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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=%DA%A8" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=%DA%A8" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. 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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Utilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Utilisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;color:black;">Gāf </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Gue_arabe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article ڨ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gue_arabe.png/280px-Gue_arabe.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gue_arabe.png/420px-Gue_arabe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Gue_arabe.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#E1E1E1; color:#000000">Graphies</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Isolée </th> <td><span style="font-size: 150%">ڨ</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Initiale </th> <td><span style="font-size: 150%">ڨـ</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Médiane </th> <td><span style="font-size: 150%">ـڨـ</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Finale </th> <td><span style="font-size: 150%">ـڨ</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#E1E1E1; color:#000000">Utilisation</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Système d'écriture">Écriture</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe" title="Alphabet arabe">alphabet arabe</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabe_alg%C3%A9rien" title="Arabe algérien">arabe algérien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabe_tunisien" title="Arabe tunisien">arabe tunisien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">khowar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandingue_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandingue (langue)">mandingue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peul_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peul (langue)">peul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamazight" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamazight">tamazight</a> algérien, <a href="/wiki/Touareg_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Touareg (langue)">touareg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tch%C3%A9tch%C3%A8ne" title="Tchétchène">tchétchène</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A8me" title="Phonème">Phonèmes</a> principaux </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɡ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɡ</span></a>], [<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%A1%CD%A1b" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɡ͡b"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɡ͡b</span></a>], [<a href="/wiki/API_q%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="API qʰ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">qʰ</span></a>], [<a href="/wiki/API_%C5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="API ŋ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ŋ</span></a>] </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #AAAAAA solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%DA%A8&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Graph%C3%A8me" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Le <b>gāf</b> ‹ ڨ › est une lettre additionnelle de l’<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe" title="Alphabet arabe">alphabet arabe</a> utilisé aussi dans l’écriture du tamazight algérien, du <a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">khowar</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Mandingue_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandingue (langue)">mandingue</a>, de certaines variantes de l’<a href="/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe">arabe</a>, et anciennement utilisé dans l’écriture du <a href="/wiki/Tch%C3%A9tch%C3%A8ne" title="Tchétchène">tchétchène</a>. Parfois utilisée dans l’écriture du <a href="/wiki/Touareg_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Touareg (langue)">touareg</a> et a été utilisée dans l’écriture du <a href="/wiki/Peul_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peul (langue)">peul</a>, elle est aussi prononcée par certaines tribus du sud de l’Arabie (Arabie saoudite et Yémen) bien que ces dernières utilisent à l’écrit la lettre « ق ». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilisation">Utilisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A8&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Utilisation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A8&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Utilisation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tunisian_Cookie_Packaging.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tunisian_Cookie_Packaging.jpg/220px-Tunisian_Cookie_Packaging.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tunisian_Cookie_Packaging.jpg/330px-Tunisian_Cookie_Packaging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tunisian_Cookie_Packaging.jpg/440px-Tunisian_Cookie_Packaging.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Emballage de ‹ <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ڨالات</span> › « galettes », en arabe tunisien.</figcaption></figure> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe">arabe</a>, ‹ ڨ › n’est pas utilisé pour la transcription de l’<a href="/wiki/Arabe_standard_moderne" title="Arabe standard moderne">arabe standard moderne</a>, mais peut l’être pour représenter une <a href="/wiki/Consonne_occlusive_v%C3%A9laire_vois%C3%A9e" title="Consonne occlusive vélaire voisée">consonne occlusive vélaire voisée</a> <span class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɡ]</span> dans l'<a href="/wiki/Adaptations_de_l%27alphabet_arabe" title="Adaptations de l'alphabet arabe">écriture</a>, par exemple dans le dialecte <a href="/wiki/Arabe_alg%C3%A9rien" title="Arabe algérien">algérien</a> et <a href="/wiki/Arabe_tunisien" title="Arabe tunisien">tunisien</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nissabouri2006134_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nissabouri2006134-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il est par exemple utilisé dans l’écriture du nom ‹ <span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">بورڨيبة</span> › « Bourguiba ». Au Maroc et dans l’Ouest algérien, le même son est représenté avec le <a href="/wiki/%DD%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ݣ">kāf ouvert trois points suscrits</a>‹ ݣ › ou encore le <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" title="گ">kāf ouvert trait suscrit</a> ‹ گ ›. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Tamazight" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamazight">tamazight</a> algérien écrit avec l’alphabet arabe, ‹ ڨ › représente une <a href="/wiki/Consonne_occlusive_v%C3%A9laire_vois%C3%A9e" title="Consonne occlusive vélaire voisée">consonne occlusive vélaire voisée</a> <span class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɡ]</span> transcrite ‹ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%B4%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ⴳ (page inexistante)">ⴳ</a> › avec le tifinagh et ‹ <a href="/wiki/G_(lettre)" title="G (lettre)">g</a> › avec l’alphabet latin. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Mandingue_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandingue (langue)">mandingue</a> écrit avec l’alphabet arabe, ‹ ڨ › représente une <a href="/wiki/Consonne_occlusive_labio-v%C3%A9laire_vois%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonne occlusive labio-vélaire voisée">consonne occlusive labio-vélaire voisée</a> <span class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɡ͡b]</span><sup id="cite_ref-Vydrine1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vydrine1998-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Chechen_alphabet-1925.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chechen_alphabet-1925.png/500px-Chechen_alphabet-1925.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chechen_alphabet-1925.png/750px-Chechen_alphabet-1925.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chechen_alphabet-1925.png/1000px-Chechen_alphabet-1925.png 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Alphabet arabe tchétchène de 1925.</figcaption></figure> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Tch%C3%A9tch%C3%A8ne" title="Tchétchène">tchétchène</a> écrit avec l’alphabet arabe, ‹ ڨ › représente une <a href="/wiki/Consonne_occlusive_uvulaire_sourde" title="Consonne occlusive uvulaire sourde">consonne occlusive uvulaire sourde</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phon%C3%A9tique)" title="Aspiration (phonétique)">aspirée</a> <span class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[qʰ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-EKI2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKI2003-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Touareg_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Touareg (langue)">touareg</a> écrit avec l’alphabet arabe, ‹ ڨ › représente parfois une <a href="/wiki/Consonne_nasale_v%C3%A9laire_vois%C3%A9e" title="Consonne nasale vélaire voisée">consonne nasale vélaire voisée</a> <span class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ŋ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-KossmannElghamis2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KossmannElghamis2014-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/Peul_(langue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peul (langue)">peul</a> écrit avec l’alphabet arabe, ‹ ڨ › représente une <a href="/wiki/Consonne_nasale_v%C3%A9laire_vois%C3%A9e" title="Consonne nasale vélaire voisée">consonne nasale vélaire voisée</a> [<a href="/wiki/API_%C5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="API ŋ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ŋ</span></a>]<sup id="cite_ref-KossmannElghamis2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KossmannElghamis2014-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou parfois aussi, selon Arendorff en 1913, une <a href="/wiki/Consonne_nasale_palatale_vois%C3%A9e" title="Consonne nasale palatale voisée">consonne nasale palatale voisée</a> [<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɲ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɲ</span></a>]<sup id="cite_ref-Arensdorff191313_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arensdorff191313-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A8&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A8&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nissabouri2006134-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Nissabouri2006134_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nissabouri2006">Nissabouri 2006</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 134. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vydrine1998-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Vydrine1998_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vydrine1998">Vydrine 1998</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EKI2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-EKI2003_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#EKI2003">EKI 2003</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KossmannElghamis2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-KossmannElghamis2014_4-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-KossmannElghamis2014_4-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#KossmannElghamis2014">Kossmann et Elghamis 2014</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arensdorff191313-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Arensdorff191313_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Arensdorff1913">Arensdorff 1913</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 13. </span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A8&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A8&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="AllenConsortium2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Julie_D._AllenUnicode_Consortium2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Julie D. <span class="nom_auteur">Allen</span> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>) et Unicode Consortium, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">« Arabic, Range: 0600–06FF »</cite>, dans <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0</cite>, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+8.0&rft.atitle=Arabic%2C+Range%3A+0600%E2%80%9306FF&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Julie+D.&rft.au=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU0600.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%A8"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Arensdorff1913"><span class="ouvrage" id="L._Arensdorff1913">L. <span class="nom_auteur">Arensdorff</span>, <cite class="italique">Manuel pratique de langue peulh</cite>, Paris, Librairie P. Geuthner, <time>1913</time>, xxii+424 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009455003">présentation en ligne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b380783">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuel+pratique+de+langue+peulh&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+P.+Geuthner&rft.aulast=Arensdorff&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.date=1913&rft.tpages=xxii%2B424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%A8"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="EKI2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langues : anglais et estonien">(en + et)</abbr> Eesti Keele Instituut / Institute of the Estonian Language, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">« Tšetšeeni / Chechen / Noxçiyꞑ mott »</cite>, dans <cite class="italique" lang="en">KNAB: Kohanimeandmebaas / Place Names Database</cite>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-07-20" data-sort-value="2003-07-20">20 juillet 2003</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblce.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=KNAB%3A+Kohanimeandmebaas+%2F+Place+Names+Database&rft.atitle=T%C5%A1et%C5%A1eeni+%2F+Chechen+%2F+Nox%C3%A7iy%EA%9E%91+mott&rft.au=Eesti+Keele+Instituut+%2F+Institute+of+the+Estonian+Language&rft.date=2003-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fknab%2Flat%2Fkblce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%A8"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Everson1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michael_Everson1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Michael <span class="nom_auteur">Everson</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Extension of the Arabic alphabet coded character set for bibliographic information interchange (ISO 11822:1996)</cite>, <time>1999</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/iso-11822.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extension+of+the+Arabic+alphabet+coded+character+set+for+bibliographic+information+interchange+%28ISO+11822%3A1996%29&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fstandards%2Fiso10646%2Fpdf%2Fiso-11822.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%A8"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="KossmannElghamis2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Maarten_KossmannRamada_Elghamis2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Maarten <span class="nom_auteur">Kossmann</span> et Ramada <span class="nom_auteur">Elghamis</span>, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">« Preliminary notes on Tuareg in Arabic script from Niger »</cite>, dans Meikal Mumin et Kees Versteegh, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Arabic script in Africa: Studies in the use of a writing system</cite>, <time>2014</time>, 79‒89 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789004256798" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789004256798"><span class="nowrap">9789004256798</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789004256804" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789004256804"><span class="nowrap">9789004256804</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004256804_005">10.1163/9789004256804_005</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12719957/Preliminary_Notes_on_Tuareg_in_Arabic_Script_from_Niger_2013_">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+script+in+Africa%3A+Studies+in+the+use+of+a+writing+system&rft.atitle=Preliminary+notes+on+Tuareg+in+Arabic+script+from+Niger&rft.aulast=Kossmann&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft.au=Elghamis%2C+Ramada&rft.date=2014&rft.tpages=79%E2%80%9289&rft.isbn=9789004256798&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004256804_005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12719957%2FPreliminary_Notes_on_Tuareg_in_Arabic_Script_from_Niger_2013_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%A8"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Nissabouri2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Abdelffatah_Nissabouri2006">Abdelffatah <span class="nom_auteur">Nissabouri</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Toponymes maghrébins. De l’enracinement à l’internationalisation</cite> », <i>Cahiers de sociolinguistique</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 11,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-01" data-sort-value="2006-01">janvier 2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 117‒143 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3917/csl.0601.0117.">10.3917/csl.0601.0117.</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-de-sociolinguistique-2006-1-page-117.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toponymes+maghr%C3%A9bins.+De+l%E2%80%99enracinement+%C3%A0+l%E2%80%99internationalisation&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+sociolinguistique&rft.issue=11&rft.aulast=Nissabouri&rft.aufirst=Abdelffatah&rft.date=2006-01&rft.pages=117%E2%80%92143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fcsl.0601.0117.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-cahiers-de-sociolinguistique-2006-1-page-117.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%A8"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Vydrine1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Valentin_Vydrine1998">Valentin <span class="nom_auteur">Vydrine</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Sur l’écriture mandingue et mandé en caractères arabes</cite> », <i>Mandenkan</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 33,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1998" data-sort-value="1998">printemps 1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://llacan.cnrs.fr/PDF/Mandenkan33/33Vydrine.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sur+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9criture+mandingue+et+mand%C3%A9+en+caract%C3%A8res+arabes&rft.jtitle=Mandenkan&rft.issue=33&rft.aulast=Vydrine&rft.aufirst=Valentin&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fllacan.cnrs.fr%2FPDF%2FMandenkan33%2F33Vydrine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%A8"></span></span></span></li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Alphabet_arabe" title="Modèle:Palette Alphabet arabe"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Alphabet_arabe&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe" title="Alphabet arabe">Alphabet arabe</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Lettres</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;;"><div class="liste-horizontale" style="font-size:x-large;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alif" title="Alif"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ا</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Bāʾ"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ب</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Tāʾ"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ت</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Thāʾ"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ث</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABm" title="Jīm"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ج</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḥāʾ"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ح</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Khāʾ"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">خ</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81l" title="Dāl"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">د</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81l" title="Dhāl"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ذ</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Rāʾ"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ر</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81y" title="Zāy"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ز</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABn" title="Sīn"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">س</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%ABn" title="Shīn"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ش</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2%C4%81d" title="Ṣād"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ص</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ض</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṭāʾ"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ط</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ظ</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAyn" title="ʿAyn"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ع</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A0ayn" title="Ġayn"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">غ</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Fāʾ"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ف</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81f" title="Qāf"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ق</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81f" title="Kāf"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ك</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%81m" title="Lām"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ل</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm" title="Mīm"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">م</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABn" title="Nūn"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ن</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Hāʾ"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ه</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81w" title="Wāw"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">و</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Yāʾ"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ي</span></a> <ul><li>‎<a href="/wiki/Hamza_(lettre)" title="Hamza (lettre)"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">ء</span></a>‎</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Lettres additionnelles</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:center;;"><div class="liste-horizontale" style="font-size:large;"> <ul><li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="أ">أ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%B4%D8%A7" title="ٴا">ٵ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%B2" title="ٲ">ٲ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2" title="آ">آ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%B3" title="ݳ">ݳ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%B4" title="ݴ">ݴ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%AD" title="ࢭ">ࢭ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%AE" title="ٮ">ٮ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BB" title="ٻ">ٻ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" title="پ">پ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A7" title="ݧ">ݔ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%80" title="ڀ">ڀ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%90" title="ݐ">ݐ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%91" title="ݑ">ݑ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%92" title="ݒ">ݒ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%93" title="ݓ">ݓ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%95" title="ݕ">ݕ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A0" title="ࢠ">ࢠ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%96" title="ݖ">ݖ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A1" title="ࢡ">ࢡ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%B6" title="ࢶ">ࢶ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%BE" title="ࢾ">ࢾ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%B7" title="ࢷ">ࢷ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%B9" title="ٹ">ٹ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A3%80" title="ࣀ">ࣀ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BA" title="ٺ">ٺ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BC" title="ټ">ټ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BD" title="ٽ">ٽ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BF" title="ٿ">ٿ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%B8" title="ࢸ">ࢸ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%BF" title="ࢿ">ࢿ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A9" title="ة">ة</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%83" title="ۃ">ۃ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%83" title="ڃ">ڃ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%84" title="ڄ">ڄ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86" title="چ">چ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BF" title="ڿ">ڿ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A3%81" title="ࣁ">ࣁ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%87" title="ڇ">ڇ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A2" title="ࢢ">ࢢ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81" title="ځ">ځ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%82" title="ڂ">ڂ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%85" title="څ">څ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%97" title="ݗ">ݗ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%98" title="ݘ">ݘ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A3%85" title="ࣅ">ࣅ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A3%86" title="ࣆ">ࣆ</a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4%C4%81_petit_v_souscrit" title="Ḥā petit v souscrit"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hah_with_small_v_below.svg/10px-Hah_with_small_v_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hah_with_small_v_below.svg/15px-Hah_with_small_v_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hah_with_small_v_below.svg/20px-Hah_with_small_v_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="149" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%8A" title="ࢊ">ࢊ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%AE" title="ݮ">ݮ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%AF" title="ݯ">ݯ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%B2" title="ݲ">ݲ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%BC" title="ݼ">ݼ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%88" title="ڈ">ڈ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%89" title="ډ">ډ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%8A" title="ڊ">ڊ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%8B" title="ڋ">ڋ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%8C" title="ڌ">ڌ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%8D" title="ڍ">ڍ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%AE" title="ࢮ">ࢮ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%8E" title="ڎ">ڎ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%8F" title="ڏ">ڏ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%90" title="ڐ">ڐ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%AE" title="ۮ">ۮ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81l_deux_points_verticaux_souscrits" title="Dāl deux points verticaux souscrits"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dal_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg/8px-Dal_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dal_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg/12px-Dal_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dal_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg/16px-Dal_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%99" title="ݙ">ݙ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%9A" title="ݚ">ݚ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%91" title="ڑ">ڑ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%92" title="ڒ">ڒ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%93" title="ړ">ړ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%94" title="ڔ">ڔ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%95" title="ڕ">ڕ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%96" title="ږ">ږ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%97" title="ڗ">ڗ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%B9" title="ࢹ">ࢹ</a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81%CA%BE_deux_points_souscrits" title="Rāʾ deux points souscrits"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/8px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/12px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg/16px-Reh_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81%CA%BE_trois_points_souscrits" title="Rāʾ trois points souscrits"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reh_with_three_dots_below.svg/8px-Reh_with_three_dots_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reh_with_three_dots_below.svg/12px-Reh_with_three_dots_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reh_with_three_dots_below.svg/16px-Reh_with_three_dots_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%98" title="ژ">ژ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%99" title="ڙ">ڙ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%AF" title="ۯ">ۯ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%9B" title="ݛ">ݛ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%AB" title="ݫ">ݫ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%AC" title="ݬ">ݬ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%B1" title="ݱ">ݱ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%AA" title="ࢪ">ࢪ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%B2" title="ࢲ">ࢲ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%9A" title="ښ">ښ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%9B" title="ڛ">ڛ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%9C" title="ڜ">ڜ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%BA" title="ۺ">ۺ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%9C" title="ݜ">ݜ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%AD" title="ݭ">ݭ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%B0" title="ݰ">ݰ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%BD" title="ݽ">ݽ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%BE" title="ݾ">ݾ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%9D" title="ڝ">ڝ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%AF" title="ࢯ">ࢯ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%9E" title="ڞ">ڞ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%BB" title="ۻ">ۻ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%9F" title="ڟ">ڟ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A3" title="ࢣ">ࢣ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%C4%81%CA%BE_deux_points_verticaux_souscrits" title="Ṭāʾ deux points verticaux souscrits"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tah_with_two_dots_below.svg/12px-Tah_with_two_dots_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tah_with_two_dots_below.svg/18px-Tah_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tah_with_two_dots_below.svg/24px-Tah_with_two_dots_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%8B" title="ࢋ">ࢋ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%8C" title="ࢌ">ࢌ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A0" title="ڠ">ڠ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%B3" title="ࢳ">ࢳ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%BC" title="ۼ">ۼ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%9D" title="ݝ">ݝ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%9F" title="ݟ">ݟ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%9E" title="ݞ">ݞ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A3%83" title="ࣃ">ࣃ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A1" title="ڡ">ڡ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A2" title="ڢ">ڢ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A3" title="ڣ">ڣ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A4" title="ڤ">ڤ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A4" title="ࢤ">ࢤ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A5" title="ڥ">ڥ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A6" title="ڦ">ڦ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A0" title="ݠ">ݠ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A1" title="ݡ">ݡ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%BB" title="ࢻ">ࢻ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%AF" title="ٯ">ٯ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A7" title="ڧ">ڧ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ڨ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A5" title="ࢥ">ࢥ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%BC" title="ࢼ">ࢼ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A3%84" title="ࣄ">ࣄ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81f" title="Kāf">ک</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AA" title="ڪ">ڪ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AB" title="ګ">ګ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AC" title="ڬ">ڬ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%B4" title="ࢴ">ࢴ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%BF" title="ݿ">ݿ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81f_deux_points_verticaux_souscrits" title="Kāf deux points verticaux souscrits"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kaf_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg/14px-Kaf_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kaf_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg/21px-Kaf_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kaf_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg/28px-Kaf_with_two_dots_vertically_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="33" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AD" title="ڭ">ڭ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AE" title="ڮ">ڮ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" title="گ">گ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%B0" title="ࢰ">ࢰ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B0" title="ڰ">ڰ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B1" title="ڱ">ڱ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B2" title="ڲ">ڲ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B3" title="ڳ">ڳ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B4" title="ڴ">ڴ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AC" title="ڬ">ݢ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%BF" title="ݿ">ػ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%8D" title="ࢍ">ࢍ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AE" title="ڮ">ؼ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AD" title="ڭ">ݣ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A4" title="ݤ">ݤ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A3%82" title="ࣂ">ࣂ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B5" title="ڵ">ڵ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B6" title="ڶ">ڶ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B7" title="ڷ">ڷ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B8" title="ڸ">ڸ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A3%87" title="ࣇ">ࣇ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%AA" title="ݪ">ݪ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A6" title="ࢦ">ࢦ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A5" title="ݥ">ݥ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A6" title="ݦ">ݦ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A7" title="ࢧ">ࢧ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BA" title="ں">ں</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BB" title="ڻ">ڻ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BC" title="ڼ">ڼ</a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABn_deux_points_verticaux_suscrits" title="Nūn deux points verticaux suscrits"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Noon_with_two_dots_above.svg/12px-Noon_with_two_dots_above.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Noon_with_two_dots_above.svg/18px-Noon_with_two_dots_above.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Noon_with_two_dots_above.svg/24px-Noon_with_two_dots_above.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="149" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BD" title="ڽ">ڽ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%B9" title="ڹ">ڹ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A7" title="ݧ">ݧ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%89" title="ࢉ">ࢉ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A8" title="ݨ">ݨ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%A9" title="ݩ">ݩ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%BD" title="ࢽ">ࢽ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BE" title="ھ">ھ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%81" title="ہ">ہ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%BF" title="ۿ">ۿ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%B6" title="ٶ">ٶ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%84" title="ۄ">ۄ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%85" title="ۅ">ۅ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%86" title="ۆ">ۆ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%87" title="ۇ">ۇ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%B7" title="ٷ">ٷ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%88" title="ۈ">ۈ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%93" title="وٓ">وٓ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%89" title="ۉ">ۉ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8A" title="ۊ">ۊ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8B" title="ۋ">ۋ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%B1" title="ࢱ">ࢱ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8F" title="ۏ">ۏ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%B8" title="ݸ">ݸ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%B9" title="ݹ">ݹ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%AB" title="ࢫ">ࢫ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%89" title="ى">ى</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Hamza_(lettre)" title="Hamza (lettre)">ئ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%B8" title="ٸ">ٸ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" title="ی">ی</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8D" title="ۍ">ۍ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8E" title="ێ">ێ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%90" title="ې">ې</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A8" title="ࢨ">ࢨ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A9" title="ࢩ">ࢩ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%91" title="ۑ">ۑ</a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81%CA%BE_quatre_points_souscrits" title="Yāʾ quatre points souscrits"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg/14px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg/21px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg/28px-Yeh_with_four_dots_below.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%BD" title="ؽ">ؽ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%BE" title="ؾ">ؾ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%BF" title="ؿ">ؿ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A0" title="ؠ">ؠ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%B5" title="ݵ">ݵ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%B6" title="ݶ">ݶ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%B7" title="ݷ">ݷ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%BA" title="ࢺ">ࢺ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%92" title="ے">ے</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%BA" title="ݺ">ݺ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DD%BB" title="ݻ">ݻ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%AC" title="ࢬ">ࢬ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%95" title="ە">ە</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%DB%80" title="ۀ">ۀ</a></span></li> <li><span class="lang-und-arab" lang="und-arab" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Hamza_%C3%A9lev%C3%A9e" title="Hamza élevée"> ٴ</a></span></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Diacritiques_de_l%27alphabet_arabe" title="Diacritiques de l'alphabet arabe">Diacritiques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/Fat%E1%B8%A5a" title="Fatḥa">ـَـ</a></span> (fatḥa)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/Kasra" title="Kasra">ـِـ</a></span> (kasra)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8Camma" title="Ḍamma">ـُـ</a></span> (ḍamma)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/Fat%E1%B8%A5atan" title="Fatḥatan">ــً</a></span> (fatḥatan)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8Cammatan" title="Ḍammatan">ــٌ</a></span> (ḍammatan)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/Kasratan" title="Kasratan">ــٍ</a></span> (kasratan)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/Suk%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukūn">ـْـ</a></span> (sukūn)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0adda" class="mw-redirect" title="Šadda">ـّـ</a></span> (šadda)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2" title="آ">ـٓـ</a></span> (madda)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/Alif_suscrit" title="Alif suscrit">ــٰ</a></span> (alif suscrit)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/Alif_souscrit" title="Alif souscrit">ـٖـ</a></span> (alif souscrit)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8Camma_culbut%C3%A9" title="Ḍamma culbuté">ـٗـ</a></span> (ḍamma culbuté)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/Hamza_(lettre)" title="Hamza (lettre)">ـٔــٕـ</a></span> (hamza suscrite ou souscrite)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BA" title="ں">ـ٘ـ</a></span> (nūn ghunna)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABn_ghunna_couch%C3%A9" title="Nūn ghunna couché">ـــࣿ</a></span> (nūn ghunna couché)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwarakay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zwarakay (page inexistante)">ـٙـ</a></span> (zwarakay)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/Petit_v_suscrit" title="Petit v suscrit">ـٚـ</a></span> (petit v suscrit)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/Petit_v_culbut%C3%A9_suscrit" title="Petit v culbuté suscrit">ـٛـ</a></span> (petit v culbuté suscrit)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%8Camma_r%C3%A9fl%C3%A9chi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ḍamma réfléchi (page inexistante)">ـٝـ</a></span> (ḍamma réfléchi)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat%E1%B8%A5a_%C3%A0_deux_points&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatḥa à deux points (page inexistante)">ـٞـ</a></span> (fatḥa à deux points)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamza_ond%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamza ondée (page inexistante)">ـٟـ</a></span> (hamza ondée)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat%E1%B8%A5a_recourb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatḥa recourbé (page inexistante)">ـࣤـ</a></span> (fatḥa recourbé)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasra_recourb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasra recourbé (page inexistante)">ـࣦـ</a></span> (kasra recourbé)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%8Camma_recourb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ḍamma recourbé (page inexistante)">ـࣥـ</a></span> (ḍamma recourbé)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat%E1%B8%A5atan_recourb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatḥatan recourbé (page inexistante)">ـࣧـ</a></span> (fatḥatan recourbé)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasratan_recourb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasratan recourbé (page inexistante)">ـࣩـ</a></span> (kasratan recourbé)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%8Cammatan_recourb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ḍammatan recourbé (page inexistante)">ـࣨـ</a></span> (ḍammatan recourbé)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8Camma_culbut%C3%A9_souscrit" title="Ḍamma culbuté souscrit">ـࣣـ</a></span> (ḍamma culbuté souscrit)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat%E1%B8%A5atan_ouvert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatḥatan ouvert (page inexistante)">ـࣰـ</a></span> (fatḥatan ouvert)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasratan_ouvert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasratan ouvert (page inexistante)">ـࣲـ</a></span> (kasratan ouvert)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%8Cammatan_ouvert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ḍammatan ouvert (page inexistante)">ـࣱـ</a></span> (ḍammatan ouvert)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_contour_arabe_suscrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point contour arabe suscrit (page inexistante)">ـ۫ـ</a></span> (point contour arabe suscrit)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_contour_arabe_souscrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point contour arabe souscrit (page inexistante)">ـ۪ـ</a></span> (point contour arabe souscrit)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_plein_arabe_suscrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point plein arabe suscrit (page inexistante)">ـ۬ـ</a></span> (point plein arabe suscrit)</li> <li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_plein_arabe_souscrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point plein arabe souscrit (page inexistante)">ـٜـ</a></span> (point plein arabe souscrit)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_de_l%27alphabet_arabe" title="Adaptations de l'alphabet arabe">Adaptations</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:center;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_perso-arabe" title="Alphabet perso-arabe">Perso-arabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_turc_ottoman" title="Alphabet turc ottoman">Turc ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elifba" title="Elifba">Elifba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe_berb%C3%A8re" title="Alphabet arabe berbère">Berbère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2" title="Alphabet İske imlâ">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_ou%C3%AFghoure_arabis%C3%A9e" title="Écriture ouïghoure arabisée">Ouïghour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi" title="Jawi">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_cham" title="Jawi cham">Jawi cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Pegon (écriture)">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_wolio" title="Buri wolio">Buri wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjami" title="Adjami">Adjami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe_somali" title="Alphabet arabe somali">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe_swahili" title="Alphabet arabe swahili">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofal" title="Wolofal">Wolofal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe_yoruba" title="Alphabet arabe yoruba">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Autres articles</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27alphabet_arabe" title="Histoire de l'alphabet arabe">Histoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritiques_de_l%27alphabet_arabe" title="Diacritiques de l'alphabet arabe">Diacritiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonologie_de_l%27arabe" title="Phonologie de l'arabe">Phonologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_(lettre)" title="Hamza (lettre)">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffres_arabes" title="Chiffres arabes">Chiffres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ration_abjad" title="Numération abjad">Numération</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligatures_arabes" title="Ligatures arabes">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89criture" title="Portail de l’écriture"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg/24px-Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg/36px-Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg/48px-Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89criture" title="Portail:Écriture">Portail de l’écriture</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langue_arabe" title="Portail de la langue arabe"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Arabic-dad-letter-2.svg/31px-Arabic-dad-letter-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Arabic-dad-letter-2.svg/46px-Arabic-dad-letter-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Arabic-dad-letter-2.svg/61px-Arabic-dad-letter-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="402" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langue_arabe" title="Portail:Langue arabe">Portail de la langue arabe</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span 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