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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Satelit+komunikasi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Satelit+komunikasi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Satelit komunikasi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 64 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="قمر اصطناعي للاتصالات – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قمر اصطناعي للاتصالات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_de_comunicaciones" title="Satélite de comunicaciones – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Satélite de comunicaciones" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunikasiya_peyki" title="Kommunikasiya peyki – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kommunikasiya peyki" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_komunikasi" title="Satelit komunikasi – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Satelit komunikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="যোগাযোগ উপগ্রহ – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যোগাযোগ উপগ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Спадарожнік сувязі – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спадарожнік сувязі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikacioni_satelit" title="Komunikacioni satelit – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Komunikacioni satelit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Комуникационен спътник – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комуникационен спътник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit_de_comunicacions" title="Satèl·lit de comunicacions – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Satèl·lit de comunicacions" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunika%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_dru%C5%BEice" title="Telekomunikační družice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Telekomunikační družice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunikationssatellit" title="Kommunikationssatellit – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kommunikationssatellit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidesatelliit" title="Sidesatelliit – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sidesatelliit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τηλεπικοινωνιακός δορυφόρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλεπικοινωνιακός δορυφόρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Communications satellite" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_de_comunicaciones" title="Satélite de comunicaciones – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Satélite de comunicaciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunika_satelito" title="Komunika satelito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komunika satelito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikazio_satelite" title="Komunikazio satelite – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Komunikazio satelite" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ماهواره مخابراتی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهواره مخابراتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_de_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Satellite de télécommunications – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Satellite de télécommunications" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_de_comunicaci%C3%B3ns" title="Satélite de comunicacións – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Satélite de comunicacións" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0_%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1" title="통신 위성 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통신 위성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Կապի արբանյակ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կապի արբանյակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="संचार उपग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संचार उपग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikacijski_satelit" title="Komunikacijski satelit – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Komunikacijski satelit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isivoko_sokuxhumana" title="Isivoko sokuxhumana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isivoko sokuxhumana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecomunicazioni_satellitari" title="Telecomunicazioni satellitari – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telecomunicazioni satellitari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="לוויין תקשורת – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוויין תקשורת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9" title="ಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಉಪಗ್ರಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಉಪಗ್ರಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Байланыс серігі – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Байланыс серігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaru_pavadonis" title="Sakaru pavadonis – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sakaru pavadonis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunikatiounssatellit" title="Kommunikatiounssatellit – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kommunikatiounssatellit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%A1i%C5%B3_palydovas" title="Ryšių palydovas – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ryšių palydovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1vk%C3%B6zl%C3%A9si_m%C5%B1hold" title="Távközlési műhold – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Távközlési műhold" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="വാർത്താവിനിമയ ഉപഗ്രഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാർത്താവിനിമയ ഉപഗ്രഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Хиймэл дагуулын холбоо – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хиймэл дагуулын холбоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicatiesatelliet" title="Communicatiesatelliet – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Communicatiesatelliet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="通信衛星 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="通信衛星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunikasjonssatellitt" title="Kommunikasjonssatellitt – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kommunikasjonssatellitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunikasjonssatellitt" title="Kommunikasjonssatellitt – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kommunikasjonssatellitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloqa_sun%CA%BBiy_yo%CA%BBldoshi" title="Aloqa sunʻiy yoʻldoshi – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aloqa sunʻiy yoʻldoshi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelita_telekomunikacyjny" title="Satelita telekomunikacyjny – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Satelita telekomunikacyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_de_comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Satélite de comunicação – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Satélite de comunicação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_de_telecomunica%C8%9Bii" title="Satelit de telecomunicații – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Satelit de telecomunicații" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Спутники связи – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спутники связи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikimet_satelitore" title="Komunikimet satelitore – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Komunikimet satelitore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Communications satellite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikacijski_satelit" title="Komunikacijski satelit – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Komunikacijski satelit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مانگی دەستکردی پەیوەندییەکان – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مانگی دەستکردی پەیوەندییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikacioni_satelit" title="Komunikacioni satelit – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Komunikacioni satelit" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikacijski_satelit" title="Komunikacijski satelit – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Komunikacijski satelit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_Komunikasi" title="Satelit Komunikasi – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Satelit Komunikasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietoliikennesatelliitti" title="Tietoliikennesatelliitti – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tietoliikennesatelliitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunikationssatellit" title="Kommunikationssatellit – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kommunikationssatellit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தகவல் தொடர்பு செயற்கைக்கோள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தகவல் தொடர்பு செயற்கைக்கோள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="సమాచార ఉపగ్రహం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సమాచార ఉపగ్రహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ดาวเทียมสื่อสาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเทียมสื่อสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%87_tinh_th%C3%B4ng_tin" title="Vệ tinh thông tin – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vệ tinh thông tin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberle%C5%9Fme_uydusu" title="Haberleşme uydusu – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haberleşme uydusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Супутник зв'язку – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Супутник зв'язку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%81" title="مواصلاتی سیارچہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مواصلاتی سیارچہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelayt_pankomunikasyon" title="Satelayt pankomunikasyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Satelayt pankomunikasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" title="通信卫星 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="通信卫星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E8%A1%9E%E6%98%9F" title="通訊衞星 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="通訊衞星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="通訊衛星 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通訊衛星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q149918#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Satelit_komunikasi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satelit_komunikasi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satelit_komunikasi&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satelit_komunikasi&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Satelit_komunikasi" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Satelit_komunikasi" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satelit_komunikasi&oldid=6376109" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satelit_komunikasi&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Satelit_komunikasi&id=6376109&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSatelit_komunikasi"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSatelit_komunikasi"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Satelit+komunikasi"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Satelit_komunikasi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satelit_komunikasi&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Communication_satellites" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q149918" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Iridium_Satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Iridium_Satellite.jpg/220px-Iridium_Satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Iridium_Satellite.jpg/330px-Iridium_Satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Iridium_Satellite.jpg/440px-Iridium_Satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Replika sebuah <a href="/wiki/Satelit_Ink." title="Satelit Ink.">satelit</a> Iridium</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Satelit komunikasi</b> ialah sejenis <a href="/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit">satelit</a> buatan yang digunakan bagi menyampaikan dan menguatkan isyarat <a href="/wiki/Telekomunikasi_di_Malaysia" title="Telekomunikasi di Malaysia">telekomunikasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> melalui transponder. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satelit komunikasi</a> digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Televisyen" title="Televisyen">televisyen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon">telefon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Internet" title="Radio Internet">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aplikasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplikasi">aplikasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ketenteraan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenteraan">ketenteraan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak satelit <a href="/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi">komunikasi</a> berada dalam <a href="/wiki/Orbit_geopegun" title="Orbit geopegun">orbit geopegun</a> 22,236 batu (35,785 km) di atas <a href="/wiki/Khatulistiwa" title="Khatulistiwa">Khatulistiwa</a>, menjadikan satelit kelihatan pegun pada titik yang sama di langit. </p><p>Di Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/Satelit_pantau_bumi" title="Satelit pantau bumi">satelit</a> yang digunakan termasuklah <a href="/wiki/RazakSAT" title="RazakSAT">RazakSAT</a> dan <a href="/wiki/MEASAT" title="MEASAT">MEASAT</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satelit_komunikasi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satelit_komunikasi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ensiklopedia.com/satellite-communication">"satellite communication"</a>. <i>Ensiklopedia dunia</i>. 2015-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2017-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=satellite+communication&rft.btitle=Ensiklopedia+dunia&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ensiklopedia.com%2Fsatellite-communication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ASatelit+komunikasi" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|trans_title=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telekomunikasi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible Malaysia navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Telekomunikasi" title="Templat:Telekomunikasi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Telekomunikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Telekomunikasi (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Telekomunikasi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telekomunikasi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telekomunikasi" title="Telekomunikasi">Telekomunikasi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_komunikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah komunikasi (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Telecom-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simbol telekomunikasi"><img alt="Simbol telekomunikasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/50px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/75px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/100px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Simbol telekomunikasi</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beacon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beacon (laman tidak wujud)">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_penyiaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah penyiaran (laman tidak wujud)">Penyiaran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sejarah">Satelit komunikasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangkaian_komputer#Sejarah" title="Rangkaian komputer">Rangkaian komputer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gendang_dalam_komunikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gendang dalam komunikasi (laman tidak wujud)">Gendang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraf_elektrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telegraf elektrik (laman tidak wujud)">Telegraf elektrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faks#Sejarah" title="Faks">Faks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliograf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliograf (laman tidak wujud)">Heliograf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraf_hidraulik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telegraf hidraulik (laman tidak wujud)">Telegraf hidraulik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Internet" title="Sejarah Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_massa#Sejarah" title="Media massa">Media massa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_telefon_mudah_alih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah telefon mudah alih (laman tidak wujud)">Telefon mudah alih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunikasi_optik" title="Komunikasi optik">Telekomunikasi optikal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talian_semafor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talian semafor (laman tidak wujud)">Telegraf optikal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotofon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotofon (laman tidak wujud)">Fotofon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_telefon_bimbit_prabayar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah telefon bimbit prabayar (laman tidak wujud)">Telefon bimbit prabayar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah radio (laman tidak wujud)">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelefon" title="Radiotelefon">Radiotelefon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satelit komunikasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isyarat_asap" title="Isyarat asap">Isyarat asap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_telekomunikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah telekomunikasi (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah telekomunikasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegrafi" title="Telegrafi">Telegrafi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_telefon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah telefon (laman tidak wujud)">Telefon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Telephone_Cases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Telephone Cases (laman tidak wujud)">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_televisyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah televisyen (laman tidak wujud)">Televisyen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_masa_teknologi_komunikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis masa teknologi komunikasi (laman tidak wujud)">Garis masa teknologi komunikasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabel_komunikasi_bawah_laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabel komunikasi bawah laut (laman tidak wujud)">Talian telegraf bawah laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidang_video#Sejarah" title="Sidang video">Persidangan video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefon_video#Sejarah_awal" title="Telefon video">Telefon video</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_videotelefoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah videotelefoni (laman tidak wujud)">Videotelefoni</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perintis</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Howard_Armstrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong (laman tidak wujud)">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Chappe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Chappe (laman tidak wujud)">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_de_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee de Forest (laman tidak wujud)">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Fessenden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Fessenden (laman tidak wujud)">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisha_Gray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisha Gray (laman tidak wujud)">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Innocenzo_Manzetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innocenzo Manzetti (laman tidak wujud)">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Meucci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Meucci (laman tidak wujud)">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov (laman tidak wujud)">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Philipp_Reis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Philipp Reis (laman tidak wujud)">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camille_Papin_Tissot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camille Papin Tissot (laman tidak wujud)">Camille Papin Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Vail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Vail (laman tidak wujud)">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wheatstone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Wheatstone (laman tidak wujud)">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_K._Zworykin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin (laman tidak wujud)">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_penghantaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media penghantaran (laman tidak wujud)">Media<br />penghantaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabel_sepaksi" title="Kabel sepaksi">Kabel sepaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunikasi_optik_ruang_bebas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunikasi optik ruang bebas (laman tidak wujud)">Optik ruang bebas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangkaian_berskala_nano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangkaian berskala nano (laman tidak wujud)">Molekul (rangkaian berskala nano)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentian_optik" title="Gentian optik">Gentian optik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelombang_radio" title="Gelombang radio">Gelombang radio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talian_telefon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talian telefon (laman tidak wujud)">Talian telefon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelombang_mikro#Komunikasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelombang mikro">Gelombang mikro bumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologi_rangkaian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topologi rangkaian (laman tidak wujud)">Topologi</a><br />dan pensuisan rangkaian</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_telekomunikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubungan telekomunikasi (laman tidak wujud)">Hubungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nod_(rangkaian)" title="Nod (rangkaian)">Nod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telekomunikasi)" title="Terminal (telekomunikasi)">Terminal nod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suis_rangkaian" title="Suis rangkaian">Suis rangkaian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pensuisan_litar" title="Pensuisan litar">litar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensuisan_paket" title="Pensuisan paket">paket</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertukaran_telefon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertukaran telefon (laman tidak wujud)">pertukaran telefon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pemultipleksan" title="Pemultipleksan">Pemultipleksan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIMO_berbilang_pengguna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIMO berbilang pengguna (laman tidak wujud)">Pembahagian ruang</a></li> <li><a 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