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The terrorist attack in the United States provided India a chance to follow its strategy in Afghanistan. India support Afghanistan since 9\11. The objectives of this study to study India’s strategy towards Afghanistan and its implication to neighbor countries. The research method conducted based on qualitative research method with descriptive. The research findings propose that; India has chosen a soft power policy to implement its strategy in Afghanistan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategy" title="strategy">strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy" title=" policy"> policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20power" title=" soft power"> soft power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afghanistan" title=" Afghanistan"> Afghanistan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143156/indias-strategy-toward-afghanistan-since-911" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143156.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6900</span> Analysing the Cost of Immigrants to the National Health System in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Theodosiou">T. Theodosiou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Polychronidou"> P. Polychronidou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20G.%20Karasavvoglou"> A. G. Karasavvoglou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The latest years the number of immigrants at Greece has increased dramatically. Their impact on the National Health System (NHS) has not been yet thoroughly investigated. This paper analyses the cost of immigrants to the NHS hospitals of the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The data are collected from 2005 to 2011 from five different hospitals and are analysed using linear mixed effects models in order to investigate the effects of nationality and year on the cost of hospitalization and treatment. The results show that generally the Greek nationality patients have a higher mean cost of hospitalization compared to the immigrants and that there is an increasing trend for the cost except for the year 2010. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title="cost">cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eastern%20Macedonia%20and%20Thrace" title=" Eastern Macedonia and Thrace"> Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immigrants" title=" immigrants"> immigrants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20health%20system" title=" national health system"> national health system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38150/analysing-the-cost-of-immigrants-to-the-national-health-system-in-eastern-macedonia-and-thrace" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38150.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">247</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6899</span> Study on the Model Predicting Post-Construction Settlement of Soft Ground</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pingshan%20Chen">Pingshan Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiliang%20Dong"> Zhiliang Dong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to estimate the post-construction settlement more objectively, the power-polynomial model is proposed, which can reflect the trend of settlement development based on the observed settlement data. It was demonstrated by an actual case history of an embankment, and during the prediction. Compared with the other three prediction models, the power-polynomial model can estimate the post-construction settlement more accurately with more simple calculation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title="prediction">prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model" title=" model"> model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-construction%20settlement" title=" post-construction settlement"> post-construction settlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20ground" title=" soft ground"> soft ground</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2187/study-on-the-model-predicting-post-construction-settlement-of-soft-ground" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2187.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6898</span> Contributing to Accuracy of Bid Cost Estimate in Construction Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Alhomidan">Abdullah Alhomidan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is conducted to identify the main factors affecting accuracy of pretender cost estimate in building construction projects in Saudi Arabia from owners’ perspective. 44 factors affecting pretender cost estimate were identified through literature review and discussion with some construction experts. The results show that the top important factors affecting pretender cost estimate accuracy are: level of competitors in the tendering, material price changes, communications with suppliers, communications with client, and estimating method used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20estimate" title="cost estimate">cost estimate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accuracy" title=" accuracy"> accuracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pretender" title=" pretender"> pretender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=estimating" title=" estimating"> estimating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bid%20estimate" title=" bid estimate"> bid estimate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22031/contributing-to-accuracy-of-bid-cost-estimate-in-construction-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">563</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6897</span> Uncertain Time-Cost Trade off Problems of Construction Projects Using Fuzzy Set Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20S.%20S.%20Kumar">V. S. S. Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Vikram"> B. Vikram</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of effective decision support tools that adopted in the construction industry is vital in the world we live in today, since it can lead to substantial cost reduction and efficient resource consumption. Solving the time-cost trade off problems and its related variants is at the heart of scientific research for optimizing construction planning problems. In general, the classical optimization techniques have difficulties in dealing with TCT problems. One of the main reasons of their failure is that they can easily be entrapped in local minima. This paper presents an investigation on the application of meta-heuristic techniques to two particular variants of the time-cost trade of analysis, the time-cost trade off problem (TCT), and time-cost trade off optimization problem (TCO). In first problem, the total project cost should be minimized, and in the second problem, the total project cost and total project duration should be minimized simultaneously. Finally it is expected that, the optimization models developed in this paper will contribute significantly for efficient planning and management of construction project. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20sets" title="fuzzy sets">fuzzy sets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertainty" title=" uncertainty"> uncertainty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20cost%20trade%20off%20problems" title=" time cost trade off problems"> time cost trade off problems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3994/uncertain-time-cost-trade-off-problems-of-construction-projects-using-fuzzy-set-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6896</span> Use of Bamboo Piles in Ground Improvement Design: Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thayalan%20Nall">Thayalan Nall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andreas%20Putra"> Andreas Putra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A major offshore reclamation work is currently underway in Southeast Asia for a container terminal. The total extent of the reclamation extent is 2600m x 800m and the seabed level is around -5mRL below mean sea level. Subsoil profile below seabed comprises soft marine clays of thickness varying from 8m to 15m. To contain the dredging spoil within the reclamation area, perimeter bunds have been constructed to +2.5mRL. They include breakwaters of trapezoidal geometry, made of boulder size rock along the northern, eastern and western perimeters, with a sand bund along the southern perimeter. Breakwaters were constructed on a composite bamboo pile and raft foundation system. Bamboo clusters 8m long, with 7 individual Bamboos bundled together as one, have been installed within the footprint of the breakwater below seabed in soft marine clay. To facilitate drainage two prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) have been attached to each cluster. Once the cluster piles were installed, a bamboo raft was placed as a load transfer platform. Rafts were made up of 5 layers of bamboo mattress, and in each layer bamboos were spaced at 200mm centres. The rafts wouldn’t sink under their own weight, and hence, they were sunk by loading quarry run rock onto them. Bamboo is a building material available in abundance in Indonesia and obtained at a relatively low cost. They are commonly used as semi-rigid inclusions to improve compressibility and stability of soft soils. Although bamboo is widely used in soft soil engineering design, no local design guides are available and the designs are carried out based on local experience. In June 2015, when the 1st load of sand was pumped by a dredging vessel next to the breakwater, a 150m long section of the breakwater underwent failure and displaced the breakwater between 1.2m to 4.0m. The cause of the failure was investigated to implement remedial measures to reduce the risk of further failures. Analyses using both limit equilibrium approach and finite element modelling revealed two plausible modes of breakwater failure. This paper outlines: 1) Developed Geology and the ground model, 2) The techniques used for the installation of bamboo piles, 3) Details of the analyses including modes and mechanism of failure and 4) Design changes incorporated to reduce the risk of failure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bamboo%20piles" title="bamboo piles">bamboo piles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20improvement" title=" ground improvement"> ground improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reclamation" title=" reclamation"> reclamation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breakwater%20failure" title=" breakwater failure"> breakwater failure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48373/use-of-bamboo-piles-in-ground-improvement-design-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48373.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6895</span> Marketing Factors Influencing the Decision to Choose Low Cost Airlines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noppadol%20Sritragool">Noppadol Sritragool</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objectives of this research were to investigate the decision of passengers who choose to fry with low cost airlines and to study marketing factors which have the influence to the decision to choose each low cost airlines. This paper was a quantitative research technique. A total of 400 low cost airlines’ passengers were interviewed via English questionnaire to collect the respondents’ opinions. The findings revealed that respondents were male and female at a similar proportion. The majority had at least an undergraduate degree, have a lower management level jobs, and had income in the range of 25,000 -35,000 baht per month.. In addition, the findings also revealed that the first three marketing factors influencing the decision of the respondents to choose low-cost airlines were low price, direct flight, and online system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20to%20choose" title="decision to choose">decision to choose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing%20factors" title=" marketing factors"> marketing factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-cost%20airlines" title=" low-cost airlines "> low-cost airlines </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25888/marketing-factors-influencing-the-decision-to-choose-low-cost-airlines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25888.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6894</span> Full-Scale Test of a Causeway Embankment Supported by Raft-Aggregate Column Foundation on Soft Clay Deposit</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tri%20Harianto">Tri Harianto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lawalenna%20Samang"> Lawalenna Samang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=St.%20Hijraini%20Nur"> St. Hijraini Nur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arwin"> Arwin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, a port development is constructed in Makassar city, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Makassar city is located in lowland area that dominated by soft marine clay deposit. A two kilometers causeway construction was built which is situated on the soft clay layer. In order to investigate the behavior of causeway embankment, a full-scale test was conducted of high embankment built on a soft clay deposit. The embankment with 3,5 m high was supported by two types of reinforcement such as raft and raft-aggregate column foundation. Since the ground was undergoing consolidation due to the preload, the raft and raft-aggregate column foundations were monitored in order to analyze the vertical ground movement by inducing the settlement of the foundation. In this study, two types of foundation (raft and raft-aggregate column) were tested to observe the effectiveness of raft-aggregate column compare to raft foundation in reducing the settlement. The settlement monitored during the construction stage by using the settlement plates, which is located in the center and toe of the embankment. Measurements were taken every day for each embankment construction stage (4 months). In addition, an analytical calculation was conducted in this study to compare the full-scale test result. The result shows that the raft-aggregate column foundation significantly reduces the settlement by 30% compared to the raft foundation. A raft-aggregate column foundation also reduced the time period of each loading stage. The Good agreement of analytical calculation compared to the full-scale test result also found in this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=full-scale" title="full-scale">full-scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preloading" title=" preloading"> preloading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raft-aggregate%20column" title=" raft-aggregate column"> raft-aggregate column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20clay" title=" soft clay"> soft clay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57034/full-scale-test-of-a-causeway-embankment-supported-by-raft-aggregate-column-foundation-on-soft-clay-deposit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57034.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6893</span> Evaluation of Earthquake Induced Cost for Mid-Rise Buildings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gulsah%20Olgun">Gulsah Olgun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ozgur%20Bozdag"> Ozgur Bozdag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yildirim%20Ertutar"> Yildirim Ertutar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper mainly focuses on performance assessment of buildings by associating the damage level with the damage cost. For this purpose a methodology is explained and applied to the representative mid-rise concrete building residing in Izmir. In order to consider uncertainties in occurrence of earthquakes, the structural analyses are conducted for all possible earthquakes in the region through the hazard curve. By means of the analyses, probability of the structural response being in different limit states are obtained and used to calculate expected damage cost. The expected damage cost comprises diverse cost components related to earthquake such as cost of casualties, replacement or repair cost of building etc. In this study, inter-story drift is used as an effective response variable to associate expected damage cost with different damage levels. The structural analysis methods performed to obtain inter story drifts are response spectrum method as a linear one, accurate push-over and time history methods to demonstrate the nonlinear effects on loss estimation. Comparison of the results indicates that each method provides similar values of expected damage cost. To sum up, this paper explains an approach which enables to minimize the expected damage cost of buildings and relate performance level to damage cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expected%20damage%20cost" title="expected damage cost">expected damage cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limit%20states" title=" limit states"> limit states</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loss%20estimation" title=" loss estimation"> loss estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance%20based%20design" title=" performance based design"> performance based design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57369/evaluation-of-earthquake-induced-cost-for-mid-rise-buildings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57369.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">274</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6892</span> Analysis of the Internal Mechanical Conditions in the Lower Limb Due to External Loads</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kent%20Salomonsson">Kent Salomonsson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuefang%20Zhao"> Xuefang Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Kallin"> Sara Kallin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Human soft tissue is loaded and deformed by any activity, an effect known as a stress-strain relationship, and is often described by a load and tissue elongation curve. Several advances have been made in the fields of biology and mechanics of soft human tissue. However, there is limited information available on in vivo tissue mechanical characteristics and behavior. Confident mechanical properties of human soft tissue cannot be extrapolated from e.g. animal testing. Thus, there is need for non invasive methods to analyze mechanical characteristics of soft human tissue. In the present study, the internal mechanical conditions of the lower limb, which is subject to an external load, is studied by use of the finite element method. A detailed finite element model of the lower limb is made possible by use of MRI scans. Skin, fat, bones, fascia and muscles are represented separately and the material properties for them are obtained from literature. Previous studies have been shown to address macroscopic deformation features, e.g. indentation depth, to a large extent. However, the detail in which the internal anatomical features have been modeled does not reveal the critical internal strains that may induce hypoxia and/or eventual tissue damage. The results of the present study reveals that lumped material models, i.e. averaging of the material properties for the different constituents, does not capture regions of critical strains in contrast to more detailed models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FEM" title="FEM">FEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tissue" title=" tissue"> tissue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indentation" title=" indentation"> indentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=properties" title=" properties"> properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44709/analysis-of-the-internal-mechanical-conditions-in-the-lower-limb-due-to-external-loads" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44709.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6891</span> Developing a Comprehensive Model for the Prevention of Tension Neck Syndrome: A Focus on Musculoskeletal Disorder Prevention Strategies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behnaz%20Sohani">Behnaz Sohani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ifeoluwa%20Joshua%20Adigun"> Ifeoluwa Joshua Adigun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Rahmani"> Amir Rahmani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Goher"> Khaled Goher</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper provides initial results on the eﬃcacy of the designed ergonomic-oriented neck support to mitigate and alleviate tension neck syndrome musculoskeletal disorder. This is done using both simulations and measurements. Tension Neck Syndrome Musculoskeletal Disorder (TNS MSD) causes discomfort in the muscles around the neck and shoulder. TNS MSD is one of the leading causes of early retirement. This research focuses on the design of an adaptive neck supporter by integrating a soft actuator massager to help deliver a soothing massage. The massager and adaptive neck supporter prototype were validated by finite element analysis prior to fabrication to envisage the feasibility of the design concept. Then a prototype for the massager was fabricated and tested for concept validation. Future work will be focused on fabricating the full-scale prototype and upgrading and optimizing the design concept for the adaptive neck supporter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20neck%20supporter" title="adaptive neck supporter">adaptive neck supporter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tension%20neck%20syndrome" title=" tension neck syndrome"> tension neck syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=musculoskeletal%20disorder" title=" musculoskeletal disorder"> musculoskeletal disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20actuator%20massager" title=" soft actuator massager"> soft actuator massager</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20robotics" title=" soft robotics"> soft robotics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168817/developing-a-comprehensive-model-for-the-prevention-of-tension-neck-syndrome-a-focus-on-musculoskeletal-disorder-prevention-strategies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168817.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6890</span> New Ethanol Method for Soft Tissue Imaging in Micro-CT</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matej%20Patzelt">Matej Patzelt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan%20Dudak"> Jan Dudak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frantisek%20Krejci"> Frantisek Krejci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan%20Zemlicka"> Jan Zemlicka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Musil"> Vladimir Musil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jitka%20Riedlova"> Jitka Riedlova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viktor%20Sykora"> Viktor Sykora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jana%20Mrzilkova"> Jana Mrzilkova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petr%20Zach"> Petr Zach</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Micro-CT is well used for examination of bone structures and teeth. On the other hand visualization of the soft tissues is still limited. The goal of our study was to create a new fixation method for soft tissue imaging in micro-CT. Methodology: We used organs of 18 mice - heart, lungs, kidneys, liver and brain, which we fixated in ethanol after meticulous preparation. We fixated organs in different concentrations of ethanol and for different period of time. We used three types of ethanol concentration - 97%, 50% and ascending ethanol concentration (25%, 50%, 75%, 97% each for 12 hours). Fixated organs were scanned after 72 hours, 168 hours and 336 hours period of fixation. We scanned all specimens in micro-CT MARS (Medipix All Resolution System). Results: Ethanol method provided contrast enhancement in all studied organs in all used types of fixation. Fixation in 97% ethanol provided very fast fixation and the contrast among the tissues was visible already after 72 hours of fixation. Fixation for the period of 168 and 336 hours gave better details, especially in lung tissue, where alveoli were visualized. On the other hand, this type of fixation caused organs to petrify. Fixation in 50% ethanol provided best results in 336 hours fixation, details were visualized better than in 97% ethanol and samples were not as hard as in fixation in 97% ethanol. Best results were obtained in fixation in ascending ethanol concentration. All organs were visualized in great details, best-visualized organ was heart, where trabeculae and valves were visible. In this type of fixation, organs stayed soft for whole time. Conclusion: New ethanol method is a great option for soft tissue fixation as well as the method for enhancing contrast among tissues in organs. The best results were obtained with fixation of the organs in ascending ethanol concentration, the best visualized organ was the heart. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=x-ray%20imaging" title="x-ray imaging">x-ray imaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20animals" title=" small animals"> small animals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethanol" title=" ethanol"> ethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ex-vivo" title=" ex-vivo"> ex-vivo</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47376/new-ethanol-method-for-soft-tissue-imaging-in-micro-ct" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47376.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6889</span> Ductility Reduction Factors for Displacement Spectra Corresponding to Soft Soil Zone of the Valley of Mexico</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=No%C3%A9%20D.%20Lazos-Gallardo">Noé D. Lazos-Gallardo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonia%20E.%20Ruiz"> Sonia E. Ruiz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Federico%20Valenzuela-Beltran"> Federico Valenzuela-Beltran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A simplified mathematical expression to estimate ductility reduction factors of the displacement spectra corresponding to the soft soil zone of Mexico City is proposed. The aim is to allow a better characterization of the displacement spectra and provide a simple expression to be used in displacement based design (DBD). Emphasis is on the Mexico City Building Code. The study is based on the analysis of single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems with elasto-plastic hysteretic behavior. Several seismic ground motions corresponding to subduction events with magnitudes equal to or greater than 6 and recorded in different stations of Mexico City are used. The proposed expression involves the ratio of elastic and inelastic pseudo-aceleration spectra, and depends on factors such the ductility demand and the vibration period of the structural system. The resulting ductility reduction factors obtained in this study are compared with others existing in the literature, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=displacement%20based%20design" title="displacement based design">displacement based design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=displacements%20spectrum" title=" displacements spectrum"> displacements spectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ductility%20reduction%20factors" title=" ductility reduction factors"> ductility reduction factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20soil" title=" soft soil"> soft soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83199/ductility-reduction-factors-for-displacement-spectra-corresponding-to-soft-soil-zone-of-the-valley-of-mexico" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83199.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6888</span> Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Complex Injuries of the Limbs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mihail%20Nagea">Mihail Nagea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olivera%20Lupescu"> Olivera Lupescu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicolae%20Ciurea"> Nicolae Ciurea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandru%20Dimitriu"> Alexandru Dimitriu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alina%20Grosu"> Alina Grosu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: As severe open injuries are more and more frequent in modern traumatology, threatening not only the integrity of the affected limb but even the life of the patients, new methods desired to cope with the consequences of these traumas were described. Vacuum therapy is one such method which has been described as enhancing healing in trauma with extensive soft-tissue injuries, included those with septic complications. Material and methods: Authors prospectively analyze 15 patients with severe lower limb trauma with MESS less than 6, with considerable soft tissue loss following initial debridement and fracture fixation. The patients needed serial debridements and vacuum therapy was applied after delayed healing due to initial severity of the trauma, for an average period of 12 days (7 - 23 days).In 7 cases vacuum therapy was applied for septic complications. Results: Within the study group, there were no local complications; secondary debridements were performed for all the patients and vacuum system was re-installed after these debridements. No amputations were needed. Medical records were reviewed in order to compare the outcome of the patients: the hospital stay, anti-microbial therapy, time to healing of the bone and soft tissues (there is no standard group to be compared with) and the result showed considerable improvements in the outcome of the patients. Conclusion: Vacuum therapy improves healing of the soft tissues, including those infected; hospital stay and the number of secondary necessary procedures are reduced. Therefore it is considered a valuable support in treating trauma of the limbs with severe soft tissue injuries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20injuries" title="complex injuries">complex injuries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20pressure" title=" negative pressure"> negative pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20fractures" title=" open fractures"> open fractures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wound%20therapy" title=" wound therapy"> wound therapy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64345/negative-pressure-wound-therapy-in-complex-injuries-of-the-limbs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64345.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6887</span> Factors Contributing to Building Construction Project’s Cost Overrun in Jordan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghaleb%20Y.%20Abbasi">Ghaleb Y. Abbasi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sufyan%20Al-Mrayat"> Sufyan Al-Mrayat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examined the contribution of thirty-six factors to building construction project’s cost overrun in Jordan. A questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 350 stakeholders comprised of owners, consultants, and contractors, of which 285 responded. SPSS analysis was conducted to identify the top five causes of cost overrun, which were a large number of variation orders, inadequate quantities provided in the contract, misunderstanding of the project plan, incomplete bid documents, and choosing the lowest price in the contract bidding. There was an agreement among the study participants in ranking the factors contributing to cost overrun, which indicated that these factors were very commonly encountered in most construction projects in Jordan. Thus, it is crucial to enhance the collaboration among the different project stakeholders to understand the project’s objectives and set a realistic plan that takes into consideration all the factors that might influence the project cost, which might eventually prevent cost overrun. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title="cost">cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overrun" title=" overrun"> overrun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20construction%20projects" title=" building construction projects"> building construction projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jordan" title=" Jordan"> Jordan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168184/factors-contributing-to-building-construction-projects-cost-overrun-in-jordan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168184.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6886</span> Development of Work Breakdown Structure for EVMS in South Korea </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Ho%20Kim">Dong-Ho Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Su-Sang%20Lim"> Su-Sang Lim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang-Won%20Han"> Sang-Won Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang-Taek%20Hyun"> Chang-Taek Hyun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the construction site, the cost and schedules are the most important management elements. Despite efforts to integrated management the cost and schedule, WBS classification is struggling to differ from each other. The cost and schedule can be integrated and can be managed due to the characteristic of the detail system in the case of Korea around the axis of pressure and official fixture system. In this research, the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) integrating the cost and schedules around in government office construction, WBS which can be used in common was presented in order to analyze the detail system of the public institution construction and improve. As to this method, the efficient administration of not only the link application of the cost and schedule but also construction project is expected. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WBS" title="WBS">WBS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EVMS" title=" EVMS"> EVMS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20cost%20and%20schedule" title=" integrated cost and schedule"> integrated cost and schedule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Korea%20case" title=" Korea case"> Korea case</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32470/development-of-work-breakdown-structure-for-evms-in-south-korea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32470.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6885</span> Participatory Culture and Value Perception Amongst the Korean and Chinese Drama International Fandom</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patricia%20P.%20M.%20C.%20Lourenco">Patricia P. M. C. Lourenco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javier%20Bringu%C3%A9%20Sala"> Javier Bringué Sala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anaisa%20D.%20A.%20de%20Sena"> Anaisa D. A. de Sena</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Almost everyone in Dramaland knows the names of big Korean stars that grace their computer screens on a roll through social media and video streaming platforms that enable awareness of Korean dramas and lifestyle at a click. A surface culture instilled with notions of belonging has redefined the meaning of friendship and challenged deep inner values. Not everyone, however, knows Chinese Dramas or their stars, which is a consequence of Dramaland's focus on Korean dramas and promoting the Korean experience. Despite a parity in terms of production quality, star power, scripts and compelling visual settings, Chinese Dramas have been playing catch up to their famous counterparts. While they might have a strong competitive soft power for international drama fans, the soft power of Korean dramas is imbued with substantial societal values that they want to share with others. Those values are portrayed in an artistic way that connects with audiences who experience loneliness in the non-virtual world contrary to the way Chinese Dramas are perceived. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20dramas" title="Chinese dramas">Chinese dramas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fandom" title=" fandom"> fandom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Korean%20dramas" title=" Korean dramas"> Korean dramas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participatory%20culture" title=" participatory culture"> participatory culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value%20perception" title=" value perception"> value perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20power" title=" soft power"> soft power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20culture" title=" surface culture"> surface culture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104538/participatory-culture-and-value-perception-amongst-the-korean-and-chinese-drama-international-fandom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6884</span> Rheology and Structural Arrest of Dense Dairy Suspensions: A Soft Matter Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marjan%20Javanmard">Marjan Javanmard</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rheological properties of dairy products critically depend on the underlying organisation of proteins at multiple length scales. When heated and acidified, milk proteins form particle gel that is viscoelastic, solvent rich, ‘soft’ material. In this work recent developments on the rheology of soft particles suspensions were used to interpret and potentially define the properties of dairy gel structures. It is discovered that at volume fractions below random close packing (RCP), the Maron-Pierce-Quemada (MPQ) model accurately predicts the viscosity of the dairy gel suspensions without fitting parameters; the MPQ model has been shown previously to provide reasonable predictions of the viscosity of hard sphere suspensions from the volume fraction, solvent viscosity and RCP. This surprising finding demonstrates that up to RCP, the dairy gel system behaves as a hard sphere suspension and that the structural aggregates behave as discrete particulates akin to what is observed for microgel suspensions. At effective phase volumes well above RCP, the system is a soft solid. In this region, it is discovered that the storage modulus of the sheared AMG scales with the storage modulus of the set gel. The storage modulus in this regime is reasonably well described as a function of effective phase volume by the Evans and Lips model. Findings of this work has potential to aid in rational design and control of dairy food structure-properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20suspensions" title="dairy suspensions">dairy suspensions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rheology-structure" title=" rheology-structure"> rheology-structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maron-Pierce-Quemada%20Model" title=" Maron-Pierce-Quemada Model"> Maron-Pierce-Quemada Model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evans%20and%20Lips%20Model" title=" Evans and Lips Model"> Evans and Lips Model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79044/rheology-and-structural-arrest-of-dense-dairy-suspensions-a-soft-matter-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">225</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6883</span> Run-Time Customisation of Soft-Core CPUs on Field Programmable Gate Array</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rehab%20Abdullah%20Shendi">Rehab Abdullah Shendi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of customised soft-core processors in which instructions can be integrated into a system in application hardware is increasing in the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) field. Specifically, the partial run-time reconfiguration of FPGAs in specialised processors for a particular domain can be very beneficial. In this report, the design and implementation for the customisation of a soft-core MIPS processor using an FPGA and partial reconfiguration (PR) of FPGA technology will be addressed to achieve efficient resource use. This can be achieved using a PR design flow that helps the design fit into a smaller device. Moreover, the impact of static power consumption could be reduced due to runtime reconfiguration. This will be done by configurable custom instructions implemented in the hardware as an extension on the MIPS CPU. The aim of this project is to investigate the PR of FPGAs for run-time adaptations of the instruction set of a soft-core CPU, including the integration of custom instructions and the exploration of the potential to use the MultiBoot feature available in Xilinx FPGAs to carry out the PR process. The system will be evaluated and tested on a Nexus 3 development board featuring a Xilinx Spartran-6 FPGA. The system will be able to load reconfigurable custom instructions dynamically into user programs with the help of the trap handler when the custom instruction is called by the MIPS CPU. The results of this experiment demonstrate that custom instructions in hardware can speed up a certain function and many instructions can be saved when compared to a software implementation of the same function. Implementing custom instructions in hardware is perfectly possible and worth exploring. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customisation" title="customisation">customisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FPGA" title=" FPGA"> FPGA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIPS" title=" MIPS"> MIPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20reconfiguration" title=" partial reconfiguration"> partial reconfiguration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PR" title=" PR"> PR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51763/run-time-customisation-of-soft-core-cpus-on-field-programmable-gate-array" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51763.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6882</span> Protecting Physicochemical Properties of Black Cumin Seed (Nigella sativa) Oil and Developing Value Added Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeliha%20Ustun">Zeliha Ustun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Ersoz"> Mustafa Ersoz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the study, a traditional herbal supplement black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) oil properties has been studied to protect the main quality parameters by a new supplement application. Black cumin seed and its oil is used as a dietary supplement and preferred traditional remedy in Africa, Asia and Middle East for centuries. Now it has been consuming by millions of people in America and Europe as natural supplements and/or phytotherapeutic agents to support immune system, asthma, allergic rinnitis etc. by the scientists’ advices. With the study, it is aimed to prove that soft gelatin capsules are a new and more practical way of usage for Nigella sativa oil that has a longer stability. With the study soft gelatin capsules formulation has been developed to protect cold pressed black cumin seed oil physicochemical properties for a longer period. The product design has been developed in laboratory and implemented in pilot scale soft gelatin capsule manufacturing. Physicochemical properties (peroxide value, free fatty acids, fatty acid composition, refractive index, iodine value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matters) of Nigella sativa oil soft gelatin capsules and Nigella sativa oil in liquid form in amber glass bottles have been compared and followed for 8 months. The main parameters for capsules and liquid form found that for free fatty acids 2.29±0.03, 3.92±0.11 % oleic acid, peroxide 23.11±1.18, 27.85±2.50 meqO2/kg, refractive index at 20 0C 1.4738±0.00, 1.4737±0.00, soap 0 ppm, moisture and volatility 0.32±0.01, 0.36±0.01 %, iodine value 123.00±0.00, 122.00±0.00 wijs, saponification value 196.25±0.46, 194.13±0.35 mg KOH/g and unsaponifiable matter 7.72±0.13, 6.88±0.36 g/kg respectively. The main fatty acids are found that linoleic acid 56.17%, oleic acid 24.64%, palmitic acid 11,94 %. As a result, it is found that cold pressed Nigella sativa oil soft gelatin capsules physicochemical properties are more stable than the Nigella sativa oil stored in glass bottles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=black%20cumin%20seed%20%28Nigella%20sativa%29%20oil" title="black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) oil">black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cold%20press" title=" cold press"> cold press</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutritional%20supplements" title=" nutritional supplements"> nutritional supplements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20gelatin%20capsule" title=" soft gelatin capsule"> soft gelatin capsule</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37166/protecting-physicochemical-properties-of-black-cumin-seed-nigella-sativa-oil-and-developing-value-added-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37166.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6881</span> Comparative Study of the Effect of Three Fungicides: Tilt and Artea Amistarxtra about Growing Wheat, Hard, and Soft and Their Impact on Grain Yield and Its Components in the Semi-Arid Zone of Setif</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheniti%20Khalissa">Cheniti Khalissa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dekhili%20Mohamed"> Dekhili Mohamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several fungal diseases may infect hard and soft wheat, which directly affect the yield and thus the economy of the homeland. So, a treatment fungicide is one of means of diseases control. In this context, we studied two varieties of wheat; Waha for soft wheat and Hidhab for hard wheat, at the level of the Technical Institute of crops (ITGC) in the wilaya of Setif under semi-arid conditions. This study consists of a successive application of three fungicides (Tilt, Artea, and Armistarxtra) according to three treatments (T1, T2, and T3) in addition to the witness (T0) at different stages of plant development (respectively, Montaison, earing and after flowering) whose purpose is to test and determine the effectiveness of these products used sequentially. The study showed good efficacy when we use the sum of these pesticides The comparison between these different treatments indicates that the T3 treatment reduced yield losses significantly; which is evident in the main yield components such as fertility, grain yield and weight of 1000 grains. The various components of yield and final yield are all parameters to be taken into account in such a study. In general, the fungal treatment is an effective way of improving profitability. In general, the fungal treatment is an effective way of improving profitability and positioning interventions in time is one of the requirements for an appreciable efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20wheat" title="hard wheat">hard wheat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20wheat" title=" soft wheat"> soft wheat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diseases" title=" diseases"> diseases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fungicide%20treatment" title=" fungicide treatment"> fungicide treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fertility" title=" fertility"> fertility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=1000-grain%20weight" title=" 1000-grain weight"> 1000-grain weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semi-arid%20zone" title=" semi-arid zone"> semi-arid zone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14541/comparative-study-of-the-effect-of-three-fungicides-tilt-and-artea-amistarxtra-about-growing-wheat-hard-and-soft-and-their-impact-on-grain-yield-and-its-components-in-the-semi-arid-zone-of-setif" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6880</span> Towards an Intelligent Ontology Construction Cost Estimation System: Using BIM and New Rules of Measurement Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20H.%20Abanda">F. H. Abanda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Kamsu-Foguem"> B. Kamsu-Foguem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20H.%20M.%20Tah"> J. H. M. Tah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Construction cost estimation is one of the most important aspects of construction project design. For generations, the process of cost estimating has been manual, time-consuming and error-prone. This has partly led to most cost estimates to be unclear and riddled with inaccuracies that at times lead to over- or under-estimation of construction cost. The development of standard set of measurement rules that are understandable by all those involved in a construction project, have not totally solved the challenges. Emerging Building Information Modelling (BIM) technologies can exploit standard measurement methods to automate cost estimation process and improves accuracies. This requires standard measurement methods to be structured in ontologically and machine readable format; so that BIM software packages can easily read them. Most standard measurement methods are still text-based in textbooks and require manual editing into tables or Spreadsheet during cost estimation. The aim of this study is to explore the development of an ontology based on New Rules of Measurement (NRM) commonly used in the UK for cost estimation. The methodology adopted is Methontology, one of the most widely used ontology engineering methodologies. The challenges in this exploratory study are also reported and recommendations for future studies proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BIM" title="BIM">BIM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20projects" title=" construction projects"> construction projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20estimation" title=" cost estimation"> cost estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NRM" title=" NRM"> NRM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ontology" title=" ontology"> ontology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16960/towards-an-intelligent-ontology-construction-cost-estimation-system-using-bim-and-new-rules-of-measurement-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16960.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">555</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6879</span> Final Costs of Civil Claims</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behnam%20Habibi%20Dargah">Behnam Habibi Dargah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The economics of cost-benefit theory seeks to monitor claims and determine their final price. The cost of litigation is important because it is a measure of the efficiency of the justice system. From an economic point of view, the cost of litigation is considered to be the point of equilibrium of litigation, whereby litigation is regarded as a high-risk investment and is initiated when the costs are less than the probable and expected benefits. Costs are economically separated into private and social costs. Private cost includes material (direct and indirect) and spiritual costs. The social costs of litigation are also subsidized-centric due to the public and governmental nature of litigation and cover both types of bureaucratic bureaucracy and the costs of judicial misconduct. Macroeconomic policy in the economics of justice is the reverse engineering of controlling the social costs of litigation by employing selective litigation and working on the judicial culture to achieve rationality in the monopoly system. Procedures for controlling and managing court costs are also circumscribed to economic patterns in the field. Rational cost allocation model and cost transfer model. The rational allocation model deals with cost-tolerance systems, and the transfer model also considers three models of transferability, including legal, judicial and contractual transferability, which will be described and explored in the present article in a comparative manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20of%20litigation" title="cost of litigation">cost of litigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economics%20of%20litigation" title=" economics of litigation"> economics of litigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20cost" title=" private cost"> private cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20cost" title=" social cost"> social cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20of%20litigation" title=" cost of litigation"> cost of litigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126746/final-costs-of-civil-claims" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126746.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6878</span> Performance Evaluation of Soft RoCE over 1 Gigabit Ethernet</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gurkirat%20Kaur">Gurkirat Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoj%20Kumar"> Manoj Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manju%20Bala"> Manju Bala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ethernet is the most influential and widely used technology in the world. With the growing demand of low latency and high throughput technologies like InfiniBand and RoCE, unique features viz. RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) have evolved. RDMA is an effective technology which is used for reducing system load and improving performance. InfiniBand is a well known technology which provides high-bandwidth and low-latency and makes optimal use of in-built features like RDMA. With the rapid evolution of InfiniBand technology and Ethernet lacking the RDMA and zero copy protocol, the Ethernet community has came out with a new enhancements that bridges the gap between InfiniBand and Ethernet. By adding the RDMA and zero copy protocol to the Ethernet a new networking technology is evolved, called RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE). RoCE is a standard released by the IBTA standardization body to define RDMA protocol over Ethernet. With the emergence of lossless Ethernet, RoCE uses InfiniBand’s efficient transport to provide the platform for deploying RDMA technology in mainstream data centres over 10GigE, 40GigE and beyond. RoCE provide all of the InfiniBand benefits transport benefits and well established RDMA ecosystem combined with converged Ethernet. In this paper, we evaluate the heterogeneous Linux cluster, having multi nodes with fast interconnects i.e. gigabit Ethernet and Soft RoCE. This paper presents the heterogeneous Linux cluster configuration and evaluates its performance using Intel’s MPI Benchmarks. Our result shows that Soft RoCE is performing better than Ethernet in various performance metrics like bandwidth, latency and throughput. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethernet" title="ethernet">ethernet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InfiniBand" title=" InfiniBand"> InfiniBand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RoCE" title=" RoCE"> RoCE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RDMA" title=" RDMA"> RDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MPI" title=" MPI"> MPI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soft%20RoCE" title=" Soft RoCE"> Soft RoCE</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8912/performance-evaluation-of-soft-roce-over-1-gigabit-ethernet" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8912.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">474</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6877</span> Economical Working Hours per Workday for a Production Worker under Hazardous Environment </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Darwish">Mohammed Darwish</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Workplace injuries cost organizations significant amount of money. Causes of injuries at workplace are very well documented in the literature and attributed to variety of reasons. One important reason is the long working-hours. The purpose of this paper is to develop a mathematical model that finds the optimal working-hours at workplace. The developed model minimizes the expected total cost which consists of the expected cost incurred due to unsafe conditions of workplace, the other cost is related to the lost production due to work incidents, and the production cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=8-hour%20workday" title="8-hour workday">8-hour workday</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20model" title=" mathematical model"> mathematical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20working%20hours" title=" optimal working hours"> optimal working hours</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=workplace%20injuries" title=" workplace injuries"> workplace injuries</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106265/economical-working-hours-per-workday-for-a-production-worker-under-hazardous-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106265.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6876</span> The Curvature of Bending Analysis and Motion of Soft Robotic Fingers by Full 3D Printing with MC-Cells Technique for Hand Rehabilitation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaiyawat%20Musikapan">Chaiyawat Musikapan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ratchatin%20Chancharoen"> Ratchatin Chancharoen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saknan%20Bongsebandhu-Phubhakdi"> Saknan Bongsebandhu-Phubhakdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For many recent years, soft robotic fingers were used for supporting the patients who had survived the neurological diseases that resulted in muscular disorders and neural network damages, such as stroke and Parkinson’s disease, and inflammatory symptoms such as De Quervain and trigger finger. Generally, the major hand function is significant to manipulate objects in activities of daily living (ADL). In this work, we proposed the model of soft actuator that manufactured by full 3D printing without the molding process and one material for use. Furthermore, we designed the model with a technique of multi cavitation cells (MC-Cells). Then, we demonstrated the curvature bending, fluidic pressure and force that generated to the model for assistive finger flexor and hand grasping. Also, the soft actuators were characterized in mathematics solving by the length of chord and arc length. In addition, we used an adaptive push-button switch machine to measure the force in our experiment. Consequently, we evaluated biomechanics efficiency by the range of motion (ROM) that affected to metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP), proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) and distal interphalangeal joint (DIP). Finally, the model achieved to exhibit the corresponding fluidic pressure with force and ROM to assist the finger flexor and hand grasping. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomechanics%20efficiency" title="biomechanics efficiency">biomechanics efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curvature%20bending" title=" curvature bending"> curvature bending</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hand%20functional%20assistance" title=" hand functional assistance"> hand functional assistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi%20cavitation%20cells%20%28MC-Cells%29" title=" multi cavitation cells (MC-Cells)"> multi cavitation cells (MC-Cells)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=range%20of%20motion%20%28ROM%29" title=" range of motion (ROM)"> range of motion (ROM)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142965/the-curvature-of-bending-analysis-and-motion-of-soft-robotic-fingers-by-full-3d-printing-with-mc-cells-technique-for-hand-rehabilitation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6875</span> Design Criteria for an Internal Information Technology Cost Allocation to Support Business Information Technology Alignment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Schnabl">Andrea Schnabl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mario%20Bernhart"> Mario Bernhart</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The controlling instrument of an internal cost allocation (IT chargeback) is commonly used to make IT costs transparent and controllable. Information Technology (IT) became, especially for information industries, a central competitive factor. Consequently, the focus is not on minimizing IT costs but on the strategic aligned application of IT. Hence, an internal IT cost allocation should be designed to enhance the business-IT alignment (strategic alignment of IT) in order to support the effective application of IT from a company’s point of view. To identify design criteria for an internal cost allocation to support business alignment a case study analysis at a typical medium-sized firm in information industry is performed. Documents, Key Performance Indicators, and cost accounting data over a period of 10 years are analyzed and interviews are performed. The derived design criteria are evaluated by 6 heads of IT departments from 6 different companies, which have an internal IT cost allocation at use. By applying these design criteria an internal cost allocation serves not only for cost controlling but also as an instrument in strategic IT management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accounting%20for%20IT%20services" title="accounting for IT services">accounting for IT services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Business%20IT%20Alignment" title=" Business IT Alignment"> Business IT Alignment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20cost%20allocation" title=" internal cost allocation"> internal cost allocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IT%20controlling" title=" IT controlling"> IT controlling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IT%20governance" title=" IT governance"> IT governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic%20IT%20management" title=" strategic IT management"> strategic IT management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93449/design-criteria-for-an-internal-information-technology-cost-allocation-to-support-business-information-technology-alignment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93449.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6874</span> Identification and Characterization of Enterobacter cloacae, New Soft Rot Causing Pathogen of Radish in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20S.%20Chandrashekar">B. S. Chandrashekar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20Prasannakumar"> M. K. Prasannakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Buela%20Parivallal"> P. Buela Parivallal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahana%20N.%20Banakar"> Sahana N. Banakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swathi%20S.%20Patil"> Swathi S. Patil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20B.%20Mahesh"> H. B. Mahesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Pramesh"> D. Pramesh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacterial soft rot is one of the most often seen diseases in many plant species globally, resulting in considerable yield loss. Radish roots with dark water-soaked lesions, maceration of tissue, and a foul odour were collected in the Kolar region, India. Two isolates were obtained from rotted samples that demonstrated morphologically unpigmented, white mucoid convex colonies on nutrient agar medium. The isolated bacteria (RDH1 and RDH3) were gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria with biochemically distinct characteristics similar to the type culture of Enterobacter cloacae ATCC13047 and Bergy's handbook of determinative bacteriology. The 16s rRNA gene was used to identify Enterobacter species. On carrot, potato, tomato, chilli, bell pepper, knolkhol, cauliflower, cabbage, and cucumber slices, the Koch′s postulates were fulfilled, and the pathogen was also pathogenic on radish, cauliflower, and cabbage seedlings were grown in a glasshouse. After 36 hours, both isolates exhibited a hypersensitive sensitivity to Nicotianatabacum. Semi-quantitative analysis revealed that cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) such as pectin lyase, polygalacturonase, and cellulase (p=1.4e09) contributed to pathogenicity, whereas isolates produced biofilms (p=4.3e-11) that help in host adhesion. This is the first report in India of radish soft rot caused by E. cloacae. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20rot" title="soft rot">soft rot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterobacter%20cloacae" title=" enterobacter cloacae"> enterobacter cloacae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=16S%20rRNA" title="16S rRNA">16S rRNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nicotiana%20tabacum" title=" nicotiana tabacum"> nicotiana tabacum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=and%20pathogenicity" title=" and pathogenicity"> and pathogenicity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144195/identification-and-characterization-of-enterobacter-cloacae-new-soft-rot-causing-pathogen-of-radish-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144195.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6873</span> Stochastic Frontier Application for Evaluating Cost Inefficiencies in Organic Saffron</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pawan%20Kumar%20Sharma">Pawan Kumar Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudhakar%20Dwivedi"> Sudhakar Dwivedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20K.%20Arora"> R. K. Arora</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Saffron is one of the most precious spices grown on the earth and is cultivated in a very limited area in few countries of the world. It has also been grown as a niche crop in Kishtwar district of Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State of India. This paper attempts to examine the presence of cost inefficiencies in saffron production and the associated socio-economic characteristics of saffron growers in the mentioned area. Although the numbers of inputs used in cultivation of saffron were limited, still cost inefficiencies were present in its production. The net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and profitability index (PI) of investment in five years of saffron production were INR 1120803, 95.67 % and 3.52 respectively. The estimated coefficients of saffron stochastic cost function for saffron bulbs, human labour, animal labour, manure and saffron output were positive. The saffron growers having non-farm income were more cost inefficient as compared to farmers who did not have sources of income other than farming by 0.04 %. The maximum value of cost efficiency for saffron grower was 1.69 with mean value of 1.12. The majority of farmers have low cost inefficiencies, as the highest frequency of occurrence of the predicted cost efficiency was below 1.06. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saffron" title="saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20rate%20of%20return" title=" internal rate of return"> internal rate of return</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20efficiency" title=" cost efficiency"> cost efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stochastic%20frontier%20model" title=" stochastic frontier model"> stochastic frontier model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98785/stochastic-frontier-application-for-evaluating-cost-inefficiencies-in-organic-saffron" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98785.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6872</span> Causes of Cost Overrun in Building Construction Projects: Case Study from Al Madinah, Saudi Arabia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Hamed">Z. Hamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Sa%27deya"> K. Sa'deya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Abdelrasheed"> E. Abdelrasheed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Mahamid"> I. Mahamid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The construction industry is one of the main sectors that play basic role in the urban and rural development of a society. It provides important ingredients for the development of an economy. However, many construction projects experience extensive cost overrun. This study was conducted to identify the causes of cost overrun in building construction contracts in Al Madinah, Saudi Arabia and test the importance of these causes from contractors' perspective. To achieve the study objectives, a questionnaire survey was conducted to identify and rank cost overrun causes from the perspective of contractors. The findings found that the top five cost overrun causes are: lack of experience in the line of work, lack of labor productivity, delay in payments, rework and material waste. It is hoped that the findings will guide efforts to improve the performance of construction industry in Saudi Arabia and other developing countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building" title="building">building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contractor" title=" contractor"> contractor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20increase" title=" cost increase"> cost increase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20overrun" title=" cost overrun"> cost overrun</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100750/causes-of-cost-overrun-in-building-construction-projects-case-study-from-al-madinah-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100750.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 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