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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Stages_of_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages_of_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Stages of publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stages_of_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_publishers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_publishers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of publishers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_publishers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of publishers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_publishers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspaper_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Newspaper publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Journal publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazine_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazine_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Magazine publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazine_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Book publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directory_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directory_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Directory publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directory_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textbook_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textbook_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Textbook publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textbook_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalog_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalog_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Catalog publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalog_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Web publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tie-in_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tie-in_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Tie-in publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tie-in_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_publishing_sub-divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_publishing_sub-divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Book publishing sub-divisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Book_publishing_sub-divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Book publishing sub-divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Book_publishing_sub-divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainstream_publishers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream_publishers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mainstream publishers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainstream_publishers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_presses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_presses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Small presses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_presses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hybrid publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanity_presses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanity_presses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Vanity presses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanity_presses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Self-publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Privishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Publishing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edition" title="Edition – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Edition" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="نشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edici%C3%B3n_de_llibros" title="Edición de llibros – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edición de llibros" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99%C5%9Friyyat_i%C5%9Fi" title="Nəşriyyat işi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəşriyyat işi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="প্রকাশনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রকাশনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhut-p%C3%A1n" title="Chhut-pán – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhut-pán" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Выдавецкая справа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Выдавецкая справа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Выдавецкая справа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Выдавецкая справа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Издателска дейност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Издателска дейност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izdava%C5%A1tvo" title="Izdavaštvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Izdavaštvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embannerezh" title="Embannerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Embannerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edici%C3%B3" title="Edició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyhoeddi" title="Cyhoeddi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyhoeddi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjastamine" title="Kirjastamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjastamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Εκδόσεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκδόσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edici%C3%B3n_de_libros" title="Edición de libros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edición de libros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldonado" title="Eldonado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eldonado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edizio" title="Edizio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edizio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="نشر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dition" title="Édition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Édition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foilsitheoireacht" title="Foilsitheoireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foilsitheoireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial" title="Editorial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Editorial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%9C%ED%8C%90" title="출판 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="출판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հրատարակչական արդյունաբերություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրատարակչական արդյունաբերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रकाशन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाशन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakladni%C5%A1tvo" title="Nakladništvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nakladništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerbitan" title="Penerbitan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penerbitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atg%C3%A1fufyrirt%C3%A6ki" title="Útgáfufyrirtæki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Útgáfufyrirtæki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editoria" title="Editoria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Editoria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הוצאה לאור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוצאה לאור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Баспа ісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Баспа ісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edisyon" title="Edisyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Edisyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89disyon_lit%C3%A9r%C3%A8r" title="Édisyon litérèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Édisyon litérèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Басма иши – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Басма иши" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editio" title="Editio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Editio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiad%C3%A1s" title="Kiadás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kiadás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Издаваштво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Издаваштво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रकाशन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाशन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تنک‌کری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تنک‌کری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerbit" title="Penerbit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penerbit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitgeven" title="Uitgeven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uitgeven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="出版 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="出版" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noshirlik" title="Noshirlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Noshirlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblishin" title="Poblishin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Poblishin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editora%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Editoração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Editoração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Издательское дело – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Издательское дело" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botuesi" title="Botuesi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Botuesi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubbricazzioni" title="Pubbricazzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pubbricazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Publishing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%87%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%BB" title="ڇپائڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڇپائڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="بڵاوکردنەوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڵاوکردنەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izdava%C5%A1tvo" title="Izdavaštvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Izdavaštvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustannustoimi" title="Kustannustoimi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kustannustoimi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பதிப்பகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதிப்பகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C" title="การจัดพิมพ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจัดพิมพ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Матбаа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Матбаа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yay%C4%B1mc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Yayımcılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yayımcılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Видавнича справа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Видавнича справа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_b%E1%BA%A3n" title="Chế bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chế bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%8A%E8%A1%8C" title="刊行 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="刊行" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="出版 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Production and distribution of media</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Publisher" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Publisher_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Publisher (disambiguation)">Publisher (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shelves_of_titles_at_the_Aboriginal_Studies_Press_bookshop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shelves_of_titles_at_the_Aboriginal_Studies_Press_bookshop.jpg/220px-Shelves_of_titles_at_the_Aboriginal_Studies_Press_bookshop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shelves_of_titles_at_the_Aboriginal_Studies_Press_bookshop.jpg/330px-Shelves_of_titles_at_the_Aboriginal_Studies_Press_bookshop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shelves_of_titles_at_the_Aboriginal_Studies_Press_bookshop.jpg/440px-Shelves_of_titles_at_the_Aboriginal_Studies_Press_bookshop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Studies_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Studies Press">Aboriginal Studies Press</a> (ASP) bookshop at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Publishing</b> is the activity of making information, literature, music, software, and other content available to the public for sale or free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printed works</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>. With the advent of digital information systems, the scope has expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">digital publishing</a> such as <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Magazines">digital magazines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">websites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher">video game publishing</a>. </p><p>The commercial publishing industry ranges from large multinational conglomerates such as <a href="/wiki/News_Corp" title="News Corp">News Corp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson PLC">Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to major retail brands and thousands of small independent publishers. It has various divisions such as trade/retail publishing of fiction and non-fiction, educational publishing, and <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic and scientific publishing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publishing is also undertaken by governments, civil society, and private companies for administrative or compliance requirements, business, research, advocacy, or public interest objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can include <a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">annual reports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Research_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Research reports">research reports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">market research</a>, policy briefings, and <a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">technical reports</a>. <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a> has become very common. </p><p>Publishing has evolved from a small, ancient form limited by law or religion to a modern, large-scale industry disseminating all types of information.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<b>Publisher</b>" can refer to a publishing company, organization, or an individual who leads a publishing company, <a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">imprint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodical</a>, or newspaper. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stages_of_publishing">Stages of publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Stages of publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The publishing process covering most <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journal</a>, and book publishers includes: <i>(Different stages are applicable to different types of publishers)</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copywriting" title="Copywriting">Copywriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">Proofreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">Correction cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">Indexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">Final corrections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Web publishing">Web publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepress" title="Prepress">Prepress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Post press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_publishers">Types of publishers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of publishers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspaper_publishing">Newspaper publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Newspaper publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">news websites</a> are publications of current reports, <a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">articles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feature_story" title="Feature story">features</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>. They are free, sometimes with a premium edition, or paid for, either individually or through a <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription</a>. They are filled with photographs or other media and usually are subsidized with <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>. Typically, they cover <a href="/wiki/Local_news" title="Local news">local</a>, national, and international news or feature a particular industry. Some organizations charge premium fees if they have the expertise and exclusive knowledge. The news industry is meant to serve the public interest, hold people and businesses to account, and promote freedom of information and expression.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Editors manage the tone of voice of their publication; for example, negative versus positive articles can affect the reader's perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_publishing">Journal publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Journal publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journal</a> is an academic or technical publication also available in digital and(or) print format, containing articles written by researchers, professors, and individuals with professional expertise. These publications are specific to a particular field and often push the boundaries established in these fields. They usually have <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> processes before publishing to test the validity and quality of the content.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magazine_publishing">Magazine publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Magazine publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a> is a periodical published at regular intervals. It features creative layouts, photography, and illustrations that cover a particular subject or interest. Magazines are available in print or digital formats and can be purchased on apps or websites like <a href="/wiki/Readly" title="Readly">Readly</a> or accessed free of charge on apps or websites like <a href="/wiki/Issuu" title="Issuu">Issuu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_publishing">Book publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Book publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The global book publishing industry consists of books categorized as <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">print</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">e-book</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a>. The book market is huge, with around 1.5 billion people speaking English.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Translation services are also available to make these texts accessible in other languages. Self-publishing makes publishing widely accessible through small print-run <a href="/wiki/Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">digital printing</a> or online self-publishing platforms. <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a> screen technology continues to improve with increased contrast and resolution making them more comfortable to read. Each book has a registered <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> to identify it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directory_publishing">Directory publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Directory publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">Directories</a> contain searchable indexed data about businesses, products, and services. They were printed in the past but are now mostly online. Directories are available as searchable lists, on a map, as a sector-specific <a href="/wiki/Web_portal" title="Web portal">portal</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Review_site" title="Review site">review site</a> (expert or consumer), or as a <a href="/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website" title="Comparison shopping website">comparison site</a>. Although some businesses may not consider themselves publishers, the way the data is displayed is published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textbook_publishing">Textbook publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Textbook publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a> is an educational book, or e-book, that contains information on a particular subject and is used by people studying that subject.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need for textbook publishing continues due to the global need for education.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Textbooks from major publishers are being integrated with online learning platforms for expert knowledge and access to a library of books with digital content.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/University_press" title="University press">university press</a> is an academic publisher run by a university. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> is the largest in the world and specializes in research, education, and English language teaching internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalog_publishing">Catalog publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Catalog publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A catalog is a visual directory or list of a large range of products that allow you to browse and buy from a particular company.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In print, this is usually in the format of a softback book or directory. Smaller visual catalogs can be known as brochures. With the Internet, they have evolved into searchable databases of products known under the term <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a>. Interactive catalogs and brochures like IKEA<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Avon<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allow customers to browse a full range if they have not decided on their purchase. Responsive web and app design will allow further integration between interactive catalog visuals and searchable product databases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_publishing">Web publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Web publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until recently, physical books were the primary source of recording knowledge. For accessibility and global reach, this content can be repurposed for the web. The <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, for example, holds more than 170 million items with 3 million new additions each year.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With consent, content can be published online through e-books, audio books, <a href="/wiki/Content_management_system" title="Content management system">CMS</a>-based websites, online learning platforms, videos, or mobile apps. On the Internet, writers and copy editors are known as content writers and content editors, although their roles vary from their print-based counterparts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising">Advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advertising can provide income or a subsidized income for publishers. If the advertising has a <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a> (ROI), the publisher can boost income exponentially by increasing the spending. An ROI of up to £10 per £1 invested is possible, as seen in the John Lewis & Partners <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Christmas_advert" title="John Lewis Christmas advert">Christmas campaigns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, any cost savings that harm the customer/consumer experience can impact a brand in the long term. <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_marketing" title="Multichannel marketing">Multichannel marketing</a> can be more cost-effective in creating an immersive experience that cannot be replicated with one channel. For example, when considering marketing spend, a shop with a small margin (or none at all) compared to a website is very cost-effective because it acts as a huge billboard that offers a browsing experience that enables consumers to make purchasing decisions. It gives them a feel for the brand, has a presence in the community, and creates jobs. Also, using social media publishing to advertise has a good ROI if trending, high-quality content is created that reflects positively on the brand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tie-in_publishing">Tie-in publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tie-in publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tie-in" title="Tie-in">Tie-in</a></div> <p>Film, television, radio, and advertisements publish information to their audiences. Computer games, streaming apps, and social media publish content in various ways that can keep audiences more engaged. Marketing additional products closely related to a major film, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i>, is an example of tie-in publishing. These products include but are not limited to spin-off books, graphic novels, soundtrack albums, computer games, models and toys, social media posts, and promotional publications. Examples of tie-in publishing based on books are the <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a></i> franchises. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Periodical_publication" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical publication">Periodical publication</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_publishing_sub-divisions">Book publishing sub-divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Book publishing sub-divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2023-2024-Key-Book-Publishing-Paths-by-Jane-Friedman-1000x647.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2023-2024-Key-Book-Publishing-Paths-by-Jane-Friedman-1000x647.png/220px-2023-2024-Key-Book-Publishing-Paths-by-Jane-Friedman-1000x647.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2023-2024-Key-Book-Publishing-Paths-by-Jane-Friedman-1000x647.png/330px-2023-2024-Key-Book-Publishing-Paths-by-Jane-Friedman-1000x647.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2023-2024-Key-Book-Publishing-Paths-by-Jane-Friedman-1000x647.png/440px-2023-2024-Key-Book-Publishing-Paths-by-Jane-Friedman-1000x647.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Book publishing company" redirects here. For the publisher named Book Publishing Company, see <a href="/wiki/The_Farm_(Tennessee)" title="The Farm (Tennessee)">The Farm (Tennessee)</a>.</div> <p>The publishing landscape is continually evolving. Currently there are four major types of publishers in book publishing:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainstream_publishers">Mainstream publishers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mainstream publishers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These companies traditionally produce hardcopy books in large print runs. They have established networks which distribute those books to bricks-and-mortar stores and libraries. </p><p>When a mainstream publisher accepts a book for publication, they require the author to sign a contract surrendering some rights to the publisher. In exchange, the publisher will take care of all aspects of publishing the book at the publisher's cost. They rely entirely on sales of the book to recoup those costs and make a profit. The author receives a royalty on each sale (and sometimes an advance on royalties when the book is accepted<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Because of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">financial risk</a>, mainstream publishers are extremely selective in what they will publish, and reject most manuscripts submitted to them.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Pearson</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Stiftung" title="Bertelsmann Stiftung">Bertelsmann</a>) merged, narrowing the mainstream publishing industry to a handful of big publishers as it adapted to digital media.<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin_Random_House_to_Buy_Simon_&_Schuster_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin_Random_House_to_Buy_Simon_&_Schuster-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merger created the largest consumer book publisher globally, with a global market share of more than 25 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, approximately 80% percent of the United States trade market for books was controlled by the "<b>Big Five</b>" publishing houses: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette Book Group USA">Hachette</a>, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2020, ViacomCBS agreed to sell Simon & Schuster, the third largest book publisher in the United States, to Penguin Random House in a deal that, if it had gone through, would have formed the largest publishing company in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin_Random_House_to_Buy_Simon_&_Schuster_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin_Random_House_to_Buy_Simon_&_Schuster-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 2, 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> filed a lawsuit (U.S. v. Bertelsmann SE & CO. KGaA, et al.) to block the merger on antitrust grounds,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on October 31, 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">D.C. District Court</a> ruled in favor of the Department of Justice, filing a permanent injunction on the merger.<sup id="cite_ref-Judge_Blocks_a_Merger_of_Penguin_Random_House_and_Simon_&_Schuster_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judge_Blocks_a_Merger_of_Penguin_Random_House_and_Simon_&_Schuster-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">distributor</a> who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis. </p><p>Some major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g., Ballantine <a href="/wiki/Del_Rey_Books" title="Del Rey Books">Del Rey</a> LucasBooks has the exclusive rights to <i>Star Wars</i> in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/<a href="/wiki/Black_Library" title="Black Library">Black Library</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warhammer_Fantasy_(setting)" title="Warhammer Fantasy (setting)"><i>Warhammer</i></a>) and Wizards of the Coast (<i><a href="/wiki/Dragonlance" title="Dragonlance">Dragonlance</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Forgotten_Realms" title="Forgotten Realms">Forgotten Realms</a></i>, etc.). The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> has its own publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively, and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.<sup id="cite_ref-cave_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cave-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> has provided an alternative mode of book distribution and most mainstream publishers also offer their books in ebook format. Preparing a book for e-book publication is the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different publishing mediums; E-book publication also eliminates some costs like the discount given to retailers (usually around 45 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-ireaderreview.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ireaderreview.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_presses">Small presses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Small presses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small publishers, also called independent or indie publishers,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operate on a traditional model (i.e. the author surrenders some rights in exchange for the publisher bearing all costs of publishing), but their precise terms can vary greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, they do not pay an advance on royalties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_publishing"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_publishing" title="Hybrid publishing">Hybrid publishing</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hybrid publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hybrid publisher shares the costs of publication (and therefore the risks) with the author. Because of this financial risk, they are selective in what they publish. The contract varies according to what is negotiated between author and company, but will always include the surrender of some rights to the publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hybrid publishing is the source of debate in the publishing industry, due to the tendency of vanity presses to masquerade as hybrids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanity_presses"><a href="/wiki/Vanity_press" title="Vanity press">Vanity presses</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vanity presses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A vanity press will publish any book. In return, the author must cover all the costs of publication, surrender some rights to the publisher, and pay royalties on sales. Vanity presses often engage in deceptive practices or offer costly, poor-quality services with limited recourse available to the writer. In the US, these practices have been cited by the <a href="/wiki/Better_Business_Bureau" title="Better Business Bureau">Better Business Bureau</a> as unfavorable reports by consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the bad reputation of vanity publishing, many vanity presses brand themselves as hybrid publishers. The Society of Authors (SoA) and the Writers' Guild of Great Britain (WGGB) have called for reform of the paid-for publishing sector. These unions, representing 14,800 authors, jointly published a report to expose widespread bad practices among companies that charge writers to publish their work while taking away their rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-publishing"><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Self-publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When an author self-publishes a book, they retain all rights and assume responsibility for all stages of preparing, publishing and distributing the book. The author may hire professionals on a fee-for-service basis as needed, (e.g. an editor, cover designer, proofreader) or engage a company to provide an integrated package.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a> uses the digitization of books to mark them up into <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> and produce multiple formats to sell to customers, often targeting those who experience difficulty reading. Formats include a variety of larger print sizes, specialized print formats for <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eye tracking problems, and <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_accessible_information_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital accessible information system">DAISY</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/E-books" class="mw-redirect" title="E-books">e-books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimize environmental impact. One example is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further development is the growth of online publishing, where no physical books are produced. The author creates an e-book and uploads it to a website, from which anyone can download and read it. </p><p>An increasing number of authors are using <a href="/wiki/Niche_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche marketing">niche marketing</a> online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Refer to the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.<sup id="cite_ref-pub_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pub-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-itpub_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itpub-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">Publication</a></div> <p>Publication is the distribution of copies or <a href="/wiki/Content_(media_and_publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Content (media and publishing)">content</a> to the <a href="/wiki/General_public" class="mw-redirect" title="General public">public</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bc_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ucc_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucc-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention</a> requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which initially is always the author.<sup id="cite_ref-bc_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a>, "publication" is defined in Article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."<sup id="cite_ref-ucc_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucc-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privishing">Privishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Privishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Privishing</b> (<i>priv</i>ate publ<i>ishing</i>, but not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">self-publishing</a>) is a modern term for publishing a book but printing so few copies or with such lack of marketing, advertising, or sales support that it effectively does not reach the public.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be ordered specially, and has a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusal to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed." Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute a <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">breach of contract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg/300px-The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg/450px-The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg/600px-The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Printer working an early <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_letter_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutenberg letter press">Gutenberg letterpress</a> from the 15th century (1877 engraving)</figcaption></figure> <p>Publishing became possible with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">invention of writing</a> and became more practical upon the <a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">introduction of printing</a>. Before printing, distributed works were copied manually by <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribes</a>. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">development of books</a>. </p><p>The Chinese inventor <a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> of earthenware <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1045</span>, but there are no known surviving examples of his work. The Korean civil servant <a href="/wiki/Ch%27oe_Yun-%C5%ADi" title="Ch'oe Yun-ŭi">Ch'oe Yun-ŭi</a>, who lived during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> Dynasty, invented the first metal moveable type in 1234–1250 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> developed movable type in Europe around 1450, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and <a href="/wiki/Hand_mould" title="Hand mould">hand mould</a>. The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available. </p><p>Early printed books, single sheets, and images created before 1501 in Europe are known as <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunables</a> or <i>incunabula</i>. "A man born in 1453, the year of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> founded his city in A.D. 330."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_newspaper_publishing" title="History of newspaper publishing">history of modern newspaper publishing</a> started in Germany in 1609, with the publication <a href="/wiki/Magazine#History" title="Magazine">of magazines</a> following in 1663. </p><p>Missionaries brought printing presses to <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> in the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, publishing has been handled by <a href="#Types_of_publishers">publishers</a>, although some authors self-published.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">establishment of the World Wide Web</a> in 1989 soon propelled the <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> into a dominant publishing medium. <a href="/wiki/History_of_wikis" title="History of wikis">Wikis</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_blogging" title="History of blogging">blogs</a> soon developed, followed by <a href="/wiki/Online_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Online book">online books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper#History" title="Online newspaper">online newspapers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Online_magazine" title="Online magazine">online magazines</a>. This also facilitated the <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">technological convergence</a> of commercial and self-published content and the convergence of publishing and production into <a href="/wiki/Online_producer" title="Online producer">online production</a> through the development of <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> content. </p><p>A U.S.-based study in 2016 that surveyed 34 publishers found that straight, able-bodied, white females overwhelmingly represent the publishing industry in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)"><i>Salon</i></a> described the situation as a "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no significant statistical change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, the least amount of diversity was in higher-level editorial positions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_women_printers_and_publishers_before_1800" title="List of women printers and publishers before 1800">List of women printers and publishers before 1800</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">History of printing in East Asia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"><b>General</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_spread_of_the_printing_press" title="Global spread of the printing press">Global spread of the printing press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_publishing_companies" title="Lists of publishing companies">Lists of publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book_distributors" title="List of book distributors">List of book distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access publishing">Open access publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials,_periodicals_and_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Serials, periodicals and journals">Serials, periodicals and journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">Small press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zines" class="mw-redirect" title="Zines">Zines</a></li></ul> <p><b>Publishing on specific contexts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_published_per_country_per_year" title="Books published per country per year">Books published per country per year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">List of best-selling books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li></ul> <p><b>Publishing tools</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile publishing">Mobile publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_template_system" title="Web template system">Web publishing tools</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Journals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fjournals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/">"The Most Spoken Languages Worldwide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123213304/https://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Most+Spoken+Languages+Worldwide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F266808%2Fthe-most-spoken-languages-worldwide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/textbook">"textbook"</a>. <i>Colins Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112112056/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/textbook">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colins+Dictionary&rft.atitle=textbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ftextbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/docs/fbf-pre-release.pdf">"The Global Publishing Industry in 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>WIPO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112113056/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/docs/fbf-pre-release.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=The+Global+Publishing+Industry+in+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Fipstats%2Fen%2Fdocs%2Ffbf-pre-release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education-progress.org/en/articles/finance">"Finance"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128174527/https://www.education-progress.org/en/articles/finance">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>$5 trillion spent on education worldwide</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Finance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.education-progress.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Ffinance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pearson.com/en-us/pearsonplus.html">"Pearson+"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110011335/https://www.pearson.com/en-us/pearsonplus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pearson%2B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pearson.com%2Fen-us%2Fpearsonplus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/oxford-university-press">"About Oxford University Press"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129113933/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/oxford-university-press">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Forganisation%2Foxford-university-press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/catalog">"Catalog – (US Spelling)"</a>. <i>Collins Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115125109/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/catalog">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Catalog+%E2%80%93+%28US+Spelling%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcatalog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications-us-en.ikea.com/ikea_business_2023/page/1">"IKEA Business Brochure 2023"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115121021/https://publications-us-en.ikea.com/ikea_business_2023/page/1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IKEA+Business+Brochure+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications-us-en.ikea.com%2Fikea_business_2023%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avon.com/brochure">"Avon Catalog"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115121807/https://www.avon.com/brochure">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avon+Catalog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avon.com%2Fbrochure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/about-us/our-story/facts-and-figures-of-the-british-library">"The British Library"</a>. 12 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731015517/https://www.bl.uk/about-us/our-story/facts-and-figures-of-the-british-library">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+British+Library&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fabout-us%2Four-story%2Ffacts-and-figures-of-the-british-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span> (last checked 2023-01-12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301222551/https://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/media/press/y2019/jl-and-wr-launch-joint-christmas-tv-advert.html">"John Lewis & Partners and Waitrose & Partners launch first-ever joint Christmas TV Advert, 'Excitable Edgar'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. John Lewis & Partners. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/media/press/y2019/jl-and-wr-launch-joint-christmas-tv-advert.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Lewis+%26+Partners+and+Waitrose+%26+Partners+launch+first-ever+joint+Christmas+TV+Advert%2C+%27Excitable+Edgar%27&rft.pub=John+Lewis+%26+Partners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnlewispartnership.co.uk%2Fmedia%2Fpress%2Fy2019%2Fjl-and-wr-launch-joint-christmas-tv-advert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipaeffectivenessawards2020.awardsengine.com/winners/view_awards_entry.cfm?id_entry=100184">"John Lewis Christmas Campaigns"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216214335/https://ipaeffectivenessawards2020.awardsengine.com/winners/view_awards_entry.cfm?id_entry=100184">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Lewis+Christmas+Campaigns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipaeffectivenessawards2020.awardsengine.com%2Fwinners%2Fview_awards_entry.cfm%3Fid_entry%3D100184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span> (last checked 2023-02-16).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2021" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Jane (17 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://janefriedman.com/key-book-publishing-path/">"The Key Book Publishing Paths: 2023–2024"</a>. <i>Jane Friedman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jane+Friedman&rft.atitle=The+Key+Book+Publishing+Paths%3A+2023%E2%80%932024&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjanefriedman.com%2Fkey-book-publishing-path%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouisa2023" class="citation web cs1">Louisa (4 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louisadeasey.com/how-book-advances-work-in-traditional-publishing/">"how book advances work in traditional publishing"</a>. <i>Louisa Deasey Author</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louisa+Deasey+Author&rft.atitle=how+book+advances+work+in+traditional+publishing&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft.au=Louisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flouisadeasey.com%2Fhow-book-advances-work-in-traditional-publishing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJr2020" class="citation web cs1">Jr, Thomas Umstattd (30 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.authormedia.com/how-to-get-published-with-a-traditional-publishing-house/">"How to Get Published with a Traditional Publishing House"</a>. <i>Author Media</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Penguin+Random+House+to+Buy+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Lee%2C+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F25%2Fbooks%2Fsimon-schuster-penguin-random-house.html%3Fsurface%3Dmost-popular%26fellback%3Dfalse%26req_id%3D737305395%26algo%3Dbandit-all-surfaces%26imp_id%3D517891980%26action%3Dclick%26module%3DMost%2520Popular%26pgtype%3DHomepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfannerChozick2012" class="citation news cs1">Pfanner, Eric; Chozick, Amy (29 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/30/business/global/random-house-and-penguin-to-be-combined.html">"Random House and Penguin Merger Creates Global Giant"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126032442/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/30/business/global/random-house-and-penguin-to-be-combined.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.justice.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+V.+Bertelsmann+SE+%26+CO.+KGaA%2C+et+al&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fatr%2Fcase%2Fus-v-bertelsmann-se-co-kgaa-et-al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply either "|first=" and the actual title of the cited work, or use "|title=[untitled]" for intentional omission. (September 2022)">title missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judge_Blocks_a_Merger_of_Penguin_Random_House_and_Simon_&_Schuster-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judge_Blocks_a_Merger_of_Penguin_Random_House_and_Simon_&_Schuster_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlterHarris2022" class="citation news cs1">Alter, Alexandra; Harris, Elizabeth (31 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/31/books/penguin-random-house-simon-schuster.html">"Judge Blocks a Merger of Penguin Random House and Simon & Schuster"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122173104/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/31/books/penguin-random-house-simon-schuster.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Magic+of+Niche+Marketing+for+Authors&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.aulast=Rinzler&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fbooked%2F2010%2F07%2F29%2Fthe-magic-of-niche-marketing-for-authors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pub-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pub_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Organization_for_Standardization" class="citation web cs1">International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/products/standards/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=01&ICS2=140&ICS3=40&">"01.140.40: Publishing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606045311/http://www.iso.org/iso/products/standards/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=01&ICS2=140&ICS3=40&">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=01.140.40%3A+Publishing&rft.au=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fproducts%2Fstandards%2Fcatalogue_ics_browse.htm%3FICS1%3D01%26ICS2%3D140%26ICS3%3D40%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itpub-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itpub_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Organization_for_Standardization" class="citation web cs1">International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_ics_browse?ICS1=35&ICS2=240&ICS3=30&">"35.240.30: IT applications in information, documentation and publishing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606045331/http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_ics_browse?ICS1=35&ICS2=240&ICS3=30&">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Eisenstein">Elizabeth L. Eisenstein</a>, <i>The Printing Press as an Agent of Change</i> (Cambridge University, 1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazemba2019" class="citation web cs1">Gazemba, Stanley (13 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theelephant.info/culture/2019/12/13/african-publishing-minefields-and-the-woes-of-the-african-writer/">"African Publishing Minefields and the Woes of the African Writer"</a>. <i>The Elephant</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211031818/https://www.theelephant.info/culture/2019/12/13/african-publishing-minefields-and-the-woes-of-the-african-writer/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Elephant&rft.atitle=African+Publishing+Minefields+and+the+Woes+of+the+African+Writer&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft.aulast=Gazemba&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theelephant.info%2Fculture%2F2019%2F12%2F13%2Fafrican-publishing-minefields-and-the-woes-of-the-african-writer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzGerald2013" class="citation web cs1">FitzGerald, Jamie (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pw.org/content/notable_moments_in_selfpublishing_history_a_timeline">"Notable Moments in Self-Publishing History: A Timeline"</a>. <i>Poets & Writers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727023412/https://www.pw.org/content/notable_moments_in_selfpublishing_history_a_timeline">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poets+%26+Writers&rft.atitle=Notable+Moments+in+Self-Publishing+History%3A+A+Timeline&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.aulast=FitzGerald&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pw.org%2Fcontent%2Fnotable_moments_in_selfpublishing_history_a_timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2016" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (27 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/27/us-study-finds-publishing-is-overwhelmingly-white-and-female">"Publishing industry is overwhelmingly white and female, US study finds"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109023642/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/27/us-study-finds-publishing-is-overwhelmingly-white-and-female">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Publishing+industry+is+overwhelmingly+white+and+female%2C+US+study+finds&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fjan%2F27%2Fus-study-finds-publishing-is-overwhelmingly-white-and-female&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2016" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Paula Young (26 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2016/01/26/white_women_of_publishing_new_survey_shows_a_lack_of_diversity_behind_the_scenes_in_book_world/">"White women of publishing: New survey shows a lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world"</a>. <i>Salon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108110825/https://www.salon.com/2016/01/26/white_women_of_publishing_new_survey_shows_a_lack_of_diversity_behind_the_scenes_in_book_world/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=White+women+of+publishing%3A+New+survey+shows+a+lack+of+diversity+behind+the+scenes+in+book+world&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Paula+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2016%2F01%2F26%2Fwhite_women_of_publishing_new_survey_shows_a_lack_of_diversity_behind_the_scenes_in_book_world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2020" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (30 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/30/us-publishing-american-dirt-survey-diversity-cultural-appropriation">"US publishing remains 'as white today as it was four years ago'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129005358/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/30/us-publishing-american-dirt-survey-diversity-cultural-appropriation">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+publishing+remains+%27as+white+today+as+it+was+four+years+ago%27&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2020%2Fjan%2F30%2Fus-publishing-american-dirt-survey-diversity-cultural-appropriation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItalie2020" class="citation web cs1">Italie, Hillel (11 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/3bb3b469921e1f72fb3b81101ffdd9e0">"Missteps lead publishing industry to review diversity effort"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110094247/https://apnews.com/article/3bb3b469921e1f72fb3b81101ffdd9e0">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Missteps+lead+publishing+industry+to+review+diversity+effort&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft.aulast=Italie&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F3bb3b469921e1f72fb3b81101ffdd9e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublishing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Amory, H., & Hall, D. D. (2005). <i>Bibliography and the book trades : studies in the print culture of early New England</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press.</li> <li>Patten, E., McElligott, J. (Eds). (2014). <i>The perils of print culture: book, print and publishing history in theory and practice</i>. Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li>Johns, Adrian. (1998). <i>The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making.</i> University of Chicago Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publishing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Publishing</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/publishing" class="extiw" title="wikt:publishing">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Publishing" class="extiw" title="c:category:Publishing">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Publishing" class="extiw" title="q:Publishing">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Book_industries_and_trade" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Book industries and trade">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Open_publishing" class="extiw" title="v:Open publishing">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3972943" class="extiw" title="d:Q3972943">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Publishing</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Publishing">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalpublishers.org/">International Publishers' organisation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/printing-and-publishing">Printing and publishing</a> – Law Insider</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_publishing_process" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_publishing_process" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Book publishing process</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copy_(publishing)" title="Copy (publishing)">Copy</a> preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Submission</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Literary_agent" title="Literary agent">Literary agent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Publisher%27s_reader" title="Publisher's reader">Publisher's reader</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Contract negotiation</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalty</a> rates, format, etc.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Literary_editor" title="Literary editor">Literary editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_editor" title="Commissioning editor">Commissioning editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Developmental_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental editor">Developmental editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Authors%27_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Authors' editor">Authors' editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Book editor">Book editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editing</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prepress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">Indexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">Proof-reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proofreader%27s_marks" title="List of proofreader's marks">List of proofreader's marks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Book production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_folding" title="Book folding">Folding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_trimming" title="Book trimming">Trimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academic_publishing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_publishing" title="Template talk:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_publishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and ranking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">University presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy" title="List of academic publishers by preprint policy">Preprint policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides#Academic" title="List of style guides">Style/formatting guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing">Category:Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_documents" title="Category:Scientific documents">Category:Scientific documents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3972943#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3972943#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3972943#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1083463/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4187925-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Publishers and publishing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85108871">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Édition"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318593f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Édition"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318593f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572431">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vydavatelská činnost"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120092&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="publikační činnost"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137479&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Izdevējdarbība"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000061571&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548546705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Publishers and publishing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641759">NARA</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\P\U\Publishersandpublishing">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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