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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sa.wikipedia.org&uselang=sa" class=""><span>दानम्</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D&returnto=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नूतनसदस्यतां प्राप्य प्रविश्यताम् इति सूच्यते किन्तु न एतद् अनिवार्यम्" class=""><span>सदस्यता प्राप्यताम्</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83&returnto=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रवेशाय प्रोत्सहामहे । परन्तु प्रवेशः अनिवार्यः नास्ति । [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>प्रविश्यताम्</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="अन्य विकल्प" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="वैयक्तिकोपकरणानि" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">वैयक्तिकोपकरणानि</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sa.wikipedia.org&uselang=sa"><span>दानम्</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D&returnto=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नूतनसदस्यतां प्राप्य प्रविश्यताम् इति सूच्यते किन्तु न एतद् अनिवार्यम्"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>सदस्यता प्राप्यताम्</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83&returnto=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रवेशाय प्रोत्सहामहे । परन्तु प्रवेशः अनिवार्यः नास्ति । [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>प्रविश्यताम्</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> लॉग-आउट किए गए संपादकों के लिए पृष्ठ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF" aria-label="संपादन के बारे में अधिक जानें"><span>अधिक जानें</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="इस आईपी पते से संपादन की सूची [y]" accesskey="y"><span>अंशदाता</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="एतस्मात् ऐपिसङ्केतात् सम्पादनस्य परिचर्चा । [n]" accesskey="n"><span>सम्भाषणम्</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">शुरुआत</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-महत्त्वम्" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#महत्त्वम्"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">१</span> <span>महत्त्वम्</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-महत्त्वम्-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-भाषातत्त्वानि" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#भाषातत्त्वानि"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">२</span> <span>भाषातत्त्वानि</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-भाषातत्त्वानि-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-विकासक्रमः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#विकासक्रमः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">३</span> <span>विकासक्रमः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-विकासक्रमः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-संस्कृतम्" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#संस्कृतम्"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">४</span> <span>संस्कृतम्</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-संस्कृतम्-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-भाषाणां_कुटुम्बाः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#भाषाणां_कुटुम्बाः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">५</span> <span>भाषाणां कुटुम्बाः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-भाषाणां_कुटुम्बाः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-लिपिः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#लिपिः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">६</span> <span>लिपिः</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-लिपिः-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>लिपिः उप-अनुभाग को टॉगल करें</span> </button> <ul id="toc-लिपिः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-सम्बद्धाः_लेखाः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सम्बद्धाः_लेखाः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">६.१</span> <span>सम्बद्धाः लेखाः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सम्बद्धाः_लेखाः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सन्दर्भाः" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सन्दर्भाः"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">६.२</span> <span>सन्दर्भाः</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सन्दर्भाः-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="सामग्री" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="विषयसूची को टॉगल करें" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">विषयसूची को टॉगल करें</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">भाषा</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="दूसरे भाषा में लेख पर जाएँ। २६० भाषाओं में उपलब्ध" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-260" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">२६० भाषाएँ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa" title="Bahsa – अचिनीस्" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="अचिनीस्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="निर्वाचितलेखः"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taal" title="Taal – अफ्रिक्कान्स्" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="अफ्रिक्कान्स्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprache" title="Sprache – स्विस जर्मन" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="स्विस जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Тил – दक्षिणी अल्ताई" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Тил" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="दक्षिणी अल्ताई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B" title="ቋንቋ – अंहाऱिक्" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቋንቋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="अंहाऱिक्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowal" title="Sowal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Sowal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengache" title="Luengache – अरागोनी" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengache" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="अरागोनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A6c" title="Spræc – पुरानी अंग्रेज़ी" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Spræc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="पुरानी अंग्रेज़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="لغة – अऱबिक्" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अऱबिक्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_(%DC%A1%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%A0%DC%90)" title="ܠܫܢܐ (ܡܡܠܠܐ) – ऐरेमेक" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ (ܡܡܠܠܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="ऐरेमेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="لوغة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لوغة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87" title="لغه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ভাষা – असमिया" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="असमिया" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llinguaxe" title="Llinguaxe – अस्तुरियन" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llinguaxe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="अस्तुरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="МацӀ – अवेरिक" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="МацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="अवेरिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – अवधी" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="अवधी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru" title="Aru – आयमारा" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="आयमारा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil" title="Dil – अज़रबैजानी" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="अज़रबैजानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="دیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тел (лингвистика) – बशख़िर" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тел (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="बशख़िर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – बालिनीस" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="बालिनीस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproch" title="Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata" title="Hata – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon" title="Tataramon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мова – बेलारूसी" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Език (лингвистика) – बुल्गारियाई" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Език (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बुल्गारियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue" title="Langue – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Langue" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%84%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AB" title="ဘာႏသာႏငဝ်းငွါ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဘာႏသာႏငဝ်းငွါ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan" title="Kan – बाम्बारा" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="बाम्बारा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ভাষা – बंगाली" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="बंगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐད་རིགས། – तिब्बती" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐད་རིགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="तिब्बती" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh" title="Yezh – ब्रेटन" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ब्रेटन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik – बोस्नियाई" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="बोस्नियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro" title="Saro – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenguatge" title="Llenguatge – कातालान" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llenguatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="कातालान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaje" title="Lenguaje – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Lenguaje" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-ngi%C3%B2ng" title="Ngṳ̄-ngiòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngṳ̄-ngiòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Мотт – चेचन" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="चेचन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongan" title="Pinulongan – सिबुआनो" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="सिबुआनो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenggu%C3%A5hi" title="Lengguåhi – कमोरो" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Lengguåhi" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="कमोरो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – चेरोकी" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="चेरोकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمان – सोरानी कुर्दिश" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="सोरानी कुर्दिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til" title="Til – क्रीमीन तुर्की" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Til" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="क्रीमीन तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazyk_(lingvistika)" title="Jazyk (lingvistika) – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jazyk (lingvistika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A8%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Ѩꙁꙑкъ – चर्च साल्विक" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="चर्च साल्विक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Чĕлхе – चूवाश" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕлхе" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="चूवाश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith" title="Iaith – वेल्श" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="वेल्श" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprog" title="Sprog – डेनिश" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%9Bt%C9%94%C9%A3ili" title="Yɛtɔɣili – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Yɛtɔɣili" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprache" title="Sprache – जर्मनभाषा:" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मनभाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan_(l%C4%B1san)" title="Zıwan (lısan) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwan (lısan)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ބަސް – दिवेही" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="दिवेही" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσα – यूनानी" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="यूनानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langua" title="Langua – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Langua" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="अच्छा लेख"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" title="Language – आङ्ग्लभाषा" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="आङ्ग्लभाषा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvo" title="Lingvo – एस्पेरेंतो" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="एस्पेरेंतो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaje" title="Lenguaje – स्पेनीय भाषा:" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पेनीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel" title="Keel – एस्टोनियाई" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="एस्टोनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintzaira" title="Mintzaira – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mintzaira" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguagi" title="Lenguagi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lenguagi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان – फ़ारसी" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="फ़ारसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieli" title="Kieli – फ़िनिश" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="फ़िनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiil_(keeletiid%C3%BCs)" title="Kiil (keeletiidüs) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kiil (keeletiidüs)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosa" title="Vosa – फिजियन" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vosa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="फिजियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1l" title="Mál – फ़ैरोइज़" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="फ़ैरोइज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langage" title="Langage – फ़्रांसदेशीय भाषा:" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ़्रांसदेशीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoua" title="Lengoua – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengoua" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A4ke_(iinjt%C3%A5l)" title="Spräke (iinjtål) – उत्तरी फ़्रीसियाई" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Spräke (iinjtål)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="उत्तरी फ़्रीसियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga%C3%A7" title="Lengaç – फ्रीयुलीयान" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lengaç" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="फ्रीयुलीयान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taal" title="Taal – पश्चिमी फ़्रिसियाई" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Taal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="पश्चिमी फ़्रिसियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga" title="Teanga – आयरिश" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आयरिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="語言" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanng" title="Lanng – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanng" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nan" title="Cànan – स्कॉटिश गाएलिक" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="स्कॉटिश गाएलिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaxe" title="Linguaxe – गैलिशियन" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="गैलिशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زوان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زوان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDte" title="Ñe'ẽte – गुआरानी" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽte" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="गुआरानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भास आनी भासविज्ञान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="भास आनी भासविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa – गोरोन्तालो" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="गोरोन्तालो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – गॉथिक" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="गॉथिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ભાષા – गुजराती" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="गुजराती" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengey_(%C3%A7haghteraght)" title="Çhengey (çhaghteraght) – मैंक्स" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengey (çhaghteraght)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="मैंक्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshe_(yare)" title="Harshe (yare) – हौसा" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshe (yare)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="हौसा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%AE-ngi%C3%A8n" title="Ngî-ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngî-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94" title="שפה – हिब्रू" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="हिब्रू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – हिन्दी" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="हिन्दी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhasa" title="Bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik – क्रोएशियाई" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_(paw%C3%B2l)" title="Lang (pawòl) – हैतियाई" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang (pawòl)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="हैतियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyelv" title="Nyelv – हंगेरियाई" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="हंगेरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Լեզու – आर्मेनियाई" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="आर्मेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Լեզու – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լեզու" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguage" title="Linguage – इंटरलिंगुआ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguage" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="इंटरलिंगुआ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku" title="Jaku – इबान" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="इबान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa – इंडोनेशियाई" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="इंडोनेशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue" title="Lingue – ईन्टरलिंगुइ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lingue" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="ईन्टरलिंगुइ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5" title="Asụsụ – ईग्बो" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ईग्बो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqautchit" title="Uqautchit – इनुपियाक्" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uqautchit" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="इनुपियाक्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao" title="Pagsasao – इलोको" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="इलोको" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Мотт – इंगुश" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="इंगुश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguo" title="Linguo – इडौ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="इडौ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungum%C3%A1l" title="Tungumál – आइसलैंडिक" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="आइसलैंडिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaggio" title="Linguaggio – इटलीदेशीय भाषा:" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linguaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इटलीदेशीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="言語 – सूर्यमूलीय भाषा:" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="सूर्यमूलीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languij" title="Languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bangu" title="bangu – लोज्बान" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bangu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="लोज्बान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – जावानीज़" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="जावानीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ენა – जॉर्जियाई" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="जॉर्जियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt" title="Tutlayt – कबाइल" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="कबाइल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1lyem_(nwap)" title="A̱lyem (nwap) – त्याप" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱lyem (nwap)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="त्याप" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C3%AEnga" title="Ndînga – कोंगो" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ndînga" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="कोंगो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BB_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тіл (лингвистика) – कज़ाख़" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тіл (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="कज़ाख़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqaatsit" title="Oqaatsit – कलालीसुत" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Oqaatsit" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="कलालीसुत" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6" title="ភាសា – खमेर" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="खमेर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಭಾಷೆ – कन्नड़" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="कन्नड़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="언어 – कोरियाई" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Кыв – कोमी-पर्मयाक" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="कोमी-पर्मयाक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Тил – कराचय-बल्कार" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="कराचय-बल्कार" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زَبان – कश्मीरी" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="कश्मीरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprooch" title="Sprooch – कोलोनियाई" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="कोलोनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman" title="Ziman – कुर्दिश" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ziman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="कुर्दिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Кыв – कोमी" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="कोमी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeth" title="Yeth – कोर्निश" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yeth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="कोर्निश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Тил – किर्गीज़" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="किर्गीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua" title="Lingua – लैटिन" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="लैटिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprooch" title="Sprooch – लग्ज़मबर्गी" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="लग्ज़मबर्गी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="ЧӀал – लेज़्घीयन" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЧӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="लेज़्घीयन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua" title="Lingua – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lingua" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taol" title="Taol – लिंबर्गिश" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="लिंबर्गिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz" title="Lingaz – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma – लॉमबर्ड" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Idioma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="लॉमबर्ड" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok%C3%B3t%C3%A1" title="Lokótá – लिंगाला" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lokótá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="लिंगाला" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2" title="ພາສາ – लाओ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="लाओ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba – लिथुआनियाई" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol%C5%ABda" title="Volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valoda" title="Valoda – लातवियाई" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="लातवियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa" title="Bhâsa – मादुरीस" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="मादुरीस" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – मैथिली" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="मैथिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Кяль – मोक्ष" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="मोक्ष" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_(heviny_mivelatra)" title="Fiteny (heviny mivelatra) – मालागासी" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny (heviny mivelatra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="मालागासी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso" title="Bahaso – मिनांग्काबाउ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="मिनांग्काबाउ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Јазик – मकदूनियाई" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="मकदूनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഭാഷ – मलयालम" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="मलयालम" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэл – मंगोलियाई" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="मंगोलियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯂꯣꯜ – मणिपुरी" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯣꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="मणिपुरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – मराठी" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="मराठी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa – मलय" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="मलय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa" title="Lingwa – माल्टीज़" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="माल्टीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘာသာစကား – बर्मीज़" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="बर्मीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="زوون – माज़न्देरानी" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="माज़न्देरानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua" title="Lengua – नीपोलिटन" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="नीपोलिटन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spraak" title="Spraak – निचला जर्मन" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="निचला जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taol" title="Taol – निचली सैक्सन" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Taol" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="निचली सैक्सन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – नेपाली" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="नेपाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="भाय् – नेवाड़ी" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="नेवाड़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li" title="Li – नियास" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Li" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="नियास" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taal" title="Taal – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk – नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk – नोर्वीजियन् बॊकामल्" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नोर्वीजियन् बॊकामल्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingues" title="Lingues – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Lingues" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2" title="ߞߊ߲ – एन्को" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="एन्को" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laungue" title="Laungue – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Laungue" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengatge" title="Lengatge – ओसीटान" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ओसीटान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ଭାଷା – ओड़िया" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ओड़िया" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Æвзаг – ओस्सेटिक" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ओस्सेटिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – पंजाबी" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="पंजाबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanu" title="Amanu – पाम्पान्गा" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="पाम्पान्गा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma – पापियामेन्टो" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Idioma" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="पापियामेन्टो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langache" title="Langache – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Langache" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schprooch" title="Schprooch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schprooch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भाषा – पाली" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="भाषा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="पाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laenghwij" title="Laenghwij – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Laenghwij" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_(mowa)" title="Język (mowa) – पोलिश" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język (mowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="पोलिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langagi" title="Langagi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Langagi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ژبه – पश्तो" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="पश्तो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem" title="Linguagem – पुर्तगालदेशीय भाषा:" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linguagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पुर्तगालदेशीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimay" title="Rimay – क्वेचुआ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rimay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="क्वेचुआ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua" title="Lingua – रोमान्श" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="रोमान्श" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chib" title="Chib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_(comunicare)" title="Limbă (comunicare) – रोमानियाई" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă (comunicare)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="रोमानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C3%A2" title="Limbâ – अरोमानियन" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limbâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="अरोमानियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Язык – रष्यदेशीय भाषा:" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रष्यदेशीय भाषा:" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Тыл (саҥарар) – याकूत" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тыл (саҥарар)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="याकूत" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – संथाली" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="संथाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas" title="Limbas – सार्दिनियन" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="सार्दिनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_(parr%C3%A0ta)" title="Lingua (parràta) – सिसिलियन" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua (parràta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="सिसिलियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leid" title="Leid – स्कॉट्स" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="स्कॉट्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ٻولي – सिंधी" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="सिंधी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giella" title="Giella – नॉर्दन सामी" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Giella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="नॉर्दन सामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A2ng%C3%A2k%C3%B6d%C3%B6r%C3%B6" title="Yângâködörö – सांगो" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Yângâködörö" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="सांगो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik – सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt" title="Tutlayt – तैचेल्हित" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="तैचेल्हित" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="භාෂාව – सिंहली" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="सिंहली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" title="Language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazyk_(jazykoveda)" title="Jazyk (jazykoveda) – स्लोवाक" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jazyk (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवाक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezik_(sredstvo_sporazumevanja)" title="Jezik (sredstvo sporazumevanja) – स्लोवेनियाई" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezik (sredstvo sporazumevanja)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagana" title="Gagana – सामोन" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Gagana" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="सामोन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel%C3%A2" title="Kielâ – इनारी सामी" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="इनारी सामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutauro" title="Mutauro – शोणा" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutauro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="शोणा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuqad_(Af)" title="Luuqad (Af) – सोमाली" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luuqad (Af)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="सोमाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_(komunikim)" title="Gjuha (komunikim) – अल्बेनियन्" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha (komunikim)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="अल्बेनियन्" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Језик – सर्बियाई" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="सर्बियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongo" title="Tongo – स्रानान टॉन्गो" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Tongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="स्रानान टॉन्गो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipuo" title="Dipuo – दक्षिणी सेसेथो" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Dipuo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="दक्षिणी सेसेथो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproake" title="Sproake – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa – सुंडानी" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="सुंडानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk – स्वीडिश" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="स्वीडिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha" title="Lugha – स्वाहिली" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="स्वाहिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godka" title="Godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kamu" title="kamu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kamu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="மொழி – तमिल" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="तमिल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="భాష – तेलुगू" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="तेलुगू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Забон – ताजिक" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ताजिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษา – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil" title="Dil – तुर्कमेन" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Dil" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="तुर्कमेन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wika" title="Wika – टैगलॉग" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="टैगलॉग" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyvon" title="Zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokples" title="Tokples – टोक पिसिन" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tokples" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="टोक पिसिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil" title="Dil – तुर्की" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari" title="Kari – तारोको" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="तारोको" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ririmi" title="Ririmi – सोंगा" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ririmi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="सोंगा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Тел – तातार" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="तातार" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84" title="تىل – उइगर" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="उइगर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мова – यूक्रेनियाई" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="यूक्रेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان – उर्दू" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="उर्दू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til" title="Til – उज़्बेक" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Til" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="उज़्बेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguajo" title="Lenguajo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lenguajo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kel%27" title="Kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Ngôn ngữ – वियतनामी" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="वियतनामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCk" title="Pük – वोलापुक" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="वोलापुक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaedje" title="Lingaedje – वाल्लून" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lingaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="वाल्लून" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinaknan" title="Yinaknan – वारै" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yinaknan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="वारै" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0llaama" title="Kàllaama – वोलोफ़" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kàllaama" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="वोलोफ़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言 – वू चीनी" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="語言" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="वू चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwimi" title="Ulwimi – ख़ोसा" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwimi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="ख़ोसा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9A" title="שפראך – यहूदी" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שפראך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="यहूदी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8" title="Èdè – योरूबा" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="योरूबा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah" title="Vah – ज़ुआंग" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="ज़ुआंग" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taele" title="Taele – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Taele" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ – मानक मोरक्कन तामाज़ाइट" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="मानक मोरक्कन तामाज़ाइट" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="अच्छा लेख"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言 – चीनी" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="語言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語言" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%BA" title="Giân-gú – मिन नान" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Giân-gú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="मिन नान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言 – कैंटोनीज़" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="कैंटोनीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu 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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="दिखावट"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">दिखावट</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">साइडबार पर जाएँ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">छुपाएँ</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">विकिपीडिया, कश्चन स्वतन्त्रः विश्वकोशः</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sa" dir="ltr"><p><b>भाषा</b> संकेतम् इनकोडम्, डीकोडम् च कृतुम् साधनम् अस्ति। जन्तवः सङ्गणकाणि च भाषायाः उपयोगम् करोतः। सामान्यतः जन्तुनाम् भाषाः प्राकृत्तिकाः सन्ति। परन्तु संगणकस्य भाषाः कृत्रिमाः एव सन्ति। </p><p>कतिचन मानवस्य भाषाः अपि कृत्रिकमाः सन्ति। लोजबानम्, इन्टरलिङ्वा, इडो, इतियादवः उदाहरणानि सन्ति। </p><p>संस्कृतम् विश्वस्य प्रथमः विकसितः भाषा अस्ति। संस्कृतात् एव अन्य विकसिताः आर्यभाषाः अजन्मत्, अतः संस्कृतम् भाषानाम् माता अस्ति। संस्कृतम् देवभाषा अपि अस्ति। </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE:Meithei_manuscript,_a_Indian_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Meithei_manuscript%2C_a_Indian_language.jpg/220px-Meithei_manuscript%2C_a_Indian_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Meithei_manuscript%2C_a_Indian_language.jpg/330px-Meithei_manuscript%2C_a_Indian_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Meithei_manuscript%2C_a_Indian_language.jpg/440px-Meithei_manuscript%2C_a_Indian_language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>प्राचीनभारतीयभाषाहस्तलेखः</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="महत्त्वम्"><span id=".E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D"></span>महत्त्वम्</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&section=1" title="सम्पादनविभागः: महत्त्वम्"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>भाषा हि जनानां भावाभिव्यक्तये सशक्त साधनम् । अन्यैरपि चेष्टादभिः साधनैर्भावाभिव्यक्तिस्तु सम्भवति किन्तु न तत्र सम्पूर्णता सम्भवति । भाषेवसो शक्तिर्यया मनुष्यः पशुतो भिद्यते तेनैव वाङ्नाम दैवी शक्तिः । भाषा हि - समुदायस्य महान् वानिधिः । उक्तमेव 'तां विश्वरूपाः पशवो वदन्ति' इति । |.. विश्वरूपाः इति समुदायसम्बद्धाः, पशव इति प्राणिन उपलक्षणाज्जनाः, वदन्ति इति सुखेनोच्चारणं कुर्वन्ति । अनेन भाषायाः स्वरूपं व्याख्यातं मवति यथा भाषा नाम सा वाक् या खलु कण्ठताल्वादिभिरुच्चारणस्थानैरुच्चार्यते, या च केनचित्समुदायेन भावस्य स्पष्टाभिव्यक्तये प्रयुज्यते इति । अर्थात् उच्चारणा। वयवेभ्यः समुच्चरितानां सार्थकध्वनिसमूहानां समष्टिरेव भाषा भण्यते । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="भाषातत्त्वानि"><span id=".E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF"></span>भाषातत्त्वानि</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&section=2" title="सम्पादनविभागः: भाषातत्त्वानि"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>अनेन भाषात्वसिद्धये चतुर्णा तत्वानामुपस्थितिरावश्यकी भवति । तानि चेमानि भवन्ति-- </p> <ul><li>जनानां मुखताल्वादिभ्य उच्चारणावयवेभ्यः समुच्चारितानां सार्थक- । ध्वनिसमुदायानां समष्टिरेव भाषा भवति,</li> <li>ताञ्च कश्चित्समुदायः स्वगतभावानां समग्राभिव्यक्तये प्रयुनक्ति, । | * तस्याश्च का विशिष्टा प्रक्रिया भवति या विवेचनीया निरूपणीया ।। च भवति</li> <li>तस्याश्चैकं सार्वजनीनं स्वरूपं भवति यस्यः कश्चिन्निश्चितो नियमो नियामको भवति ।</li> <li>सा च समुदायस्य भावसम्बद्धत्वात्सततपरिवर्तनशीला विकासोन्मुखी भवति । तादशश्च परिवर्तनमपि नियमत एव भवति न तु यथेच्छमिति ।</li></ul> <p>तादृशीं मनुष्यमात्रस्य सम्पद्भताऽनन्यप्राणिलभ्यां भाषा कथमुदैदिति विषये भाषाविदः परस्परं मंतपार्थक्यं जनयन्ति । केचिज्जनैः सम्भूय व्यवहारसौकर्याय भाषोत्पादितेति कथयन्ति किन्तु ते विस्मरन्ति यद्यदा भाषा नैवासीतदा जनाः कथं सम्भूताः कथञ्च ते परस्परं मन्त्रयाञ्चक्रुरिति । तेन मतमिदं नितान्तमेवाग्राह्यम् । केचित्तु भाषामीश्वरोत्पादितां मन्यन्ते तदपि । चिन्त्यमेव येतो यदि भाषेश्वरकृता भवेत्तदा तस्याः विश्वजनीनत्वं भवेत्। । किन्तु तथ्यं तद्विपरीतमेव । प्रतिसमुदायं भाषा भिद्यत एव तत्रापि प्रतिजाति तु भाषा परस्परासम्बद्धत्वेन भिद्यते अपरञ्चेश्वरकृताया भाषायाः कथं परिवर्तनधर्भसम्भवः । भाषा तु नितान्तपरिवर्तनशीला दृश्यते । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="विकासक्रमः"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.83"></span>विकासक्रमः</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&section=3" title="सम्पादनविभागः: विकासक्रमः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>केचिद्भाषां क्रमेण विकसित मन्यन्ते । आदौ मनुष्य एकाकी विचरन्नासीत् । आकस्मिकमैथुनधर्मेण तस्य सङ्ख्या व्यवर्धत । कालान्तरे जीवनसौकर्याय तेन सामूहिक जीवनमारब्धम् । समानशीलाः समानं समुदायमवलम्ब्य स्थातुं प्रवृत्ताः । समूहजीवनेन सहैव परस्परं विचारविनिमयस्यावश्यकतोदगात् । प्रेथमं . तु तच्चेष्टादिभिरभूर्तसाधनैः समपद्यत किन्तु यथा यथा व्यवहारस्य जंटिलताः । वृद्धिमाप्ता तथा तथा चेष्टादिसाधनानि विचारविनिमयाय नितान्तमपर्याप्तानि सञ्जातानि । अपरञ्चान्धकारे चेष्टादीनां न तथोपयोगिता सिध्यति । तेन जनैविचारविनिमयाय ध्वनिप्रयोगः समारब्धः । आदौ ध्वनिरपि अस्पष्टोऽव्यक्तार्थ : श्चासीत् । अधुनाऽपि केऽचित्पर्वतप्रदेशेषु अव्यक्तध्वनिना विचारस्य कश्चिदंशः प्रकटौक्रियते । व्यतीते च काले सम्प्रवृत्ते च जटिलव्यवहारे तेनाऽपि नैव कार्यसमापन समपद्यत । क्रमशस्तादृशेषु ध्वनिषु अर्थसमावेशःसमारब्धः अस्माच्छब्दादयम. वैतद्वस्तु बौद्धव्यमिति सङ्केतनपरम्परा समुदिता । तत्रापि : प्रायः शब्दा असंयुक्ता एकाक्षरिण एवासन् । तान्वयमधुना धातुसंज्ञया व्यवहरामो यथा भू-वा-या-पा इत्यादयः । कालान्तरे बर्धमानव्यवहारापेक्षया शब्दराशेरावश्यकता समजायत । ततश्च तेष्वेव यं कञ्चिदंशं संयोज्य नवा नवाः शब्दाः निमिताः। ततश्चानेन क्रमेण भाषाऽस्तित्वमागता ।-समुदायविशेषेणैव स्वानुकूलमाविष्कृतत्वात्सा प्रतिसमुदाय भिद्यत इति । </p><p>क्रीस्तधर्मग्रन्थों बाइबलमपि तथ्यमेवेदं समर्थयति । तदनुसारेण यदा इतरप्राणिसर्जनेनेश्वरो नैव सन्तुष्ट स्तदाऽन्ते स मनुष्यं सृष्टवान् । तं दृष्ट्वा च स परमप्रीतो बभूव । तमाशिभिः । संबध्यै स स्वसृष्टानां पदार्थानां नामकरणाय तमादिदेशः । मनुष्यो यं येना । ह्वयत्स तस्य नामाऽभूत् । इत्यञ्च भाषा समुदिता। तदा ईश्वरोऽचिन्तयधत्तस्य प्रियंमात्रं मनुष्य एकाकी वर्तते । एकाकी न रमते कोऽपि । तेन से ते निद्रा ददौ । निद्रितस्य शरीरादस्थिमांसंभागमादाय नारीं सृष्टबान्।।। यतः सी नेरशरीरांदंशमादाय सृष्टेति सा नारी नरस्यार्धाङ्गिनी । ततश्च तौ परस्परं ध्वनि साहाय्येनं, संल्लापमारेभतुर्यस्य विकसितं रूपमेव भाषा समजायत । यदाच. मनुष्याः पूर्वतः पश्चिम दिशं प्रति गतास्तदा, जगत्येको एव भाषाऽऽसीद्यञ्च सीमिता शब्दा एवीसनु। क्रमश, आवश्यकतानुसारेण शब्दनिधिवृद्धि प्रापित इति । </p><p>भारतीयपरम्पराऽपि 'दैवी वाचमजनयन्त देवास्तां विश्वरूपाः पशवों वदन्ति इत्याद्युक्त्वा भाषां देवतोत्पदिता कमेण मनुष्यै हीतां मन्यते । ऋषयः खलु शब्ददर्शको अर्थनिरकाश्च। अस्माच्छब्दादयमर्यों बोद्धव्य इति ईश्वरेच्छव शब्दशक्तिरिति देवतायत्ता भाषा एकैवाऽऽसीत् किन्तु यदा सा मनुष्यगृहीता तेषामल्पबुद्धित्वात्साधि २ मिन्ना जाता । भाषोत्पत्ति विकासवादिनः सत्यस्य नैक किन्त तेऽपि न यथार्थमाप्तुं समर्थ है हि एतद्विस्मरन्ति यन्नैमित्तिक ज्ञानं विना न किमपि सिध्यति । यदि स्वतः ज्ञानेन सर्वं सिध्येत्तदा मपदा सर्वोऽपि समुदायः समानेनैव रूपेण क्किसितः स्यात् । I'S ११ उ तत्प्रतिकूलम् । तादशनैमित्तिकज्ञानं तु ईश्वरसिद्धमेव । स्याद्ययार्थं यद्वा तद्वा भाषा " भाषाव्यवहारे विकासवादिमतं सदोपेक्षणीयं सम्भवति । दतव स्यात्किन्तु' तद्विकासस्तु क्रमेणावश्यकतानुसारमेव सञ्जातोऽन्यथा शवतिगतिकर्मा कम्बोजेष्वेव न सीमितो भवेत् । लवनाथं प्राच्येषु. प्रसिद्धो दातिरुदीच्येषु दात्र न भवेत् । महान् हि शब्दस्य प्रयोगविषयः । स हि एकदा कदाचिदपि सिंह, सिद्धो न भवितुर्महति । अयं विकासस्यैव परिणामः ।। </p><p>भाषोत्पत्तिविषये भारतीयपरम्परा काचिद्विशिष्टैव विचारणा रक्षति । तदनुसार वाङ्नाम अनादिनिधना नया च या स्वयम्भवा आदौ वेदमयी वाचमजनयन्त तां विश्वः प्रवृत्तयः समुद्भता इति । एवमेव देवाः प्रथमं दैवीं एवेव लोकेषु त्रीणि पशुषविश्वरूपाः पशवो वदन्ति । स वै सृष्टी चतुर्धा व्यभवत् । एतेषु तुरीयमिति। तस्माद्वाह्मणा उभयीं वाचं वदन्ति या च देवानां या च मनुयुष्याणामिति । तेन वेदाधारेणैव लौकिकभाषा विकसिताऽअवदिति । वृहस्पतिः प्रथमं वाचं ददर्श । स हि देवतार्थं तामंगृह्णादिति तत्र वेदेषु कथ्यते । वाग्वै प्रथममखण्डाऽऽसीत। तत्र सौकर्यायेन्द्रो मध्यतोऽवक्रम्य कतिप्रत्ययादिविभागेन व्याकरोत् । उक्तमेव - </p><p>‘तामखण्डां वाचं मध्ये विच्छिा प्रकतिप्रत्ययविभागं सर्वत्राऽकरोत्' इति । । एवमेव - तामिन्द्रो मध्यतोऽवक्रमम्य याकृतोऽवदत् । ते देवा इन्द्रमब्रुवन् इमां नो वाचं व्याकुवति । व्याकरोदिति ।<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>१<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> तत्र हि खलु - सर्वेषां स तु नामानि कर्माणि च पृथक्-पृथक् । वेदशब्देश्य एवादौ पृथक् संस्थाश्च निर्ममे इत्यपि मन्यते । नैतावन्मात्रमपितु एतावदपि मन्यते यदा साधुशब्दाः साधुशब्दच्छात्वेनैवार्थबोधकाः किन्तु भर्तृहरिस्तु तेषां साधुशंब्दवाचकतां नैव स्वीकरोति साधुशब्दज्ञानविहीनानामपि तेभ्योऽर्थबोधदृष्टेः । पुनश्च वयं भाषाविषयं विकासवादेन संयोज्याग्रिमं वक्तव्यं ब्रूमः । कामं भाषा संविदुत्पन्ना, ईश्वरनिदष्टा वा क्रमेण विकसिता वा भवेत्किन्तु तस्याः क्रमिकविकासस्तु न केनाप्यलपितुं शक्यते। एकाक्षरात्मकशब्दादेकाधिकाक्षरात्मक शब्दनिर्माण, एकार्थकबोधकशब्दोदनेकार्थवाचकत्वोत्पत्तिः वर्णागमः, वर्णविपर्ययः, वर्णविकारः, वर्णलोपश्च क्रमिकविकासस्यैव लक्षणानीति सर्वैः स्वीकर्तव्यमेव । कामं दण्डादण्डि वायुद्धं प्रवर्तेत किन्तु वेदसम्बद्धशब्दानामपि.मूलरूपं प्रथममेव : तथैवाऽऽसीदिति तु वयं विश्वसितुं नैव समर्थाः । वयन्तु तदपि भाषाया : विकसितं रूपमेव मन्यामहे यदि तथाकथने जिह्वा नैवापकृष्यते । किञ्च वयं वेदार्थमेव भाषां गृह्णीमो न तु भाषार्थ वेदान् । वेदाः प्राचीनतमा; पवित्रा ब्रह्मणो वाच इति न वयमपि विमुखास्तत्वतः किन्तु वैदिकशब्दा अपि कुमेण विकसिता इति तु तथ्यमपि नैवापलयामः । नित्यत्वं तु शब्दानामेव प्रकृतिप्रत्ययविभागस्तु कृत्रिमः । झिविभक्तिं कल्पयित्वा 'झोऽन्तः' इंति पठने प्रथममेव अन्ति इति पठने च नैव भेदो भवति पदनिमित्तम् । नित्यं तु भवन्ति एव कामं कश्चित्तत्केनाऽप्युपायेन साधयेत्। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="संस्कृतम्"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.83.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D"></span>संस्कृतम्</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&section=4" title="सम्पादनविभागः: संस्कृतम्"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>देवभाषा हि संस्कृतपदेनाभिधीयते इत्याचार्याः । 'संस्कृतं नाम दैवी वागन्वाख्याता मनीषिभिः' इति वचनात् । तस्य संस्कृतामिधानं प्रकृतिप्रत्यादिविभागैः संस्कृतत्वादिति मन्यते । इदमुच्यते यत्प्रथमं भाषा नितान्तमव्याकृताऽखण्डैवाऽऽसीत् ।सा च प्रतिपदपाठेनैबोपदिश्यते स्म । कथ्यते यद्वृहस्पतिरिन्द्राय दिव्यवर्षसहस्रं प्रतिपदोक्तानां शब्दानां पारायणं प्रोवाच' इति । तेन तदध्ययने महान परिश्रमः कालक्षयश्च आवश्यक आसीत् । तेन देवा इमां नो वाचं व्याकुरु'इति इन्द्रं 'प्रार्थयामासुः । इन्द्रश्च तां मध्यतोऽवक्रम्य प्रकृतिप्रत्ययविभागेन व्याकरोदिति । तेनैवेत्थं व्याकृतत्वादस्य संस्कृतमिति नाम सञ्जातमिति । ननु प्रकृतिप्रत्ययविभागस्तु अन्यास्वपि भाषासु भवत्येव । तेन कथं देवभाषैव संस्कृतमिति नाशङ्कितव्यम् । तस्यास्तथाभिधानं सर्वप्रथमत्वेन व्याकृतत्वात् । यद्यप्य" भिधानमिद लौकिकसाहित्ये एव दश्यते सम्मवतो भाषावबोधकत्वेन प्रथमभरतनाट्यशास्त्र एव तथाप्यस्य सम्बन्धो वैदिकपदै.सहापि नापलपितुं शक्यः । तदेतत्पर्यवस्यति यद्भाषा प्रथममखण्डाऽव्याकृता चासीत् । तस्य च व्याकृतं साहित्यिक रूपं संस्कृतपदेनाऽप्यभिधीयते । तत्संस्कृतरूपमनुमातुमशक्तैरभिधातृमिरवकीर्णं सत्प्राकृतं सजातम् । यथाऽऽह भर्तृहरिर्वाक्यपदीये - </p><p>दैवी वांगवकीर्णेय मशक्त रभिधातृमिः ।<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>२<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> इति । </p><p>एवमेव नाट्यशास्त्रेऽप्युक्तं - </p><p><b>“एतदेव बिपर्यस्तं संस्कारगुणवजितम् । विज्ञेयं प्राकृतं पाठ्यं नानावस्थान्तरात्मकम् ।'</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>३<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>तेनदेमवधेयं यद्द वभाषाया व्याकृतं स्वरूपं संस्कृतमवकीर्णञ्च स्वरूपं प्राकृतमिति । अनेनैवाशयेनोक्त' भवेत् - </p><p><b>प्रकृतिः संस्कृतम् । तत्र भवं तत आगतं वा प्राकृतमिति ।</b> अन्यथा व्याकरणनियमबद्धाया भाषायाः परिवर्तनं वा विकारः कथं कल्पितः स्यात् ।' । उक्तमेव वाक्यपदीयस्य स्वोपज्ञवृत्तौ ‘प्रकृतौ भवं प्राकृतं साधूनां शब्दानाम् । '' इति । तेनैव लौकिकसंस्कृतापेक्षया वैदिकभाषया सह प्राकृतभाषायाः । सान्निकट्यमपि एतदेव समर्थयति । यथां वेदे मूर्धन्यषकारस्य टवर्गसंयुक्तव खकारवदुच्चारणं यथा ‘प्रथमो दैव्यो भिषक' श्त्यत्र भिषक्पदे । प्राकृतेऽपि भिख- ।। .: गिति । लौकिकसंस्कृते तु भिषगेव ! यथैव सूर्यस्य वेदे सूज्य इत्युच्चारणं तथैव । </p><p>प्राकृतेऽपि, यदा इत्यस्य वेदे ज्यदा इत्युच्चारणं प्राकृते जदा इति, यमित्यस्य । वेदे ज्यमिति प्राकृते ‘जम्' इत्युच्चारणम् । तथैव वेदे न पदभक्तिः प्राकृतेऽपि तथैव । वेदे प्रतिपालिता स्वरभक्तिः प्राकृतेऽपि तथैव । संस्कृतस्य क्लिष्टत्वं संश्लेषणात्मकत्वञ्ब प्राकृतं नैव गृह्णातिं । लौकिकसंस्कृते अप्रथुक्तानामपि वैदिकशब्दांनों प्राकृते तत्समत्वेन वा तद्विकृतित्वेन प्रयोगश्चेदमेव तथ्यं सूचयति । ' तदित्थं वेदसम्मताऽपि. भाषा कालान्तरेण वर्णागमवर्णलोपवर्णविपर्यय। अर्थसङ्कोचविस्तारपार्थक्यादिभाषाविकारनियमैरवक्रान्ता प्रवर्धमानप्राकृतप्रयोग-समवकीर्णा च पुनर्वैयाकरणैः समयानुकूलं परिष्कृता सती लौकिकसंस्कृतसंज्ञां लेभे । तेनैव पाणिनिस्तां भाषाशब्देन लौकिकशब्देन च गृह्णाति । ‘भाषायां सद' ‘सर्वत्र विभाषा गोः' इत्यादिवाक्यैः ।लोकशब्दश्चोत्र, जनसामान्यवचनपरः । तत्र तत्र वैदिकशब्दानां कृते पृथगेव सूत्राण्यपि रचितानि यानि प्रक्रियाकौमुदीषु वैदिकप्रक्रिया नाम्ना पृथक् सङ्गृहीतानि । </p><p>वैदिकशब्देषु प्राकृतशब्दसम्मिश्रणादेव लौकिकसंस्कृतं समुत्पन्नम् । एवमेब कौकिकसंस्कृतेऽपि प्राकृतप्रभावप्रवेशादेव शाखाः सञ्जाताः । तादृशप्रतिशाखप्रचलितरूपाणि सङ्गृह्य पाणिनिना तस्य परिनिष्ठितं रूपं निरूपितम्। तत्रापि यदनुक्त वा दुरुक्त' वा तद्वतककारेण साधितं 'यवनाल्लिप्याम् । इत्यादिभिर्वातकैः । तच्च महाभाष्यकारेण सर्वं सङ्गृह्य स्थिरीकृतमिति साम्प्रतिको संस्कृतभाषा मुनित्रयप्रसादाप्तेति रहस्यम् । इयमेव देवभाषा सर्वविधभाषा जननी ।तामेव पाश्चात्या विचक्षणी ‘भारोपोय' शब्देनाह्वयन्ति । संज्ञा तु या काऽपि स्याद्भारोपीयो भारतेरानीया, वाऽन्यांपि, मूलतत्वं तु , सैव देववाणी या तामनुकर्तुमशक्त: स्वानुकूल्येन पृथग्रूपेणोच्चार्यते। 'दुहितर्' इति सम्यगुच्चारितुमशक्त : ‘डटर्' इति कथनमात्रेण तस्य मूलरूपं तु नैव विपद्यते । हेमदत्तस्य ‘हेल्मट' इति लक्ष्मीदत्तस्य ‘स्मिथ इति, कामं कश्चिद् ब्रूपात् किन्तु तल्लेखने तु तेऽपि हेमदत्त एव लिखन्ति । </p><p>संस्कृतभाषा केवलं साहित्यिकभाषेवाऽऽसीन्न तु व्यवहारभाषेति केचन निरर्गलं तर्कमप्युपस्थापयन्ति स्ववैचक्षण्यप्रदर्शनाय । किन्तु तथ्यं तद्विपरीतमेव । संस्कृतं हि प्राचीनकाले नितान्तमेव व्यावहारिकी भाषाऽप्यासीदिति बहुविधप्रमाणतो ज्ञायते । प्रथमन्तु तस्य शाखावत्वमेव प्रमाणम् । सामान्यतः परिवर्तशीलत्वमेव जीवितभाषाया भाषितभाषायाश्च लक्षणम् । यदि संस्कृतं हि भाषितभाषा न स्यात्तदा तत्र विकासोऽपि न स्यान्नचार्थविस्तार सोचावधि नैव च शाखाभेदः किन्तु संस्कृते एषां सर्वेषामेव समुपस्थितेः प्राक्काले संस्कृत भाषितभाषा आसीदिति स्पष्टमेव कामं तस्य प्रादेशिकता सीमिता आसीन। वाल्मीकिरामायणाज्ज्ञायते यत्तदा द्विजातयः (त्रयो वर्णाः) संस्कृतां नित दन्ति स्म । तत्समये द्विजातिप्रयुक्त तरजातिप्रयु क्तभाषयोरन्तरमासीत् । . तिप्रयुक्ता भाषा देवभाषेवाऽऽसीत् मनुष्यप्रयुक्ता तु तद्भिन्ना मानुषी सं अशोकवनप्राप्तो हनुमान् विचिन्तयति - </p><p><b>अहं ह्यतितनुश्चैव वानरश्च विशेषतः बाचञ्चोदाहरिष्यामि मानुषीमिह संस्कृताम् ।</b> </p><p><b>यदि बाचं प्रदास्यामि द्विजातिरिव संस्कृताम् रावणं मन्यमाना मां सीता भीता भविष्यति।।</b> इति। </p><p>यदि अहं द्विजातिरिव संस्कृतां वाचं ब्रवामित मां रावणं मत्वा भीता भविष्यति । तेनाहं मानुषीमेव किन्त वाचं वच्मीत्यस्याशयः । अनेनैतदपि सिध्यति यत्कामं मा थगेवाऽऽसीत्किन्तु तस्या अपि द्वे रूपे अ रस्तां संस्कृतम मानुषीभाषाभाषिणोऽपि द्विजातिभाषां संस्कृतं सम्यग्जानन्ति व रामायणे ‘बहु, व्याहरताऽनेन न किञ्चिदपशब्दितम्' भाषणे साधुशब्दानामपशब्दानाञ्च प्रयोगस्य प्रचलनं तथैव इत धुशब्दज्ञानं सिध्यति । 'विषयेऽस्मिन् बिश्वनाथाचार्यः कथयति "या भाषा सम्भाषणेषु प्रयुज्यते तत्र परिवर्तन स्वाभाविकमेव । वैदिकलौकिकसंस्कृतंयोः । परस्परसादृश्यं विलोक्य लौकिकसंस्कृतं वैदिकसंस्कृतस्यैव रूपान्तरमिति ।। प्रतिभाति । भाषापरिवर्तनेन सह तद्वयाकरणस्यापि परिवर्तनं सुनिश्चितम् । वैदिकलौकिकसंस्कृतव्याकरणयोस्तुलनया द्वयोरप्येतयोभषयोर्भेदज्ञानं भवत्येव इति ।<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>४<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> स च संस्कृतभाषा पतञ्जलिकालपर्यन्तमपि जनभाषाऽऽसीत् । तदनन्तरं सा शिष्टानामेव भाषात्वेनावशिष्टा। केचन वैदिकी भाषा कदाचित्सम्भाषणे नाऽऽसीत् । सा तु वेदवदनादिरपौरुषेया चेति मंन्यन्ते किन्तु तच्विन्त्यमेव यतो वेदे एंव ‘तां विश्वरूपा पशवो वदन्ति' “तस्माद् ब्राह्मणा उभय वाचं क्दन्ति, या च देवानां या च मनुष्याणामिति इत्यादि कथनात् तस्याः भाषितभाषात्वं सिध्यत्येव । कि यथेमां वाचं कल्याण आवदानि जनेभ्यः''; “सङ्गच्छध्वं संवदध्वं” इत्यादिकथनमभाषितभाषायामुपयुज्यते । कदापि नैव । </p><p>यास्कादारभ्य सर्वै एव प्राञ्चो वैयाकरणाः संस्कृत भाषापदेन व्यपदिशन्ति । भाषितत्वमेव भाषाया भाषात्वम् । इराह्वयने अन्तिमः स्वरः। प्लुतो भवति इति भाषितभाषायी लक्षणं विहाय किमन्यत् ? कम्बोजेष्वेवेति । कि संस्थितभाषालक्षणम् ? यदि संस्कृतं न जनभाषा, भवेत्तदा पालिपालिता बौद्धाः किनिमित्तं संस्कृते ग्रन्थाः प्रणयेयुः ? स्वयमेवाश्वघोषः पालि विहाय संस्कृते काव्यं प्रणिनाय । शिलालेखानां नवतिप्रतिशतभागो राजशासनानां तदधिकप्रतिशतभागः संस्कृते एव लिखितो दृश्यते इति परं प्रमाणं संस्कृतस्य भाषितभाषात्वे । अभिनयार्थं प्रणीतेषु नाटकेषु प्रयुक्ता भाषा कथन्नाम भाषितेतरा भवेत् । पाणिनिः संस्कृतशब्दानां प्राच्यौदीच्यदाक्षिणात्यरूपाणि स्मरति । तथा तु तदैव सम्भवति यद्रा सा भाषितावस्थाका भवेत् । एकस्यैव शब्दस्य एकाधिकरूपाण्यपि भाषितत्वमधिकृत्यैवं भवति तव, ते, मम, मे, मो, मा, गवाक् शब्दस्य तु नवाधिकशतरूपाणि च भाषायाः भाषितत्वस्यैव लक्षणम्।। व्याकरणानां बाहुल्यं तत्रापि मतान्तरं यथा 'लोपः शाकल्यस्य’, ‘अवङ् स्फोटायनस्य,' ‘ऋतो भारद्वाजस्य, चेत्यादि अपि भाषाया भाषितत्वस्यैव परिचायकम् । सर्वानतिशय्य सम्प्रसारणं यण्विकल्पश्च भाषाया जीवितत्वस्य परिचायकः । </p><p>यण्विकल्पो यथा त्र्यम्बकं यजामहे, त्रियम्बकं संयमिनं ददर्श' इति ।। सम्प्रसारणं तु इग्यणः सम्प्रसारणम् । तथैव ‘पारम्पर्यादपभ्रशो विगुणेष्वाभिधातृषु' इति 'दैवी वाग्व्यवकीर्णेयमशक्त रभिधातृभिः', इत्यपि च भाषाया भाषितत्वस्यैव सूचकम् । पृषोदरादिव्यवस्थाऽपि भाषाया भाषितत्वं जनयति । न कुतोऽपि सिद्ध प्रयोगमागते च शब्दे, पृषोदरादित्वात्साधुरित्युच्यते । भाषायाः संस्थितत्वे काऽऽवश्यकताऽस्या व्यवस्थायाः । ‘पृषोदरादीनि यथोपदिष्टम्<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>५<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> पृषोदरप्रकाराणि शिष्टैर्यथोच्चारितानि तथैव साधूनि स्युः इति । वर्णमांत्रभेदेन अर्थान्तरवाचकत्वमपि भाषितभाषाया एव लक्षणम् । संस्कृते तथाविधा बहवः शब्दा दृश्यन्ते यथा गर-गल-ग्रह-ग्लहशब्दाः । सर्वैव नामधातुप्रक्रिया जीवितभाषयामेव सम्भवति व्यवहारसौकर्याय अभाषितभाषायायनुनासिकनिरनुनासिकयोः को भेदः ? गुणे अर्परत्वञ्चोच्चारणसौकर्येणैव भवति । तदेतानि अन्यानि च प्रमाणानि संस्कृतभाषाया भाषितत्वं साधयन्ति । किर्यत्कालपर्यन्तमेषा भाषिताऽऽसीदित्यपरः प्रश्नः । सामान्यतो गौतमबुद्धसमये पालीभाषाया 'भाषितत्वं वौद्धग्रन्थतो ज्ञायते । तेन गौतमस्थितिकाले संस्कृतं हि शिष्टानामेव द्विजातीनां भाषितभाषाऽऽसीदिति स्वीकर्तव्यमेव । सम्भवति प्राचीनकालादेवं जनाः संस्कृतं तु जानन्ति स्म किन्तु व्यवहारे द्विजातयः संस्कृतां वाचमितरे तु मानुषीं वाचं पालीप्रभृति प्रयुञ्जन्ति स्मेति तथ्यविश्लेषणतो ज्ञायते । शनैः शनैः संस्कृतभाषा द्विजातिष्वेव सीमिता सञ्ज़ाता। द्विजातयोऽपि परस्परालापे संस्कृतस्य इतरैः सहाला मनुष्याः प्रयोगं कुवन्ति स्मेति 'तस्माद् ब्राह्मणा उभयीं याचं वदन्ति या च देवानां या च मनुष्याणाम्' इति निरुक्तवचनात्<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>६<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ज्ञायते । </p><p>पाणिनिकाले संस्कृतं नितान्तमेव शिष्टभाषात्वेनावशिष्टाऽऽसीत् । पतञ्जलिकाले भाषाया' मपभ्रंशस्य एतादृशं. बाहुल्यमासीद्यद् द्विजातयोऽपि तत्प्रमावादात्मानं नैव रक्षितुं समर्था आसन् इति ‘एकस्य शब्दस्य बहवोऽपभ्रशाः' इति पतञ्जलिवचनाज्ञायते । तेनैव स द्विजातिष्वपि ब्राह्मणेन नापभषितवै नापम्लेच्छितवै ‘इति. निदशति । पतञ्जल्यनन्तरं तु संस्कृतं केवलं पण्डितभाषैव समजायत । तस्य जनसामागान्यसम्पर्कः प्रायो विच्छिन्न एव । पुनश्च गुप्तकाले भोजसमये च संस्कृतस्य प्रचारस्तु सञ्जातः किन्तु तस्य जनसामान्यसम्पर्कस्तु, नैव पुनरुदितः । सम्प्रति तु पण्डितसमाजेऽपि विरला एवं जनाः संस्कृतमाश्रित्यं संल्लापं कुर्वन्ति । </p><p>साम्प्रतिककाले संस्कृतस्य माहात्म्यं देशभाषासु गीयते संस्कृतस्य ग्रन्था देशभाषानाम्ना प्रकाशिता अपि दृश्यन्ते यथा ‘हिन्दी :: दशरूपकं' वा 'हिन्दो नाट्यशास्त्र'मित्यादि । प्रायः समस्ता एवं संस्कृतग्रन्थाः वेदाश्च देशभाषायामनूदिता अपि दृश्यन्ते । यत्र कुत्र तु देशभाषायाः संस्कृतस्य : पर्यायवाचककत्वमपि सम्मतं दृश्यते । काऽतःपरं विडम्बना संस्कृतस्य । अपरञ्च परीक्षासौकर्यदृष्ट्या पुस्तकानि खण्डीकृत्य . प्रकाश्यन्ते तान्यपि प्रश्नोत्तरसंहितया छिन्नाङ्गान्येव । आधुनिकपण्डितैर्यथामति व्याख्यायन्ते च । ग्रन्थाः तथाकरण क्वचित्तु व्याख्या मूलप्रतिगामिन्यपि दृश्यते । भवतु तावत् । । संस्कृतं हि आर्यजातेः प्राणभूता भाषा । अस्यामेव पूबैजना विचिन्तयन्ति विचारयन्ति स्म । आधुनिकास्तु देशभाषायां विचिन्तयन्ति तदेवानुद्य संस्कृतमाश्रित्यावतारयन्तीति । संस्कृतस्य मौलिकत्वं तु प्रणष्टमेव । संस्कृतस्य मूलवैशिण्टयसंरक्षणाथ पूर्वजनी हि दत्तजीवना असन् किन्तु सम्प्रति न कोऽपि तन्निमित्तं प्रयतत इति कस्य सहृदयस्य न दूयते चेतः । इदं प्रागेवोक्त यद्देवभाषा व्याकृतत्वात्संस्कृतामिधानं लेभे इति । इन्द्रो ह वै प्रथमो व्याकर्ता आसीदित्यपि उक्तमेव । आगामिप्रकरणे व्याकरणपरम्पराविषये किञ्चिद्वक्ष्यते । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="भाषाणां_कुटुम्बाः"><span id=".E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B7.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.9F.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83"></span>भाषाणां कुटुम्बाः</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&section=5" title="सम्पादनविभागः: भाषाणां कुटुम्बाः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>भाषा कुटुम्बे समपूर्वजाणम् भाषा सन्ति। ताषु समगुणाः अस्ति। आर्यभाषाः महिष्ठः भाषाकुटुम्बः अस्ति। तायाम् ४७७ भाषाः, विश्वे ४६% जनाः तयाः वाचक सन्ति। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="लिपिः"><span id=".E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.83"></span>लिपिः</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&section=6" title="सम्पादनविभागः: लिपिः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>वयम् भाषाः लिपिभिः लिखामः। सर्वाणाम् भाषानाम् स्वकीयलिपिः नस्ति, अतः तथा भाषः परभाषायाः लिप्याः उपयोगम् करोति वा सा आलिखितम् न भवति। हिंद्याः स्वकीयलिपिः नस्ति, अतः सा संस्कृतस्य देवनागरीलिपिम् उपयोगम् करोति। </p> <div 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href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="विज्ञानम्">विज्ञानम्</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="सन्दर्भाः"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.83"></span>सन्दर्भाः</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&section=8" title="सम्पादनविभागः: सन्दर्भाः"><span>सम्पादयतु</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r466307">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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