound more like conventional <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">combustion engine</a> cars when the vehicle goes into the silent <a href="/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode">electric mode</a> (EV mode).<a href="#cite_note-SciAm0808-280">[280]</a> In August 2010 Toyota began sales in Japan of an onboard device designed to automatically emit a synthesized sound of an electric motor when the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Prius</a> is operating as an <a href="/wiki/All-electric_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric mode">electric vehicle</a> at speeds up to approximately 25 kilometres per hour (16 mph). Toyota plans to use other versions of the device for use in gasoline-electric hybrids, plug-in hybrids, <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Fuel-cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel-cell">fuel-cell</a> hybrid vehicles planned for <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TMC0810-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_ten_EPA-rated_hybrids">Top ten EPA-rated hybrids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Top ten EPA-rated hybrids">edit</a>]</div> The following table shows the fuel economy ratings and pollution indicators for the top ten most fuel efficient hybrids rated by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> as of June 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model year</a> 2015 and 2016 available in the American market. <table class="sortable wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>'Economic and environmental performance comparison among EPA's top ten 2015/16 <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model year</a> most fuel efficient hybrid models available in the U.S. market<a href="#cite_note-EPAHEVratings-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPAFusion-282">[282]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#cfc;">Vehicle</th> <th style="background:#cfc;">Year model</th> <th style="background:#cfc;">EPA Combined <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">mileage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miles_per_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles per gallon">mpg</a>)</th> <th style="background:#cfc;">EPA City (mpg)</th> <th style="background:#cfc;">EPA Highway (mpg)</th> <th style="background:#cfc;">Annual fuel cost (1) (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>)</th> <th style="background:#cfc;">Tailpipe <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions">emissions</a> (grams per mile <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Dioxide">CO2)</a></th> <th style="background:#cfc;">EPA <a href="/wiki/United_States_emission_standards#Air_pollution_score" class="mw-redirect" title="United States emission standards">Air Pollution Score</a>(2)</th> <th style="background:#cfc;">Annual Petroleum Use (<a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)#Oil_barrel" title="Barrel (unit)">barrel</a>) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Eco" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius Eco">Toyota Prius Eco</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td>56</td> <td>58</td> <td>53</td> <td>US$650</td> <td>158</td> <td>NA</td> <td>5.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Fourth_generation_(XW50;_2015)" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius (4th gen)</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td>52</td> <td>54</td> <td>50</td> <td>US$700</td> <td>170</td> <td>NA</td> <td>6.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius c">Toyota Prius c</a></td> <td>2015/16</td> <td>50</td> <td>53</td> <td>46</td> <td>US$700</td> <td>178</td> <td>7/8*</td> <td>6.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius#Third_generation_(XW30;_2009)" title="Toyota Prius">3rd gen</a>)</td> <td>2015</td> <td>50</td> <td>51</td> <td>48</td> <td>US$700</td> <td>179</td> <td>7/9*</td> <td>6.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Honda_Accord#Ninth_generation_(2013)" title="Honda Accord">Honda Accord (2nd gen)</a></td> <td>2015</td> <td>47</td> <td>50</td> <td>45</td> <td>US$750</td> <td>188</td> <td>7/8*</td> <td>7.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid">Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td>46</td> <td>47</td> <td>46</td> <td>US$750</td> <td>212</td> <td>7/8*</td> <td>7.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybrid#Third_generation_(2011-_)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Civic Hybrid">Honda Civic Hybrid (3rd gen)</a></td> <td>2015</td> <td>45</td> <td>44</td> <td>47</td> <td>US$800</td> <td>196</td> <td>7/9*</td> <td>7.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid">Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid</a></td> <td>2015</td> <td>45</td> <td>42</td> <td>48</td> <td rowspan="2">US$950</td> <td rowspan="2">200</td> <td rowspan="2">7/9*</td> <td>7.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2016</td> <td>44</td> <td>42</td> <td>48</td> <td>7.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Hybrid#Second_generation" title="Ford Fusion Hybrid">Ford Fusion (2nd gen)</a></td> <td>2015/16</td> <td>42</td> <td>44</td> <td>41</td> <td rowspan="2">US$850</td> <td>211</td> <td rowspan="2">7/9*</td> <td>7.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2017</td> <td>42</td> <td>43</td> <td>41</td> <td>210</td> <td>9/10 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_v" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius v">Toyota Prius v</a></td> <td>2015/16</td> <td>42</td> <td>44</td> <td>40</td> <td>US$850</td> <td>211</td> <td>7/8*</td> <td>7.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:left; background:#cfc;">Source: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a><a href="#cite_note-EPAHEVratings-281">[281]</a> Notes: (1) Estimates assumes 15,000 miles (24,000 km) per year (45% highway, 55% city) using average fuel price of US$2.34/gallon for regular gasoline and US$2.57/gallon for premium gasoline (national average as of 7 June 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>). (2) All states except <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and Northeastern states, * otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-EPAHEVratings-281">[281]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicle_types">Vehicle types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Vehicle types">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorcycles">Motorcycles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Motorcycles">edit</a>]</div> Companies such as <a href="/wiki/Zero_Motorcycles" title="Zero Motorcycles">Zero Motorcycles</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vectrix" title="Vectrix">Vectrix</a> have market-ready <a href="/wiki/All-electric_motorcycle" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric motorcycle">all-electric motorcycles</a> available now, but the pairing of electrical components and an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> (ICE) has made packaging <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cumbersome" class="extiw" title="wikt:cumbersome">cumbersome</a>, especially for niche brands.<a href="#cite_note-sema.org-284">[284]</a> Also, eCycle Inc produces series <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric">diesel-electric</a> motorcycles, with a top speed of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a target retail price of $5500.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peugeot_HYmotion3_compressor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peugeot HYmotion3 compressor (page does not exist)">Peugeot HYmotion3 compressor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> a hybrid <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">scooter</a> is a three-wheeler that uses two separate power sources to power the front and back wheels. The back wheel is powered by a single cylinder 125 cc, 20 bhp (15 kW) single cylinder motor while the front wheels are each driven by their own <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>. When the bike is moving up to 10 km/h only the electric motors are used on a <a href="/wiki/Stop-start" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop-start">stop-start</a> basis reducing the amount of carbon emissions.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/SEMA_(association)" title="SEMA (association)">SEMA</a> has announced that <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a> is going to launch one in 2010, with <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> following a year later, fueling a competition to reign in new customers and set new standards for mobility. Each company hopes to provide the capability to reach 60 miles (97 km) per charge by adopting advanced <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a> to accomplish their claims. These proposed hybrid motorcycles could incorporate components from the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a> car and its hybrid powertrain. The ability to mass-produce these items helps to overcome the investment hurdles faced by <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">start-up</a> brands and bring new engineering concepts into mainstream markets.<a href="#cite_note-sema.org-284">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automobiles_and_light_trucks">Automobiles and light trucks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Automobiles and light trucks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_vehicles" title="List of hybrid vehicles">List of hybrid vehicles</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-performance_cars">High-performance cars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: High-performance cars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nico_Rosberg_2015_Malaysia_FP3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nico_Rosberg_2015_Malaysia_FP3.jpg/230px-Nico_Rosberg_2015_Malaysia_FP3.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nico_Rosberg_2015_Malaysia_FP3.jpg/345px-Nico_Rosberg_2015_Malaysia_FP3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nico_Rosberg_2015_Malaysia_FP3.jpg/460px-Nico_Rosberg_2015_Malaysia_FP3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_F1_W06_Hybrid" title="Mercedes F1 W06 Hybrid">Mercedes F1 W06 Hybrid</a>, driven by <a href="/wiki/Nico_Rosberg" title="Nico Rosberg">Nico Rosberg</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/2015_Malaysian_Grand_Prix" title="2015 Malaysian Grand Prix">2015 Malaysian Grand Prix</a>, using 1.6 L turbocharged V6 hybrid engine</figcaption></figure> As emissions regulations become tougher for manufacturers to adhere to, a new generation of high-performance cars will be powered by hybrid technology (for example the Porsche GT3 hybrid racing car). Aside from the emissions benefits of a hybrid system, the immediately available torque which is produced from electric motor(s) can lead to performance benefits by addressing the power curve weaknesses of a traditional combustion engine.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> Hybrid racecars have been very successful, as is shown by the <a href="/wiki/Audi_R18" title="Audi R18">Audi R18</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porsche_919" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche 919">Porsche 919</a>, which have won the <a href="/wiki/24_hours_of_Le_Mans" class="mw-redirect" title="24 hours of Le Mans">24 hours of Le Mans</a> using hybrid technology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formula_One">Formula One</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Formula One">edit</a>]</div> Since <a href="/wiki/2014_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="2014 Formula One World Championship">2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> cars have used 1.6 L turbocharged V6 engines, limited to 15,000 rpm. These engines allow Formula One cars to reach speeds of 372 km/h (231 mph),<a href="#cite_note-bottas-291">[291]</a> as recorded by <a href="/wiki/Valtteri_Bottas" title="Valtteri Bottas">Valtteri Bottas</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Mexican_Grand_Prix" title="2016 Mexican Grand Prix">2016 Mexican Grand Prix</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxis">Taxis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Taxis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_taxi" title="Hybrid taxi">Hybrid taxi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Toyota_Prius_(ZVW50R)_Hybrid_liftback,_SMRT_taxis_(2017-11-29).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2016_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_Hybrid_liftback%2C_SMRT_taxis_%282017-11-29%29.jpg/220px-2016_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_Hybrid_liftback%2C_SMRT_taxis_%282017-11-29%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2016_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_Hybrid_liftback%2C_SMRT_taxis_%282017-11-29%29.jpg/330px-2016_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_Hybrid_liftback%2C_SMRT_taxis_%282017-11-29%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2016_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_Hybrid_liftback%2C_SMRT_taxis_%282017-11-29%29.jpg/440px-2016_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW50R%29_Hybrid_liftback%2C_SMRT_taxis_%282017-11-29%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3316" data-file-height="1394" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> hybrid taxi in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>'s first hybrid electric taxi was put into service in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia, operating a 2001 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> which traveled over 332,000 km (206,000 mi) before being retired.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> In 2015, a taxi driver in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> claimed to have covered 1,000,000 km (620,000 mi) in his Toyota Prius with the original battery pack.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Many of the major cities in the world are adding hybrid taxis to their taxicab fleets, led by <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GreenCG1-295">[295]</a> By 2009 15% of New York's 13,237 taxis in service are hybrids, the most in any city in North America, and also began retiring its original hybrid fleet after 300,000 and 350,000 miles (480,000 and 560,000 km) per vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-GreenCG1-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Other cities where taxi service is available with hybrid vehicles include <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Buses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_bus" title="Hybrid electric bus">Hybrid electric bus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_London_29001_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/East_London_29001_2.JPG/220px-East_London_29001_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/East_London_29001_2.JPG/330px-East_London_29001_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/East_London_29001_2.JPG/440px-East_London_29001_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2547" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Hybrid-powered bus</figcaption></figure> Hybrid technology for buses has seen increased attention since recent battery developments decreased battery weight significantly. Drivetrains consist of conventional diesel engines and gas turbines. Some designs concentrate on using car engines, recent designs have focused on using conventional diesel engines already used in bus designs, to save on engineering and training costs. As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, several manufacturers were working on new hybrid designs, or hybrid drivetrains that fit into existing chassis offerings without major re-design. A challenge to hybrid buses may still come from cheaper lightweight imports from the former Eastern bloc countries or China, where national operators are looking at fuel consumption issues surrounding the weight of the bus, which has increased with recent bus technology innovations such as glazing, air conditioning and electrical systems. A hybrid bus can also deliver fuel economy though through the hybrid drivetrain. Hybrid technology is also being promoted by environmentally concerned transit authorities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trucks">Trucks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Trucks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_truck" title="Hybrid electric truck">Hybrid electric truck</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:165Hybrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/165Hybrid.jpg/220px-165Hybrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/165Hybrid.jpg/330px-165Hybrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/165Hybrid.jpg/440px-165Hybrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors">Hino</a> hybrid <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric">diesel-electric</a> truck</figcaption></figure> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">GM</a> introduced a hybrid <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric">diesel-electric</a> military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid electric light trucks were introduced in 2004 by <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Sprinter" title="Mercedes-Benz Sprinter">Sprinter</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Micro-Vett_SPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-Vett SPA">Micro-Vett SPA</a> (Daily Bimodale). <a href="/wiki/Navistar_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Navistar International">International Truck and Engine Corp.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Eaton Corp.">Eaton Corp.</a> have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004. In mid-2005 <a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a> introduced the Elf Diesel Hybrid Truck on the Japanese Market. They claim that approximately 300 vehicles, mostly route buses are using Hinos HIMR (Hybrid Inverter Controlled Motor & Retarder) system. In 2007, high petroleum price means a hard sell for hybrid trucks<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> and appears the first U.S. production hybrid truck (International DuraStar Hybrid).<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> Other vehicles are: <ul><li>Big mining machines like the <a href="/wiki/Liebherr_T_282B" class="mw-redirect" title="Liebherr T 282B">Liebherr T 282B</a> dump truck or Keaton Vandersteen <a href="/wiki/LeTourneau_L-2350" title="LeTourneau L-2350">LeTourneau L-2350</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheel_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel loader">wheel loader</a> are powered that way. Also there were several models of <a href="/wiki/BelAZ" title="BelAZ">BelAZ</a> (7530 and 7560 series) in <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>) since the middle of 1970th.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s huge <a href="/wiki/Crawler-Transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawler-Transporter">Crawler-Transporters</a> are diesel-electric.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Canter_Eco_Hybrid" title="Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Eco Hybrid">Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Eco Hybrid</a> is a diesel-electric commercial truck.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Dynamics" title="Azure Dynamics">Azure Dynamics</a> Balance Hybrid Electric is a gasoline-hybrid electric medium dutry truck based on the Ford E-450 chassis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors">Hino Motors</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> subsidiary) has the world's first production hybrid electric truck in Australia (110 kW or 150 hp diesel engine plus a 23 kW or 31 hp <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>).<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></li></ul> Other hybrid petroleum-electric truck makers are <a href="/wiki/DAF_Trucks" title="DAF Trucks">DAF Trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAN_Truck_%26_Bus" title="MAN Truck & Bus">MAN</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=MAN_TGL_Series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAN TGL Series (page does not exist)">MAN TGL Series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Motors">Nissan Motors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault Trucks</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renault_Puncher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renault Puncher (page does not exist)">Renault Puncher</a>. Hybrid electric truck technology and <a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">powertrain</a> maker: <a href="/wiki/ZF_Friedrichshafen" title="ZF Friedrichshafen">ZF Friedrichshafen</a>, <a href="/wiki/EPower_Engine_Systems" title="EPower Engine Systems">EPower Engine Systems</a>. By a <a href="/wiki/Voice_vote" title="Voice vote">voice vote</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> approved the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/445">Heavy Duty Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 2009</a> ( for <a href="/wiki/Truck_classification" title="Truck classification">heavy duty</a> <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in hybrid vehicle">plug-in hybrid vehicles</a>) authored by representative <a href="/wiki/James_Sensenbrenner" class="mw-redirect" title="James Sensenbrenner">James Sensenbrenner</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_vehicles">Military vehicles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Military vehicles">edit</a>]</div> Some 70 years after Porsche's pioneering efforts in hybrid-drivetrain armored fighting vehicles in World War II, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>'s manned ground vehicles of the <a href="/wiki/Future_Combat_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Future Combat System">Future Combat System</a> all use a hybrid electric drive consisting of a diesel engine to generate electrical power for mobility and all other vehicle subsystems. However, all FCS land vehicles were put on hold in the 2010 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DOD</a> budget. Other military hybrid prototypes include the <a href="/wiki/Millenworks_Light_Utility_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Millenworks Light Utility Vehicle">Millenworks Light Utility Vehicle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_FTTS" class="mw-redirect" title="International FTTS">International FTTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck" title="Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck">HEMTT model A3</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_RST-V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shadow RST-V (page does not exist)">Shadow RST-V</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotives">Locomotives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Locomotives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid Locomotive">Hybrid Locomotive</a></div> In May 2003, <a href="/wiki/JR_East" class="mw-redirect" title="JR East">JR East</a> started test runs with the so-called NE (new energy) train and validated the system's functionality (series hybrid with <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a>) in cold regions. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Railpower_Technologies" title="Railpower Technologies">Railpower Technologies</a> had been running pilots in the US with the so-called Green Goats,<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> which led to orders by the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific">Union Pacific</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pacific">Canadian Pacific</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> Railways starting in early 2005. Railpower offers hybrid electric road <a href="/wiki/Switcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Switcher">switchers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> as does GE.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diesel-electric_locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel-electric locomotive">Diesel-electric locomotives</a> may not always be considered HEVs, not having energy storage on board, unless they are fed with electricity via a collector for short distances (for example, in tunnels with emission limits), in which case they are better classified as <a href="/wiki/Dual-mode_vehicle" title="Dual-mode vehicle">dual-mode vehicles</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_and_other_aquatic">Marine and other aquatic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Marine and other aquatic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_ferry" title="Hybrid ferry">Hybrid ferry</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></div> For large boats that are already diesel-electric, the upgrade to hybrid can be as straightforward as adding a large battery bank and control equipment; this configuration can provide fuel saving for the operators as well as being more environmentally sensitive.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> Producers of marine hybrid propulsion include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECycle" class="mw-redirect" title="ECycle">eCycle</a> Inc.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Sailor_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Sailor Holdings">Solar Sailor Holdings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Aircraft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_aircraft" title="Hybrid electric aircraft">hybrid electric aircraft</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_aircraft" title="Hybrid electric aircraft">hybrid electric aircraft</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> with an hybrid electric powertrain, as the <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">lithium-ion batteries</a> is much lower than <a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">aviation fuel</a>, it effectively increase the range compared to pure <a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">electric aircraft</a>. By May 2018, there were over 30 projects, and <a href="/wiki/Short-haul" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-haul">short-haul</a> hybrid-electric airliners are envisioned by 2032. The most advanced are the <a href="/wiki/Zunum_Aero" title="Zunum Aero">Zunum Aero</a> 10-seater, the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_E-Fan_X" title="Airbus E-Fan X">Airbus E-Fan X</a> demonstrator, the <a href="/wiki/VoltAero_Cassio" title="VoltAero Cassio">VoltAero Cassio</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Technologies_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="United Technologies Corp.">UTC</a> modified <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Dash 8">Bombardier Dash 8</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ampaire_Electric_EEL" title="Ampaire Electric EEL">Ampaire Electric EEL</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hybrid_premium_and_showroom_cost_parity">Hybrid premium and showroom cost parity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Hybrid premium and showroom cost parity">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Fuel use in vehicle designs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Vehicle type</th> <th>Fuel used </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Combustion-only vehicle</a> (ICE)</td> <td>Exclusively uses <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> or other fuel. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Start-stop_system" title="Start-stop system">Micro hybrid electric vehicle</a> (μHEV)</td> <td>Exclusively uses petroleum or other fuel, but can shut off engine to consume less. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">Mild hybrid electric vehicle</a> (MHEV, BAHV)</td> <td>Exclusively uses petroleum or other fuel, but has electric battery to consume less. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid vehicle</a> (PHEV)</td> <td>Uses mixture of petroleum or other fuel and electricity from <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">power grid</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">All-electric vehicle</a> (BEV, AEV)</td> <td>Exclusively uses electricity from power grid. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a> (FCV, FCEV)</td> <td>Exclusively uses <a href="/wiki/Compressed_hydrogen" title="Compressed hydrogen">hydrogen</a> or other fuel to generate electricity. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electric_vehicle" title="Template:Electric vehicle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electric_vehicle" title="Template talk:Electric vehicle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electric_vehicle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electric vehicle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> HEVs can be initially more expensive (the so-called "hybrid premium") than pure <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil-fuel</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE vehicles</a>, due to extra batteries, more electronics and in some cases other design considerations (although <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">battery renting can be used</a> to reach the cost parity). The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trade-off" class="extiw" title="wikt:trade-off">trade-off</a> between higher initial cost (also called showroom costs) and lower fuel costs (difference often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Payback_period" title="Payback period">payback period</a>) is dependent on usage – miles traveled, or hours of operation, fuel costs, and in some cases, government subsidies. Traditional economy vehicles may result in a lower direct cost for many users (before consideration of any <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externality</a>). <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a> ran an article in April 2006 stating that HEVs would not pay for themselves over five years of ownership. However, this included an error with charging the "hybrid premium" twice.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> When corrected, the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Civic Hybrid">Honda Civic Hybrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> did have a payback period of slightly less than five years.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> This includes conservative estimates with depreciation (seen as more depreciation than a conventional vehicle, although that is not the prevailing norm) and with progressively higher gas prices. In particular, the Consumer Reports article assumed $2/U.S. gallon for three years, $3/U.S. gallon for one year and $4/U.S. gallon the last year. As recent events have shown, this is a volatile market and hard to predict. For 2006, gas prices ranged from low $2 to low $3, averaging about $2.60/U.S. gallon. A January 2007 analysis by Intellichoice.com shows that all 22 available HEVs will save their owners money over a five-year period. The most savings is for the Toyota Prius, which has a five-year cost of ownership 40.3% lower than the cost of comparable non-hybrid vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> A report in the <a href="/wiki/Greeley_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeley Tribune">Greeley Tribune</a> says that over the five years it would typically take for a new car owner to pay off the vehicle cost differential, a hybrid <a href="/wiki/Camry" class="mw-redirect" title="Camry">Camry</a> driver could save up to US$6,700 in gasoline at June 2007 gasoline prices, with hybrid tax incentives as an additional saving.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> In countries with incentives to fight against <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a> and promote vehicle <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>, the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pay-back" class="extiw" title="wikt:pay-back">pay-back</a> period can be immediate, and all-combustion-engine vehicles can cost more than hybrids because they generate more pollution. Toyota and Honda have already said they've halved the incremental cost of electric hybrids and see cost parity in the future (even without incentives).<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raw_materials_shortage">Raw materials shortage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Raw materials shortage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2013)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_effects_of_battery_electric_cars#Materials_extraction_impact" title="Health and environmental effects of battery electric cars">Materials extraction impact</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth element</a> <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a> is required to fabricate many of the advanced <a href="/wiki/Electric_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric motors">electric motors</a> and battery systems in hybrid propulsion systems.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-315">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-cox-316">[316]</a> However, nearly all the <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth elements">rare-earth elements</a> in the world come from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haxel-317">[317]</a> and in 2008 one analyst estimated that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing may consume this entire supply by 2012.<a href="#cite_note-cox-316">[316]</a> In addition, export quotas on Chinese rare-earth exports have resulted in a generally shaky supply of those metals.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-315">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-318">[318]</a> A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced <a href="/wiki/Hoidas_Lake" title="Hoidas Lake">Hoidas Lake</a> project in northern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mt_Weld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mt Weld (page does not exist)">Mt Weld</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> were under development,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-318">[318]</a> however it is not known if these sources will be developed before a shortage hits. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation_and_incentives">Legislation and incentives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Legislation and incentives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles</a></div> In order to encourage the purchase of HEVs, several countries have introduced legislation for <a href="/wiki/Incentive" title="Incentive">incentives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">ecotaxes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Residents of Ontario and Quebec in Canada can claim a rebate on the Provincial Retail Sales Tax of up to Can$2,000 on the purchase or lease of a hybrid electric vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> Ontario has a green license plate for hybrid car users and was to announce a slew of benefits to go along with it in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> Residents in British Columbia are eligible for a 100% reduction of sales tax up to a maximum of $2,000 if the hybrid electric vehicle is purchased or leased before April 1, 2011 (extended in 2007/2008 budget from March 31, 2008, and expanded from a maximum of only $1,000 from April 1, 2008, to March 31, 2009, at which point the concession was scheduled to expire).<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> Prince Edward Island residents can claim rebates on the Provincial Sales Tax of up to Can$3,000 on the purchase or lease of any hybrid vehicles since March 30, 2004.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Haifa,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Haifa, Israel">Haifa</a>, hybrid vehicles are entitled to a free parking in city's parking lots for domestic citizens. Other cities, such as Petah-Tikva, have quickly adopted similar free parking for hybrid cars. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitsuoka_Ryugi_HYBRID_(E165)_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mitsuoka_Ryugi_HYBRID_%28E165%29_front.JPG/220px-Mitsuoka_Ryugi_HYBRID_%28E165%29_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mitsuoka_Ryugi_HYBRID_%28E165%29_front.JPG/330px-Mitsuoka_Ryugi_HYBRID_%28E165%29_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mitsuoka_Ryugi_HYBRID_%28E165%29_front.JPG/440px-Mitsuoka_Ryugi_HYBRID_%28E165%29_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mitsuoka" title="Mitsuoka">Mitsuoka</a> Motor Ryugi hybrid (E165)</figcaption></figure> In 2009 the Japanese government implemented a set of policies and incentives that included a <a href="/wiki/Scrappage_program#Japan" title="Scrappage program">scrappage program</a>, tax breaks on hybrid vehicles and other low emission cars and trucks, and a higher levy on gasoline that raised prices in the order of US$4.50 per gallon. New hybrid car sales for 2009 were almost triple those for 2008.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Japan_US-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Jordan">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, customs and sales tax reduced for all hybrid vehicles from 55% to 25% of the vehicle list price, 12.5% customs fees and sales tax, if the new hybrid is a replacement for an old car (more than 10 years age). However, in March 2018, the government resorted to imposing the 55% customs and sales tax back again in its efforts to increase revenue. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, since mid 2014 all (CBU) fully imported hybrid and EV cars sold in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> significantly increased in price after the CBU hybrid and EV incentive package that expired on December 31, 2013. The affected cars are <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Prius c">Toyota Prius c</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Civic Hybrid">Honda Civic Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_CR-Z" title="Honda CR-Z">Honda CR-Z</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexus_CT200h" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus CT200h">Lexus CT200h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audi_A6_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi A6 Hybrid">Audi A6 Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_i-MiEV" title="Mitsubishi i-MiEV">Mitsubishi i-MiEV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a>. However the exemption of excise duties and import taxes for hybrids and EV will be extended for models that are (CKD) assembled in Malaysia. The exemption will be extended until December 31, 2015, for hybrids and December 31, 2017, for EVs. Only the locally assembled <a href="/wiki/Honda_Jazz_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Jazz Hybrid">Honda Jazz Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W222)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)">Mercedes-Benz S400 L Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Camry Hybrid">Toyota Camry Hybrid</a> and the facelifted <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Serena" title="Nissan Serena"> Nissan Serena S-Hybrid</a> are entitled for hybrid inducements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the vehicle registration tax (VRT), payable when a car is sold to its first buyer, can earn the owner of an HEV a discount up to <a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="€">€</a>6,000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, hybrid vehicles are entitled to an hour free parking in city council parking buildings. Where those buildings already provide an hour free, hybrid vehicles are entitled to an extra hour free. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Republic of Ireland">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, a discount of up to €1500 on <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_tax_(Ireland)" title="Vehicle registration tax (Ireland)">VRT</a> for hybrids, and up to €2500 for plugin hybrids was available until 31 December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> Previously there was a potential reduction of 50% of VRT applicable before July 2008, when VRT rates were based on engine size, rather than the CO2 emissions system.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> Some concerns were raised regarding the loss of VRT revenue due to the high number of expensive, luxury SUV hybrids imported, and also noting their large engine size, that in highway/extra-urban, and combined driving conditions may have negated much of the Hybrid engine arrangement emissions benefits (The Irish Times 11/11/2006). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> there is an "Eco car" subsidy of SEK 10,000 (~ US$1,600) cash payout to private car owners. For fringe benefit cars there is a reduction of the benefit tax of 40% for EVs and HEVs and 20% for other "Eco cars".<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> Drivers of HEVs in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> benefit from the lowest band of vehicle excise duty (car tax), which is based on <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions. In central <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, these vehicles are also exempt from the £11.5 daily <a href="/wiki/London_congestion_charge" title="London congestion charge">London congestion charge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> Due to their low levels of regulated emissions, the greenest cars are eligible for 100% discount under the incentive system. To be eligible the car had to be on the Power Shift Register.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, these included the cleanest <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> cars and most hybrid-, battery- and fuel cell-electric vehicles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_States" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States">Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal">Federal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Federal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_tax_credit" title="Hybrid tax credit">Hybrid tax credit</a></div> Through to December 31, 2010, the IRS permitted the purchaser of a hybrid electric car a federal income <a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">tax credit</a> up to $3,400.<a href="#cite_note-FuelEcon-328">[328]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">tax credit</a> was to be phased out two calendar quarters after the manufacturer reached 60,000 new cars sold in the following manner: it was reduced to 50% if delivered in either the third or fourth quarter after the threshold was reached, to 25% in the fifth and sixth quarters, and 0% thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-IRS-329">[329]</a> As of April 2010, three auto manufactures reached the 60,000 cap; <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Motor Company">Toyota Motor Company</a> reached it in 2007, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> in 2008, and as of April 1, 2010, no <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> hybrid vehicles remained eligible for this tax credit.<a href="#cite_note-Autotropolis-330">[330]</a> Vehicles purchased after December 31, 2010, are not eligible for this credit, as this benefit will expire on this date.<a href="#cite_note-FuelEcon-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-Autotropolis-330">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States_and_local">States and local</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: States and local">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Certain states (e.g., <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>) allowed singly occupied HEVs to enter the <a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">HOV lanes</a> on the highway. Initially, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> ruled that this was a violation of federal statute<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> until August 10, 2005, when <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Safe,_Accountable,_Flexible,_Efficient_Transportation_Equity_Act:_A_Legacy_for_Users" title="Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users">Transportation Equity Act of 2005</a> into law. In California, a total of 85,250 owners of the three eligible hybrid models benefited from free access to HOV lanes from 2004 to mid-2011.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> This incentive expired on July 1, 2011, and now hybrids are required to comply the minimum passenger requirements to use the HOV lanes.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a></li> <li>Some states, e.g., California, exempted hybrid electric cars from the biennial <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> inspection, which costs over $50 (as of 2004<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>).</li> <li>Until 2007, the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>, issued a free parking tag for hybrid electric cars purchased at San Jose dealerships, after which the tag began being issued for a fee annually. The qualified owners did not have to pay for parking in any city garage or at roadside parking meters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Beginning October 1, 2004, the city of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, offers free parking to all HEVs. The experiment is an extension to an existing offer of free parking for all pure electrical vehicles.</li> <li>In October 2005, the city of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, started to offer discount on monthly parking in the city parking lots, and is considering free meter parking for HEVs.</li> <li>On 3 November 2005, <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a>'s city council was considering the same treatment for hybrid electric cars.</li> <li>Annual vehicle registration fees in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, are $36, half those paid for conventional vehicles ($72).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:California_sticker_for_HOV_access_front_and_back_location.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="California's clean air bumper sticker used to allow HEVs to access HOV lanes. Shown a RechargeIT's plug-in converted Prius (left) and a conventional Toyota Prius (right)."><img alt="California's clean air bumper sticker used to allow HEVs to access HOV lanes. Shown a RechargeIT's plug-in converted Prius (left) and a conventional Toyota Prius (right)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/California_sticker_for_HOV_access_front_and_back_location.jpg/200px-California_sticker_for_HOV_access_front_and_back_location.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/California_sticker_for_HOV_access_front_and_back_location.jpg/300px-California_sticker_for_HOV_access_front_and_back_location.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/California_sticker_for_HOV_access_front_and_back_location.jpg/400px-California_sticker_for_HOV_access_front_and_back_location.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="1374" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s clean air bumper sticker used to allow HEVs to access <a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">HOV lanes</a>. Shown a <a href="/wiki/RechargeIT" title="RechargeIT">RechargeIT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a> converted <a href="/wiki/Prius" class="mw-redirect" title="Prius">Prius</a> (left) and a conventional Toyota Prius (right).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hybrid_parking_sign_DC_07_2010_9571.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Some shopping malls in Northern Virginia have designated reserved parking spaces for electric hybrid cars."><img alt="Some shopping malls in Northern Virginia have designated reserved parking spaces for electric hybrid cars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hybrid_parking_sign_DC_07_2010_9571.JPG/133px-Hybrid_parking_sign_DC_07_2010_9571.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hybrid_parking_sign_DC_07_2010_9571.JPG/200px-Hybrid_parking_sign_DC_07_2010_9571.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Hybrid_parking_sign_DC_07_2010_9571.JPG/266px-Hybrid_parking_sign_DC_07_2010_9571.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Some <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping malls</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a> have designated reserved parking spaces for electric hybrid cars.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/30px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/40px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/19px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/29px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/38px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">renewable energy</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Toyota_hybrids" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Toyota hybrids">Comparison of Toyota hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act of 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Hybrid_Cooperation" title="Global Hybrid Cooperation">Global Hybrid Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GM_Stir-Lec_I" title="GM Stir-Lec I">GM Stir-Lec I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_vehicles" title="List of hybrid vehicles">List of hybrid vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_fuel_standard" title="Low-carbon fuel standard">Low-carbon fuel standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_ultra-low_emission_vehicle" title="Super ultra-low emission vehicle">Super ultra-low emission vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-hybrid" title="Triple-hybrid">Triple-hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraCommuter" title="UltraCommuter">UltraCommuter</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Prius2023-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prius2023_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prius2023_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/toyota/38225618.html">"World Premiere of All-New Prius in Japan"</a> (Press release). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoobserver.com/2008/06/big-three-big-vehicles-taken-to-the-watershed-in-may.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big+Three%2C+Big+Vehicles+Taken+to+the+Watershed+in+May&rft.pub=Edmunds+Auto+Observer&rft.date=2008-06-03&rft.au=Dale+Buss+and+Michelle+Krebs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoobserver.com%2F2008%2F06%2Fbig-three-big-vehicles-taken-to-the-watershed-in-may.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC15miHEVs-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMC15miHEVs_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC15miHEVs_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC15miHEVs_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC15miHEVs_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC15miHEVs_8-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.toyota.eu/toyota-passes-15-million-hybrid-electric-vehicles-global-sales/">"Toyota passes 15 million hybrid electric vehicles global sales"</a> (Press release). 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HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=Americans+Buy+Their+Four-Millionth+Hybrid+Car&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Famericans-buy-their-four-millionth-hybrid-car%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jap7mi-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jap7mi_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jap7mi_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jap7mi_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jap7mi_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jap7mi_10-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032019/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/10/27/business/hybrids-account-nearly-20-percent-cars-japan-automobile-association-says/#.XBV30FxKiUk">"Hybrids account for nearly 20 percent of cars in Japan, automobile association says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. 2018-10-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/10/27/business/hybrids-account-nearly-20-percent-cars-japan-automobile-association-says/#.XBV30FxKiUk">the original</a> on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Hybrids+account+for+nearly+20+percent+of+cars+in+Japan%2C+automobile+association+says&rft.date=2018-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2018%2F10%2F27%2Fbusiness%2Fhybrids-account-nearly-20-percent-cars-japan-automobile-association-says%2F%23.XBV30FxKiUk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JapanHEVcapital-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JapanHEVcapital_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JapanHEVcapital_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JapanHEVcapital_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JapanHEVcapital_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAutomotive_Industry_Data_(AID)2017" class="citation news cs1">Automotive Industry Data (AID) (2017-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eagleaid.com/AID-Newsletter-preorder-1703preview-f-Japan-Global-car-hybrid-capital.htm">"Japan – Global car hybrid capital"</a>. AID Newsletter. Retrieved 2017-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan+%E2%80%93+Global+car+hybrid+capital&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft.au=Automotive+Industry+Data+%28AID%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eagleaid.com%2FAID-Newsletter-preorder-1703preview-f-Japan-Global-car-hybrid-capital.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USeDataBook2021-12"><a href="#cite_ref-USeDataBook2021_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacy_C._DavisRobert_G._Boundy2021" class="citation web cs1">Stacy C. Davis; Robert G. Boundy (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tedb.ornl.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/TEDB_Ed_39.pdf#page=182">"Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 39 (updated April 2021)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>. Retrieved 2021-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transportation+Energy+Data+Book%3A+Edition+39+%28updated+April+2021%29&rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory%2C+Office+of+Energy+Efficiency+and+Renewable+Energy%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft.date=2021-04&rft.au=Stacy+C.+Davis&rft.au=Robert+G.+Boundy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftedb.ornl.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F02%2FTEDB_Ed_39.pdf%23page%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See Table 6.2: Hybrid and Plug-In Vehicle Sales, 1999-2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC3miHEVs-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMC3miHEVs_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC3miHEVs_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC3miHEVs_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC3miHEVs_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC3miHEVs_13-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAutocar_Pro_News_Desk2020" class="citation web cs1">Autocar Pro News Desk (2020-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autocarpro.in/news-international/toyota-drives-past-three-million-hybrid-ev-sales-in-europe-56849">"Toyota drives past three million hybrid EV sales in Europe"</a>. 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Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2012-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cumulative+worldwide+sales+of+Honda+hybrids+passes+1+million+units&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft.au=Honda+Press+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2012%2F10%2Fhondahybrids-20121015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honda2013-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honda2013_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honda2013_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Schreffler2014" class="citation news cs1">Roger Schreffler (2014-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502011126/http://wardsauto.com/vehicles-amp-technology/toyota-strengthens-grip-japan-ev-hybrid-market">"Toyota Strengthens Grip on Japan EV, Hybrid Market"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ward%27s_AutoWorld" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward's AutoWorld">Ward's AutoWorld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wardsauto.com/vehicles-amp-technology/toyota-strengthens-grip-japan-ev-hybrid-market">the original</a> on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ward%27s+AutoWorld&rft.atitle=Toyota+Strengthens+Grip+on+Japan+EV%2C+Hybrid+Market&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft.au=Roger+Schreffler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwardsauto.com%2Fvehicles-amp-technology%2Ftoyota-strengthens-grip-japan-ev-hybrid-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Honda sold 187,851 hybrids in 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-Honda062014-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honda062014_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honda062014_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Schreffler2014" class="citation news cs1">Roger Schreffler (2014-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009223927/http://wardsauto.com/auto-makers/toyota-remains-unchallenged-global-hybrid-leader">"Toyota Remains Unchallenged Global Hybrid Leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ward%27s_AutoWorld" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward's AutoWorld">Ward's AutoWorld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wardsauto.com/auto-makers/toyota-remains-unchallenged-global-hybrid-leader">the original</a> on 2014-10-09. Retrieved 2014-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ward%27s+AutoWorld&rft.atitle=Toyota+Remains+Unchallenged+Global+Hybrid+Leader&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft.au=Roger+Schreffler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwardsauto.com%2Fauto-makers%2Ftoyota-remains-unchallenged-global-hybrid-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Honda sold 158,696 hybrids during the first six months of 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC10miHEVs-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMC10miHEVs_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC10miHEVs_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC10miHEVs_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC10miHEVs_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC10miHEVs_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC10miHEVs_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC10miHEVs_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC10miHEVs_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC10miHEVs_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC10miHEVs_17-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.toyota.eu/global-sales-of-toyota-hybrids-reach-10-million/">"Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Surpass 10 Million Units"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Toyota_City,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota City, Japan">Toyota City, Japan</a>: Toyota. 2017-01-14. Retrieved 2017-01-15. <q>This latest milestone of 10 million units was achieved just nine months after total sales reached 9 million units at the end of April 2016.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Sales+of+Toyota+Hybrids+Surpass+10+Million+Units&rft.place=Toyota+City%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Toyota&rft.date=2017-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.toyota.eu%2Fglobal-sales-of-toyota-hybrids-reach-10-million%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexus1mi-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lexus1mi_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lexus1mi_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/detail/mail/11719776">"Lexus Hybrid Owners, Thanks a Million"</a> (Press release). Tokyo: Toyota Global Newsroom. 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2016-04-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexus+Hybrid+Owners%2C+Thanks+a+Million&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Toyota+Global+Newsroom&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.toyota.co.jp%2Fen%2Fdetail%2Fmail%2F11719776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCSHbrid-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCSHbrid_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCSHbrid_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCSHbrid_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCSHbrid_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCSHbrid_19-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHybridcenter.org" class="citation web cs1">Hybridcenter.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111032823/http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood-2.html">"Hybrids Under the Hood (Part 2): Drivetrains"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood-2.html">the original</a> on 2010-01-11. Retrieved 2010-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybrids+Under+the+Hood+%28Part+2%29%3A+Drivetrains&rft.pub=Union+of+Concerned+Scientists&rft.au=Hybridcenter.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcenter.org%2Fhybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Toyota Motor Corporation (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridsynergydrive.com/en/series_parallel.html">"Series Parallel Hybrid System"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629043342/http://www.hybridsynergydrive.com/en/series_parallel.html">Archived</a> June 29, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hybrid Synergy Drive. Retrieved June 19, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boschert06-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boschert06_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boschert06_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boschert06_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boschert06_21-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherry_Boschert2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Boschert" title="Sherry Boschert">Sherry Boschert</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pluginhybridscar00bosc">Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America</a>. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-571-4"><bdi>978-0-86571-571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plug-in+Hybrids%3A+The+Cars+that+will+Recharge+America&rft.place=Gabriola+Island%2C+Canada&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86571-571-4&rft.au=Sherry+Boschert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpluginhybridscar00bosc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> pp. 30–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenMild-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreenMild_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenMild_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenMild_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenMild_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenMild_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenMild_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenMild_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenMild_22-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Abuelsamid2009" class="citation web cs1">Sam Abuelsamid (2009-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://green.autoblog.com/2009/04/30/greenlings-what-is-a-mild-hybrid/">"What is a mild hybrid?"</a>. AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2010-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+mild+hybrid%3F&rft.pub=AutoblogGreen&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft.au=Sam+Abuelsamid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreen.autoblog.com%2F2009%2F04%2F30%2Fgreenlings-what-is-a-mild-hybrid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher2005" class="citation journal cs1">Archer, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~archer/reprints/archer.2005.fate_co2.pdf">"Fate of fossil fuel CO 2 in geologic time"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>. 110 (C9): C09S05.1–C09S05.6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004JC002625">10.1029/2004JC002625</a>. Retrieved 2008-12-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Fate+of+fossil+fuel+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3ECO%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+in+geologic+time&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=C9&rft.pages=C09S05.1-C09S05.6&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004JC002625&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeosci.uchicago.edu%2F~archer%2Freprints%2Farcher.2005.fate_co2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HotFlat-24"><a href="#cite_ref-HotFlat_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Friedman, Thomas</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Hot,_Flat,_and_Crowded" title="Hot, Flat, and Crowded">Hot, Flat, and Crowded</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-16685-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-16685-4"><bdi>978-0-374-16685-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hot%2C+Flat%2C+and+Crowded&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-374-16685-4&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See reviewed by <a href="/wiki/CalCars" title="CalCars">CalCars</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Felix_Kramer" title="Felix Kramer">Felix Kramer</a> (September 9, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/996.html">"T. 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Retrieved 2018-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G1+%28Grupo+Globo%29&rft.atitle=Toyota+lan%C3%A7a+em+cerim%C3%B4nia+com+Temer+tecnologia+para+produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+primeiro+carro+h%C3%ADbrido+flex&rft.date=2018-12-13&rft.aulast=Barbi%C3%A9ri&rft.aufirst=Luiz+Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fcarros%2Fnoticia%2F2018%2F12%2F13%2Ftoyota-lanca-tecnologia-para-producao-de-primeiro-carro-hibrido-flex-do-mundo.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToyotaFlexHEV-26"><a href="#cite_ref-ToyotaFlexHEV_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagundes2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fagundes, Dyogo (2018-12-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://motor1.uol.com.br/news/297507/toyota-primeiro-hibrido-flex-brasil/">"Toyota confirma produção do primeiro híbrido flex no Brasil em 2019"</a> [Toyota confirms production of the first flex-fuel hybrid in Brazil in 2019]. <a href="/wiki/Universo_Online" title="Universo Online">UOL</a> Motor (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UOL+Motor&rft.atitle=Toyota+confirma+produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+primeiro+h%C3%ADbrido+flex+no+Brasil+em+2019&rft.date=2018-12-13&rft.aulast=Fagundes&rft.aufirst=Dyogo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmotor1.uol.com.br%2Fnews%2F297507%2Ftoyota-primeiro-hibrido-flex-brasil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilherme_Fontana2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guilherme Fontana (2019-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/carros/carros-eletricos-e-hibridos/noticia/2019/09/03/toyota-lanca-novo-corolla-primeiro-carro-hibrido-flex.ghtml">"Toyota lança novo Corolla, primeiro carro híbrido flex, por R$ 124.990"</a> [Toyota launches the new Corolla, first flex-fuel hybrid car, priced at R$ 124,990]. 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Retrieved 2020-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globo+G1&rft.atitle=Toyota+lan%C3%A7a+novo+Corolla%2C+primeiro+carro+h%C3%ADbrido+flex%2C+por+R%24+124.990&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.au=Guilherme+Fontana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fcarros%2Fcarros-eletricos-e-hibridos%2Fnoticia%2F2019%2F09%2F03%2Ftoyota-lanca-novo-corolla-primeiro-carro-hibrido-flex.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardo_Felix2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leonardo Felix (2020-03-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/noticias/um-em-cada-quatro-toyota-corolla-vendidos-no-brasil-e-hibrido/">"Um em cada quatro Toyota Corolla vendidos no Brasil é híbrido"</a> [One out of four Toyota Corollas sold in Brazil is hybrid]. <a href="/wiki/Quatro_Rodas" title="Quatro Rodas">Quatro Rodas</a> (in Portuguese). 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Retrieved 2010-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=What+Car%3F&rft.atitle=What+Car%3F+Green+Awards+2010+%E2%80%93+And+the+2010+Award+winner+is...&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatgreencar.com%2Fgreen-car-of-the-year-2010.php%23jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideline.com/toyota/auris/2011/2011-toyota-auris-hsd-t-spirit-first-drive.html">"2011 Toyota Auris HSD T Spirit First Drive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edmunds.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmunds.com">Edmunds Inside Line</a>. 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2010-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Toyota+Auris+HSD+T+Spirit+First+Drive&rft.pub=Edmunds+Inside+Line&rft.date=2010-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideline.com%2Ftoyota%2Fauris%2F2011%2F2011-toyota-auris-hsd-t-spirit-first-drive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCC0310-91"><a href="#cite_ref-GCC0310_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/03/mkzhybrid-20100330.html">"Ford Introduces 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid; Projected 41 mpg City"</a>. Green Car Congress. 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2010-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford+Introduces+2011+Lincoln+MKZ+Hybrid%3B+Projected+41+mpg+City&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2010%2F03%2Fmkzhybrid-20100330.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008071038/http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard/september-2010.html">"September 2010 Dashboard: Hybrid Sales Slide, While Clean Diesel Continues Growth"</a>. HybridCars.com. 2010-10-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard/september-2010.html">the original</a> on 2010-10-08. Retrieved 2010-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=September+2010+Dashboard%3A+Hybrid+Sales+Slide%2C+While+Clean+Diesel+Continues+Growth&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fhybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard%2Fseptember-2010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Motavalli2010" class="citation news cs1">Jim Motavalli (2010-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/22/is-this-the-end-of-the-hybrid-price-premium/?hpw">"Is This the End of the Hybrid Price Premium?"</a>. The New York Times. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard/december-2010.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-12. Retrieved 2011-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+2010+Dashboard%3A+Year+End+Tally&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2011-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fhybrid-clean-diesel-sales-dashboard%2Fdecember-2010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Kurczewski2010" class="citation news cs1">Nick Kurczewski (2010-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/05/geneva-auto-show-2011-vw-touareg-and-2012-touareg-hybrid/?scp=1&sq=2011%20Volkswagen%20Touareg%20Hybrid&st=cse">"Geneva Auto Show: 2011 VW Touareg and 2012 Touareg Hybrid"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Geneva+Auto+Show%3A+2011+VW+Touareg+and+2012+Touareg+Hybrid&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft.au=Nick+Kurczewski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwheels.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F05%2Fgeneva-auto-show-2011-vw-touareg-and-2012-touareg-hybrid%2F%3Fscp%3D1%26sq%3D2011%2520Volkswagen%2520Touareg%2520Hybrid%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Evans2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Scott Evans (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/suvs/1003_2011_volkswagen_touareg_hybrid_drive/index.html">"First Drive: 2011 Volkswagen Touareg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a>. 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Retrieved 2010-04-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Amid+Signs+of+Spring%2C+Hints+of+Green&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.au=Lawrence+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F04%2Fautomobiles%2Fautoshow%2F04SHOW.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/2011-hybrid-cars">"2011 Hybrid Cars"</a>. HybridCars.com. 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2015-08-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Hybrid+Cars&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2F2011-hybrid-cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideline.com/peugeot/first-production-diesel-electric-hybrid-peugeot-3008-hybrid4-at-the-2010-paris-auto-show.html">"First Production Diesel-Electric Hybrid: Peugeot 3008 Hybrid4 at the 2010 Paris Auto Show"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edmunds.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmunds.com">Edmunds</a> Inside Line. 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2010-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Production+Diesel-Electric+Hybrid%3A+Peugeot+3008+Hybrid4+at+the+2010+Paris+Auto+Show&rft.pub=Edmunds+Inside+Line&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideline.com%2Fpeugeot%2Ffirst-production-diesel-electric-hybrid-peugeot-3008-hybrid4-at-the-2010-paris-auto-show.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/08/3008-20100824.html#more">"Peugeot's Diesel 3008 Hybrid4"</a>. Green Car Congress. 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2010-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peugeot%27s+Diesel+3008+Hybrid4&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2010%2F08%2F3008-20100824.html%23more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2011" class="citation news cs1">Kim, Chang-Ran (2011-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/toyota-prius-idUSL3E7GD0KJ20110513">"UPDATE 1-Toyota gets 25,000 pre-sale orders for Prius Alpha in Japan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved 2011-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=UPDATE+1-Toyota+gets+25%2C000+pre-sale+orders+for+Prius+Alpha+in+Japan&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Chang-Ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Ftoyota-prius-idUSL3E7GD0KJ20110513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaunchUS-104"><a href="#cite_ref-LaunchUS_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonny_Nordlicht2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Donny Nordlicht (2012-03-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wot.motortrend.com/make-it-yours-2012-toyota-prius-c-configurator-goes-live-178545.html">"Make It Yours: 2012 Toyota Prius c Configurator Goes Live"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a>. Retrieved 2012-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Trend&rft.atitle=Make+It+Yours%3A+2012+Toyota+Prius+c+Configurator+Goes+Live&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.au=Donny+Nordlicht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwot.motortrend.com%2Fmake-it-yours-2012-toyota-prius-c-configurator-goes-live-178545.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyota_Press_Release2011" class="citation web cs1">Toyota Press Release (2011-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://green.autoblog.com/2011/11/15/prius-c-revealed-among-toyota-lineup-for-tokyo-motor-show/">"Prius C revealed among Toyota lineup for Tokyo Motor Show"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AutoblogGreen" class="mw-redirect" title="AutoblogGreen">AutoblogGreen</a>. Retrieved 2012-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prius+C+revealed+among+Toyota+lineup+for+Tokyo+Motor+Show&rft.pub=AutoblogGreen&rft.date=2011-11-15&rft.au=Toyota+Press+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreen.autoblog.com%2F2011%2F11%2F15%2Fprius-c-revealed-among-toyota-lineup-for-tokyo-motor-show%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See press release for details. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyota_Press_Release2012" class="citation web cs1">Toyota Press Release (2012-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://green.autoblog.com/2012/03/07/2012-toyota-yaris-hybrid-geneva-2012/#continued">"2012 Toyota Yaris Hybrid plays big brother to the Prius C"</a>. Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2012-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+Toyota+Yaris+Hybrid+plays+big+brother+to+the+Prius+C&rft.pub=Autoblog+Green&rft.date=2012-03-07&rft.au=Toyota+Press+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreen.autoblog.com%2F2012%2F03%2F07%2F2012-toyota-yaris-hybrid-geneva-2012%2F%23continued&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USales0912-107"><a href="#cite_ref-USales0912_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHybridCars.com_and_Baum_&_Associates2012" class="citation web cs1">HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates (2012-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115123641/http://www.hybridcars.com/news/september-2012-dashboard-53157.html">"September 2012 Dashboard"</a>. HybridCars.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/news/september-2012-dashboard-53157.html">the original</a> on 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2012-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=September+2012+Dashboard&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft.au=HybridCars.com+and+Baum+%26+Associates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fnews%2Fseptember-2012-dashboard-53157.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCC0812-108"><a href="#cite_ref-GCC0812_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/08/camry-20110823.html">"Toyota introduces 7th generation Camry for 2012 with improved fuel economy and performance across all models; ~39% jump in EPA city cycle fuel economy for the hybrid"</a>. Green Car Congress. 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2012-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+introduces+7th+generation+Camry+for+2012+with+improved+fuel+economy+and+performance+across+all+models%3B+~39%25+jump+in+EPA+city+cycle+fuel+economy+for+the+hybrid&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2011%2F08%2Fcamry-20110823.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikki_Gordon-Bloomfield2012" class="citation web cs1">Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield (2012-09-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1079221_2013-ford-fusion-hybrid-gets-epa-approved-47mpg-all-round">"2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid Gets EPA-Approved 47MPG All-Round"</a>. Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2012-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013+Ford+Fusion+Hybrid+Gets+EPA-Approved+47MPG+All-Round&rft.pub=Green+Car+Reports&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft.au=Nikki+Gordon-Bloomfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarreports.com%2Fnews%2F1079221_2013-ford-fusion-hybrid-gets-epa-approved-47mpg-all-round&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales2012US-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2012US_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2012US_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2012US_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2012US_110-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2012US_110-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Cobb2013" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Cobb (2013-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/december-2012-Dashboard">"December 2012 Dashboard"</a>. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2013-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+2012+Dashboard&rft.pub=HybridCars.com+and+Baum+%26+Associates&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.au=Jeff+Cobb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fdecember-2012-Dashboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See the section: December 2012 Hybrid Cars Numbers. A total of 434,498 hybrid electric vehicles were sold during 2012. Ford sold 32,543 hybrids in the U.S. during 2012, including 14,100 Ford Fusion Hybrids, 10,935 C-Max Hybrids, 6,067 Lincoln MKZ Hybrids, and 1,441 Ford Escape Hybrids. </li> <li id="cite_note-Prius3mi-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Prius3mi_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyota_Europe_News2013" class="citation web cs1">Toyota Europe News (2013-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/07/prius-20130703.html">"Worldwide Prius sales top 3-million mark; Prius family sales at 3.4 million"</a>. Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2013-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Prius+sales+top+3-million+mark%3B+Prius+family+sales+at+3.4+million&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.au=Toyota+Europe+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fprius-20130703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyota_News_Japan2013" class="citation web cs1">Toyota News Japan (2013-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/08/corolla-20130806.html">"Toyota launches Corolla hybrid models in Japan"</a>. Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2013-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+launches+Corolla+hybrid+models+in+Japan&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2013-08-06&rft.au=Toyota+News+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2013%2F08%2Fcorolla-20130806.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCC122013-113"><a href="#cite_ref-GCC122013_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonda_News2013" class="citation web cs1">Honda News (2013-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/12/20131220-vezel.html">"Honda begins sales of new VEZEL and VEZEL hybrid in Japan"</a>. Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2013-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honda+begins+sales+of+new+VEZEL+and+VEZEL+hybrid+in+Japan&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2013-12-20&rft.au=Honda+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2013%2F12%2F20131220-vezel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_J._Ewing2013" class="citation web cs1">Steven J. Ewing (2013-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoblog.com/2013/09/11/land-rover-range-rover-hybrid-frankfurt-2013/#continued">"Land Rover debuts Range Rover Hybrid, not bound for US"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Autoblog.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoblog.com">Autoblog.com</a>. Retrieved 2013-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+Rover+debuts+Range+Rover+Hybrid%2C+not+bound+for+US&rft.pub=Autoblog.com&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft.au=Steven+J.+Ewing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoblog.com%2F2013%2F09%2F11%2Fland-rover-range-rover-hybrid-frankfurt-2013%2F%23continued&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Crowe2014" class="citation web cs1">Philippe Crowe (2014-11-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/ford-mondeo-hybrid-now-in-eu-production/">"Ford Mondeo Hybrid Now In EU Production"</a>. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford+Mondeo+Hybrid+Now+In+EU+Production&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2014-11-28&rft.au=Philippe+Crowe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fford-mondeo-hybrid-now-in-eu-production%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEV2014JAp-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HEV2014JAp_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEV2014JAp_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEV2014JAp_116-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/atcars/news/20141230-OYT8T50004.html"><bdi lang="ja">国内のＨＶ車販売、１００万台突破へ…１４年</bdi></a> [Domestic hybrid car sales, one million unit mark topped in 2014]. <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a> (in Japanese). 2014-12-30. Retrieved 2015-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yomiuri+Shimbun&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%A8%EF%BC%B6%E8%BB%8A%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E3%80%81%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%90%EF%BC%90%E4%B8%87%E5%8F%B0%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E3%81%B8%E2%80%A6%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%94%E5%B9%B4&rft.date=2014-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yomiuri.co.jp%2Fatcars%2Fnews%2F20141230-OYT8T50004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Over 1 million hybrid electric cars were sold in Japan in 2014. Side graph shows cumulative sales since 2010 of more than 4 million hybrids in the country. </li> <li id="cite_note-1miHEVjap-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1miHEVjap_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1miHEVjap_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1miHEVjap_117-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Gasnier2015" class="citation web cs1">Matt Gasnier (2015-02-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2015/02/japan-full-year-2013-now-with-exclusive-top-183-all-local-models/">"Japan Full Year 2014: Now with exclusive Top 189 All-local models"</a>. Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 2015-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+Full+Year+2014%3A+Now+with+exclusive+Top+189+All-local+models&rft.pub=Best+Selling+Cars+Blog&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft.au=Matt+Gasnier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestsellingcarsblog.com%2F2015%2F02%2Fjapan-full-year-2013-now-with-exclusive-top-183-all-local-models%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> For the first time annual Japanese domestic sales in 2014 exceeded 1 million thanks to it also being the first time that all eight major manufacturers offer hybrid vehicles in their lineup. </li> <li id="cite_note-EPAMost2015-118"><a href="#cite_ref-EPAMost2015_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU._S._Environmental_Protection_Agency_and_U.S._Department_of_Energy2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/U._S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U. S. Environmental Protection Agency">U. S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> (2015-12-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/extremeMPG.jsp">"Most Efficient EPA Certified Vehicles"</a>. fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+Efficient+EPA+Certified+Vehicles&rft.pub=fueleconomy.gov&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.au=U.+S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency+and+U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fueleconomy.gov%2Ffeg%2FextremeMPG.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> The 2014–15 BMW i3 BEV is the most efficient EPA-certified vehicles considering all fuels and of all years. As of March 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, the 2016 Toyota Prius Eco hybrid car is most efficient EPA-certified vehicle with a gasoline engine without plug-in capability. </li> <li id="cite_note-2016PriusEcoTop-119"><a href="#cite_ref-2016PriusEcoTop_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Voelcker2015" class="citation news cs1">John Voelcker (2015-12-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1101506_2016-toyota-prius-most-fuel-efficient-car-without-a-plug-ever">"2016 Toyota Prius: Most Fuel-Efficient Car Without A Plug, Ever"</a>. Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2015-12-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Car+Reports&rft.atitle=2016+Toyota+Prius%3A+Most+Fuel-Efficient+Car+Without+A+Plug%2C+Ever&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft.au=John+Voelcker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarreports.com%2Fnews%2F1101506_2016-toyota-prius-most-fuel-efficient-car-without-a-plug-ever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPAtop10-120"><a href="#cite_ref-EPAtop10_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU._S._Environmental_Protection_Agency_and_U.S._Department_of_Energy2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/U._S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U. S. Environmental Protection Agency">U. S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> (2015-12-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/topten.jsp">"Fueleconomy.gov's Top Fuel Sippers (EPA Ratings, All Years)"</a>. fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fueleconomy.gov%27s+Top+Fuel+Sippers+%28EPA+Ratings%2C+All+Years%29&rft.pub=fueleconomy.gov&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.au=U.+S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency+and+U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fueleconomy.gov%2Ffeg%2Ftopten.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Excludes all-electric vehicles. </li> <li id="cite_note-USeDataBook2020-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USeDataBook2020_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USeDataBook2020_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USeDataBook2020_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USeDataBook2020_121-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USeDataBook2020_121-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USeDataBook2020_121-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacy_C._DavisRobert_G._Boundy2020" class="citation web cs1">Stacy C. Davis & Robert G. Boundy (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tedb.ornl.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/TEDB_Ed_38_04302020.pdf#page=176">"Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 38.1"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>. Retrieved 2020-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transportation+Energy+Data+Book%3A+Edition+38.1&rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory%2C+Office+of+Energy+Efficiency+and+Renewable+Energy%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft.date=2020-04&rft.au=Stacy+C.+Davis&rft.au=Robert+G.+Boundy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftedb.ornl.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F02%2FTEDB_Ed_38_04302020.pdf%23page%3D176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See Table 6.2 (the complete historical series from 1999 to 2019 is available) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Crowe2014" class="citation web cs1">Philippe Crowe (2014-09-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/toyota-sold-100000-hybrids-in-canada/">"Toyota Has Now Sold 100,000 Hybrids In Canada"</a>. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+Has+Now+Sold+100%2C000+Hybrids+In+Canada&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft.au=Philippe+Crowe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftoyota-sold-100000-hybrids-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Since 2000, over 100,000 Lexus and Toyota hybrids have been sold in Canada by early September 2014, representing almost 75% of all hybrids sold in the country. </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC092014-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMC092014_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC092014_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/toyota-is-global-hybrid-leader-with-sales-of-7-million-279077081.html">"Toyota Is Global Hybrid Leader With Sales Of 7 Million"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Torrance,_California" title="Torrance, California">Torrance, California</a>: Toyota. 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2015-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+Is+Global+Hybrid+Leader+With+Sales+Of+7+Million&rft.place=Torrance%2C+California&rft.pub=Toyota&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Ftoyota-is-global-hybrid-leader-with-sales-of-7-million-279077081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115327/http://www.toyota.com.au/news/toyota-sells-50000-hybrid-cars-in-australia">"Toyota Sells 50000 Hybrid Cars in Australia"</a> (Press release). Melbourne: Toyota Australia. 2014-03-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toyota.com.au/news/toyota-sells-50000-hybrid-cars-in-australia">the original</a> on 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2015-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+Sells+50000+Hybrid+Cars+in+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Toyota+Australia&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toyota.com.au%2Fnews%2Ftoyota-sells-50000-hybrid-cars-in-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford200K-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Ford200K_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill_Nichols2012" class="citation web cs1">Will Nichols (2012-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/2186508/ford-tips-hybrids-overshadow-electric-cars">"Ford tips hybrids to overshadow electric cars"</a>. Business Green. Retrieved 2012-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford+tips+hybrids+to+overshadow+electric+cars&rft.pub=Business+Green&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft.au=Will+Nichols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessgreen.com%2Fbg%2Fnews%2F2186508%2Fford-tips-hybrids-overshadow-electric-cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> By June 2012 Ford had sold 200,000 full hybrids in the US since 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales2013US-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2013US_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2013US_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2013US_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2013US_126-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2013US_126-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Cobb2014" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Cobb (2014-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/december-2013-dashboard/">"December 2013 Dashboard"</a>. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2014-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+2013+Dashboard&rft.pub=HybridCars.com+and+Baum+%26+Associates&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft.au=Jeff+Cobb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fdecember-2013-dashboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales2014US-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2014US_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2014US_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2014US_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2014US_127-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2014US_127-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2014US_127-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Cobb2015" class="citation news cs1">Jeff Cobb (2015-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/december-2014-dashboard/">"December 2014 Dashboard"</a>. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2015-01-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com+and+Baum+%26+Associates&rft.atitle=December+2014+Dashboard&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.au=Jeff+Cobb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fdecember-2014-dashboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales062015US-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Sales062015US_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Cobb2015" class="citation news cs1">Jeff Cobb (2015-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/june-2015-dashboard/">"June 2015 Dashboard"</a>. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2015-08-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com+and+Baum+%26+Associates&rft.atitle=June+2015+Dashboard&rft.date=2015-07-02&rft.au=Jeff+Cobb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fjune-2015-dashboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyundai200K-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Hyundai200K_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIHS_Inc.2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/IHS_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="IHS Inc.">IHS Inc.</a> (2014-05-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094302/https://technology.ihs.com/500797/hyundai-kia-reports-cumulative-global-hybrid-sales-of-200000-units">"News – Hyundai-Kia reports cumulative global hybrid sales of 200,000 units"</a>. IHS Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technology.ihs.com/500797/hyundai-kia-reports-cumulative-global-hybrid-sales-of-200000-units">the original</a> on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+%E2%80%93+Hyundai-Kia+reports+cumulative+global+hybrid+sales+of+200%2C000+units&rft.pub=IHS+Technology&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft.au=IHS+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.ihs.com%2F500797%2Fhyundai-kia-reports-cumulative-global-hybrid-sales-of-200000-units&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSA50K-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSA50K_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSA50K_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101523/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/10/psa-peugeot-citron-idUSnBw105164a+100+BSW20140110">"50,000 Diesel Hybrid Vehicles Sold in Europe by PSA Peugeot Citroën"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 2014-01-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/10/psa-peugeot-citron-idUSnBw105164a+100+BSW20140110">the original</a> on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=50%2C000+Diesel+Hybrid+Vehicles+Sold+in+Europe+by+PSA+Peugeot+Citro%C3%ABn&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F01%2F10%2Fpsa-peugeot-citron-idUSnBw105164a%2B100%2BBSW20140110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC6mi-131"><a href="#cite_ref-TMC6mi_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyota_News_Release2014" class="citation web cs1">Toyota News Release (2014-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132949/http://corporatenews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/worldwide+toyota+hybrid+sales+top+6+million.htm?view_id=35924">"Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Top 6 Million Units"</a>. Toyota USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corporatenews.pressroom.toyota.com/releases/worldwide+toyota+hybrid+sales+top+6+million.htm?view_id=35924">the original</a> on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Sales+of+Toyota+Hybrids+Top+6+Million+Units&rft.pub=Toyota+USA&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.au=Toyota+News+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorporatenews.pressroom.toyota.com%2Freleases%2Fworldwide%2Btoyota%2Bhybrid%2Bsales%2Btop%2B6%2Bmillion.htm%3Fview_id%3D35924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prius062013-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Prius062013_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929054140/http://www.motoring.com.au/news/2013/toyota/prius/toyota-sells-three-million-prius-hybrids-37496">"Toyota sells three million Prius hybrids"</a>. Motoring (Australia). 2013-07-04. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motoring.com.au/news/2013/toyota/prius/toyota-sells-three-million-prius-hybrids-37496">the original</a> on 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2013-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motoring+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=Toyota+sells+three+million+Prius+hybrids&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motoring.com.au%2Fnews%2F2013%2Ftoyota%2Fprius%2Ftoyota-sells-three-million-prius-hybrids-37496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC7mi-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMC7mi_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC7mi_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Voelcker2014" class="citation news cs1">John Voelcker (2014-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1094753_toyota-racks-up-7-million-hybrids-sold-since-1997">"Toyota Racks Up 7 Million Hybrids Sold Since 1997"</a>. Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2014-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Car+Reports&rft.atitle=Toyota+Racks+Up+7+Million+Hybrids+Sold+Since+1997&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft.au=John+Voelcker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarreports.com%2Fnews%2F1094753_toyota-racks-up-7-million-hybrids-sold-since-1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toyota0909-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toyota0909_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toyota0909_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://green.autoblog.com/2009/09/04/toyota-tops-2-million-hybrid-sales-worldwide/">"Toyota tops 2 million hybrid sales worldwide"</a>. AutobloGreen. 2009-09-04. Retrieved 2009-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+tops+2+million+hybrid+sales+worldwide&rft.pub=AutobloGreen&rft.date=2009-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreen.autoblog.com%2F2009%2F09%2F04%2Ftoyota-tops-2-million-hybrid-sales-worldwide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toyota0109-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Toyota0109_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2009/03/11/453029.html">"Toyota and Lexus Hybrids Top One Million Sales in the U.S."</a> The Auto Channel. 2009-03-11. Retrieved 2009-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+and+Lexus+Hybrids+Top+One+Million+Sales+in+the+U.S.&rft.pub=The+Auto+Channel&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theautochannel.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F03%2F11%2F453029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_A._Sanchez2011" class="citation news cs1">Edward A. Sanchez (2011-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wot.motortrend.com/worldwide-sales-toyota-lexus-hybrids-tops-3-million-37021.html#axzz2eLO5NJQw">"Worldwide Sales of Toyota and Lexus Hybrids Tops 3 Million"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a>. Retrieved 2013-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Trend&rft.atitle=Worldwide+Sales+of+Toyota+and+Lexus+Hybrids+Tops+3+Million&rft.date=2011-03-08&rft.au=Edward+A.+Sanchez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwot.motortrend.com%2Fworldwide-sales-toyota-lexus-hybrids-tops-3-million-37021.html%23axzz2eLO5NJQw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC5miHEVs-137"><a href="#cite_ref-TMC5miHEVs_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyota_Press_Room2013" class="citation web cs1">Toyota Press Room (2013-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/04/tmc-20130417.html">"Toyota cumulative global hybrid sales pass 5M, nearly 2M in US"</a>. Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2013-04-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+cumulative+global+hybrid+sales+pass+5M%2C+nearly+2M+in+US&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.au=Toyota+Press+Room&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2013%2F04%2Ftmc-20130417.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> The breakdown by model is missing the Toyota Aqua, which is a rebadge version of the Prius c. </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC8miHEVs-138"><a href="#cite_ref-TMC8miHEVs_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/detail/mail/9163695">"With 8 Million Units Sold, Toyota Proves Hybrids Have Staying Power"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Toyota_City,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota City, Japan">Toyota City, Japan</a>: Toyota. 2015-08-21. Retrieved 2015-08-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=With+8+Million+Units+Sold%2C+Toyota+Proves+Hybrids+Have+Staying+Power&rft.place=Toyota+City%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Toyota&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.toyota.co.jp%2Fen%2Fdetail%2Fmail%2F9163695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC9miHEVs-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMC9miHEVs_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC9miHEVs_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC9miHEVs_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC9miHEVs_139-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/detail/12077091/">"Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Surpass 9 Million Units"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Toyota_City,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota City, Japan">Toyota City, Japan</a>: Toyota. 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2016-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Sales+of+Toyota+Hybrids+Surpass+9+Million+Units&rft.place=Toyota+City%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Toyota&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.toyota.co.jp%2Fen%2Fdetail%2F12077091%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Trudell2013" class="citation news cs1">Craig Trudell (2013-12-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-30/ford-widens-u-s-sales-lead-over-toyota-on-hybrid-models.html">"Ford Widens U.S. Sales Lead Over Toyota on Hybrid Models"</a>. Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2014-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Ford+Widens+U.S.+Sales+Lead+Over+Toyota+on+Hybrid+Models&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft.au=Craig+Trudell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2013-12-30%2Fford-widens-u-s-sales-lead-over-toyota-on-hybrid-models.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PR_Newswire-141"><a href="#cite_ref-PR_Newswire_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPR_Newswire2013" class="citation web cs1">PR Newswire (2013-07-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/ford-delivers-best-hybrid-sales-quarter-ever-grows-its-market-share-and-attracts-new-customers-to-the-brand-2013-07-23">"Ford Delivers Best Hybrid Sales Quarter Ever; Grows Its Market Share and Attracts New Customers to the Brand"</a>. Market Watch. Retrieved 2013-08-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford+Delivers+Best+Hybrid+Sales+Quarter+Ever%3B+Grows+Its+Market+Share+and+Attracts+New+Customers+to+the+Brand&rft.pub=Market+Watch&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.au=PR+Newswire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fford-delivers-best-hybrid-sales-quarter-ever-grows-its-market-share-and-attracts-new-customers-to-the-brand-2013-07-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FordUSShare092013-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FordUSShare092013_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/10/20131004-ford.html">"Ford doubles electric drive market share in US from 2012 to 2013; surging with plug-in hybrids"</a>. Green Car Congress. 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford+doubles+electric+drive+market+share+in+US+from+2012+to+2013%3B+surging+with+plug-in+hybrids&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2013%2F10%2F20131004-ford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US1million-143"><a href="#cite_ref-US1million_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/04/prii-20110406.html#more">"Toyota sells One-Millionth Prius in the US"</a>. Green Car Congress. 2011-04-06. Retrieved 2011-04-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+sells+One-Millionth+Prius+in+the+US&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2011%2F04%2Fprii-20110406.html%23more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JP1million-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JP1million_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JP1million_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Loveday2011" class="citation web cs1">Eric Loveday (2011-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://green.autoblog.com/2011/09/15/toyota-prius-sales-million-japan/">"Toyota sells 1 millionth Prius in Japan"</a>. Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2012-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+sells+1+millionth+Prius+in+Japan&rft.pub=Autoblog+Green&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft.au=Eric+Loveday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreen.autoblog.com%2F2011%2F09%2F15%2Ftoyota-prius-sales-million-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexus500K-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Lexus500K_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Simpson2012" class="citation web cs1">John Simpson (2012-12-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231232109/http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2012/12/21/lexus-hybrid-sales-exceed-half-million-mark/">"Lexus hybrid sales exceed half-million mark"</a>. The Green Car website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2012/12/21/lexus-hybrid-sales-exceed-half-million-mark/">the original</a> on 2012-12-31. Retrieved 2012-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexus+hybrid+sales+exceed+half-million+mark&rft.pub=The+Green+Car+website&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft.au=John+Simpson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk%2Fblog%2Findex.php%2F2012%2F12%2F21%2Flexus-hybrid-sales-exceed-half-million-mark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dashboard08-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dashboard08_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dashboard08_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/files/feb09-hybrid-market-dashboard-v2.pdf">"February 2009 Hybrid Market Dashboard"</a> (PDF). hybridCars.com. 2009-03-13. Retrieved 2010-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+2009+Hybrid+Market+Dashboard&rft.pub=hybridCars.com&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ffiles%2Ffeb09-hybrid-market-dashboard-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dashboard07-147"><a href="#cite_ref-dashboard07_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/files/feb08-hybrid-market-dashboard.pdf">"February 2008 Hybrid Market Dashboard"</a> (PDF). hybridCars.com. 2008-03-14. Retrieved 2010-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+2008+Hybrid+Market+Dashboard&rft.pub=hybridCars.com&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ffiles%2Ffeb08-hybrid-market-dashboard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMCGlobal2013-148"><a href="#cite_ref-TMCGlobal2013_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyota_News2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Toyota News (2014-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413195108/http://www2.toyota.co.jp/jp/news/14/01/nt14_0101.html"><bdi lang="ja">トヨタ自動車、ハイブリッド車のグローバル累計販売台数が600万台を突破</bdi></a> [Toyota cumulative global sales of hybrid vehicles exceeded 6 million] (in Japanese). Toyota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.toyota.co.jp/jp/news/14/01/nt14_0101.html">the original</a> on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%88%E3%83%A8%E3%82%BF%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E3%80%81+%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E8%BB%8A%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E7%B4%AF%E8%A8%88%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E5%8F%B0%E6%95%B0%E3%81%8C600%E4%B8%87%E5%8F%B0%E3%82%92%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4&rft.pub=Toyota&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.au=Toyota+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.toyota.co.jp%2Fjp%2Fnews%2F14%2F01%2Fnt14_0101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMCJap-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMCJap_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMCJap_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMCJap_149-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMCJap_149-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyota_Press_Release2013" class="citation web cs1">Toyota Press Release (2013-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/13/04/0417.html">"Worldwide Sales of TMC Hybrids Top 5 Million Units"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>. Retrieved 2013-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Sales+of+TMC+Hybrids+Top+5+Million+Units&rft.pub=Toyota&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.au=Toyota+Press+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.toyota.co.jp%2Fen%2Fnews%2F13%2F04%2F0417.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tot2009-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tot2009_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tot2009_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tot2009_150-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiandriver.com/2010/02/22/hybrids-paving-the-way-for-electrics-sbi-energy.htm">"Hybrids paving the way for electrics: SBI Energy"</a>. Canadian Driver. 2010-02-22. Retrieved 2010-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybrids+paving+the+way+for+electrics%3A+SBI+Energy&rft.pub=Canadian+Driver&rft.date=2010-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiandriver.com%2F2010%2F02%2F22%2Fhybrids-paving-the-way-for-electrics-sbi-energy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Domestic hybrid sales were 334,000 units in 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales2015US-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2015US_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2015US_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2015US_151-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/december-2015-dashboard/">"December 2015 Dashboard"</a>. HybridCars and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars+and+Baum+%26+Associates&rft.atitle=December+2015+Dashboard&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fdecember-2015-dashboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Hybrid car sales in the U.S. totaled 384,404 units in 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales2011US-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2011US_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2011US_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales2011US_152-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112045119/http://www.hybridcars.com/news/december-2011-dashboard-sales-still-climbing-35093.html">"December 2011 Dashboard: Sales Still Climbing"</a>. HybridCARS.com. 2012-01-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/news/december-2011-dashboard-sales-still-climbing-35093.html">the original</a> on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-01-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+2011+Dashboard%3A+Sales+Still+Climbing&rft.pub=HybridCARS.com&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fnews%2Fdecember-2011-dashboard-sales-still-climbing-35093.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoEHEV-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DoEHEV_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoEHEV_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoEHEV_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoEHEV_153-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoEHEV_153-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoEHEV_153-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afdc.energy.gov/data/10301">"U.S. HEV sales by Model (1999–2013)"</a>. Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center (U.S. DoE). Retrieved 2015-01-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+HEV+sales+by+Model+%281999%E2%80%932013%29&rft.pub=Alternative+Fuels+and+Advanced+Vehicle+Data+Center+%28U.S.+DoE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afdc.energy.gov%2Fdata%2F10301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Total registered electric hybrids in the U.S. is 1,888,971 vehicles until December 2010. Click on the graph to show sales by model and year total. (Source: HybridCars.com) </li> <li id="cite_note-EU4Q2015-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU4Q2015_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU4Q2015_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU4Q2015_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU4Q2015_154-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU4Q2015_154-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU4Q2015_154-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU4Q2015_154-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU4Q2015_154-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association_(ACEA)2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/European_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="European Automobile Manufacturers Association">European Automobile Manufacturers Association</a> (ACEA) (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/AFV_registrations_Q4_2015_FINAL.PDF">"New Passenger Car Registrations by Alternative Fuel Type in the European Union – Quarter 4 2015"</a> (PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Passenger+Car+Registrations+by+Alternative+Fuel+Type+in+the+European+Union+%E2%80%93+Quarter+4+2015&rft.pub=ACEA&rft.date=2016-01&rft.au=European+Automobile+Manufacturers+Association+%28ACEA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acea.be%2Fuploads%2Fpress_releases_files%2FAFV_registrations_Q4_2015_FINAL.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See table Hybrid electric vehicles: New Passenger Car Registrations by Market European Union (page 4/5). A total of 234,170 new passenger hybrid electric cars were sold in the European Union and EFTA countries in 2015, and 192,664 in 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-FRA2013-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2013_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2013_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2013_155-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2013_155-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2013_155-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAVERE-France2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">AVERE-France (2014-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128113830/http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=5211&from_espace_adherent=0">"Baromètre Avere-France des ventes de véhicules électriques et hybrides – bilan 2013"</a> [Barometer AVERE-France Sales of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles – Balance Sheet 2013] (in French). France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=5211&from_espace_adherent=0">the original</a> on 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2015-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barom%C3%A8tre+Avere-France+des+ventes+de+v%C3%A9hicules+%C3%A9lectriques+et+hybrides+%E2%80%93+bilan+2013&rft.pub=France+Mobilit%C3%A9+%C3%89lectrique+%E2%80%93+AVERE+France&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft.au=AVERE-France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avere-france.org%2FSite%2FArticle%2F%3Farticle_id%3D5211%26from_espace_adherent%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 32,799 petrol/electric and 13,986 diesel/electric hybrids were sold in France in 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-FRA2012-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2012_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2012_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2012_156-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaël_Torregrossa2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michaël Torregrossa (2013-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avem.fr/actualite-voitures-hybrides-le-bilan-des-immatriculations-2012-en-france-3789.html">"Voitures hybrides – Le bilan des immatriculations 2012 en France"</a> [Hybrid Cars – The balance of 2012 registrations in France] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2013-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voitures+hybrides+%E2%80%93+Le+bilan+des+immatriculations+2012+en+France&rft.pub=Association+pour+l%27Avenir+du+V%C3%A9hicule+Electrique+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en+%28AVEM%29&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.au=Micha%C3%ABl+Torregrossa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avem.fr%2Factualite-voitures-hybrides-le-bilan-des-immatriculations-2012-en-france-3789.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRA2011-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2011_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2011_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2011_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2011_157-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2011_157-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComité_des_Constructeurs_Français_d’Automobiles_(CCFA)2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Comité des Constructeurs Français d’Automobiles (CCFA) (2012-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccfa.fr/spip.php?article105670">"Les ventes de véhicules électriques ont été quintuplées en 2011"</a> [Sales of electric vehicles multiplied by five in 2011] (in French). CCFA. Retrieved 2012-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+ventes+de+v%C3%A9hicules+%C3%A9lectriques+ont+%C3%A9t%C3%A9+quintupl%C3%A9es+en+2011&rft.pub=CCFA&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft.au=Comit%C3%A9+des+Constructeurs+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%E2%80%99Automobiles+%28CCFA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccfa.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle105670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRA2010-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2010_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2010_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation_AVEM2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Association AVEM (2011-02-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avem.fr/actualite-les-ventes-de-voitures-hybrides-en-france-sous-la-barre-des-10-000-exemplaires-en-2010-2060.html">"Les ventes de voitures hybrides en France sous la barre des 10.000 exemplaires en 2010"</a> [Sales of hybrid cars in France just below the 10,000 units barrier in 2010] (in French). AVEM. Retrieved 2012-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+ventes+de+voitures+hybrides+en+France+sous+la+barre+des+10.000+exemplaires+en+2010&rft.pub=AVEM&rft.date=2011-02-08&rft.au=Association+AVEM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avem.fr%2Factualite-les-ventes-de-voitures-hybrides-en-france-sous-la-barre-des-10-000-exemplaires-en-2010-2060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRA200908-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRA200908_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA200908_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA200908_159-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoteur_Nature2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moteur Nature (2010-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moteurnature.com/actu/uneactu.php?news_id=25336">"Les ventes d'électriques et d'hybrides en France en 2009"</a> [Sales of hybrid and electric cars in France in 2009] (in French). Moteur Nature. Retrieved 2012-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+ventes+d%27%C3%A9lectriques+et+d%27hybrides+en+France+en+2009&rft.pub=Moteur+Nature&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft.au=Moteur+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moteurnature.com%2Factu%2Funeactu.php%3Fnews_id%3D25336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRA2007-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2007_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2007_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoteur_Nature2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moteur Nature (2008-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moteurnature.com/actu/uneactu.php?news_id=23566">"L'européen résiste encore à l'hybride"</a> [The EU still resisting the hybrid] (in French). Moteur Nature. Retrieved 2012-02-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27europ%C3%A9en+r%C3%A9siste+encore+%C3%A0+l%27hybride&rft.pub=Moteur+Nature&rft.date=2008-01-05&rft.au=Moteur+Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moteurnature.com%2Factu%2Funeactu.php%3Fnews_id%3D23566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK2015-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK2015_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK2015_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK2015_161-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders_(SMMT)2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders" title="Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders">Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders</a> (SMMT) (2016-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smmt.co.uk/2016/01/december-2015-ev-registrations/">"December 2015 – EV registrations"</a>. SMT. Retrieved 2016-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+2015+%E2%80%93+EV+registrations&rft.pub=SMT&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.au=Society+of+Motor+Manufacturers+and+Traders+%28SMMT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smmt.co.uk%2F2016%2F01%2Fdecember-2015-ev-registrations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 40,707 petrol/electric and 3,873 diesel/electric hybrids were registered in the UK during 2015.. </li> <li id="cite_note-UK2013_14-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK2013_14_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK2013_14_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK2013_14_162-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK2013_14_162-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders(SMMT)2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders" title="Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders">Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders</a>(SMMT) (2015-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smmt.co.uk/2015/01/december-2014-ev-registrations/">"December 2014 – EV registrations"</a>. SMT. Retrieved 2015-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+2014+%E2%80%93+EV+registrations&rft.pub=SMT&rft.date=2015-01-07&rft.au=Society+of+Motor+Manufacturers+and+Traders%28SMMT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smmt.co.uk%2F2015%2F01%2Fdecember-2014-ev-registrations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 34,480 petrol/electric and 2,835 diesel/electric hybrids were registered in the UK during 2014.. </li> <li id="cite_note-UK2012_13-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK2012_13_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK2012_13_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders(SMMT)2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders" title="Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders">Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders</a>(SMMT) (2014-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smmt.co.uk/2014/01/december-2013-ev-registrations/">"December 2013 – EV registrations"</a>. SMT. Retrieved 2014-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+2013+%E2%80%93+EV+registrations&rft.pub=SMT&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft.au=Society+of+Motor+Manufacturers+and+Traders%28SMMT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smmt.co.uk%2F2014%2F01%2Fdecember-2013-ev-registrations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988">. A total of 23,616 petrol/electric and 1,284 diesel/electrics in 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-UK2011_12-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK2011_12_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK2011_12_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders(SMMT)2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders" title="Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders">Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders</a>(SMMT) (2013-01-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smmt.co.uk/2013/01/december-2012-%E2%80%93-ev-and-afv-registrations/">"December 2012 – EV and AFV registrations"</a>. SMT. Retrieved 2014-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+2012+%E2%80%93+EV+and+AFV+registrations&rft.pub=SMT&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft.au=Society+of+Motor+Manufacturers+and+Traders%28SMMT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smmt.co.uk%2F2013%2F01%2Fdecember-2012-%25E2%2580%2593-ev-and-afv-registrations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> During 2011 a total of 23,366 petrol/electric hybrids and 25 diesel/electric hybrids were registered.. </li> <li id="cite_note-UK2010_11-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK2010_11_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK2010_11_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders(SMMT)2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders" title="Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders">Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders</a>(SMMT) (2012-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smmt.co.uk/2012/01/december-2011-%E2%80%93-ev-and-afv-registrations/">"December 2011 – EV and AFV registrations"</a>. SMMT. Retrieved 2014-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+2011+%E2%80%93+EV+and+AFV+registrations&rft.pub=SMMT&rft.date=2012-01-06&rft.au=Society+of+Motor+Manufacturers+and+Traders%28SMMT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smmt.co.uk%2F2012%2F01%2Fdecember-2011-%25E2%2580%2593-ev-and-afv-registrations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK200906-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK200906_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK200906_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK200906_166-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK200906_166-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders_(SMMT)2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders" title="Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders">Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders</a> (SMMT) (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425111546/http://www.bmweducation.co.uk/downloads/online-resources/bmw155_smmt-bmw-motor-industry-facts.pdf">"Motor Industry Facts 2010"</a> (PDF). SMMT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmweducation.co.uk/downloads/online-resources/bmw155_smmt-bmw-motor-industry-facts.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motor+Industry+Facts+2010&rft.pub=SMMT&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Society+of+Motor+Manufacturers+and+Traders+%28SMMT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmweducation.co.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fonline-resources%2Fbmw155_smmt-bmw-motor-industry-facts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988">Download the pdf report. Data available by year in Table: AFV Registrations by fuel type, pp.27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ita2013-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Ita2013_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoroni2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moroni, Luca (2014-01-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107221857/http://www.greenstart.it/approfondimento/i-dati-di-vendita-di-auto-elettriche-e-ibride-dicembre-2013-italia-1032">"I dati di vendita di auto elettriche e ibride a dicembre 2013 in Italia"</a> [Sales figures of electric and hybrid cars in Italy through December 2013] (in Italian). Green Start. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenstart.it/approfondimento/i-dati-di-vendita-di-auto-elettriche-e-ibride-dicembre-2013-italia-1032">the original</a> on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+dati+di+vendita+di+auto+elettriche+e+ibride+a+dicembre+2013+in+Italia&rft.pub=Green+Start&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft.aulast=Moroni&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenstart.it%2Fapprofondimento%2Fi-dati-di-vendita-di-auto-elettriche-e-ibride-dicembre-2013-italia-1032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ita2012-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Ita2012_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoroni2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moroni, Luca (2013-01-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenstart.it/i-dati-di-vendita-di-auto-elettriche-e-ibride-a-dicembre-2012-in-italia-570">"I dati di vendita di auto elettriche e ibride a dicembre 2012 in Italia"</a> [Sales figures of electric and hybrid cars in Italy through December 2012] (in Italian). Green Start. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+dati+di+vendita+di+auto+elettriche+e+ibride+a+dicembre+2012+in+Italia&rft.pub=Green+Start&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft.aulast=Moroni&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenstart.it%2Fi-dati-di-vendita-di-auto-elettriche-e-ibride-a-dicembre-2012-in-italia-570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU2011-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU2011_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU2011_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBestSellingCars.com2012" class="citation web cs1">BestSellingCars.com (2012-10-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-selling-cars.com/europe/2011-full-year-car-sales-by-fuel-type-in-european-countries/">"2011 Full Year Car Sales by Fuel Type in European Countries"</a>. BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2016-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Full+Year+Car+Sales+by+Fuel+Type+in+European+Countries&rft.pub=BestSellingCars.com&rft.date=2012-10-16&rft.au=BestSellingCars.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-selling-cars.com%2Feurope%2F2011-full-year-car-sales-by-fuel-type-in-european-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SalesGer2015-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SalesGer2015_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SalesGer2015_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekker2013" class="citation web cs1">Bekker, Henk (2013-01-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-selling-cars.com/germany/2015-full-year-germany-electric-and-hybrid-car-sales/">"2015 (Full Year) Germany: Electric and Hybrid Car Sales"</a>. BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+%28Full+Year%29+Germany%3A+Electric+and+Hybrid+Car+Sales&rft.pub=BestSellingCars.com&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft.aulast=Bekker&rft.aufirst=Henk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-selling-cars.com%2Fgermany%2F2015-full-year-germany-electric-and-hybrid-car-sales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 33,630 hybrids were registered in Germany during 2015, including 11,101 plug-in hybrids. </li> <li id="cite_note-GER2014-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GER2014_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GER2014_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraftfahrt-Bundesamtes_(KBA)2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119045201/http://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2014/201412GV1monatlich/201412_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html?nn=653844">"Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2014"</a> [New Registrations Barometer December 2014] (in German). KBA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2014/201412GV1monatlich/201412_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html?nn=653844">the original</a> on 2015-01-19. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neuzulassungsbarometer+im+Dezember+2014&rft.pub=KBA&rft.date=2015-01&rft.au=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes+%28KBA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kba.de%2FDE%2FStatistik%2FFahrzeuge%2FNeuzulassungen%2FMonatlicheNeuzulassungen%2F2014%2F201412GV1monatlich%2F201412_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html%3Fnn%3D653844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 27,435 hybrids were registered in Germany during 2014, including 4,527 plug-in hybrids. </li> <li id="cite_note-GER2013-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GER2013_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GER2013_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraftfahrt-Bundesamt_(KBA)2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505013338/http://www.kba.de/cln_031/nn_125396/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/2013__n__jahresbilanz.html">"Neuzulassungen – Jahresbilanz der Neuzulassungen 2013"</a> [New registrations – Balance Sheet of new registrations in 2013] (in German). KBA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kba.de/cln_031/nn_125396/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/2013__n__jahresbilanz.html">the original</a> on 2014-05-05. Retrieved 2016-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neuzulassungen+%E2%80%93+Jahresbilanz+der+Neuzulassungen+2013&rft.pub=KBA&rft.date=2014-01&rft.au=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt+%28KBA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kba.de%2Fcln_031%2Fnn_125396%2FDE%2FStatistik%2FFahrzeuge%2FNeuzulassungen%2F2013__n__jahresbilanz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 26,348 hybrids were registered in Germany during 2013, including 1,385 plug-in hybrids. </li> <li id="cite_note-SalesGer2012-173"><a href="#cite_ref-SalesGer2012_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBestSellingCars.com2013" class="citation web cs1">BestSellingCars.com (2013-01-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-selling-cars.com/germany/2012-germany-electric-and-hybrid-car-sales/">"2012 (Full Year) Germany: Electric and Hybrid Car Sales"</a>. BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2013-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+%28Full+Year%29+Germany%3A+Electric+and+Hybrid+Car+Sales&rft.pub=BestSellingCars.com&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft.au=BestSellingCars.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-selling-cars.com%2Fgermany%2F2012-germany-electric-and-hybrid-car-sales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GER2011-174"><a href="#cite_ref-GER2011_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraftfahrt-Bundesamt_(KBA)2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kba.de/cln_032/nn_330190/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/201112GV1monatlich/201112__n__barometer__teil1__tabelle.html">"Monatliche Neuzulassungen – Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2011"</a> [Monthly registrations – new registrations barometer in December 2011] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2012-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monatliche+Neuzulassungen+%E2%80%93+Neuzulassungsbarometer+im+Dezember+2011&rft.pub=KBA&rft.date=2012-01&rft.au=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt+%28KBA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kba.de%2Fcln_032%2Fnn_330190%2FDE%2FStatistik%2FFahrzeuge%2FNeuzulassungen%2FMonatlicheNeuzulassungen%2F201112GV1monatlich%2F201112__n__barometer__teil1__tabelle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-GER0510-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GER0510_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GER0510_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GER0510_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GER0510_175-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraftfahrt-Bundesamt_(KBA)2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kba.de/cln_032/nn_1127866/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/EmissionenKraftstoffe/2010/n__emi__z__teil__2.html">"Emissionen, Kraftstoffe – Zeitreihe 2005 bis 2010"</a> [Emissions, fuels – Time Series 2005–2010] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2012-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emissionen%2C+Kraftstoffe+%E2%80%93+Zeitreihe+2005+bis+2010&rft.pub=KBA&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt+%28KBA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kba.de%2Fcln_032%2Fnn_1127866%2FDE%2FStatistik%2FFahrzeuge%2FNeuzulassungen%2FEmissionenKraftstoffe%2F2010%2Fn__emi__z__teil__2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ESP2013-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESP2013_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESP2013_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSara_Soria2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sara Soria (2014-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coches.net/noticias/mas-hibridos-y-electricos-en-2013">"Más vehículos híbridos y eléctricos en 2013"</a> [More hybrid and electric vehicles in 2013] (in Spanish). Coches.net. Retrieved 2014-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=M%C3%A1s+veh%C3%ADculos+h%C3%ADbridos+y+el%C3%A9ctricos+en+2013&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft.au=Sara+Soria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coches.net%2Fnoticias%2Fmas-hibridos-y-electricos-en-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESP2012-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESP2012_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESP2012_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorpasionfuturo.com/coches-hibridos/ventas-en-espana-de-coches-hibridos-en-2012">"Ventas en España de coches híbridos en 2012"</a> [Sales in Spain of hybrid cars in 2012]. Motorpasion Futuro (in Spanish). 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2013-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motorpasion+Futuro&rft.atitle=Ventas+en+Espa%C3%B1a+de+coches+h%C3%ADbridos+en+2012&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorpasionfuturo.com%2Fcoches-hibridos%2Fventas-en-espana-de-coches-hibridos-en-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Toyota Prius sales include the Prius + and the plug-in version. Hybrid sales also include 2 BYD F3DMs. </li> <li id="cite_note-ESP2011-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESP2011_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESP2011_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbañez2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibañez (2012-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorpasionfuturo.com/coches-electricos/ventas-en-espana-de-coches-hibridos-y-electricos-en-2011">"Ventas en España de coches híbridos y eléctricos en 2011"</a> [Spain sales of hybrid and electric cars in 2011] (in Spanish). Motor Pasión Futuro. Retrieved 2012-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ventas+en+Espa%C3%B1a+de+coches+h%C3%ADbridos+y+el%C3%A9ctricos+en+2011&rft.pub=Motor+Pasi%C3%B3n+Futuro&rft.date=2012-01-06&rft.au=Iba%C3%B1ez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorpasionfuturo.com%2Fcoches-electricos%2Fventas-en-espana-de-coches-hibridos-y-electricos-en-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nether2015-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nether2015_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nether2015_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nether2015_179-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijksdienst_voor_Ondernemend_Nederland_(RVO)2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2016/01/Special%20Analyse%20over%202015.pdf">"Special: Analyse over 2015"</a> [Special: Analysis over 2015] (PDF) (in Dutch). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2016-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special%3A+Analyse+over+2015&rft.pub=RVO+%28Dutch+National+Office+for+Enterprising%29&rft.date=2016-01&rft.au=Rijksdienst+voor+Ondernemend+Nederland+%28RVO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rvo.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2016%2F01%2FSpecial%2520Analyse%2520over%25202015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 13,752 conventional hybrids, 41,226 plug-in hybrids and 2,543 all-electric cars were registered in the Netherlands in 2015. Registrations of hybrids totaled 131,011 units at the end of 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nether2014-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nether2014_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nether2014_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijksdienst_voor_Ondernemend_Nederland_(RVO)2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127051618/http://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2015/01/Special%20Analyse%20over%202014.pdf">"Special: Analyse over 2014"</a> [Special: Analyse over 2014] (PDF) (in Dutch). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2015/01/Special%20Analyse%20over%202014.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-01-27. Retrieved 2015-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special%3A+Analyse+over+2014&rft.pub=RVO+%28Dutch+National+Office+for+Enterprising%29&rft.date=2015-01&rft.au=Rijksdienst+voor+Ondernemend+Nederland+%28RVO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rvo.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F01%2FSpecial%2520Analyse%2520over%25202014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 10,341 conventional hybrids, 12,425 plug-in hybrids and 2,664 all-electric cars were registered in the Netherlands in 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nether2013-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Nether2013_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijksdienst_voor_Ondernemend_Nederland_(RVO)2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2014/01/Special%20elektrisch%20vervoer%20analyse%20over%202013.pdf">"Special: Analyse over 2013"</a> [Special analysis of 2013] (PDF) (in Dutch). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2014-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special%3A+Analyse+over+2013&rft.pub=RVO+%28Dutch+National+Office+for+Enterprising%29&rft.date=2014-01&rft.au=Rijksdienst+voor+Ondernemend+Nederland+%28RVO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rvo.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2014%2F01%2FSpecial%2520elektrisch%2520vervoer%2520analyse%2520over%25202013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nether2012-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Nether2012_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRAI" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">RAI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328183047/http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt-informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken.aspx">"Verkoopstatistieken-nieuwverkoop personenautos"</a> [Sales Statistics – New passenger car sales] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt-informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken.aspx">the original</a> on 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2013-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verkoopstatistieken-nieuwverkoop+personenautos&rft.pub=RAI+Vereniging&rft.au=RAI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raivereniging.nl%2Fmarkt-informatie%2Fstatistieken%2Fverkoopstatistieken.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2012 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201212"). The total of 23,850 units registered in 2012 includes E-REVs and PHEVs. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nether2011_14-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Nether2011_14_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgentschap_NL_–_Ministerie_van_Economische_Zaken_-RDW2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agentschap NL – Ministerie van Economische Zaken -RDW (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/duurzaam-ondernemen/energie-en-milieu-innovaties/elektrisch-rijden/stand-van-zaken/cijfers">"Cijfers elektrich vervoer – Aantal geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland"</a> [Figures electric transport- Sales Statistics – Number of registered electric vehicles in Netherlands] (in Dutch). Agentschap NL. Retrieved 2014-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cijfers+elektrich+vervoer+%E2%80%93+Aantal+geregistreerde+elektrische+voertuigen+in+Nederland&rft.pub=Agentschap+NL&rft.date=2014-04&rft.au=Agentschap+NL+%E2%80%93+Ministerie+van+Economische+Zaken+-RDW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rvo.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Fduurzaam-ondernemen%2Fenergie-en-milieu-innovaties%2Felektrisch-rijden%2Fstand-van-zaken%2Fcijfers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 4,331 plug-in hybrids (E-REV, PHEV) were registered in 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nether2010-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Nether2010_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRAI" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">RAI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014224539/http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt%20informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken/verkoopstatistieken%202010.aspx">"Verkoopstatistieken 2010 – nieuwverkoop personenautos"</a> [Sales Statistics 2010 – New passenger car sales] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt%20informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken/verkoopstatistieken%202010.aspx">the original</a> on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verkoopstatistieken+2010+%E2%80%93+nieuwverkoop+personenautos&rft.pub=RAI+Vereniging&rft.au=RAI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raivereniging.nl%2Fmarkt%2520informatie%2Fstatistieken%2Fverkoopstatistieken%2Fverkoopstatistieken%25202010.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2010 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201012"). </li> <li id="cite_note-Nether2007_09-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nether2007_09_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nether2007_09_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nether2007_09_185-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRAI" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">RAI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014230002/http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt%20informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken/verkoopstatistieken%202007_2008_2009.aspx">"Verkoopstatistieken 2007, 2008 and 2009 – nieuwverkoop personenautos"</a> [Sales Statistics 2007, 2008 and 2009 – New passenger car sales] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt%20informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken/verkoopstatistieken%202007_2008_2009.aspx">the original</a> on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verkoopstatistieken+2007%2C+2008+and+2009+%E2%80%93+nieuwverkoop+personenautos&rft.pub=RAI+Vereniging&rft.au=RAI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raivereniging.nl%2Fmarkt%2520informatie%2Fstatistieken%2Fverkoopstatistieken%2Fverkoopstatistieken%25202007_2008_2009.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2009 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 2009"), the excel file for 2008 sales (Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 2008) and the excel file for 2007 sales (Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Cato2014" class="citation news cs1">Jeremy Cato (2014-10-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/news/trans-canada-highway/sorry-canada-its-americans-who-have-embraced-hybrids/article21179670/">"Sorry Canada, it's Americans who have embraced hybrids"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. Retrieved 2015-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Sorry+Canada%2C+it%27s+Americans+who+have+embraced+hybrids&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.au=Jeremy+Cato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fglobe-drive%2Fnews%2Ftrans-canada-highway%2Fsorry-canada-its-americans-who-have-embraced-hybrids%2Farticle21179670%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlavelle2015" class="citation news cs1">Flavelle, Dana (2015-06-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/06/19/why-hybrid-car-sales-are-stalling.html">"Why hybrid car sales are stalling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>. Retrieved 2016-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Why+hybrid+car+sales+are+stalling&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft.aulast=Flavelle&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F06%2F19%2Fwhy-hybrid-car-sales-are-stalling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dashboard09-188"><a href="#cite_ref-dashboard09_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100122074543/http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-sales-dashboard/december-2009-dashboard.html">"December 2009 Dashboard: Year-End Tally"</a>. hybridCars.com. 2010-01-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-sales-dashboard/december-2009-dashboard.html">the original</a> on 2010-01-22. Retrieved 2010-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+2009+Dashboard%3A+Year-End+Tally&rft.pub=hybridCars.com&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fhybrid-sales-dashboard%2Fdecember-2009-dashboard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSustainable_Waterloo2010" class="citation web cs1">Sustainable Waterloo (2010-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113094027/http://www.sustainablewaterlooregion.ca/files/downloads/RCIM/CalculatingGHGEmissionsfromPersonalVehicleTravel.pdf">"Calculating GHG Emissions from Personal Vehicle Travel"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Waterloo_Region" title="Sustainable Waterloo Region">Sustainable Waterloo Region</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sustainablewaterlooregion.ca/files/downloads/RCIM/CalculatingGHGEmissionsfromPersonalVehicleTravel.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-11-13. Retrieved 2012-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calculating+GHG+Emissions+from+Personal+Vehicle+Travel&rft.pub=Sustainable+Waterloo+Region&rft.date=2010-01-04&rft.au=Sustainable+Waterloo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainablewaterlooregion.ca%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2FRCIM%2FCalculatingGHGEmissionsfromPersonalVehicleTravel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See Appendix 4, pp. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Polk2009-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polk2009_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polk2009_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Zewatsky2010" class="citation web cs1">Margaret Zewatsky (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polk.com/KC/PV-201003-Issue019-AsiaHybrids.pdf">"Asia Pacific Region Propels Growth of Hybrid Market"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/R.L._Polk_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="R.L. Polk & Co.">R.L. Polk & Co.</a> Retrieved 2010-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asia+Pacific+Region+Propels+Growth+of+Hybrid+Market&rft.pub=R.L.+Polk+%26+Co.&rft.date=2010-03&rft.au=Margaret+Zewatsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polk.com%2FKC%2FPV-201003-Issue019-AsiaHybrids.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TopJap2013-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TopJap2013_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopJap2013_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopJap2013_191-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKYODO2014" class="citation news cs1">KYODO (2014-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/01/09/business/nissan-set-to-double-leaf-sales-ghosn/#.UuLoI9JpRD9">"Nissan set to double Leaf sales: Ghosn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. Retrieved 2015-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Nissan+set+to+double+Leaf+sales%3A+Ghosn&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.au=KYODO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2014%2F01%2F09%2Fbusiness%2Fnissan-set-to-double-leaf-sales-ghosn%2F%23.UuLoI9JpRD9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TopJap2013_2014-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TopJap2013_2014_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopJap2013_2014_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopJap2013_2014_192-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenk_Bekker2015" class="citation web cs1">Henk Bekker (2015-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-selling-cars.com/japan/2014-full-year-japan-best-selling-car-models/">"2014 (Full Year) Japan: Best-Selling Car Models"</a>. Best Selling Cars. Retrieved 2015-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+%28Full+Year%29+Japan%3A+Best-Selling+Car+Models&rft.pub=Best+Selling+Cars&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft.au=Henk+Bekker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-selling-cars.com%2Fjapan%2F2014-full-year-japan-best-selling-car-models%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TopJap2015-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TopJap2015_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopJap2015_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TopJap2015_193-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekker2016" class="citation web cs1">Bekker, Henk (2016-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-selling-cars.com/japan/2015-full-year-japan-30-best-selling-car-models/">"2015 (Full Year) Japan: : 30 Best-Selling Car Models"</a>. Best Selling Cars. Retrieved 2016-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+%28Full+Year%29+Japan%3A+%3A+30+Best-Selling+Car+Models&rft.pub=Best+Selling+Cars&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.aulast=Bekker&rft.aufirst=Henk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-selling-cars.com%2Fjapan%2F2015-full-year-japan-30-best-selling-car-models%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JapHEVshare-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JapHEVshare_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JapHEVshare_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Rutherford2014" class="citation web cs1">Dan Rutherford (2014-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320093749/http://theicct.org/blogs/staff/hybrids-break-through-japan-auto-market">"Hybrids break through in the Japan auto market"</a>. International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/hybrids-break-through-japan-auto-market">the original</a> on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2015-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybrids+break+through+in+the+Japan+auto+market&rft.pub=International+Council+on+Clean+Transportation+%28ICCT%29&rft.date=2014-04-04&rft.au=Dan+Rutherford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theicct.org%2Fblogs%2Fstaff%2Fhybrids-break-through-japan-auto-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan2016Top30-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Japan2016Top30_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japan2016Top30_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekker2017" class="citation web cs1">Bekker, Henk (2017-01-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-selling-cars.com/japan/2016-full-year-japan-30-best-selling-car-models/">"2016 (Full Year) Japan: 30 Best-Selling Car Models"</a>. Best-Selling Cars. Retrieved 2017-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+%28Full+Year%29+Japan%3A+30+Best-Selling+Car+Models&rft.pub=Best-Selling+Cars&rft.date=2017-01-11&rft.aulast=Bekker&rft.aufirst=Henk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-selling-cars.com%2Fjapan%2F2016-full-year-japan-30-best-selling-car-models%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toyota0710-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Toyota0710_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429091254/http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/10/08/0805.html">"Sales in Japan of TMC Hybrids Top 1 Million Units"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> News releases. 2010-08-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/10/08/0805.html">the original</a> on 2013-04-29. Retrieved 2010-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sales+in+Japan+of+TMC+Hybrids+Top+1+Million+Units&rft.pub=Toyota+News+releases&rft.date=2010-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.toyota.co.jp%2Fen%2Fnews%2F10%2F08%2F0805.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMCSales1012-197"><a href="#cite_ref-TMCSales1012_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTMC_Press_Release2012" class="citation web cs1">TMC Press Release (2012-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111065020/http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/12/11/1108_1.html">"Cumulative Sales of TMC Hybrids Top 2 Million Units in Japan"</a>. Toyota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/12/11/1108_1.html">the original</a> on 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2012-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cumulative+Sales+of+TMC+Hybrids+Top+2+Million+Units+in+Japan&rft.pub=Toyota&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.au=TMC+Press+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.toyota.co.jp%2Fen%2Fnews%2F12%2F11%2F1108_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC10mi-198"><a href="#cite_ref-TMC10mi_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703021906/https://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/jp/download/15061526">"実績データ（ハイブリッド車グローバル販売）"</a> [Actual data (global sales hybrid vehicles)] (Press release) (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Toyota,_Aichi" title="Toyota, Aichi">Toyota, Aichi</a>: Toyota. 2017-02-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/jp/download/15061526">the original</a> on 2018-07-03. Retrieved 2017-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%9F%E7%B8%BE%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%EF%BC%88%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E8%BB%8A%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%EF%BC%89&rft.place=Toyota%2C+Aichi&rft.pub=Toyota&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.toyota.co.jp%2Fjp%2Fdownload%2F15061526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Download the pdf file with sales by year for each model. Source for 2016 sales only. January 2017 sales were discounted from total. </li> <li id="cite_note-HondaHEV09-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HondaHEV09_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HondaHEV09_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/02/hondas-cumulati.html">"Honda's Cumulative World-wide Hybrid Sales Pass 300,000 In January 2009"</a>. Green Car Congress. 2009-02-19. Retrieved 2010-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honda%27s+Cumulative+World-wide+Hybrid+Sales+Pass+300%2C000+In+January+2009&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2009%2F02%2Fhondas-cumulati.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 25,239 Honda hybrids sold in Japan and 35,149 sold in Europe until January 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Insight100K-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Insight100K_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016032227/http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3918229">"Sales of Honda Insight hybrid top 100,000 units since February 2009"</a>. 2010-03-04. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3918229">the original</a> on 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2010-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sales+of+Honda+Insight+hybrid+top+100%2C000+units+since+February+2009&rft.date=2010-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istockanalyst.com%2Farticle%2FviewiStockNews%2Farticleid%2F3918229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan_US-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Japan_US_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Japan_US_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803131246/http://www.hybridcars.com/news/japan-hybrid-sales-bypass-us-25905.html">"Japan Hybrid Sales Bypass US"</a>. hybridCars.com. 2009-07-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/news/japan-hybrid-sales-bypass-us-25905.html">the original</a> on 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2010-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+Hybrid+Sales+Bypass+US&rft.pub=hybridCars.com&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fnews%2Fjapan-hybrid-sales-bypass-us-25905.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTPrius10-202"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTPrius10_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/03/03/business/AP-AS-Japan-Toyota.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=Japan%20hybrid%20sales%202009%20top%20seller%20Prius&st=cse">"Toyota Prius Tops Japan Sales Despite Recall Woes"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2010-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Toyota+Prius+Tops+Japan+Sales+Despite+Recall+Woes&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Faponline%2F2010%2F03%2F03%2Fbusiness%2FAP-AS-Japan-Toyota.html%3F_r%3D1%26scp%3D1%26sq%3DJapan%2520hybrid%2520sales%25202009%2520top%2520seller%2520Prius%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Jap2010-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Jap2010_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyodo_News2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kyodo_News" title="Kyodo News">Kyodo News</a> (2011-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20110112a2.html">"Prius breaks 20-year record for annual car sales at 315,669 units"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. Retrieved 2012-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Prius+breaks+20-year+record+for+annual+car+sales+at+315%2C669+units&rft.date=2011-01-12&rft.au=Kyodo+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Ftext%2Fnb20110112a2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jap2011-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Jap2011_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyodo_News2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kyodo_News" title="Kyodo News">Kyodo News</a> (2012-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20120112a2.html">"Prius tops sales third straight year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. Retrieved 2012-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Prius+tops+sales+third+straight+year&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.au=Kyodo+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Ftext%2Fnb20120112a2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204195558/http://www.motortrader.com.my/Cars/NewsHeader/News-in-2012/World-News/Toyota-Prius-No--1-in-Japan-again.aspx">"Toyota Prius No. 1 in Japan again"</a>. Motor Trader. 2012-01-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motortrader.com.my/Cars/NewsHeader/News-in-2012/World-News/Toyota-Prius-No--1-in-Japan-again.aspx">the original</a> on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Trader&rft.atitle=Toyota+Prius+No.+1+in+Japan+again&rft.date=2012-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motortrader.com.my%2FCars%2FNewsHeader%2FNews-in-2012%2FWorld-News%2FToyota-Prius-No--1-in-Japan-again.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsahi_Shimbun2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a> (2012-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://integrityexports.com/2012/04/06/prius-tops-japan-car-sales-in-2011-hybrids-now-16-percent-of-market/">"Hybrids Now 16% of Market in Japan as Prius Wins Annual Sales Crown Again"</a>. Integrity Exports. Retrieved 2012-04-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybrids+Now+16%25+of+Market+in+Japan+as+Prius+Wins+Annual+Sales+Crown+Again&rft.pub=Integrity+Exports&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft.au=Asahi+Shimbun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintegrityexports.com%2F2012%2F04%2F06%2Fprius-tops-japan-car-sales-in-2011-hybrids-now-16-percent-of-market%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikkei2012" class="citation web cs1">Nikkei (2012-06-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://integrityexports.com/2012/06/08/hybrids-19-7-of-new-cars-sold-in-ma-in-japan/">"Hybrids 19.7% of New Cars Sold in May 2012 in Japan"</a>. Integrity Exports. Retrieved 2012-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybrids+19.7%25+of+New+Cars+Sold+in+May+2012+in+Japan&rft.pub=Integrity+Exports&rft.date=2012-06-08&rft.au=Nikkei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintegrityexports.com%2F2012%2F06%2F08%2Fhybrids-19-7-of-new-cars-sold-in-ma-in-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-selling-cars.com/japan/2012-full-year-japan-best-selling-car-models/">"2012 (Full Year) Japan: Best-Selling Car Models"</a>. BestSellingCars.com. 2013-01-10. Retrieved 2015-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+%28Full+Year%29+Japan%3A+Best-Selling+Car+Models&rft.pub=BestSellingCars.com&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-selling-cars.com%2Fjapan%2F2012-full-year-japan-best-selling-car-models%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Last20yr-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Last20yr_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMat_Gasnier2013" class="citation web cs1">Mat Gasnier (2013-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/01/12/japan-full-year-2012-all-new-toyota-aqua-tickles-prius/">"Japan Full Year 2012: All-new Toyota Aqua tickles Prius"</a>. Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 2013-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+Full+Year+2012%3A+All-new+Toyota+Aqua+tickles+Prius&rft.pub=Best+Selling+Cars+Blog&rft.date=2013-01-12&rft.au=Mat+Gasnier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestsellingcarsblog.com%2F2013%2F01%2F12%2Fjapan-full-year-2012-all-new-toyota-aqua-tickles-prius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TopJap1Q2016-210"><a href="#cite_ref-TopJap1Q2016_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekker2016" class="citation web cs1">Bekker, Henk (2016-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-selling-cars.com/japan/2016-q1-japan-best-selling-car-brands-models/">"2016 (Q1) Japan: Best-Selling Car Brands and Models"</a>. Best Selling Cars. Retrieved 2016-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+%28Q1%29+Japan%3A+Best-Selling+Car+Brands+and+Models&rft.pub=Best+Selling+Cars&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft.aulast=Bekker&rft.aufirst=Henk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-selling-cars.com%2Fjapan%2F2016-q1-japan-best-selling-car-brands-models%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan2016-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Japan2016_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasnier2017" class="citation web cs1">Gasnier, Mat (2017-01-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2017/01/japan-full-year-2016-toyota-prius-returns-to-1-spot-after-3-year-hiatus/">"Japan Full Year 2016: Toyota Prius returns to #1 spot after 3 year-hiatus"</a>. Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 2017-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+Full+Year+2016%3A+Toyota+Prius+returns+to+%231+spot+after+3+year-hiatus&rft.pub=Best+Selling+Cars+Blog&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft.aulast=Gasnier&rft.aufirst=Mat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestsellingcarsblog.com%2F2017%2F01%2Fjapan-full-year-2016-toyota-prius-returns-to-1-spot-after-3-year-hiatus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anl.gov/esia/reference/light-duty-electric-drive-vehicles-monthly-sales-updates-historical-data">Argonne National Laboratory - Light Duty Electric Drive Vehicles Monthly Sales Updates - Historical Data</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales2017US-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Sales2017US_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2018" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2018-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/december-2017-dashboard/">"December 2017 Dashboard"</a>. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2018-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com+and+Baum+%26+Associates&rft.atitle=December+2017+Dashboard&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fdecember-2017-dashboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Sales figures for 2016 and 2017 are reported. </li> <li id="cite_note-US3miHEVs-214"><a href="#cite_ref-US3miHEVs_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Cobb2013" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Cobb (2013-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/americans-buy-their-3000000th-hybrid/">"Americans Buy Their 3,000,000th Hybrid"</a>. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2013-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Americans+Buy+Their+3%2C000%2C000th+Hybrid&rft.pub=HybridCars.com&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft.au=Jeff+Cobb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Famericans-buy-their-3000000th-hybrid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sales042016US-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sales042016US_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sales042016US_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (2016-06-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/april-2016-dashboard/">"April 2016 Dashboard"</a>. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com+and+Baum+%26+Associates&rft.atitle=April+2016+Dashboard&rft.date=2016-06-05&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fapril-2016-dashboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> During the first fourth months of 2016 hybrid sales totaled 103,082 units in the U.S. </li> <li id="cite_note-TMC11miHEVs-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMC11miHEVs_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC11miHEVs_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMC11miHEVs_216-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/corporate/20966057.html?adid=ag478_mail&padid=ag478_mail">"Toyota sells 1.52 million electrified vehicles in 2017, three years ahead of 2020 target"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Toyota_City,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota City, Japan">Toyota City, Japan</a>: Toyota. 2018-02-02. Retrieved 2018-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota+sells+1.52+million+electrified+vehicles+in+2017%2C+three+years+ahead+of+2020+target&rft.place=Toyota+City%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Toyota&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.toyota.co.jp%2Fen%2Fcorporate%2F20966057.html%3Fadid%3Dag478_mail%26padid%3Dag478_mail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUpocketbook2014-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EUpocketbook2014_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUpocketbook2014_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUpocketbook2014_217-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUpocketbook2014_217-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUpocketbook2014_217-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUpocketbook2014_217-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUpocketbook2014_217-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUpocketbook2014_217-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Council_on_Clean_Transportation_(ICCT)2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Council_on_Clean_Transportation" title="International Council on Clean Transportation">International Council on Clean Transportation</a> (ICCT) (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_EU-pocketbook_2015.pdf">"European Vehicle Market Statistics – Pocketbook 2015/16"</a> (PDF). ICCT. Retrieved 2016-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Vehicle+Market+Statistics+%E2%80%93+Pocketbook+2015%2F16&rft.pub=ICCT&rft.date=2016&rft.au=International+Council+on+Clean+Transportation+%28ICCT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheicct.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FICCT_EU-pocketbook_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See Figure 4-2 and 4–6, pp 41–44. See also tables in pp. 81–107 for HEV market by country from 2001 to 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-EUpocketbook2013-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EUpocketbook2013_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUpocketbook2013_218-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Council_on_Clean_Transportation_(ICCT)2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Council_on_Clean_Transportation" title="International Council on Clean Transportation">International Council on Clean Transportation</a> (ICCT) (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/EU_vehiclemarket_pocketbook_2013_Web.pdf">"European Vehicle Market Statistics – Pocketbook 2013"</a> (PDF). ICCT. Retrieved 2015-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Vehicle+Market+Statistics+%E2%80%93+Pocketbook+2013&rft.pub=ICCT&rft.date=2013&rft.au=International+Council+on+Clean+Transportation+%28ICCT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theicct.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FEU_vehiclemarket_pocketbook_2013_Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> See Figure 1.3, pp 6. See also tables in pp. 88–110 for HEV market by country from 2001 to 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Duffy2011" class="citation web cs1">Sandra Duffy (2011-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213225854/http://www.hybridcar.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid">"Hybrid Car Sales Figures"</a>. Hybridcar.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcar.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid">the original</a> on February 13, 2009. 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Retrieved 2012-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auto-Media.Info&rft.atitle=Toyota+Motor+Europe+posts+year-on-year+sales+increase+despite+supply+disruptions&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft.au=Toyota+Motor+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauto-media.info%2F2012%2F01%2F09%2Ftoyota-motor-europe-posts-year-on-year-sales-increase-despite-supply-disruptions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieu_Rosemain2013" class="citation news cs1">Mathieu Rosemain (2013-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224203159/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MY1WCC6K50YK01-5QG101NISBIJJKAEHEHQ1UPFMD">"Toyota Europe Plans Profit Growth on Hybrid-Car Sales"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MY1WCC6K50YK01-5QG101NISBIJJKAEHEHQ1UPFMD">the original</a> on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Toyota+Europe+Plans+Profit+Growth+on+Hybrid-Car+Sales&rft.date=2013-12-20&rft.au=Mathieu+Rosemain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwashpost.bloomberg.com%2FStory%3FdocId%3D1376-MY1WCC6K50YK01-5QG101NISBIJJKAEHEHQ1UPFMD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAutomotive_Industry_Data_(AID)2013" class="citation web cs1">Automotive Industry Data (AID) (2013-12-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eagleaid.com/AID-Newsletter-Front-Page-1323-Page-1-preview.pdf">"Hybrid cars going nowhere fast in Europe"</a> (PDF). AID Newsletter. Retrieved 2013-12-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybrid+cars+going+nowhere+fast+in+Europe&rft.pub=AID+Newsletter&rft.date=2013-12-18&rft.au=Automotive+Industry+Data+%28AID%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eagleaid.com%2FAID-Newsletter-Front-Page-1323-Page-1-preview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europe2015-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europe2015_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europe2015_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs2016" class="citation news cs1">Gibbs, Nick (2016-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europe.autonews.com/article/20160315/ANE/160319949/hybrid-sales-expected-to-triple-in-europe-as-tougher-co2-rules-loom">"Hybrid sales expected to triple in Europe as tougher CO2 rules loom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Automotive_News" title="Automotive News">Automotive News Europe</a>. Retrieved 2016-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Automotive+News+Europe&rft.atitle=Hybrid+sales+expected+to+triple+in+Europe+as+tougher+CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+rules+loom&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurope.autonews.com%2Farticle%2F20160315%2FANE%2F160319949%2Fhybrid-sales-expected-to-triple-in-europe-as-tougher-co2-rules-loom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a> sales are not included. </li> <li id="cite_note-EU1Q2016-228"><a href="#cite_ref-EU1Q2016_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association_(ACEA)2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/European_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="European Automobile Manufacturers Association">European Automobile Manufacturers Association</a> (ACEA) (2016-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20160429_AFV_Q1_2016_FINAL.PDF">"New Passenger Car Registrations by Alternative Fuel Type in the European Union – Quarter 1 2016"</a> (PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2016-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Passenger+Car+Registrations+by+Alternative+Fuel+Type+in+the+European+Union+%E2%80%93+Quarter+1+2016&rft.pub=ACEA&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.au=European+Automobile+Manufacturers+Association+%28ACEA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acea.be%2Fuploads%2Fpress_releases_files%2F20160429_AFV_Q1_2016_FINAL.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU1mi-229"><a href="#cite_ref-EU1mi_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410015929/http://newsroom.toyota.eu/newsrelease.do/">"German driver becomes Toyota's millionth hybrid customer in Europe, goes home with two Auris Hybrids"</a> (Press release). Brussels, Belgium: Toyota Europe. 2015-12-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.toyota.eu/newsrelease.do;jsessionid=57363798A1EAE7646FA753E09D24520A?&id=4785&allImage=1&teaser=german-driver-becomes-toyota%27s-millionth-hybrid-customer-europe&mid=">the original</a> on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2015-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+driver+becomes+Toyota%27s+millionth+hybrid+customer+in+Europe%2C+goes+home+with+two+Auris+Hybrids&rft.place=Brussels%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Toyota+Europe&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.toyota.eu%2Fnewsrelease.do%3Bjsessionid%3D57363798A1EAE7646FA753E09D24520A%3F%26id%3D4785%26allImage%3D1%26teaser%3Dgerman-driver-becomes-toyota%2527s-millionth-hybrid-customer-europe%26mid%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK042016-230"><a href="#cite_ref-UK042016_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders(SMMT)2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motor_Manufacturers_and_Traders" title="Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders">Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders</a>(SMMT) (2016-05-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smmt.co.uk/2016/05/april-2016-ev-registrations/">"April 2016 – EV registrations"</a>. SMT. Retrieved 2016-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=April+2016+%E2%80%93+EV+registrations&rft.pub=SMT&rft.date=2016-05-06&rft.au=Society+of+Motor+Manufacturers+and+Traders%28SMMT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smmt.co.uk%2F2016%2F05%2Fapril-2016-ev-registrations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/05/20140520-tmuk.html">"Honda hybrid sales exceed 800,000"</a>. Green Car Congress. 2014-05-20. Retrieved 2014-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honda+hybrid+sales+exceed+800%2C000&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2014-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2014%2F05%2F20140520-tmuk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128114808/http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2012/01/25/honda-hybrid-sales-exceed-800000">"Honda hybrid sales exceed 800,000"</a>. The Green Car Website UK. 2012-01-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2012/01/25/honda-hybrid-sales-exceed-800000/">the original</a> on 2012-01-28. Retrieved 2012-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honda+hybrid+sales+exceed+800%2C000&rft.pub=The+Green+Car+Website+UK&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk%2Fblog%2Findex.php%2F2012%2F01%2F25%2Fhonda-hybrid-sales-exceed-800000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Lilly2015" class="citation web cs1">Chris Lilly (2015-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nextgreencar.com/news/7347/toyotas-hybrid-sales-pass-200000-units/">"Toyota's hybrid sales pass 200,000 units"</a>. Next Green Car. Retrieved 2015-11-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toyota%27s+hybrid+sales+pass+200%2C000+units&rft.pub=Next+Green+Car&rft.date=2015-11-13&rft.au=Chris+Lilly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nextgreencar.com%2Fnews%2F7347%2Ftoyotas-hybrid-sales-pass-200000-units%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRA2014-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2014_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2014_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2014_234-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2014_234-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2014_234-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRA2014_234-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAVERE-France2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">AVERE-France (2015-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115055/http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=5961&from_espace_adherent=0">"Hybride : un marché en recul en 2014, l'hybride essence tient le coup"</a> [Hybrid: a declining market in 2014, the gasoline-electric hybrid holds up] (in French). France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=5961&from_espace_adherent=0">the original</a> on 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2015-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybride+%3A+un+march%C3%A9+en+recul+en+2014%2C+l%27hybride+essence+tient+le+coup&rft.pub=France+Mobilit%C3%A9+%C3%89lectrique+%E2%80%93+AVERE+France&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft.au=AVERE-France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avere-france.org%2FSite%2FArticle%2F%3Farticle_id%3D5961%26from_espace_adherent%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 33,295 gasoline-electric and 9,518 diesel-electric hybrids were sold in France in 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-FRAsales2014-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FRAsales2014_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Schwoerer2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Philippe Schwoerer (2015-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avem.fr/actualite-mitsubishi-mise-et-gagne-sur-l-hybride-rechargeable-5508.html">"Mitsubishi mise et gagne sur l'hybride rechargeable"</a> [Mitsubishi bets and wins with its plug-in hybrid] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2015-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitsubishi+mise+et+gagne+sur+l%27hybride+rechargeable&rft.pub=Association+pour+l%27Avenir+du+V%C3%A9hicule+Electrique+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9en+%28AVEM%29&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft.au=Philippe+Schwoerer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avem.fr%2Factualite-mitsubishi-mise-et-gagne-sur-l-hybride-rechargeable-5508.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NED2009-236"><a href="#cite_ref-NED2009_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBS_Statistics_Netherlands2011" class="citation web cs1">CBS Statistics Netherlands (2011-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/verkeer-vervoer/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2011/2011-3299-wm.htm">"More and more cars with hybrid technology on board"</a>. Web Magazine: Statistics Netherlands. Retrieved 2012-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+and+more+cars+with+hybrid+technology+on+board&rft.pub=Web+Magazine%3A+Statistics+Netherlands&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft.au=CBS+Statistics+Netherlands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fen-GB%2Fmenu%2Fthemas%2Fverkeer-vervoer%2Fpublicaties%2Fartikelen%2Farchief%2F2011%2F2011-3299-wm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBS_Statistics_Netherlands2009" class="citation web cs1">CBS Statistics Netherlands (2009-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/verkeer-vervoer/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2009/2009-2813-wm.htm">"Number of hybrid cars doubled"</a>. Web Magazine: Statistics Netherlands. Retrieved 2012-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+hybrid+cars+doubled&rft.pub=Web+Magazine%3A+Statistics+Netherlands&rft.date=2009-06-23&rft.au=CBS+Statistics+Netherlands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fen-GB%2Fmenu%2Fthemas%2Fverkeer-vervoer%2Fpublicaties%2Fartikelen%2Farchief%2F2009%2F2009-2813-wm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMCEU2013-238"><a href="#cite_ref-TMCEU2013_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Foy2013" class="citation news cs1">Henry Foy (2013-09-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4984ab8e-196d-11e3-afc2-00144feab7de.html?siteedition=uk&siteedition=intl&siteedition=intl&siteedition=intl&siteedition=intl&siteedition=intl&siteedition=intl&siteedition=intl#axzz2eRvPSy5c">"Toyota enjoys surge in hybrid car sales in Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. Retrieved 2013-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Toyota+enjoys+surge+in+hybrid+car+sales+in+Europe&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft.au=Henry+Foy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F4984ab8e-196d-11e3-afc2-00144feab7de.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk%26siteedition%3Dintl%26siteedition%3Dintl%26siteedition%3Dintl%26siteedition%3Dintl%26siteedition%3Dintl%26siteedition%3Dintl%26siteedition%3Dintl%23axzz2eRvPSy5c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germany2015-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Germany2015_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraftfahrt-Bundesamt_(KBA)2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (2016-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603161035/http://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2016/Fahrzeugbestand/pm8_fz_bestand_pm_komplett.html">"Pressemitteilung Nr. 08/2016 – Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1. Januar 2016"</a> [Press Release No. 08/2016 – The number of vehicles on 1 January 2016] (in German). KBA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2016/Fahrzeugbestand/pm8_fz_bestand_pm_komplett.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pressemitteilung+Nr.+08%2F2016+%E2%80%93+Der+Fahrzeugbestand+am+1.+Januar+2016&rft.pub=KBA&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.au=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt+%28KBA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kba.de%2FDE%2FPresse%2FPressemitteilungen%2F2016%2FFahrzeugbestand%2Fpm8_fz_bestand_pm_komplett.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 130,365 hybrid vehicles were registered in Germany on January 1, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-Germany2013-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Germany2013_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraftfahrt-Bundesamt_(KBA)2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (2014-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128023126/http://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Bestand/2014_b_jahresbilanz.html">"Pressemitteilung Nr. 10/2014 – Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1. Januar 2014"</a> [Press Release No. 10/2014 – The number of vehicles on 1 January 2014] (in German). KBA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Bestand/2014_b_jahresbilanz.html">the original</a> on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pressemitteilung+Nr.+10%2F2014+%E2%80%93+Der+Fahrzeugbestand+am+1.+Januar+2014&rft.pub=KBA&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft.au=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt+%28KBA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kba.de%2FDE%2FStatistik%2FFahrzeuge%2FBestand%2F2014_b_jahresbilanz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> A total of 85,575 hybrid vehicles were registered in Germany on January 1, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraftfahrt-Bundesamt_(KBA)2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (2012-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302200127/http://www.kba.de/cln_032/nn_1127080/DE/Presse/PressemitteilungenStatistiken/2012/Fahrzeugbestand/fz__bestand__pm__text.html">"Pressemitteilung Nr. 3/2012 – Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1. Januar 2012"</a> [Press Release No. 3/2012 – The fleet of vehicles on 1 January 2012] (in German). KBA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kba.de/cln_032/nn_1127080/DE/Presse/PressemitteilungenStatistiken/2012/Fahrzeugbestand/fz__bestand__pm__text.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pressemitteilung+Nr.+3%2F2012+%E2%80%93+Der+Fahrzeugbestand+am+1.+Januar+2012&rft.pub=KBA&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft.au=Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt+%28KBA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kba.de%2Fcln_032%2Fnn_1127080%2FDE%2FPresse%2FPressemitteilungenStatistiken%2F2012%2FFahrzeugbestand%2Ffz__bestand__pm__text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Strong2007" class="citation web cs1">Dan Strong (2007-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/207600/peugeot_308.html">"Autoexpress on diesel-electric Peugeot 308"</a>. Autoexpress.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autoexpress+on+diesel-electric+Peugeot+308&rft.pub=Autoexpress.co.uk&rft.date=2007-03-22&rft.au=Dan+Strong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoexpress.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fautoexpressnews%2F207600%2Fpeugeot_308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060311045138/http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf">"PSA Peugeot Citroën unveils Diesel Hybrid Technology"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/presse_communique/CP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2006-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PSA+Peugeot+Citro%C3%ABn+unveils+Diesel+Hybrid+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa-peugeot-citroen.com%2Fdocument%2Fpresse_communique%2FCP_hybride_HDI_GB1138705079.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadslien2009" class="citation news cs1">Madslien, Jorn (2009-09-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/business/8253196.stm">"Crowded car industry eyes electric future"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 2010-05-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Crowded+car+industry+eyes+electric+future&rft.date=2009-09-13&rft.aulast=Madslien&rft.aufirst=Jorn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Flow%2Fbusiness%2F8253196.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolduc2007" class="citation web cs1">Bolduc, Douglas A. (June 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211125722/http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070612/ANE01/70612004/1116">"Bosch says it has contract for diesel-hybrid parts"</a>. Automotive News Europe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070612/ANE01/70612004/1116">the original</a> on Dec 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automotive+News+Europe&rft.atitle=Bosch+says+it+has+contract+for+diesel-hybrid+parts&rft.date=2007-06-12&rft.aulast=Bolduc&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autonews.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20070612%2FANE01%2F70612004%2F1116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedex.com/us/about/responsibility/environment/hybridelectricvehicle.html">"About Fedex Hybrid Electric Vehicle in the USA"</a>. FedEx. Retrieved 2013-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Fedex+Hybrid+Electric+Vehicle+in+the+USA&rft.pub=FedEx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fedex.com%2Fus%2Fabout%2Fresponsibility%2Fenvironment%2Fhybridelectricvehicle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/10/fedex-to-launch.html">"FedEx to Launch Commercial Hybrid-Electric Vans from Iveco in Europe"</a>. Greencarcongress.com. 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2013-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FedEx+to+Launch+Commercial+Hybrid-Electric+Vans+from+Iveco+in+Europe&rft.pub=Greencarcongress.com&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2007%2F10%2Ffedex-to-launch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091231054254/http://www.hybridcarblog.com/2007/06/ford-delivers-e85-hybrid-vehicles.html">"Ford delivers E85 hybrid vehicles"</a>. HybridCarBlog. 2007-06-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcarblog.com/2007/06/ford-delivers-e85-hybrid-vehicles.html">the original</a> on 2009-12-31. Retrieved 2010-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford+delivers+E85+hybrid+vehicles&rft.pub=HybridCarBlog&rft.date=2007-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcarblog.com%2F2007%2F06%2Fford-delivers-e85-hybrid-vehicles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312040628/http://www.greencar.com/articles/hybrids-running-e85-ethanol-fuel-5-things.php">"Hybrids Running on E85 Ethanol Fuel: 5 Things to Know"</a>. GreenCar.com. 2009-03-16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencar.com/articles/hybrids-running-e85-ethanol-fuel-5-things.php">the original</a> on 2010-03-12. Retrieved 2010-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybrids+Running+on+E85+Ethanol+Fuel%3A+5+Things+to+Know&rft.pub=GreenCar.com&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencar.com%2Farticles%2Fhybrids-running-e85-ethanol-fuel-5-things.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FlesFuelHybrid-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FlesFuelHybrid_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodandfuelamerica.com/2008/06/ford-delivers-flex-fuel-hybrid-to-doe.html">"Ford Delivers Flex Fuel Hybrid to DOE"</a>. Fuel and Food America. 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford+Delivers+Flex+Fuel+Hybrid+to+DOE&rft.pub=Fuel+and+Food+America&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodandfuelamerica.com%2F2008%2F06%2Fford-delivers-flex-fuel-hybrid-to-doe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GMVoltFlex-251"><a href="#cite_ref-GMVoltFlex_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515122113/http://www.prdomain.com/companies/G/GeneralMotors/newsreleases/20071838357.htm">"Chevrolet Volt-GM's concept electric vehicle could eliminate trips to the gas station"</a>. General Motors. 2007-01-07. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130318/AUTO01/303180438/1148/rss25">the original</a> on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2013-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=Automakers+concerned+NHTSA%27s+%27quiet+cars%27+rule+too+loud&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft.au=David+Shepardson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Farticle%2F20130318%2FAUTO01%2F303180438%2F1148%2Frss25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT01713-272"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT01713_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/08/business/make-electric-vehicles-noisier-at-low-speeds-for-safety-us-says.html">"Proposal for Noisier Electric Cars at Low Speed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 2013-01-07. Retrieved 2013-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Proposal+for+Noisier+Electric+Cars+at+Low+Speed&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F08%2Fbusiness%2Fmake-electric-vehicles-noisier-at-low-speeds-for-safety-us-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission_Press_Release2014" class="citation web cs1">European Commission Press Release (2014-04-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-363_en.htm">"Commission welcomes Parliament vote on decreasing vehicle noise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. Retrieved 2014-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commission+welcomes+Parliament+vote+on+decreasing+vehicle+noise&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft.au=European+Commission+Press+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_IP-14-363_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NissanNoise-274"><a href="#cite_ref-NissanNoise_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614103425/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2010/_STORY/100611-01-e.html">"Nissan demonstrates the affordable, 100% electric, zero-emission Nissan LEAF"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>. 2010-06-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2010/_STORY/100611-01-e.html">the original</a> on 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2010-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nissan+demonstrates+the+affordable%2C+100%25+electric%2C+zero-emission+Nissan+LEAF&rft.pub=Nissan&rft.date=2010-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nissan-global.com%2FEN%2FNEWS%2F2010%2F_STORY%2F100611-01-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoBlogNoise-275"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoBlogNoise_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoblog.com/2010/06/14/nissan-leaf-will-break-the-ev-silence-with-a-digital-whistle-w/#continued">"Nissan Leaf will break the EV silence with a digital whistle [w/video]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Autoblog.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoblog.com">Autoblog</a>. 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2010-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nissan+Leaf+will+break+the+EV+silence+with+a+digital+whistle+%5Bw%2Fvideo%5D&rft.pub=Autoblog&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoblog.com%2F2010%2F06%2F14%2Fnissan-leaf-will-break-the-ev-silence-with-a-digital-whistle-w%2F%23continued&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> The article has a video with the Leaf warning sounds. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091129144841/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2009/11/gm-says-volt-crew-working-to-resolve-silent-ev-sound-safety-issue.html">"GM Says Volt Crew Working to Resolve 'Silent EV' Sound Safety Issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edmunds.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmunds.com">Edmunds.com</a>. 2009-11-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2009/11/gm-says-volt-crew-working-to-resolve-silent-ev-sound-safety-issue.html">the original</a> on 2009-11-29. Retrieved 2010-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GM+Says+Volt+Crew+Working+to+Resolve+%27Silent+EV%27+Sound+Safety+Issue&rft.pub=Edmunds.com&rft.date=2009-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.edmunds.com%2Fgreencaradvisor%2F2009%2F11%2Fgm-says-volt-crew-working-to-resolve-silent-ev-sound-safety-issue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT101309-277"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT101309_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Motavalli2009" class="citation news cs1">Jim Motavalli (2009-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/14/automobiles/14hybrid.html?_r=2">"Hybrid Cars May Include Fake Vroom for Safety"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 2010-07-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hybrid+Cars+May+Include+Fake+Vroom+for+Safety&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.au=Jim+Motavalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F14%2Fautomobiles%2F14hybrid.html%3F_r%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prii-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Prii_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikki_Gordon-Bloomfield2011" class="citation web cs1">Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield (2011-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1066487_2012-toyota-prius-prius-v-prius-plug-in-hybrid-now-with-spaceship-sound">"2012 Toyota Prius, Prius V, Prius Plug-in Hybrid: Now With Spaceship Sound"</a>. Electric Car Reports. 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Retrieved 2011-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prius%27+artificial+engine+noise+demonstrated%2C+explained&rft.pub=CNET+Cartech&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft.au=Antuan+Goodwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freviews.cnet.com%2F8301-13746_7-20110209-48%2Fprius-artificial-engine-noise-demonstrated-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SciAm0808-280"><a href="#cite_ref-SciAm0808_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Simpson2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Sarah Simpson (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=are-hybrid-cars-too-quiet">"Are Hybrid Cars Too Quiet to Be Safe for Pedestrians?"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 2010-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Are+Hybrid+Cars+Too+Quiet+to+Be+Safe+for+Pedestrians%3F&rft.date=2009-08&rft.au=Sarah+Simpson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dare-hybrid-cars-too-quiet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPAHEVratings-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPAHEVratings_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPAHEVratings_281-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPAHEVratings_281-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/topten.jsp?year=2016&action=ExEvsPhevs">"Top Fuel Sippers (EPA Ratings, 2016 Model Year) (Excluding EVs and PHEVs)"</a>. Fueleconomy.gov. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>. 2016-06-07. Retrieved 2016-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fueleconomy.gov&rft.atitle=Top+Fuel+Sippers+%28EPA+Ratings%2C+2016+Model+Year%29+%28Excluding+EVs+and+PHEVs%29&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fueleconomy.gov%2Ffeg%2Ftopten.jsp%3Fyear%3D2016%26action%3DExEvsPhevs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> Vehicles are ranked by their combined rating. Click on each vehicle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/PowerSearch.do?action=HySbs">to access the full ratings</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EPAFusion-282"><a href="#cite_ref-EPAFusion_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=36160&id=37383">"Compare Side-by-Side – 2016/2017 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD"</a>. Fueleconomy.gov. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>. 2016-06-07. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sema.org/Main/ArticleDetail.aspx?fc_c=1204471x2638620x66059664&contentID=60637">the original</a> on 2009-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HYBRID+MOTORCYCLES+MAY+HIT+MARKET+AS+SOON+AS+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sema.org%2FMain%2FArticleDetail.aspx%3Ffc_c%3D1204471x2638620x66059664%26contentID%3D60637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501183629/http://www.ecycle.com/hybrid.html">"The Trusted Leader in Wireless Mobile Buyback, Data Security and Recycling for Businesses - e-Cycle"</a>. ecycle.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecycle.com/hybrid.html">the original</a> on 2015-05-01. Retrieved 2007-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecycle.com&rft.atitle=The+Trusted+Leader+in+Wireless+Mobile+Buyback%2C+Data+Security+and+Recycling+for+Businesses+-+e-Cycle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecycle.com%2Fhybrid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011233713/http://hybrid-vehicles.net/ecycle-hybrid-motorcycles.htm">"ECycle Hybrid Motorcycles"</a>. 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Reston (VA): United States Geological Survey. USGS Fact Sheet: 087-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rare+earth+elements+critical+resources+for+high+technology&rft.place=Reston+%28VA%29&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey.+USGS+Fact+Sheet%3A+087-02&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Haxel&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Hedrick+J&rft.au=Orris+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffs%2F2002%2Ffs087%E2%80%9002%2Ffs087%E2%80%9002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunn2006" class="citation web cs1">Lunn, J (3 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409121623/http://www.gwmg.ca/pdf/Insinger_Report.pdf">"Great western minerals"</a> (PDF). London: Insigner Beaufort Equity Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwmg.ca/pdf/Insinger_Report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2008-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+western+minerals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Insigner+Beaufort+Equity+Research&rft.date=2006-10-03&rft.aulast=Lunn&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwmg.ca%2Fpdf%2FInsinger_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHybrid+electric+vehicle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070522/UPDATE/705220448/1148/AUTO01">New York City Taxis to go all hybrid by 2012</a> 2007-05-22</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061125210158/http://www.motherearthnews.com/Alternative_Energy/1979_July_August/An_Amazing_75_MPG_Hybrid_Electic_Car/">Mother Earth News article from 1978 on the original regenerative braking hybrid car</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070122164916/http://spectrum.ieee.org/jan07/4848">GM Announces Chevrolet Volt Series Hybrid Concept Vehicle</a> 2007-01-07</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060825231859/http://www.enewsbuilder.net/capmet/e_article000189635.cfm">Hybrid-Electric "Bus of the Future" Tested By Capital Metro</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130110235915/http://greenprophet.com/2008/02/19/hybrid-cab-fleet/">Israel Mulls Hybrid Taxis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/10/fedex-to-launch.html">FedEx to Launch Commercial Hybrid-Electric Vans from Iveco in Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedex.com/us/about/responsibility/environment/hybridelectricvehicle.html">About FedEx Hybrid Electric Vehicle in the USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/alternative/112_031120_coty_winner_2004_toyota_prius/index.html">2004 Toyota Prius – Motor Trend Car of the Year</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708064907/http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/alternative/112_031120_coty_winner_2004_toyota_prius/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080607001333/http://www.startribune.com/19474989.html">"Looking for a hybrid? Prepare for a long wait" to obtain one</a> (<a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222050221/http://www.enn.com/press_releases/2519">Doctors Orders: Buy a Hybrid</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehicle&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Electric Fleet Vehicle Testing</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieahev.org/assets/1/7/IA-HEV_Annual_Report_May_2013_3MB.pdf">Hybrid and Electric Vehicles – The Electric Drive Gains Traction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226235212/http://www.ieahev.org/assets/1/7/IA-HEV_Annual_Report_May_2013_3MB.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-02-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IA-HEV, <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>, May 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/reports/hybrid_vehicle/hybrid_electric_vehicles.html">Report on how HEVs work.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Human power">Human power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">Solar-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_boats" title="List of solar-powered boats">boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prototype_solar-powered_cars" title="List of prototype solar-powered cars">List of prototypes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="Pneumatic motor">Compressed-air engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_car" title="Compressed-air car">Compressed-air car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_vehicle" title="Compressed-air vehicle">Compressed-air vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_turbine" title="Tesla turbine">Tesla turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive#Battery_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Battery-electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">Battery electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">Battery electric bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_platform_truck" title="Electric platform truck">Electric platform truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kick_scooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kick scooter">Electric kick scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works#The_Gyro_locomotive" title="Sentinel Waggon Works">Gyro flywheel locomotive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">Neighborhood Electric Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">Hydrogen-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_ship" title="Hydrogen-powered ship">Hydrogen-powered ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_train" title="Hydrogen train">Hydrogen train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">Natural gas vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple-fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">Bi-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">Multifuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="What Is the Electric Car?">What Is the Electric Car?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car" title="Revenge of the Electric Car">Revenge of the Electric Car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power_ship" title="Wave power ship">Wave power ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_ship" title="Windmill ship">Windmill ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electric_vehicles83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electric_vehicles" title="Template:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electric_vehicles" title="Template talk:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electric_vehicles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electric_vehicles83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/200px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/300px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/400px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2258" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/200px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/300px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/400px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell electric vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">Charging station</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charging_network" title="Electric vehicle charging network">network</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger" title="Tesla Supercharger">Tesla Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">AC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1772" title="SAE J1772">Type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_connector" title="Type 2 connector">Type 2 (Mennekes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_connector" title="Type 3 connector">Type 3 (Scame)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHAdeMO" title="CHAdeMO">AA (CHAdeMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB/T_charging_standard" title="GB/T charging standard">BB (GB/T)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChaoJi" title="ChaoJi">ChaoJi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Charging_System" title="Combined Charging System">EE/FF (CCS Combo 1/2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megawatt_Charging_System" title="Megawatt Charging System">MCS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">AC/DC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Charging_System" title="North American Charging System">NACS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GB/T_charging_standard" title="GB/T charging standard">GB/T 20234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">IEC 61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">IEC 62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">IEC 63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15118" 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