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class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ページ先頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-多様性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多様性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 多様性 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多様性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特徴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特徴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 特徴 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-特徴-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 特徴サブセクションを切り替えます </button> <ul id="toc-特徴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-核" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 核 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生化学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生化学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 生化学 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生化学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-細胞内膜系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#細胞内膜系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 細胞内膜系 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-細胞内膜系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ミトコンドリア" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ミトコンドリア"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 ミトコンドリア </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ミトコンドリア-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-プラスチド" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#プラスチド"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 プラスチド </div> </a> <ul id="toc-プラスチド-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-細胞骨格" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#細胞骨格"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 細胞骨格 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-細胞骨格-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-細胞壁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#細胞壁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 細胞壁 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-細胞壁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有性生殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有性生殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 有性生殖 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有性生殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 進化 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-進化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 進化サブセクションを切り替えます </button> <ul id="toc-進化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分類の歴史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類の歴史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 分類の歴史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類の歴史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 系統 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-真核生物の起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#真核生物の起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 真核生物の起源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-真核生物の起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-成立年代の推定" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#成立年代の推定"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 成立年代の推定 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-成立年代の推定-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化石" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化石"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 化石 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化石-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脚注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脚注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 脚注 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-脚注-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 脚注サブセクションを切り替えます </button> <ul id="toc-脚注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-注釈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注釈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 注釈 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注釈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 出典 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 参考文献 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-関連項目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#関連項目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 関連項目 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-関連項目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部リンク" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部リンク"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 外部リンク </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部リンク-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="目次の表示・非表示を切り替え" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 目次の表示・非表示を切り替え </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">真核生物</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="特定の記事の別の言語版に移動します。利用可能な言語139件" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" > 139の言語版 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioot" title="アフリカーンス語: Eukarioot" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eukarioot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="アフリカーンス語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="スイスドイツ語: Eukaryoten" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="スイスドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="アラゴン語: Eukaryota" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="アラゴン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="アラビア語: حقيقيات النوى" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقيقيات النوى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="エジプト・アラビア語: حقيقيات النوى" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حقيقيات النوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="エジプト・アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1" title="アッサム語: সংকোষকেন্দ্ৰীয় জীৱ" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংকোষকেন্দ্ৰীয় জীৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="アッサム語" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="アストゥリアス語: Eukaryota" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="アストゥリアス語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotlar" title="アゼルバイジャン語: Eukariotlar" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eukariotlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="アゼルバイジャン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="バシキール語: Эукариоттар" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эукариоттар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="バシキール語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="バリ語: Eukaryota" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="バリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="バイエルン・オーストリア語: Eukaryota" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="バイエルン・オーストリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="ベラルーシ語: Эўкарыёты" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эўкарыёты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ベラルーシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography): Эўкарыёты" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўкарыёты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="ブルガリア語: Еукариоти" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еукариоти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ブルガリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC" title="ベンガル語: সুকেন্দ্রিক জীব" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুকেন্দ্রিক জীব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ベンガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="ブルトン語: Eukariot" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ブルトン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="ボスニア語: Eukarioti" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ボスニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariotes" title="カタロニア語: Eucariotes" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eucariotes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="カタロニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ADng-h%C5%8Fk_s%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk" title="閩東語: Cĭng-hŏk sĕng-ŭk" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĭng-hŏk sĕng-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="閩東語" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="チェチェン語: Эукариоташ" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эукариоташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="チェチェン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9_%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="中央クルド語: زیندەوەرە ناوک ڕاستەقینەکان" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیندەوەرە ناوک ڕاستەقینەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中央クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="チェコ語: Eukaryota" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="チェコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="チュヴァシ語: Эукариотсем" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эукариотсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="チュヴァシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="ウェールズ語: Ewcaryot" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ewcaryot" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ウェールズ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="デンマーク語: Eukaryoter" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="デンマーク語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="ドイツ語: Eukaryoten" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="低地ソルブ語: Eukaryoty" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="低地ソルブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%85%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1" title="ギリシャ語: Ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ギリシャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="英語: Eukaryote" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英語" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADkariotoj" title="エスペラント語: Eŭkariotoj" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭkariotoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="エスペラント語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="スペイン語: Eukaryota" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="スペイン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukar%C3%BCoodid" title="エストニア語: Eukarüoodid" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eukarüoodid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="エストニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioto" title="バスク語: Eukarioto" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eukarioto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="バスク語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="エストレマドゥーラ語: Eukaryota" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="エストレマドゥーラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ペルシア語: یوکاریوت" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوکاریوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ペルシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitotumaiset" title="フィンランド語: Aitotumaiset" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aitotumaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="フィンランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="フランス語: Eukaryota" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="フランス語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioten" title="北フリジア語: Eukarioten" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eukarioten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北フリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="アイルランド語: Eukaryota" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="アイルランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89karyota" title="Guianan Creole: Ékaryota" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ékaryota" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="ガリシア語: Eukaryota" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ガリシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="マン島語: Eukaryota" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="マン島語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82n-fu%CC%8Dt" title="客家語: Chṳ̂n-fu̍t" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂n-fu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家語" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ヘブライ語: אאוקריוטים" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אאוקריוטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ヘブライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="ヒンディー語: सुकेन्द्रिक" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुकेन्द्रिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="クロアチア語: Eukarioti" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="高地ソルブ語: Eukaryoty" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="高地ソルブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekary%C3%B2t" title="ハイチ・クレオール語: Ekaryòt" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekaryòt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ハイチ・クレオール語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukari%C3%B3t%C3%A1k" title="ハンガリー語: Eukarióták" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eukarióták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ハンガリー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="アルメニア語: Կորիզավորներ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորիզավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="アルメニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucaryote" title="インターリングア: Eucaryote" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eucaryote" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="インターリングア" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="イバン語: Eukariot" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="イバン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="インドネシア語: Eukariota" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="インドネシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="イロカノ語: Eukaryote" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="イロカノ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="イングーシ語: Эукариоташ" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эукариоташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="イングーシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioto" title="イド語: Eukarioto" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eukarioto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="イド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilkj%C3%B6rnungar" title="アイスランド語: Heilkjörnungar" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heilkjörnungar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="アイスランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="イタリア語: Eukaryota" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="イタリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="ジャワ語: Eukariota" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ジャワ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ジョージア語: ევკარიოტები" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევკარიოტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ジョージア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timzi%C9%A3wawin" title="カビル語: Timziɣwawin" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timziɣwawin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="カビル語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="カザフ語: Эукариоттар" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эукариоттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="カザフ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%95%B5%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="韓国語: 진핵생물" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진핵생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓国語" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariyot" title="クルド語: Eukariyot" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Eukariyot" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="コーンウォール語: Eukaryota" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="コーンウォール語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="キルギス語: Эукариот" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="キルギス語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="ラテン語: Eukaryota" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ラテン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="ルクセンブルク語: Eukaryoten" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ルクセンブルク語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariota" title="リングア・フランカ・ノバ: Eucariota" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eucariota" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="リングア・フランカ・ノバ" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarya" title="リンブルフ語: Eukarya" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eukarya" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="リンブルフ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="リグリア語: Eukaryota" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="リグリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariota" title="Ladin: Eucariota" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eucariota" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="ロンバルド語: Eukaryota" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ロンバルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94" title="ラオ語: ຢູກາຣີໂອດ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຢູກາຣີໂອດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ラオ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotai" title="リトアニア語: Eukariotai" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eukariotai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="リトアニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikarioti" title="ラトビア語: Eikarioti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eikarioti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ラトビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="ミナンカバウ語: Eukariota" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="ミナンカバウ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="マケドニア語: Еукариоти" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еукариоти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="マケドニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="マラヤーラム語: യൂക്കാരിയോട്ടുകൾ" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂക്കാരിയോട്ടുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="マラヤーラム語" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="モンゴル語: Эукариот" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="モンゴル語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C" title="マニプリ語: ꯏꯌꯨꯀꯦꯔꯥꯢꯌꯣꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯌꯨꯀꯦꯔꯥꯢꯌꯣꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="マニプリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="マラーティー語: सकेंद्रक सजीव" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सकेंद्रक सजीव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="マラーティー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="マレー語: Eukariot" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="マレー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD" title="ミャンマー語: နျူကလိယအစစ်ပါ သက်ရှိ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နျူကလိယအစစ်ပါ သက်ရှိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ミャンマー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="ナポリ語: Eukaryota" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="ナポリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="低地ドイツ語: Eukaryoten" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="オランダ語: Eukaryoten" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="オランダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotar" title="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク): Eukaryotar" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eukaryotar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="ノルウェー語(ブークモール): Eukaryoter" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ブークモール)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="ノヴィアル: Eukaryota" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="ノヴィアル" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="オック語: Eukaryota" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="オック語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirmaat-dhugee" title="オロモ語: Wirmaat-dhugee" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Wirmaat-dhugee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="オロモ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%C3%A6" title="オセット語: Эукариоттæ" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эукариоттæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="オセット語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="パンジャブ語: ਸੁਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="パンジャブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="パンパンガ語: Eukaryote" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="パンパンガ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarionty" title="ポーランド語: Eukarionty" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eukarionty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ポーランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9" title="Western Punjabi: یوکیریوٹ" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوکیریوٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="パシュトゥー語: یوکاریوت" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یوکاریوت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="パシュトゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="ポルトガル語: Eukaryota" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ポルトガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariote" title="ルーマニア語: Eucariote" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eucariote" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ルーマニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="ロシア語: Эукариоты" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эукариоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ロシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="ルシン語: Еукариоты" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еукариоты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ルシン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="サハ語: Эукариот" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="サハ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="サルデーニャ語: Eukaryota" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="サルデーニャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="シチリア語: Eukaryota" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="シチリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="スコットランド語: Eukaryote" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="スコットランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="シンド語: يوڪيريئوٽا" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يوڪيريئوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="シンド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariote" title="セルボ・クロアチア語: Eukariote" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eukariote" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="セルボ・クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="シンプル英語: Eukaryote" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="シンプル英語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="スロバキア語: Eukaryoty" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="スロバキア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evkarionti" title="スロベニア語: Evkarionti" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evkarionti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="スロベニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sell%C3%A2v%C3%A1%C3%A1imusliih" title="イナリ・サーミ語: Sellâvááimusliih" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sellâvááimusliih" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="イナリ・サーミ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="アルバニア語: Eukarioti" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="アルバニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="セルビア語: Еукариоте" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еукариоте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="セルビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="スンダ語: Eukariot" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="スンダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="スウェーデン語: Eukaryoter" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="スウェーデン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="スワヒリ語: Eukaryota" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="スワヒリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="タミル語: மெய்க்கருவுயிரி" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெய்க்கருவுயிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="タミル語" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="タジク語: Эукариотҳо" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эукариотҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="タジク語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95" title="タイ語: ยูแคริโอต" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูแคริโอต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="タイ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="タガログ語: Eukaryota" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="タガログ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96karyot" title="トルコ語: Ökaryot" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ökaryot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="トルコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="タタール語: Эукариотлар" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эукариотлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="タタール語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="ウクライナ語: Еукаріоти" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еукаріоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ウクライナ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ウルドゥー語: حقیقی المرکزیہ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حقیقی المرکزیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ウルドゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotlar" title="ウズベク語: Eukariotlar" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eukariotlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ウズベク語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="ヴェネト語: Eukaryota" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="ヴェネト語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_nh%C3%A2n_th%E1%BB%B1c" title="ベトナム語: Sinh vật nhân thực" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh vật nhân thực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ベトナム語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryootn" title="西フラマン語: Eukaryootn" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eukaryootn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西フラマン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariote" title="ワロン語: Eucariote" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Eucariote" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="ワロン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="ワライ語: Eukaryote" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ワライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="呉語: 真核生物" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真核生物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="呉語" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="メグレル語: ევკარიოტეფი" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევკარიოტეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="メグレル語" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98" title="イディッシュ語: אייקאריאט" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייקאריאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="イディッシュ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="ヨルバ語: Eukaryote" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ヨルバ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="中国語: 真核生物" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真核生物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中国語" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-hu%CC%8Dt_seng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="閩南語: Chin-hu̍t seng-bu̍t" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-hu̍t seng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="広東語: 真核生物" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真核生物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="広東語" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMvelendeni" title="ズールー語: IMvelendeni" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMvelendeni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="ズールー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19088#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="言語間リンクを編集" class="wbc-editpage">リンクを編集</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="名前空間"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="本文を閲覧 [c]" accesskey="c">ページ</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" rel="discussion" title="本文ページについての議論 [t]" accesskey="t">ノート</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="別の言語に切り替える" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >日本語 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="表示"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">閲覧</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する [e]" accesskey="e">編集</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=history" title="このページの過去の版 [h]" accesskey="h">履歴表示</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ページツール"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ツール" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >ツール </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ツール</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">サイドバーに移動</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">非表示</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="その他の操作" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">閲覧</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit" title="このページのソースコードを編集する [e]" accesskey="e">編集</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=history">履歴表示</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 全般 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E5%85%83/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="ここにリンクしている全ウィキページの一覧 [j]" accesskey="j">リンク元</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E7%8A%B6%E6%B3%81/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" rel="nofollow" title="このページからリンクしているページの最近の更新 [k]" accesskey="k">関連ページの更新状況</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ファイルをアップロードする [u]" accesskey="u">ファイルをアップロード</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="特別ページの一覧 [q]" accesskey="q">特別ページ</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&oldid=102605966" title="このページのこの版への固定リンク">この版への固定リンク</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=info" title="このページについての詳細情報">ページ情報</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%81%93%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%92%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&id=102605966&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="このページの引用方法">このページを引用</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%259C%259F%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%2589%25A9">短縮URLを取得する</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fja.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%259C%259F%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%2589%25A9">QRコードをダウンロード</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 印刷/書き出し </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">ブックの新規作成</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=show-download-screen">PDF 形式でダウンロード</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&printable=yes" title="このページの印刷用ページ [p]" accesskey="p">印刷用バージョン</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 他のプロジェクト </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eukaryota" hreflang="en">コモンズ</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" hreflang="en">ウィキスピーシーズ</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19088" title="関連付けられたデータリポジトリ項目へのリンク [g]" accesskey="g">ウィキデータ項目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" 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フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ja" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox bordered" style="width:18em;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:110%;background:khaki;background:rgba(221,199,0,0.42);text-align:center;">真核生物 Eukaryota </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:khaki;background:rgba(221,199,0,0.42);text-align:center;"><div style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;">生息年代: <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="スタテリアン">スタテリアン</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="完新世">現在</a> 1650–0 Ma <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:200px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border-color: #666; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid solid solid none; font-size:smaller; font-weight:bolder; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:33.594983326655px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E7%8E%8B%E4%BB%A3" title="冥王代">Had'n</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(230,29,140); left:33.594983326655px; width:8.7581587722813px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:; left:42.353142098937px; width:17.516317544563px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,104,169); left:59.869459643499px; width:17.516317544563px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(249,155,193); left:77.385777188062px; width:13.137238158422px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,4,127); left:33.594983326655px; width:56.928032019828px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="太古代">Archean</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,67,112); left:90.523015346484px; width:39.411714475266px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,180,98); left:129.93472982175px; width:26.274476316844px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,179,66); left:156.20920613859px; width:20.056183588524px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,53,99); left:90.523015346484px; width:85.742374380634px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="原生代">Proterozoic</a></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,192,141); left:176.26538972712px; width:12.743121013669px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,197,202); left:189.00851074079px; width:8.1231922612909px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(242,249,29); left:197.13170300208px; width:2.8682969979221px;"></div> <div id="bar" style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(154,217,221); left:176.26538972712px; width:23.734610272882px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%95%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="顕生代">Pha.</a></div> </div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:200px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div id="Range-border" style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:99.281174118765px; width:100.71882588123px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42; filter:alpha(opacity=42);"></div> <div id="Range-border" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg/112px-Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg/168px-Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg/224px-Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%9C%E7%95%8C" title="緑色植物亜界">緑色植物亜界</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores.jpg/153px-Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores.jpg/230px-Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores.jpg/306px-Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="496" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF#分類" title="エクスカバータ">ディスコバ</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/101px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/152px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/202px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="405" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A2" title="アメーボゾア">アメーボゾア</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Ammonia_tepida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/133px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/200px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/266px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="309" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B6%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="リザリア">リザリア</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg/121px-Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg/182px-Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg/242px-Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1489" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="アルベオラータ">アルベオラータ</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Osmia_rufa_couple_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg/131px-Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg/197px-Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg/262px-Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="846" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="動物界">動物界</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Boletus_edulis_(Tillegem).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg/123px-Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg/185px-Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg/246px-Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="菌界">菌界</a></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:khaki;background:rgba(221,199,0,0.42);text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="生物の分類">分類</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="borderless" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="ドメイン (分類学)">ドメイン</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">: </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;">真核生物 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" class="extiw" title="w:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:khaki;background:rgba(221,199,0,0.42);text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D" title="学名">学名</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td lang="la" style="text-align:center">Eukaryota (<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="エドゥアール・シャットン">Chatton</a>, <a href="/wiki/1925%E5%B9%B4" title="1925年">1925</a>) <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="ロバート・ホイッタカー">Whittaker</a> & <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="リン・マーギュリス">Margulis</a>, <a href="/wiki/1978%E5%B9%B4" title="1978年">1978</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:khaki;background:rgba(221,199,0,0.42);text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A0" title="シノニム">シノニム</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="font-size: 95%;line-height: 95%;"> <ul><li>Eucarya <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="カール・ウーズ">Woese</a> et al., <a href="/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4" title="1990年">1990</a><a href="#cite_note-w1990-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Eukarya <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="リン・マーギュリス">Margulis</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996%E5%B9%B4" title="1996年">1996</a><a href="#cite_note-Margulis_1996-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:khaki;background:rgba(221,199,0,0.42);text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%90%8D" title="和名">和名</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">真核生物 (しんかくせいぶつ) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:khaki;background:rgba(221,199,0,0.42);text-align:center;">英名 </th></tr> <tr> <td lang="en" style="text-align:center">Eukaryote </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:khaki;background:rgba(221,199,0,0.42);text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="スーパーグループ (分類学)">スーパーグループ</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="界 (分類学)">界</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdl_et_al.20194–119-4">[4]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="font-size: 95%;line-height: 95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B1%E3%82%B9" title="ディアフォレティケス">ディアフォレティケス</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphoretickes" class="extiw" title="w:Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAR%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="SARスーパーグループ">SARスーパーグループ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAR_supergroup" class="extiw" title="w:SAR supergroup">SAR supergroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%97%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF" title="ハプティスタ">ハプティスタ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptista" class="extiw" title="w:Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF" title="クリプチスタ">クリプチスタ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptista" class="extiw" title="w:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%80" title="アーケプラスチダ">アーケプラスチダ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeplastida" class="extiw" title="w:Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>を含む)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「プロヴォラ」 (存在しないページ)">プロヴォラ</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provora" class="extiw" title="en:Provora">英語版</a>） <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provora" class="extiw" title="w:Provora">Provora</a><a href="#cite_note-Provora-3">[3]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%9F%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%A9" title="ヘミマスティゴフォラ">ヘミマスティゴフォラ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemimastigophora" class="extiw" title="w:Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80" class="mw-redirect" title="メタモナダ">メタモナダ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamonada" class="extiw" title="w:Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ディスコバ」 (存在しないページ)">ディスコバ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoba" class="extiw" title="w:Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「マラウィモナス類」 (存在しないページ)">マラウィモナス類</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawimonadida" class="extiw" title="en:Malawimonadida">英語版</a>） <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawimonadida" class="extiw" title="w:Malawimonadida">Malawimonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「アンキロモナス類」 (存在しないページ)">アンキロモナス類</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyromonadida" class="extiw" title="en:Ancyromonadida">英語版</a>） <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyromonadida" class="extiw" title="w:Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRuMs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「CRuMs」 (存在しないページ)">クルムス</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRuMs" class="extiw" title="w:CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="アモルフェア">アモルフェア</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphea" class="extiw" title="w:Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A2" title="アメーボゾア">アメーボゾア</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebozoa" class="extiw" title="w:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ブレビアータ">ブレビアータ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviatea" class="extiw" title="w:Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%97%E3%82%BD%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「アプソモナス類」 (存在しないページ)">アプソモナス類</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="extiw" title="en:Apusomonadida">英語版</a>） <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="extiw" title="w:Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF" title="オピストコンタ">オピストコンタ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="extiw" title="w:Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="ホロマイコータ">ホロマイコータ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomycota" class="extiw" title="w:Holomycota">Holomycota</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="菌界">菌界</a>を含む)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A2" title="ホロゾア">ホロゾア</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holozoa" class="extiw" title="w:Holozoa">Holozoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>を含む)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> 真核生物（しんかくせいぶつ、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="ラテン語">羅</a>: Eukaryota、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="英語">英</a>: eukaryotes）は、真核生物<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="ドメイン (分類学)">ドメイン</a> Eukaryota (Eukarya) と呼ばれる分類群を構成し、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞">細胞</a>の中に<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">核膜</a>に包まれた<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="細胞核">核</a>を持つ<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>である。すべての<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="菌類">菌類</a>、そして多くの<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="単細胞生物">単細胞生物</a>は真核生物である。真核生物は、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a>の2つの分類群すなわち<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="古細菌">古細菌</a>と並び、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>を持つ存在）を構成する主要な分類群の一つである。真核生物は原核生物に比べ個体数としては少ないが、サイズは一般的にはるかに大きいので、その集団的な地球規模での<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="生物量">生物量</a>（全球バイオマス）ははるかに大きくなる。 真核生物は、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="アスガルド古細菌">アスガルド古細菌</a>の中の一群から出現したと見られる<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>。このことは、生物を構成する大分類であるドメインは細菌と古細菌の<a href="/w/index.php?title=2%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「2ドメイン説」 (存在しないページ)">2つ</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-domain_system" class="extiw" title="en:Two-domain system">英語版</a>）だけで、真核生物は古細菌の中の一群であることを意味する。真核生物が最初に出現したのは<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古原生代">古原生代</a>で、当時の生物は<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%99%AB" title="鞭毛虫">鞭毛のある細胞</a>であったと考えられる。現在有力とされている<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>仮説では、真核生物は、嫌気性のアスガルド古細菌が好気性の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="シュードモナス門">シュードモナス門</a>（旧: プロテオバクテリア）を取り込んだ<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%86%85%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E8%AA%AC" title="細胞内共生説">細胞内共生</a>によって誕生し、後者から<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ミトコンドリア">ミトコンドリア</a>が形成されたとされる。さらにそれが<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%83%90%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="シアノバクテリア">シアノバクテリア</a>を取り込むことで、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B7%91%E4%BD%93" title="葉緑体">葉緑体</a>を持つ植物の祖先が誕生した。 真核細胞（真核生物の細胞）は、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="細胞核">核</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%83%9E%E4%BD%93" title="小胞体">小胞体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E4%BD%93" title="ゴルジ体">ゴルジ体</a>などの生体膜で区画された<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%B0%8F%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="細胞小器官">細胞小器官</a>を持つ。原核生物は一般的に単細胞であるのに対し、真核生物には<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="単細胞">単細胞</a>のものも<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="多細胞">多細胞</a>のものも存在する。単細胞の真核生物は<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>と呼ばれることもある。真核生物は<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%B3%B8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="有糸分裂">有糸分裂</a>による<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="無性生殖">無性生殖</a>と、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="減数分裂">減数分裂</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%81%B6%E5%AD%90" title="配偶子">配偶子</a>融合（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="受精">受精</a>）による<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="有性生殖">有性生殖</a>の両方を行うことができる。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="多様性">多様性</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="節を編集: 多様性">編集</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142196/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:358px;max-width:358px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:52px;max-width:52px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Prokaryote_cell-ja.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Prokaryote_cell-ja.svg/langja-50px-Prokaryote_cell-ja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Prokaryote_cell-ja.svg/langja-75px-Prokaryote_cell-ja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Prokaryote_cell-ja.svg/langja-100px-Prokaryote_cell-ja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1020" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a>, 同じスケール</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/300px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/450px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/600px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="486" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%86%85%E8%86%9C%E7%B3%BB" title="細胞内膜系">細胞内膜系</a>を持つ真核細胞</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">真核細胞は体積で原核細胞の約10,000倍大きく、膜で区切られた<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%B0%8F%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="細胞小器官">細胞小器官</a>を含んでいる</div></div></div></div> 真核生物は、直径1 µm（<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="マイクロメートル">マイクロメートル</a>）に満たない <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostreococcus" class="extiw" title="w:Ostreococcus">Ostreococcus</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E8%97%BB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="緑藻植物">緑藻植物</a>）のような<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="単細胞生物">単細胞生物</a><a href="#cite_note-Courties1994-6">[6]</a>から、体重190 t（<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="トン">トン</a>）、体長33.6 m（<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="メートル">メートル</a>）に至る<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A9" title="シロナガスクジラ">シロナガスクジラ</a>のような<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood-7">[7]</a>、あるいは高さ120 m にもなる<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2" title="セコイア">セコイア</a>のような<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>まで、形態的に多様なさまざまな生物を含む<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>。 多くの真核生物は単細胞性である。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>としてひとまとまりに呼ばれる<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%BE%A4" title="多系統群">非公式な分類群</a>の多くは単細胞生物であるが、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ジャイアントケルプ">ジャイアントケルプ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocystis_pyrifera" class="extiw" title="w:Macrocystis pyrifera">Macrocystis pyrifera</a> のような長さ61 m にもなる多細胞性の生物も含まれる<a href="#cite_note-Hoek_95-9">[9]</a>。多細胞の真核生物には、動物、植物、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="真菌">真菌</a>が含まれるが、やはりこれらの分類群にも多くの単細胞<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="種 (分類学)">種</a>が含まれる<a href="#cite_note-burki2014-10">[10]</a>。 真核生物の細胞は通常、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="古細菌">古細菌</a>）よりもはるかに大きく、その体積は約10,000倍である<a href="#cite_note-DeRennaux_2001_pp._329–332-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>。真核生物は<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>の数の中では少数派にすぎないが、その多くがはるかに大きいため、それらの世界全体の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9" title="バイオマス">バイオマス</a>（468 Gt（<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%82%AC" title="ギガ">ギガ</a><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="トン">トン</a>））は、原核生物（77 Gt）よりもはるかに大きく、植物だけで<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>の総バイオマスの81%以上を占めている<a href="#cite_note-The_biomass_of_Earth-13">[13]</a>。 <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">真核生物の大きさは、単細胞から何トンもある生物までさまざまである</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(左) 原核生物の細菌（小さな円筒形の細胞）と、(右) 単細胞の真核生物ゾウリムシの大きさを比較した顕微鏡像"><img alt="(左) 原核生物の細菌（小さな円筒形の細胞）と、(右) 単細胞の真核生物ゾウリムシの大きさを比較した顕微鏡像" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg/225px-Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg/338px-Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg/450px-Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2543" data-file-height="1907" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">(左) <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a>（小さな円筒形の細胞）と、(右) 単細胞の真核生物<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7" title="ゾウリムシ">ゾウリムシ</a>の大きさを比較した顕微鏡像 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:California_Redwood_National_Park_(216450575).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="セコイア"><img alt="セコイア" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg/149px-California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="149" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg/224px-California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg/298px-California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2" title="セコイア">セコイア</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_(rotated).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="シロナガスクジラ"><img alt="シロナガスクジラ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg/225px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg/338px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg/450px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="1313" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A9" title="シロナガスクジラ">シロナガスクジラ</a></div> </li> </ul> 真核生物は多様な系統であり、主に<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微細な生物</a>から構成されている<a href="#cite_note-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55-14">[14]</a>。多細胞性は何らかの形で、真核生物の中で少なくとも25回は<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8E%E6%96%82%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="収斂進化">独立して進化</a>してきた<a href="#cite_note-Grosberg2007-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>。複雑な多細胞生物は、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E6%A7%98%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="アメーバ様生物">アメーバ様生物</a>の集合体である<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E8%8F%8C" title="粘菌">粘菌</a>類を除けば、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="菌類">真菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%97%BB" title="褐藻">褐藻</a>類、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB" title="紅藻">紅藻</a>類、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E8%97%BB" title="緑藻">緑藻</a>類、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E4%B8%8A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="陸上植物">陸上植物</a>の6つの真核生物の系統の中で進化してきたにすぎない<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>。真核生物の分類は<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8E%E3%83%A0" title="ゲノム">ゲノム</a>の類似性に基づいた<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="分子系統解析">分子系統解析</a>により行われ、それぞれの大分類（<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="スーパーグループ">スーパーグループ</a>）は共通する形態形質を欠くものも多い<a href="#cite_note-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55-14">[14]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特徴">特徴</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="節を編集: 特徴">編集</a>]</div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→「<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E#真核細胞" title="細胞">細胞 § 真核細胞</a>」も参照</div> 真核細胞は細胞内に、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%B0%8F%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="細胞小器官">細胞小器官</a>（organelle）と呼ばれるさまざまな膜構造と、細胞の組織と形状を規定する<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="細胞骨格">細胞骨格</a>を持つ<a href="#cite_note-19">[注釈 1]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="核">核</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="節を編集: 核">編集</a>]</div> 真核生物の決定的な特徴は、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞">細胞</a>に<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">核膜</a>に包まれた<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="細胞核">核</a>（nucleus）と呼ばれる細胞小器官を持つことである。真核生物を意味する <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:eukaryote" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:eukaryote">eukaryote</a> という用語は、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="古代ギリシア語">ギリシア語</a>の <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:%CE%B5%E1%BD%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:εὖ">εὖ</a>（eu、良い）と <a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:κάρυον">κάρυον</a>（karyon、仁、核）の<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E8%AA%9E" title="合成語">合成語</a>である<a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-20">[19]</a>。核は細胞の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="デオキシリボ核酸">DNA</a>を保持しており、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a>（chromosome）と呼ばれる<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%90" title="遺伝子">遺伝子</a>連鎖群に分かれている<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a>。これらの染色体は、真核生物に特有の<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%B3%B8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="有糸分裂">有糸分裂</a>の過程で核分裂が起こる際、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A1%E9%8C%98%E4%BD%93" title="紡錘体">紡錘体</a>によって1対のセットに分離される<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[注釈 2]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生化学">生化学</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="節を編集: 生化学">編集</a>]</div> 真核生物は、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="ステラン">ステラン</a>合成のような独特な生化学的経路を持っている点でも原核生物とは異なる<a href="#cite_note-sterane-25">[23]</a>。真核生物を特徴づける<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA" title="タンパク質">タンパク質</a> (eukaryotic signature protein) は真核生物に固有であり、他のドメインの生物はそれに<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%90%8C" title="相同">相同</a>なタンパク質を持たないが、真核生物では普遍的に存在する。これらのタンパク質には、細胞骨格や<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C%E5%AD%94" title="核膜孔">核膜孔</a>を構成するものや、複雑な<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%A2%E5%86%99_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="転写 (生物学)">転写</a>機構、膜選別システム、および生化学的経路におけるいくつかの<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0" title="酵素">酵素</a>などの働きを持つものが含まれる<a href="#cite_note-pmid11805300-26">[24]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="細胞内膜系">細胞内膜系</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="節を編集: 細胞内膜系">編集</a>]</div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→詳細は「<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%86%85%E8%86%9C%E7%B3%BB" title="細胞内膜系">細胞内膜系</a>」を参照</div> 真核生物の細胞にはさまざまな膜構造があり、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E8%83%9E%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「小胞輸送」 (存在しないページ)">小胞輸送</a>によって連絡され<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%86%85%E8%86%9C%E7%B3%BB" title="細胞内膜系">細胞内膜系</a>（endomembrane system）を形成している<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-iwanami530e-28">[26]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%83%9E" title="小胞">小胞</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E8%83%9E" title="液胞">液胞</a>と呼ばれる単純な区画は、他の膜からの出芽によって形成される。多くの細胞は、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9" title="エンドサイトーシス">エンドサイトーシス</a>という過程（外膜が<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%A5%E5%85%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「陥入」 (存在しないページ)">陥入</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invagination" class="extiw" title="en:Invagination">英語版</a>）してからつまみ取るように小胞を形成する）を通じて食物やその他の物質を摂取する<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a>。それに対して、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9" title="エキソサイトーシス">エキソサイトーシス</a>によって小胞から放出される細胞産物もある<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a>。 核は<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">核膜</a>と呼ばれる二重のリン<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%B3%AA%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%A4" title="脂質二重層">脂質二重層</a>に囲まれており、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C%E5%AD%94" title="核膜孔">核膜孔</a>が物質の出入りを可能にしている<a href="#cite_note-TheNuclearEnvelope-NCBI-31">[29]</a>。核膜のさまざまな管状や板状の延長部分が<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%83%9E%E4%BD%93" title="小胞体">小胞体</a>を形成し、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA%E6%A8%99%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「タンパク質標的化」 (存在しないページ)">タンパク質の輸送</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targeting" class="extiw" title="en:Protein targeting">英語版</a>）と成熟に関与している。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E9%9D%A2%E5%B0%8F%E8%83%9E%E4%BD%93" title="粗面小胞体">粗面小胞体</a>は、タンパク質を合成する<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="リボソーム">リボソーム</a>で覆われた小胞体である。生成したタンパク質は内部空間あるいは内腔に入り、その後一般に、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E9%9D%A2%E5%B0%8F%E8%83%9E%E4%BD%93" title="滑面小胞体">滑面小胞体</a>から出芽した小胞に取り込まれる<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a>。ほとんどの真核生物では、これらのタンパク質を輸送する小胞が放出された後、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E6%A7%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ゴルジ槽」 (存在しないページ)">ゴルジ槽</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterna" class="extiw" title="en:Cisterna">英語版</a>）と呼ばれる扁平な構造が積み重なってできた<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E4%BD%93" title="ゴルジ体">ゴルジ体</a>で更なるタンパク質の修飾が行われる<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a>。 小胞は特殊化することもあり、たとえば<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BD%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="リソソーム">リソソーム</a>は、細胞質内の<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BD%93%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="生体分子">生体分子</a>を分解する<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0" title="消化酵素">消化酵素</a>を含んでいる<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a>。 真核生物の細胞内膜系は原核細胞の陥入により形成され、それが発達してできたと考えられている<a href="#cite_note-iwanami530e-28">[26]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ミトコンドリア">ミトコンドリア</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="節を編集: ミトコンドリア">編集</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Mitochondrion_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mitochondrion_structure.svg/350px-Mitochondrion_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mitochondrion_structure.svg/525px-Mitochondrion_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mitochondrion_structure.svg/700px-Mitochondrion_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>基本的に真核生物には<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ミトコンドリア">ミトコンドリア</a>が存在する。核DNAと異なる、原核細胞に似た独自の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="デオキシリボ核酸">DNA</a>を持つ。</figcaption></figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→詳細は「<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ミトコンドリア">ミトコンドリア</a>」を参照</div> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ミトコンドリア">ミトコンドリア</a>は真核細胞に存在する細胞小器官である。ミトコンドリアは、「細胞の発電所<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a>」と形容され、糖や脂肪を酸化してエネルギーを貯蔵する<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="アデノシン三リン酸">アデノシン三リン酸</a>（ATP）<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>を生成し、エネルギーを供給する機能を持つ<a href="#cite_note-Voet-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a>。ミトコンドリアは、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E8%84%82%E8%B3%AA%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8D%E8%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="リン脂質二重膜">リン脂質二重膜</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2#構造" title="ミトコンドリア">2枚の膜</a>で覆われ、内側にある<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%86%85%E8%86%9C" title="ミトコンドリア内膜">内膜</a>は<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86" title="クリステ">クリステ</a>という折り畳まれた構造になっていて、そこで<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%B0%97%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="好気呼吸">好気呼吸</a>が行われる<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a>。 ミトコンドリアは核DNAと異なる独自の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2DNA" title="ミトコンドリアDNA">ミトコンドリアDNA</a>を持ち、そのDNAは起源とする細菌の<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E7%8A%B6%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「環状染色体」 (存在しないページ)">環状染色体</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_chromosome" class="extiw" title="en:Circular chromosome">英語版</a>）と構造的に類似しており、ミトコンドリア内の<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%A8%B3_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="翻訳 (生物学)">翻訳</a>装置のための<a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a>と<a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a>の遺伝子や、ミトコンドリア内で合成されるタンパク質の遺伝子がコードされている<a href="#cite_note-MolecGene-39">[37]</a>。 一部の真核生物、たとえば<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80" class="mw-redirect" title="メタモナダ">メタモナダ</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E5%B1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ジアルジア属">ジアルジア属</a> Giardia や<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9" title="トリコモナス">トリコモナス</a> Trichomonas、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="アメーバ動物門">アメーバ動物門</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5" title="ペロミクサ">ペロミクサ</a> Pelomyxa はミトコンドリアを欠いているように見えるが、いずれも<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8E%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ハイドロジェノソーム">ハイドロジェノソーム</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="マイトソーム">マイトソーム</a>のようなミトコンドリア由来の細胞小器官を持っており、ミトコンドリアは二次的に失われたものである<a href="#cite_note-Karn-40">[38]</a>。これらは細胞質内の酵素作用によってエネルギーを得ている<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karn-40">[38]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="プラスチド">プラスチド</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="節を編集: プラスチド">編集</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142196/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Chloroplast_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chloroplast_II.svg/200px-Chloroplast_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chloroplast_II.svg/300px-Chloroplast_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chloroplast_II.svg/400px-Chloroplast_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="760" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%89" class="mw-redirect" title="プラスチド">プラスチド</a>の最も一般的な種類は<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B7%91%E4%BD%93" title="葉緑体">葉緑体</a>で、葉緑体は<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB" title="クロロフィル">クロロフィル</a>を含み、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="光合成">光合成</a>によって有機化合物を生成する。</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Plastids_types_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastids_types_en.svg/200px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastids_types_en.svg/300px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastids_types_en.svg/400px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="465" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">種々のプラスチド。細胞によってさまざまな形態をとる。</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→詳細は「<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%89" class="mw-redirect" title="プラスチド">プラスチド</a>」を参照</div> 植物やさまざまな<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E" title="藻類">藻類</a>は、ミトコンドリアだけでなく<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%89" class="mw-redirect" title="プラスチド">プラスチド</a>（色素体、plastid）と呼ばれる細胞小器官を持っている。プラスチドは、ミトコンドリアと同様に独自の<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%89DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「プラスチドDNA」 (存在しないページ)">プラスチドDNA</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA" class="extiw" title="en:Chloroplast DNA">英語版</a>）と2枚の生体膜を持ち、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%83%90%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="シアノバクテリア">シアノバクテリア</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="内生生物">内部共生</a>に起源する。プラスチドの多くは普通、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B7%91%E4%BD%93" title="葉緑体">葉緑体</a>（クロロプラスト、chloroplast）として存在する。葉緑体はシアノバクテリアと同様に<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB" title="クロロフィル">クロロフィル</a>を含み、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="光合成">光合成</a>によって<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="グルコース">グルコース</a>などの有機化合物の生合成を行う。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="光合成色素">光合成色素</a>を持たないプラスチドは<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="白色体">白色体</a>（leucoplast）と呼ばれる<a href="#cite_note-iwanami1092g-42">[40]</a>。白色体の中には<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="アミロプラスト">アミロプラスト</a>（amyloplast）や<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="エライオプラスト">エライオプラスト</a>（elaioplast）のように栄養の貯蔵を担うものもある<a href="#cite_note-iwanami1092g-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[注釈 3]</a>。その他<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%AE%9F" title="果実">果実</a>の色素や赤色細胞に含まれる<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="有色体">有色体</a>や黄化葉に見られる<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="エチオプラスト">エチオプラスト</a>などが知られ、いずれも<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「プロプラスチド」 (存在しないページ)">プロプラスチド</a>から分化してできる<a href="#cite_note-iwanami1215e-44">[41]</a>。 プラスチドはおそらく単一の起源を持つが、プラスチドを持つ分類群がすべて近縁というわけではなく、葉緑体を持つ真核生物（一次植物）を細胞内に取り込んで共生させた<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「二次共生」 (存在しないページ)">二次共生</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_endosymbiosis" class="extiw" title="en:Secondary endosymbiosis">英語版</a>）によってプラスチドを獲得した<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="二次植物">二次植物</a>（あるいはさらに高次の植物）も知られる<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a>。他の生物から光合成細胞や葉緑体を捕獲して再利用する<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%97%E8%91%89%E7%B7%91%E4%BD%93%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="盗葉緑体現象">盗葉緑体現象</a>も、多くの種類の現生真核生物で見られる<a href="#cite_note-pmid18518896-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kleptoplastidy_Hypothesis-48">[45]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="細胞骨格">細胞骨格</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="節を編集: 細胞骨格">編集</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:FluorescentCells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/300px-FluorescentCells.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/450px-FluorescentCells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>顕微鏡下で観察したウシ肺動脈の内皮細胞の細胞骨格。細胞核は青、微小管は緑、アクチンフィラメントは赤で標識されている。 </figcaption></figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→詳細は「<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="細胞骨格">細胞骨格</a>」を参照</div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="細胞骨格">細胞骨格</a>（cytoskeleton）は、細胞の形態を決め、細胞運動や細胞小器官の移動などの基本的役割を持つ構造要素である<a href="#cite_note-iwanami524c-49">[46]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="チューブリン">チューブリン</a>からなる<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%B0%8F%E7%AE%A1" title="微小管">微小管</a>や主に<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="アクチン">アクチン</a>からなる<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="マイクロフィラメント">マイクロフィラメント</a>（微小繊維）、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="デスミン">デスミン</a>などからなる<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%BE%84%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="中間径フィラメント">中間径フィラメント</a>からなる<a href="#cite_note-iwanami524c-49">[46]</a>。 微小管の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="ダイニン">ダイニン</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="キネシン">キネシン</a>、そしてアクチンフィラメントの<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ミオシン">ミオシン</a>といった<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA" title="モータータンパク質">モータータンパク質</a>が細胞骨格のネットワークに結合し、物質の輸送を担っている<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney-51">[48]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="マイクロフィラメント">マイクロフィラメント</a>（微小繊維）は重合した2本のアクチン繊維にα-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「アクチニン」 (存在しないページ)">アクチニン</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinin" class="extiw" title="en:Actinin">英語版</a>）や<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="フィンブリン">フィンブリン</a>といった束化を行ったり、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="フィラミン">フィラミン</a>のように架橋を行ったりする<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA" title="アクチン結合タンパク質">アクチン結合タンパク質</a>が結合することで形成されている<a href="#cite_note-iwanami7c-52">[49]</a>。細胞膜直下の<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA" title="細胞皮質">細胞皮質</a>や繊維束に存在する。 多くの真核生物は、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B" title="鞭毛">鞭毛</a>と呼ばれる細長い運動性の細胞質突起、あるいは<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%8A%E6%AF%9B" title="繊毛">繊毛</a>と呼ばれる多数の短い構造を持っている。これらは<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%8B%95%E6%AF%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「波動毛」 (存在しないページ)">波動毛</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/undulipodium" class="extiw" title="en:undulipodium">英語版</a>）と総称され、原核生物のべん毛とは違い主に<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="チューブリン">チューブリン</a>から構成されており、運動、摂食、感覚などさまざまに関与している。これらは<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E5%B0%8F%E4%BD%93" title="中心小体">中心小体</a>から生成する<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%B0%8F%E7%AE%A1" title="微小管">微小管</a>の束によって支えられており、2本の1本鎖を9本の2本鎖が取り囲むように配列する「9 + 2」構造を持っているのが特徴である。鞭毛は、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8E%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB" title="ストラメノパイル">ストラメノパイル</a>（Stramenopiles）の多くに見られるように、管状小毛（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%82%B4%E3%83%8D%E3%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「マスチゴネマ」 (存在しないページ)">マスチゴネマ</a>、<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastigoneme" class="extiw" title="en:Mastigoneme">mastigoneme</a>）を持つこともある。それらの内部は<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%B3%AA" title="細胞質">細胞質</a>と連続している<a href="#cite_note-Bardy_Ng_Jarrell_2003-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Silflow_Lefebvre_2001-54">[51]</a>。 中心小体は、鞭毛を持たない細胞や細胞群でもよく存在するが、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%9D%E8%91%89%E6%A8%B9%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="針葉樹類">針葉樹類</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物">被子植物</a>はどちらも持たない。これらは一般に、さまざまな微小管性鞭毛根を生じさせるグループに存在する。これらは細胞骨格の主要な構成要素を形成し、しばしば数回の細胞分裂の過程で組み立てられ、一方の鞭毛は親から受け継ぎ、もう一方はそこから派生する。中心小体は核分裂の際に紡錘体の形成に関与する<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="細胞壁">細胞壁</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="節を編集: 細胞壁">編集</a>]</div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→詳細は「<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a>」を参照</div> 植物、藻類、真菌、そしてほとんどの<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A0%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="クロムアルベオラータ">クロムアルベオラータ</a>に属する生物の細胞は細胞壁に囲まれているが、動物の細胞は細胞壁に囲まれていない。これは<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="細胞膜">細胞膜</a>の外側にある層で、細胞の構造的な支持、保護、そして濾過といった働きを持つ。また、細胞壁は水が細胞内に侵入したときの<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「細胞溶解」 (存在しないページ)">過膨張</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytolysis" class="extiw" title="en:Cytolysis">英語版</a>）を防ぐ役割も果たす<a href="#cite_note-Howland_2000-56">[53]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E4%B8%8A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="陸上植物">陸上植物</a>の一次細胞壁を構成する主な<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖">多糖類</a>は、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="セルロース">セルロース</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%9F%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ヘミセルロース">ヘミセルロース</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="ペクチン">ペクチン</a>である。セルロース<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ミクロフィブリル」 (存在しないページ)">ミクロフィブリル</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfibril" class="extiw" title="en:Microfibril">英語版</a>）と呼ばれるセルロースの微細な繊維がヘミセルロースと結合し、ペクチンからなる基質中に埋め込まれている。一次細胞壁で最も一般的なヘミセルロースは<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3" title="キシログルカン">キシログルカン</a>である<a href="#cite_note-Fry1989-57">[54]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有性生殖">有性生殖</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="節を編集: 有性生殖">編集</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg/350px-Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg/525px-Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg/700px-Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="有性生殖">有性生殖</a>では、細胞内に<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a>が一つずつ存在する<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E6%95%B0%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="単数体">単相</a>と、二本ずつ存在する<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%80%8D%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="二倍体">複相</a>を交互に繰り返す<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E7%92%B0" title="生活環">生活環</a>を持つ。真核生物では、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="減数分裂">減数分裂</a>によって単数体の<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%81%B6%E5%AD%90" title="配偶子">配偶子</a>が作られ、2つの配偶子が融合して二倍体の<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%90%88%E5%AD%90" title="接合子">接合子</a>が形成される。</figcaption></figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→詳細は「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E3%81%AE%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「有性生殖の進化」 (存在しないページ)">有性生殖の進化</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of sexual reproduction">英語版</a>）」を参照</div> 真核生物は<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" title="有性生殖">有性生殖</a>を伴う<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E7%92%B0" title="生活環">生活環</a>を持つ。各細胞に染色体が1つずつしか存在しない<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E6%95%B0%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="単数体">単相</a>と、各細胞に染色体が2つずつ存在する<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%80%8D%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="二倍体">複相</a>とを交互に繰り返す。複相は、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="卵細胞">卵</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E5%AD%90" title="精子">精子</a>などの2つの<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%81%B6%E5%AD%90" title="配偶子">配偶子</a>が融合して、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%90%88%E5%AD%90" title="接合子">接合子</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE%E5%8D%B5" title="受精卵">受精卵</a>を形成することで成立する。この接合子は、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%B3%B8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="有糸分裂">有糸分裂</a>によって細胞分裂を繰り返しながら成体に成長し、ある段階で染色体数を減らして<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%89%E7%95%B0" title="遺伝的変異">遺伝的変異</a> (genetic variability) を生み出す<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="減数分裂">減数分裂</a>によって単数体配偶子を形成する<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a>。この様式にはかなりの多様性がある。植物は単相と複相の<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="世代交代">世代交代</a>を行い、両方の世代で多細胞体を形成する<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a>。真核生物は原核生物よりも代謝率が低く、世代時間が長くなるが、これは真核生物が原核生物よりもはるかに大きく、体積に対する表面積の比が小さいからである<a href="#cite_note-Lane2011-61">[58]</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E3%81%AE%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「有性生殖の進化」 (存在しないページ)">有性生殖の進化</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution of sexual reproduction">英語版</a>）は、真核生物の原初的な特徴という可能性がある。<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="分子系統解析">分子系統解析</a>に基づき、Dacks と <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_J._Roger" class="extiw" title="en:Andrew J. Roger">Roger</a> は通性性（facultative sex）がこのグループの共通祖先に存在したと提唱している<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%A3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「膣トリコモナス」 (存在しないページ)">膣トリコモナス</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomonas_vaginalis" class="extiw" title="w:Trichomonas vaginalis">Trichomonas vaginalis</a> および<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%99%AB" title="ランブル鞭毛虫">ランブル鞭毛虫</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_duodenalis" class="extiw" title="w:Giardia duodenalis">Giardia duodenalis</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A0" title="シノニム">syn.</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_intestinalis" class="extiw" title="w:Giardia intestinalis">Giardia intestinalis</a>) は以前は無性であると考えられていたが、減数分裂で機能するコア遺伝子セットが存在する<a href="#cite_note-Ramesh-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malik-64">[61]</a>。これらの種は、真核生物のうち<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%83%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="基部系統">初期に分岐した系統</a>の子孫であることから、コア減数分裂遺伝子、ひいては性が真核生物の共通祖先に存在した可能性がある<a href="#cite_note-Ramesh-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malik-64">[61]</a>。寄生生物である<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="リーシュマニア">リーシュマニア</a> Leishmania など、かつては無性であると考えられていた種にも性周期がある<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a>。以前は無性生物と考えられていたアメーバは、古くは有性生物であり、現在の無性群体は最近進化した可能性が高い<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="進化">進化</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="節を編集: 進化">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>主要な下位分類群とそれに属する種の簡略図が示された真核生物の系統樹。最近 (2023年現在) の分子系統解析に基づく再編を反映している<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分類の歴史">分類の歴史</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=12" title="節を編集: 分類の歴史">編集</a>]</div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→詳細は「<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6#分類学の歴史" title="分類学">分類学 § 分類学の歴史</a>」、および「<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D%E5%BC%8F%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="リンネ式階層分類体系">リンネ式階層分類体系</a>」を参照</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="古代">古代</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="アリストテレス">アリストテレス</a>や<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AA%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9" title="テオプラストス">テオプラストス</a>は、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>という2つの生物の系統を識別していた。これらの系統は、18世紀に<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D" title="カール・フォン・リンネ">リンネ</a>によって<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="界 (分類学)">界</a>（kingdom）という分類学的な<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="階級 (生物学)">階級</a>が与えられた。リンネは、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="真菌">真菌</a>を植物に含めることに若干の条件をつけたが、後に、真菌は系統的にまったく別の存在で、独立した界を持つに値することがわかった<a href="#cite_note-Moore1980-68">[65]</a>。さまざまな単細胞の真核生物が知られるようになった当初、それらは植物や動物と一緒にされていた。1818年、ドイツの生物学者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B2%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ゲオルク・アウグスト・ゴルトフス」 (存在しないページ)">ゲオルク・A・ゴルトフス</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_August_Goldfuss" class="extiw" title="en:Georg August Goldfuss">英語版</a>）は、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%8A%E6%AF%9B%E8%99%AB" title="繊毛虫">繊毛虫</a>のような生物を指すために<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="原生動物">原生動物</a>（Protozoa）という言葉を作り<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a>、この分類群は、1866年に<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%83%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB" title="エルンスト・ヘッケル">エルンスト・ヘッケル</a>がすべての単細胞真核生物を包括する界、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="原生生物界">原生生物界</a>（Protista）を作るまで拡張された<a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rothschild1989-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-72">[69]</a>。こうして真核生物は4つの界に分類された。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>界（Kingdom Protista）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>界（Kingdom Plantae）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="菌類">菌</a>界（Kingdom Fungi）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>界（Kingdom Animalia）</li></ul> 当時、原生生物は「原始的な形態」であり、原始的な単細胞の性質が合併した<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「進化グレード」 (存在しないページ)">進化の一段階</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary grade">英語版</a>）であると考えられていた<a href="#cite_note-Rothschild1989-71">[68]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%A8%B9_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「生命の樹 (生物学)」 (存在しないページ)">生命の樹</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Tree of life (biology)">英語版</a>）（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%A8%B9" title="系統樹">系統樹</a>も参照）における最古の分岐の理解は、DNAの<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%A9%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" title="塩基配列">塩基配列</a>の決定によって初めて実質的に進展し、1990年に<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="カール・ウーズ">カール・ウーズ</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「オットー・カントラー」 (存在しないページ)">オットー・カントラー</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kandler" class="extiw" title="en:Otto Kandler">英語版</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「マーク・ウィーリス」 (存在しないページ)">マーク・ウィーリス</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wheelis" class="extiw" title="en:Mark Wheelis">英語版</a>）らが提唱した最上位の階級を（界ではなく）<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="ドメイン (分類学)">ドメイン</a>とする体系（<a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「3ドメイン系」 (存在しないページ)">3ドメイン系</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-domain_system" class="extiw" title="en:Three-domain system">英語版</a>））が導かれた。彼らは、すべての真核生物の界を1つのドメインに統合し、Eucarya と名付けたが、真核生物を意味する語として「'eukaryotes' は一般的な同義語として今後も受け入れられ続ける」と述べている<a href="#cite_note-w1990-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knoll_1992-73">[70]</a>。1996年、進化生物学者の<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="リン・マーギュリス">リン・マーギュリス</a>は、界とドメインを「包括的」な名前に置き換えて、「真核生物」 "Eukarya" を共生由来の核を持つ生物として「共生に基づく系統」を作ることを提案した<a href="#cite_note-Margulis_1996-2">[2]</a>。しかしながら、真核生物以外のすべての生物の総称として、原核生物という言葉は今日でも学術論文で用いられている。一方で21世紀に入ると、真核生物は古細菌から派生して出現した系統であるという理解が普及し、生物界を真正細菌とそれ以外（古細菌 + 真核生物）に大別する分類も用いられるようになった<a href="#cite_note-:10-74">[71]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="系統">系統</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=13" title="節を編集: 系統">編集</a>]</div> 2014年までに、過去20年間のゲノムデータに基づく分子系統学的研究から、大まかな合意が生まれはじめた<a href="#cite_note-burki2014-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-UntanglingEarlyEukaryotes-75">[72]</a>。真核生物の大部分は、動物などが含まれる<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="アモルフェア">アモルフェア</a> Amorphea（<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="ユニコント">ユニコント</a>仮説におけるユニコンタに似た構成）と、植物とほとんどの藻類の系統が含まれる<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF" title="バイコンタ">バイコンタ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikonta" class="extiw" title="w:Bikonta">Bikonta</a>（syn. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphoda" class="extiw" title="w:Diphoda">Diphoda</a> Derelle et al., <a href="/wiki/2015%E5%B9%B4" title="2015年">2015</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a>）と呼ばれる2つの大きなクレードのいずれかに分類される。第3の主要グループである<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="エクスカバータ">エクスカバータ</a> Excavata は、<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B4%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%BE%A4" title="側系統群">側系統</a>であるため、正式な分類群としてはもはや用いられない<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdl_et_al.20194–119-4">[4]</a>。以下の提案された系統樹には、エクスカバータの1つの群（ディスコバ、Discoba）のみが含まれ<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2018-77">[74]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%B3%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A2%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ピコゾア門">ピコゾア門</a> Picozoa は<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB" title="紅藻">紅藻</a> Rhodophyta の近縁種であるという2021年の提案が取り入れられている<a href="#cite_note-SchönZlatogursky2021-78">[75]</a>。<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provora" class="extiw" title="w:Provora">Provora</a> は2022年に発見された微生物捕食者からなる分類群である<a href="#cite_note-Provora-3">[3]</a>。 以下の系統樹は、真核生物の大分類を示し、主な<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="スーパーグループ">スーパーグループ</a>といくつかのその<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%83%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="基部系統">基部系統</a>を含む、一つの系統仮説を示す<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2018-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Picozoa_2021-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Provora_2022-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55-14">[14]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80" class="mw-redirect" title="メタモナダ">メタモナダ</a>は分岐位置に議論があり、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ディスコバ」 (存在しないページ)">ディスコバ</a><a href="#cite_note-矢﨑ら2022-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE矢﨑・島野202074-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-矢﨑ら2022-81">[78]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoba" class="extiw" title="w:Discoba">Discoba</a> あるいは<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「マラウィモナス類」 (存在しないページ)">マラウィモナス類</a><a href="#cite_note-矢﨑ら2022-81">[78]</a>（マラウィオモナダ<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE矢﨑・島野202073-83">[80]</a>、マラウィモナズ<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE矢﨑・島野202074-82">[79]</a>、<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawimonada" class="extiw" title="w:Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a>）の<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%89%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4" title="姉妹群">姉妹群</a>である可能性もある<a href="#cite_note-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55-14">[14]</a>。 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r89142105">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="font-size:90%; line-height:90%">真核生物/Eukaryotes </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="font-size:90%; line-height:90%"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「アンキロモナス類」 (存在しないページ)">アンキロモナス類</a><a href="#cite_note-矢﨑ら2022-81">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Ancyromonas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ancyromonas.png/30px-Ancyromonas.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ancyromonas.png/45px-Ancyromonas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ancyromonas.png/60px-Ancyromonas.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1332" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyromonadida" class="extiw" title="w:Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「マラウィモナス類」 (存在しないページ)">マラウィモナス類</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Malawimonas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Malawimonas.jpg/30px-Malawimonas.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Malawimonas.jpg/45px-Malawimonas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Malawimonas.jpg/60px-Malawimonas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="140" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawimonadida" class="extiw" title="w:Malawimonadida">Malawimonadida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CRuMs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「CRuMs」 (存在しないページ)">クルムス</a><a href="#cite_note-矢﨑ら2022-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE矢﨑・島野202073-83">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_(extracted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg/30px-Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg/45px-Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg/60px-Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="391" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRuMs" class="extiw" title="w:CRuMs">CRuMs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="アモルフェア">アモルフェア</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphea" class="extiw" title="w:Amorphea">Amorphea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A2" title="アメーボゾア">アメーボゾア</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/33px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/50px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/66px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="405" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebozoa" class="extiw" title="w:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%90%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「オバゾア」 (存在しないページ)">オバゾア</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE矢﨑・島野202074-82">[79]</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obazoa" class="extiw" title="w:Obazoa">Obazoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ブレビアータ">ブレビアータ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Mastigamoeba_invertens_(extracted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg/50px-Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg/75px-Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg/100px-Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="214" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviatea" class="extiw" title="w:Breviatea">Breviatea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%97%E3%82%BD%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「アプソモナス類」 (存在しないページ)">アプソモナス類</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/30px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/45px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/60px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="493" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="extiw" title="w:Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF" title="オピストコンタ">オピストコンタ</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="extiw" title="w:Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="ホロマイコータ">ホロマイコータ</a> (真菌を含む) <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Asco1013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/30px-Asco1013.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/45px-Asco1013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/60px-Asco1013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="941" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomycota" class="extiw" title="w:Holomycota">Holomycota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A2" title="ホロゾア">ホロゾア</a> (動物を含む) <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Comb_jelly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/33px-Comb_jelly.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/50px-Comb_jelly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/66px-Comb_jelly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="2177" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holozoa" class="extiw" title="w:Holozoa">Holozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1300 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1500 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF" title="バイコンタ">バイコンタ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> ? <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80" class="mw-redirect" title="メタモナダ">メタモナダ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Giardia_lamblia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Giardia_lamblia.jpg/30px-Giardia_lamblia.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Giardia_lamblia.jpg/45px-Giardia_lamblia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Giardia_lamblia.jpg/60px-Giardia_lamblia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="119" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamonada" class="extiw" title="w:Metamonada">Metamonada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「ディスコバ」 (存在しないページ)">ディスコバ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_(10388739803)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/28px-Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/42px-Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/56px-Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="669" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoba" class="extiw" title="w:Discoba">Discoba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B1%E3%82%B9" title="ディアフォレティケス">ディアフォレティケス</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF" title="クリプチスタ">クリプチスタ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg/35px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg/53px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg/70px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="306" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptista" class="extiw" title="w:Cryptista">Cryptista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%80" title="アーケプラスチダ">アーケプラスチダ</a>（一次植物） <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeplastida" class="extiw" title="w:Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB" title="紅藻">紅藻</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Bangia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bangia.jpg/20px-Bangia.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bangia.jpg/30px-Bangia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bangia.jpg/40px-Bangia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="930" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="extiw" title="w:Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%B3%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A2" title="ピコゾア">ピコゾア</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Picomonas_judraskeda_(SEM).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png/23px-Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png/35px-Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png/46px-Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picozoa" class="extiw" title="w:Picozoa">Picozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%89%B2%E8%97%BB" title="灰色藻">灰色藻</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Glaucocystis_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glaucocystis_sp.jpg/30px-Glaucocystis_sp.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glaucocystis_sp.jpg/45px-Glaucocystis_sp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glaucocystis_sp.jpg/60px-Glaucocystis_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="extiw" title="w:Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">1100 Ma </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%9C%E7%95%8C" title="緑色植物亜界">緑色植物亜界</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E4%B8%8A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="陸上植物">陸上植物</a>を含む） <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Pediastrum_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg/30px-Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg/45px-Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="373" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridiplantae" class="extiw" title="w:Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1000 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1600 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%9F%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%A9" title="ヘミマスティゴフォラ">ヘミマスティゴフォラ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Hemimastix_amphikineta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hemimastix_amphikineta.png/20px-Hemimastix_amphikineta.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hemimastix_amphikineta.png/30px-Hemimastix_amphikineta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hemimastix_amphikineta.png/40px-Hemimastix_amphikineta.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="827" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemimastigophora" class="extiw" title="w:Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「プロヴォラ」 (存在しないページ)">プロヴォラ</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provora" class="extiw" title="en:Provora">英語版</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg/25px-Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg/38px-Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg/50px-Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provora" class="extiw" title="w:Provora">Provora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ハプチスタ">ハプチスタ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png/30px-Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png/45px-Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png/60px-Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="482" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptista" class="extiw" title="w:Haptista">Haptista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSAR" class="extiw" title="w:TSAR">TSAR</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8D%E3%83%9E%E9%96%80" title="テロネマ門">テロネマ門</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Telonema_rivulare_(electron_micrography).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg/30px-Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg/45px-Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg/60px-Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="167" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telonemia" class="extiw" title="w:Telonemia">Telonemia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/SAR%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="SARスーパーグループ">SAR</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B6%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="リザリア">リザリア</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Ammonia_tepida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/30px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/45px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/60px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="309" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizaria" class="extiw" title="w:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">550 mya </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvaria" class="extiw" title="w:Halvaria">Halvaria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r89142105"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="アルベオラータ">アルベオラータ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Ceratium_furca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/40px-Ceratium_furca.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/60px-Ceratium_furca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/80px-Ceratium_furca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolata" class="extiw" title="w:Alveolata">Alveolata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8E%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB" title="ストラメノパイル">ストラメノパイル</a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Ochromonas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ochromonas.png/20px-Ochromonas.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ochromonas.png/30px-Ochromonas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ochromonas.png/40px-Ochromonas.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="635" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg/30px-Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg/45px-Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg/60px-Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="576" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="extiw" title="w:Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAR_supergroup" class="extiw" title="w:SAR supergroup">SAR supergroup</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphoretickes" class="extiw" title="w:Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikonta" class="extiw" title="w:Bikonta">Bikonta</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="font-size:90%; line-height:90%">2200 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="真核生物の起源">真核生物の起源</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=14" title="節を編集: 真核生物の起源">編集</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Symbiogenesis_2_mergers-_ja.svg&lang=ja" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Symbiogenesis_2_mergers-_ja.svg/langja-330px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers-_ja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Symbiogenesis_2_mergers-_ja.svg/langja-495px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers-_ja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Symbiogenesis_2_mergers-_ja.svg/langja-660px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers-_ja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4456" data-file-height="3405" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%86%85%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E8%AA%AC" title="細胞内共生説">細胞内共生説</a>では、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="古細菌">古細菌</a>の細胞内に好気性細菌が共生して好気性<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ミトコンドリア">ミトコンドリア</a>を持つ真核生物が誕生し、2度目の共生で<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B7%91%E4%BD%93" title="葉緑体">葉緑体</a>が加わって<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E8%89%B2%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%9C%E7%95%8C" title="緑色植物亜界">緑色植物</a>が誕生した<a href="#cite_note-latorre-84">[81]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note">→詳細は「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%95%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「真核生物の誕生」 (存在しないページ)">真核生物の誕生</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Eukaryogenesis">英語版</a>）」を参照</div> すべての複雑な細胞とほぼすべての多細胞生物が真核生物に含まれることから、真核生物の誕生（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/eukaryogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:eukaryogenesis">eukaryogenesis</a>）は、生命の進化における画期的な出来事であった。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%80%E7%B5%82%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「真核生物の最終共通祖先」 (存在しないページ)">真核生物の最終共通祖先</a>（LECA）は、現生するすべての真核生物の起源と仮定されるもので<a href="#cite_note-Gabaldón-85">[82]</a>、単一の個体ではなく<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BD%93%E7%BE%A4" title="個体群">生物学的な集団</a>であった可能性が高い<a href="#cite_note-O'Malley_Leger_Wideman_Ruiz-Trillo_pp._338–344-86">[83]</a>。LECAは、核に加え、少なくとも1つの<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E5%B0%8F%E4%BD%93" title="中心小体">中心小体</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B" title="鞭毛">鞭毛</a>、通性好気性ミトコンドリア、性（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="減数分裂">減数分裂</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="受精">異型配偶子融合</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="キチン">キチン</a>または<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="セルロース">セルロース</a>の細胞壁を持つ休眠<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="シスト">シスト</a>、そして<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ペルオキシソーム">ペルオキシソーム</a>を持つ原生生物であったと考えられている<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-RedAlgalDerivedPlastids-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koumandou_Wickstead_Ginger_van_der_Giezen_2013-89">[86]</a>。 運動性の<a href="/wiki/%E5%AB%8C%E6%B0%97%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="嫌気性生物">嫌気性</a>古細菌と好気性<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%86%E3%82%AA%E3%83%90%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%B6%B1" title="アルファプロテオバクテリア綱">アルファプロテオバクテリア綱</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%86%85%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E8%AA%AC" title="細胞内共生説">内部共生</a>によって、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ミトコンドリア">ミトコンドリア</a>を持つLECAそしてすべての真核生物が誕生した。さらにその後、シアノバクテリアとの2回目の内部共生により、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B7%91%E4%BD%93" title="葉緑体">葉緑体</a>を持つ植物の祖先が誕生した<a href="#cite_note-latorre-84">[81]</a>。 真正細菌が持たず真核生物に普遍的な分子を古細菌が持っていることは、真核生物が古細菌起源であることを示唆する。<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="アスガルド古細菌">アスガルド古細菌</a>のゲノムには、真核生物の特徴である<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="細胞骨格">細胞骨格</a>や複雑な細胞構造の発達に重要な役割を果たす、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C#真核生物との関係" title="アスガルド古細菌">真核生物特有のタンパク質遺伝子</a>が多く存在する。2022年、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%88%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="クライオ電子線トモグラフィー">クライオ電子線トモグラフィー</a>法によって、アスガルド古細菌が複雑な<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="アクチン">アクチン</a>ベースの細胞骨格を持つことが明らかになり、真核生物の祖先が古細菌であることを示す最初の直接的な視覚的証拠が得られた<a href="#cite_note-Rodrigues-Oliveira_et_al_2023-90">[87]</a>。 古細菌から真核生物への具体的な道筋は解明されておらず、水素依存性古細菌の宿主が通性嫌気性細菌を獲得しミトコンドリアが発生したという<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%A0%E4%BB%AE%E8%AA%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「水素仮説」 (存在しないページ)">水素仮説</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_hypothesis" class="extiw" title="en:Hydrogen hypothesis">英語版</a>）<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a>、有機従属栄養古細菌宿主から細菌共生体への電子または水素の流れに着目したリバース・フローモデル<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a>、深海堆積物から培養した古細菌の生理学的な特徴から、解毒機能として細菌を取り込んだとするE3モデル<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> など多くの仮説が提唱されている<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a>。ほとんどの仮説が、古細菌が細菌を取り込んだと考えているのに対して、シントロピー・モデル<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> と呼ばれる仮説のみ、細菌（特に<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%86%E3%82%AA%E3%83%90%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="プロテオバクテリア">デルタプロテオバクテリア</a>）が古細菌を取り込んだと推定しており、共生の関係性が他の説とは逆である。この説ではミトコンドリアは古細菌とは別個に取り込まれて成立したとされる。上記の説以外にも、真核生物の細胞核に類似の器官をもつ一部の細菌（例えば<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B1%E3%82%B9%E9%96%80" title="プランクトミケス門">プランクトミケス</a>）が、真核生物の起源に関与しているとする説も存在する<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="成立年代の推定">成立年代の推定</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=15" title="節を編集: 成立年代の推定">編集</a>]</div> 真核生物の成立年代は未確定ではあるものの、例えば真核生物に不可欠ないくつかの細胞小器官（例えば<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ミトコンドリア">ミトコンドリア</a>や、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ステロール">ステロール</a>を含む<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="細胞膜">細胞膜</a>）<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-98">[95]</a>の成立に酸素が必須なことから、真核生物は24億年前の大酸化イベント以後、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%B0%97%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="好気呼吸">好気性</a>条件下でおおまかに19億年前頃（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="原生代">原生代</a>）には成立したとする説が有力である<a href="#cite_note-:8-99">[96]</a>。一方で、真核生物は酸素が大気中に含まれていなかった<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E3%82%A4%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「大酸化イベント」 (存在しないページ)">大酸化イベント</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" class="extiw" title="en:Great Oxidation Event">英語版</a>）（GOE）以前の生活スタイル（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AB%8C%E6%B0%97%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="嫌気呼吸">嫌気呼吸</a>）も保持しており<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a>、最初に誕生した真核生物は<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%AB%8C%E6%B0%97%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="通性嫌気性生物">通性嫌気性生物</a>であったと想定される。大酸化イベント以前（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="太古代">太古代</a>）の地球にもごく少量の酸素は存在していた可能性があるが<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a>、真核生物を含め好気性生物が太古代にすでに存在していたかについては、それを明確に支持する証拠は現在のところない。 <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="オーストラリア">オーストラリア</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%81%E5%B2%A9" title="頁岩">頁岩</a>に真核生物に特有のバイオマーカー（<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="分子化石">分子化石</a>）である<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="ステラン">ステラン</a>が含まれていることから、かつては27億年前の岩石に真核生物が存在していたことが示唆されていたが<a href="#cite_note-sterane-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a>、これらの太古代のバイオマーカーは後世のコンタミネーションによるものであると反論されている<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a>。最も古く確かなバイオマーカーの記録は、約8億年前の<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="新原生代">新原生代</a>のものでしかない<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a>。対照的に、分子時計分析によれば、ステロール生合成が23億年前にも出現したことを示唆している<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a>。真核生物のバイオマーカーとしてのステランの性質は、一部の細菌によるステロールの産生によってさらに複雑になっている<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a>。 新原生代以前の真核生物の有無および実態については詳しくわかっていない。2023年、現生の真核生物がもつステロールとは化学構造がやや異なる“より原始的な”プロトステロールが化石化したものが新原生代以前の地層に広く分布していることが発表され、これらのステロールは現生の真核生物（<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="クラウングループ">クラウングループ</a>）以前に存在していた<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ステムグループ">ステムグループ</a>が作り出していた可能性が指摘された<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a>。この説に従えば、現存する<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%99%BA%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「真核生物発生」 (存在しないページ)">真核生物の最終共通祖先</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Eukaryogenesis">英語版</a>）（LECA）は新原生代まで出現しなかったことになり、それまでは真核生物の前駆段階にあたる何らかの好気性生物が長く繁栄していたことになる。一方で、プロトステロールを含めてステロール自体は細菌が究極的な起源である可能性も指摘されており<a href="#cite_note-:9-98">[95]</a>、新原生代以前のステロール（プロトステロール）を合成していた生物が何者だったのかによって、真核生物の成立過程についての理解は今後大きく変化する可能性がある。 ステラン以外の真核生物の痕跡としては、真核生物由来とされる<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="微化石">微化石</a>が21億年前の地層から発見されている<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a>。ただし、これらの化石が真に真核生物由来かどうかはなお議論の必要がある。19億年前の地層から見つかった、コイル状の多細胞生物と推定される<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「グリパニア」 (存在しないページ)">グリパニア</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grypania" class="extiw" title="w:Grypania">Grypania</a> は真核生物として一定の支持を得ている最古の化石の一つである<a href="#cite_note-:8-99">[96]</a>。真核生物の起源を分子時計を用いて推測する研究も行われている<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a>。 その起源が何であれ、真核生物が生態学的に優勢になったのは、ずっと後のことかもしれない。8億年前に海洋堆積物の<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E8%AB%96%E3%81%AE%E4%BB%A3%E6%9B%BF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「生命起源論の代替シナリオ」 (存在しないページ)">亜鉛組成</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_abiogenesis_scenarios#Zinc_world" class="extiw" title="en:Alternative abiogenesis scenarios">英語版</a>）が大幅に増加したのは、原核生物に比べて<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9C%E9%89%9B" title="亜鉛">亜鉛</a>を優先的に消費し取り込む真核生物の個体数が、その起源から（遅くとも）約10億年後に増加したことに起因している<a href="#cite_note-pmid29869832-120">[117]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化石">化石</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=16" title="節を編集: 化石">編集</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Diskagma_butonii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Diskagma_butonii.jpg/350px-Diskagma_butonii.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Diskagma_butonii.jpg/525px-Diskagma_butonii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Diskagma_butonii.jpg/700px-Diskagma_butonii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>約22億年前の岩石から発見された、高さ1 mm に満たない<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskagma" class="extiw" title="en:Diskagma">Diskagma buttonii</a> 化石の復元画<a href="#cite_note-Retallack_2013-121">[118]</a></figcaption></figure> 真核生物の起源を特定するのは困難であるが、16億3,500万年前に生息していた最古の多細胞真核生物である Qingshania magnificia が中国北部で発見されたことは、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="クラウングループ">クラウングループ</a>の真核生物が<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古原生代">古原生代</a>後期（<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="スタテリアン">スタテリアン紀</a>）に起源を持つことを示唆している。約16億5,000万年前に生息していた最初期の明確な単細胞真核生物も中国北部で発見された。それらは、Tappania plana, Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum, Dictyosphaera macroreticulata, Germinosphaera alveolata および Valeria lophostriata である<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a>。 少なくとも16.5億年前の<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="アクリターク">アクリターク</a>（分類不能な微化石）も知られており、藻類の可能性がある<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「グリパニア」 (存在しないページ)">グリパニア</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grypania" class="extiw" title="en:Grypania">英語版</a>） Grypania の化石は21億年前のものである<a href="#cite_note-Han-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AB" title="プロブレマティカ">プロブレマティカ</a>である <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskagma" class="extiw" title="en:Diskagma">Diskagma</a> は、22億年前の<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「古土壌」 (存在しないページ)">古土壌</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleosol" class="extiw" title="en:Paleosol">英語版</a>）から発見された<a href="#cite_note-Retallack_2013-121">[118]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3" title="ガボン">ガボン</a>の<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%ABB%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「フランスヴィルB層」 (存在しないページ)">フランスヴィルB層</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francevillian_B_Formation" class="extiw" title="en:Francevillian B Formation">英語版</a>）などの<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古原生代">古原生代</a>の<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%92%E8%89%B2%E9%A0%81%E5%B2%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「黒色頁岩」 (存在しないページ)">黒色頁岩</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_shale" class="extiw" title="en:Black shale">英語版</a>）からは、21億年前と推定される「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「フランスヴィル生物相」 (存在しないページ)">フランスヴィル生物相</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francevillian_biota" class="extiw" title="en:Francevillian biota">英語版</a>）」と呼ばれる「大型生物群集」を表すとされる構造物が見つかっている<a href="#cite_note-El_Albani_Bengtson_Canfield_2010-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-El_Albani_2023-126">[123]</a>。しかし、これらの構造物が化石であるかどうかについては議論があり、これらが<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="偽化石">偽化石</a>である可能性を示唆する著者もいる<a href="#cite_note-Ossa_Ossa_Pons_Bekker_Hofmann_2023-127">[124]</a>。真核生物に明確に帰属される最古の化石は、中国の濮陽（ぼくよう）層群で発見された約18億年–16億年前のものである<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a>。現代の生物群と明らかに関連する化石は、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB#進化・系統" title="紅藻">紅藻類</a>の形で推定12億年前に出現し始めているが、最近の研究では、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A4%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="ヴィンディヤ山脈">ヴィンディヤ盆地</a>に存在する<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E#歴史的概観" title="藻類">糸状藻類</a>の化石がおそらく16億年-17億年前にさかのぼるものと示唆されている<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a>。 <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="脚注">脚注</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=17" title="節を編集: 脚注">編集</a>]</div> <div class="noprint" style="float:right; font-size:90%;">[<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8/%E8%AA%AD%E8%80%85%E5%90%91%E3%81%91" title="Help:脚注/読者向け">脚注の使い方</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="注釈">注釈</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=18" title="節を編集: 注釈">編集</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> 細胞小器官は生体膜により区画されたもののみを指すことと、細胞骨格系のような超複合体を含んで指す場合がある<a href="#cite_note-iwanami526e-18">[18]</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> このように、染色体という語はもともと有糸分裂時に濃く染色される構造体に対して命名されたが、DNAに保存されている遺伝情報は染色体中の遺伝子と対応しており、現在では有糸分裂時だけでなく<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%9C%9F_(%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82)" title="間期 (細胞分裂)">間期</a>も含め遺伝情報担体という意味でも用いられる<a href="#cite_note-806f-23">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> 狭義には、白色体は特定の名称を持つアミロプラストなどを除いて指すこともある<a href="#cite_note-iwanami1092g-42">[40]</a>。 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="出典">出典</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=19" title="節を編集: 出典">編集</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:auto; -webkit-column-count:auto; column-count:auto; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-w1990-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w1990_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-w1990_1-1">b</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="カール・ウーズ">Woese, C.R.</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kandler" class="extiw" title="en:Otto Kandler">Kandler, O.</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wheelis" class="extiw" title="en:Mark Wheelis">Wheelis, M.L.</a> (June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159/">“Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya”</a>. 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Annual Review of Plant Biology 62: 567–590. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-042110-103809">10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103809</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/Hdl_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (識別子)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10379%2F6762">10379/6762</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (識別子)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21351878/">21351878</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+diversity+of+plant+cell+walls%3A+From+algae+to+flowering+plants&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Biology&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Zo%C3%AB+A.&rft.au=Popper%2C%26%2332%3BZo%C3%AB+A.&rft.au=Michel%2C%26%2332%3BGurvan&rft.au=Herv%C3%A9%2C%26%2332%3BC%C3%A9cile&rft.au=Domozych%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+S.&rft.au=Willats%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+G.T.&rft.au=Tuohy%2C%26%2332%3BMaria+G.&rft.au=Kloareg%2C%26%2332%3BBernard&rft.au=Stengel%2C%26%2332%3BDagmar+B.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=567%E2%80%93590&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-042110-103809&rft_id=info:hdl/10379%2F6762&rft_id=info:pmid/21351878&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-iwanami526e-18"><a href="#cite_ref-iwanami526e_18-0">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">巌佐庸、倉谷滋、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F" title="斎藤成也">斎藤成也</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80" title="塚谷裕一">塚谷裕一</a>『岩波生物学辞典第5版』<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97" title="岩波書店">岩波書店</a>、2013年2月26日、526e頁。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784000803144" title="特別:文献資料/9784000803144">9784000803144</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8+%E7%AC%AC5%E7%89%88&rft.aulast=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%80%89%E8%B0%B7%E6%BB%8B&rft.au=%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F&rft.au=%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80&rft.date=2013-2-26&rft.pages=526e%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9784000803144&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-20"><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=eukaryotic">"eukaryotic"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="en:Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=eukaryotic&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Deukaryotic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fja.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Bonev, B; Cavalli, G (14 October 2016). “Organization and function of the 3D genome”. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (3): 1420–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (識別子)">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99.1420H/abstract">2002PNAS...99.1420H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.032658599">10.1073/pnas.032658599</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (識別子)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC122206/">122206</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (識別子)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11805300/">11805300</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122206/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122206/</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+eukaryotic+cell%3A+a+genomic+investigation&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.aulast=Hartman+H%2C+Fedorov+A&rft.au=Hartman+H%2C+Fedorov+A&rft.date=February+2002&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1420%E2%80%935&rft_id=info:bibcode/2002PNAS...99.1420H&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.032658599&rft_id=info:pmc/122206&rft_id=info:pmid/11805300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC122206%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Linka M, Weber AP (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215">“Evolutionary Integration of Chloroplast Metabolism with the Metabolic Networks of the Cells”</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529130011/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215">Functional Genomics and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems</a>. Springer. p. 215. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-94-007-1533-2" title="特別:文献資料/978-94-007-1533-2">978-94-007-1533-2</a>. オリジナルの29 May 2016時点におけるアーカイブ。. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215">https://books.google.com/books?id=WfzEgaLibuwC&pg=PA215</a> 27 October 2015閲覧。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Integration+of+Chloroplast+Metabolism+with+the+Metabolic+Networks+of+the+Cells&rft.atitle=Functional+Genomics+and+Evolution+of+Photosynthetic+Systems&rft.aulast=Linka+M%2C+Weber+AP&rft.au=Linka+M%2C+Weber+AP&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B215&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-94-007-1533-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160529130011%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfzEgaLibuwC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-iwanami530e-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iwanami530e_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iwanami530e_28-1">b</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">巌佐庸、倉谷滋、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F" title="斎藤成也">斎藤成也</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80" title="塚谷裕一">塚谷裕一</a>『岩波生物学辞典第5版』<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97" title="岩波書店">岩波書店</a>、2013年2月26日、530e頁。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784000803144" title="特別:文献資料/9784000803144">9784000803144</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8+%E7%AC%AC5%E7%89%88&rft.aulast=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%80%89%E8%B0%B7%E6%BB%8B&rft.au=%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F&rft.au=%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80&rft.date=2013-2-26&rft.pages=530e%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9784000803144&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Marsh M (2001). 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Menlo Park, California: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0004unse/page/1154">1154</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-8053-9614-0" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-8053-9614-0">978-0-8053-9614-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0004unse/page/1154">https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0004unse/page/1154</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=28%3A+The+Origins+of+Life&rft.atitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Gene&rft.aulast=Watson+J%2C+Hopkins+N%2C+Roberts+J%2C+Steitz+JA%2C+Weiner+A&rft.au=Watson+J%2C+Hopkins+N%2C+Roberts+J%2C+Steitz+JA%2C+Weiner+A&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmolecularbiology0004unse%2Fpage%2F1154+1154%5D&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.place=Menlo+Park%2C+California&rft.pub=The+Benjamin%2FCummings+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-9614-0&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Karn-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karn_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karn_40-1">b</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Karnkowska A, Vacek V, Zubáčová Z, Treitli SC, Petrželková R, Eme L, Novák L, Žárský V, Barlow LD, Herman EK, Soukal P, Hroudová M, Doležal P, Stairs CW, Roger AJ, Eliáš M, Dacks JB, Vlček Č, Hampl V (May 2016). “A Eukaryote without a Mitochondrial Organelle”. Current Biology 26 (10): 1274–1284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.03.053">10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.053</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (識別子)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27185558/">27185558</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Eukaryote+without+a+Mitochondrial+Organelle&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.aulast=Karnkowska+A%2C+Vacek+V%2C+Zub%C3%A1%C4%8Dov%C3%A1+Z%2C+Treitli+SC%2C+Petr%C5%BEelkov%C3%A1+R%2C+Eme+L%2C+Nov%C3%A1k+L%2C+%C5%BD%C3%A1rsk%C3%BD+V%2C+Barlow+LD%2C+Herman+EK%2C+Soukal+P%2C+Hroudov%C3%A1+M%2C+Dole%C5%BEal+P%2C+Stairs+CW%2C+Roger+AJ%2C+Eli%C3%A1%C5%A1+M%2C+Dacks+JB%2C+Vl%C4%8Dek+%C4%8C%2C+Hampl+V&rft.au=Karnkowska+A%2C+Vacek+V%2C+Zub%C3%A1%C4%8Dov%C3%A1+Z%2C+Treitli+SC%2C+Petr%C5%BEelkov%C3%A1+R%2C+Eme+L%2C+Nov%C3%A1k+L%2C+%C5%BD%C3%A1rsk%C3%BD+V%2C+Barlow+LD%2C+Herman+EK%2C+Soukal+P%2C+Hroudov%C3%A1+M%2C+Dole%C5%BEal+P%2C+Stairs+CW%2C+Roger+AJ%2C+Eli%C3%A1%C5%A1+M%2C+Dacks+JB%2C+Vl%C4%8Dek+%C4%8C%2C+Hampl+V&rft.date=May+2016&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1274%E2%80%931284&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2016.03.053&rft_id=info:pmid/27185558&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">Davis JL (13 May 2016). “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217214255/https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria/">Scientists Shocked To Discover Eukaryote With NO Mitochondria</a>”. IFL Science. 17 February 2019時点の<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/first-eukaryote-found-lack-mitochondria">オリジナル</a>よりアーカイブ。2016年5月13日閲覧。</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-iwanami1092g-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iwanami1092g_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iwanami1092g_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iwanami1092g_42-2">c</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">巌佐庸、倉谷滋、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F" title="斎藤成也">斎藤成也</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80" title="塚谷裕一">塚谷裕一</a>『岩波生物学辞典第5版』<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97" title="岩波書店">岩波書店</a>、2013年2月26日、1092g頁。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784000803144" title="特別:文献資料/9784000803144">9784000803144</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8+%E7%AC%AC5%E7%89%88&rft.aulast=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%80%89%E8%B0%B7%E6%BB%8B&rft.au=%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F&rft.au=%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80&rft.date=2013-2-26&rft.pages=1092g%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9784000803144&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-iwanami1215e-44"><a href="#cite_ref-iwanami1215e_44-0">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">巌佐庸、倉谷滋、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F" title="斎藤成也">斎藤成也</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80" title="塚谷裕一">塚谷裕一</a>『岩波生物学辞典第5版』<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97" title="岩波書店">岩波書店</a>、2013年2月26日、1215e頁。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784000803144" title="特別:文献資料/9784000803144">9784000803144</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8+%E7%AC%AC5%E7%89%88&rft.aulast=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%80%89%E8%B0%B7%E6%BB%8B&rft.au=%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F&rft.au=%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80&rft.date=2013-2-26&rft.pages=1215e%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9784000803144&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Sato N (2006). “Origin and Evolution of Plastids: Genomic View on the Unification and Diversity of Plastids”. The Structure and Function of Plastids. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 23. 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Microbiol. 10 (9): 2411–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (識別子)">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EnvMi..10.2411M/abstract">2008EnvMi..10.2411M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2008.01666.x">10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01666.x</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (識別子)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18518896/">18518896</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chloroplast+DNA+content+in+Dinophysis+%28Dinophyceae%29+from+different+cell+cycle+stages+is+consistent+with+kleptoplasty&rft.jtitle=Environ.+Microbiol.&rft.aulast=Minnhagen+S%2C+Carvalho+WF%2C+Salomon+PS%2C+Janson+S&rft.au=Minnhagen+S%2C+Carvalho+WF%2C+Salomon+PS%2C+Janson+S&rft.date=September+2008&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2411%E2%80%937&rft_id=info:bibcode/2008EnvMi..10.2411M&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2008.01666.x&rft_id=info:pmid/18518896&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleptoplastidy_Hypothesis-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Kleptoplastidy_Hypothesis_48-0">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Bodył A (February 2018). “Did some red alga-derived plastids evolve via kleptoplastidy? 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Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 93 (1): 201–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12340">10.1111/brv.12340</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (識別子)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28544184/">28544184</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Did+some+red+alga-derived+plastids+evolve+via+kleptoplastidy%3F+A+hypothesis&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.aulast=Body%C5%82+A&rft.au=Body%C5%82+A&rft.date=February+2018&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=201%E2%80%93222&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fbrv.12340&rft_id=info:pmid/28544184&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-iwanami524c-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iwanami524c_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iwanami524c_49-1">b</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">巌佐庸、倉谷滋、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F" title="斎藤成也">斎藤成也</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80" title="塚谷裕一">塚谷裕一</a>『岩波生物学辞典第5版』<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97" title="岩波書店">岩波書店</a>、2013年2月26日、524c頁。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784000803144" title="特別:文献資料/9784000803144">9784000803144</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8+%E7%AC%AC5%E7%89%88&rft.aulast=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%80%89%E8%B0%B7%E6%BB%8B&rft.au=%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F&rft.au=%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80&rft.date=2013-2-26&rft.pages=524c%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9784000803144&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308094109/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/">“Molecular Motors”</a>. Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-0-8153-3218-3" title="特別:文献資料/978-0-8153-3218-3">978-0-8153-3218-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/">オリジナル</a>の8 March 2019時点におけるアーカイブ。. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308094109/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/">https://web.archive.org/web/20190308094109/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26888/</a> 6 April 2023閲覧。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Molecular+Motors&rft.atitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Alberts%2C%26%2332%3BBruce&rft.au=Johnson%2C%26%2332%3BAlexander&rft.au=Lewis%2C%26%2332%3BJulian&rft.au=Raff%2C%26%2332%3BMartin&rft.au=Roberts%2C%26%2332%3BKeith&rft.au=Walter%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.edition=4th&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190308094109%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK26888%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweeney-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney_51-0">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Sweeney HL, Holzbaur EL (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5932582/">“Motor Proteins”</a>. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 10 (5): a021931. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a021931">10.1101/cshperspect.a021931</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (識別子)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5932582/">5932582</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (識別子)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29716949/">29716949</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5932582/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5932582/</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Motor+Proteins&rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Perspectives+in+Biology&rft.aulast=Sweeney+HL%2C+Holzbaur+EL&rft.au=Sweeney+HL%2C+Holzbaur+EL&rft.date=May+2018&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=a021931&rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a021931&rft_id=info:pmc/5932582&rft_id=info:pmid/29716949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5932582%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-iwanami7c-52"><a href="#cite_ref-iwanami7c_52-0">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">巌佐庸、倉谷滋、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F" title="斎藤成也">斎藤成也</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80" title="塚谷裕一">塚谷裕一</a>『岩波生物学辞典第5版』<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97" title="岩波書店">岩波書店</a>、2013年2月26日、7c頁。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784000803144" title="特別:文献資料/9784000803144">9784000803144</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8+%E7%AC%AC5%E7%89%88&rft.aulast=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%B7%8C%E4%BD%90%E5%BA%B8&rft.au=%E5%80%89%E8%B0%B7%E6%BB%8B&rft.au=%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E6%88%90%E4%B9%9F&rft.au=%E5%A1%9A%E8%B0%B7%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80&rft.date=2013-2-26&rft.pages=7c%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9784000803144&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Bardy_Ng_Jarrell_2003-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Bardy_Ng_Jarrell_2003_53-0">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Bardy, S.L.; Ng, S.Y.; Jarrell, K.F. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami">Population genetics</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" class="extiw" title="en:Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami/page/n69">55</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-1-4051-3277-0" title="特別:文献資料/978-1-4051-3277-0">978-1-4051-3277-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami">https://archive.org/details/populationgeneti00hami</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+genetics&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+B.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew+B.&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopulationgeneti00hami%2Fpage%2Fn69+55%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5B%3Aen%3AWiley-Blackwell%7CWiley-Blackwell%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3277-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopulationgeneti00hami&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%B7%E8%B0%B7%E9%83%A8%E5%85%89%E6%B3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「長谷部光泰」 (存在しないページ)">長谷部光泰</a>『陸上植物の形態と進化』<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B3%E8%8F%AF%E6%88%BF" title="裳華房">裳華房</a>、2020年7月1日、25–26頁。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4785358716" title="特別:文献資料/978-4785358716">978-4785358716</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%99%B8%E4%B8%8A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E3%81%A8%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96&rft.aulast=%E9%95%B7%E8%B0%B7%E9%83%A8%E5%85%89%E6%B3%B0&rft.au=%E9%95%B7%E8%B0%B7%E9%83%A8%E5%85%89%E6%B3%B0&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.pages=25%E2%80%9326%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E8%A3%B3%E8%8F%AF%E6%88%BF%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4785358716&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9">  </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Taylor, TN; Kerp, H; Hass, H (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC556298/">“Life history biology of early land plants: Deciphering the gametophyte phase”</a>. 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B.; Farmer, Mark A.; Andersen, Robert A.; Anderson, O. Roger; Barta, John R.; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brugerolle, Guy et al. (2005-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x">“The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists”</a> (英語). The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52 (5): 399–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2005.00053.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/ja/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1066-5234">1066-5234</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+New+Higher+Level+Classification+of+Eukaryotes+with+Emphasis+on+the+Taxonomy+of+Protists&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Adl&rft.aufirst=Sina+M.&rft.au=Adl%2C%26%2332%3BSina+M.&rft.au=Simpson%2C%26%2332%3BAlastair+G.+B.&rft.au=Farmer%2C%26%2332%3BMark+A.&rft.au=Andersen%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+A.&rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BO.+Roger&rft.au=Barta%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+R.&rft.au=Bowser%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel+S.&rft.au=Brugerolle%2C%26%2332%3BGuy&rft.au=Fensome%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+A.&rft.date=2005-10&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=399%E2%80%93451&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2005.00053.x&rft.issn=1066-5234&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2005.00053.x&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal" id="CITEREFAdl_et_al.2012">Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. 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Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2012.00644.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (識別子)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3483872/">3483872</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (識別子)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23020233/">23020233</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Revised+Classification+of+Eukaryotes&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Adl&rft.aufirst=Sina+M.&rft.au=Adl%2C%26%2332%3BSina+M.&rft.au=Simpson%2C%26%2332%3BAlastair+G.+B.&rft.au=Lane%2C%26%2332%3BChristopher+E.&rft.au=Luke%C5%A1%2C%26%2332%3BJulius&rft.au=Bass%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Bowser%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel+S.&rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew+W.&rft.au=Burki%2C%26%2332%3BFabien&rft.au=Dunthorn%2C%26%2332%3BMicah&rft.date=2012-09&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=429%E2%80%93514&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2012.00644.x&rft_id=info:pmc/3483872&rft_id=info:pmid/23020233&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2012.00644.x&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal" id="CITEREFAdl_et_al.2019">Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeu.12691">“Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes”</a> (英語). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeu.12691">10.1111/jeu.12691</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/ja/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1066-5234">1066-5234</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (識別子)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6492006/">6492006</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (識別子)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30257078/">30257078</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeu.12691">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeu.12691</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revisions+to+the+Classification%2C+Nomenclature%2C+and+Diversity+of+Eukaryotes&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Adl&rft.aufirst=Sina+M.&rft.au=Adl%2C%26%2332%3BSina+M.&rft.au=Bass%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Lane%2C%26%2332%3BChristopher+E.&rft.au=Luke%C5%A1%2C%26%2332%3BJulius&rft.au=Schoch%2C%26%2332%3BConrad+L.&rft.au=Smirnov%2C%26%2332%3BAlexey&rft.au=Agatha%2C%26%2332%3BSabine&rft.au=Berney%2C%26%2332%3BCedric&rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew+W.&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=4%E2%80%93119&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fjeu.12691&rft.issn=1066-5234&rft_id=info:pmc/6492006&rft_id=info:pmid/30257078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fjeu.12691&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF矢﨑・島野2020">矢﨑裕規; 島野智之『<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19004/taxa.48.0_71">真核生物の高次分類体系の改訂―Adl et al. (2019)について―</a>』 48巻、日本動物分類学会、2020年2月29日、71–83頁。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (識別子)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19004%2Ftaxa.48.0_71">10.19004/taxa.48.0_71</a>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.19004/taxa.48.0_71">https://doi.org/10.19004/taxa.48.0_71</a>。2020年3月24日閲覧。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E9%AB%98%E6%AC%A1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E3%81%AE%E6%94%B9%E8%A8%82%E2%80%95Adl+et+al.+%282019%29%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%E2%80%95&rft.aulast=%E7%9F%A2%EF%A8%91&rft.aufirst=%E8%A3%95%E8%A6%8F&rft.au=%E7%9F%A2%EF%A8%91%E8%A3%95%E8%A6%8F&rft.au=%E5%B3%B6%E9%87%8E%E6%99%BA%E4%B9%8B&rft.date=2020-02-29&rft.pages=71%E2%80%9383%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=info:doi/10.19004%2Ftaxa.48.0_71&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.19004%2Ftaxa.48.0_71&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="関連項目">関連項目</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=21" title="節を編集: 関連項目">編集</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8E%E3%83%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「真核生物のハイブリッドゲノム」 (存在しないページ)">真核生物のハイブリッドゲノム</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote_hybrid_genome" class="extiw" title="en:Eukaryote hybrid genome">英語版</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8E%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「配列決定された真核生物ゲノムのリスト」 (存在しないページ)">配列決定された真核生物ゲノムのリスト</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes" class="extiw" title="en:List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes">英語版</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「パラカリオン・ミョウジネンシス」 (存在しないページ)">パラカリオン・ミョウジネンシス</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakaryon_myojinensis" class="extiw" title="en:Parakaryon myojinensis">英語版</a>）（Parakaryon myojinensis）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88_(%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%B0%8F%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98)" title="ヴォールト (細胞小器官)">ヴォールト (細胞小器官)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部リンク">外部リンク</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=22" title="節を編集: 外部リンク">編集</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r94202605">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;">ウィキスピーシーズに<a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota?uselang=ja">真核生物</a>に関する情報があります。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;">ウィキメディア・コモンズには、<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eukaryota?uselang=ja">真核生物</a>に関連するカテゴリがあります。</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eol.org/pages/2908256">"真核生物"</a> - <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19088#P830" title="ウィキデータを編集"><img alt="ウィキデータを編集" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox" aria-labelledby="自然" style="border-collapse:collapse;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="background:transparent;color:inherit;min-width:100%;border-spacing:0px;border-collapse:separate"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:60%;font-weight:normal;background-color:transparent;padding:0;color:#000;;border:none;"><ul style="display:inline"><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="Template:自然">表</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template%E2%80%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「Template‐ノート:自然」 (存在しないページ)">話</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6&action=edit">編</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6&action=history">歴</a></li></ul></div></div><div id="自然" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 6em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="エネルギー">エネルギー</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学">地球科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5" title="地球の未来">地球の未来</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「地史」 (存在しないページ)">地史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%A6" title="地質学">地質学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="ガイア理論">ガイア理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="地球史年表">地球史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="海洋">海洋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="プレートテクトニクス">プレートテクトニクス</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0" title="地球の構造">地球の構造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%97" title="地球の大気">地球の大気</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99" title="気候">気候</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="気象学">気象学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2" title="雲">雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8" title="風">風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90" title="潮汐">潮汐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%85%89" title="太陽光">太陽光</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="自然環境">環境</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学">地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="自然地理学">自然地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生態学">生態学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB" title="生態系">生態系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F" title="原生地域">原生地域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB%E4%BA%8B" title="山火事">山火事</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="生物の分類">生物の分類</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="古細菌">古細菌</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">真核生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8" title="植物相">植物相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8" title="動物相">動物相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="菌類">菌類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E3%81%AE%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="「生命の進化史」 (存在しないページ)">生命の進化史</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary history of life">英語版</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4" title="生命の階層">生命の階層</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">地球の生命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E3%81%AE%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="生命の起源">生命の起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ウイルス">ウイルス</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="Category:自然">カテゴリ</a> · <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:自然科学">ポータル</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%85%B8%E6%8B%A0%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="Help:典拠管理">典拠管理データベース</a>: 国立図書館 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19088#identifiers" title="ウィキデータを編集"><img alt="ウィキデータを編集" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Cellules eucaryotes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12120745x">フランス</a></abbr></li> <li><abbr title="Cellules eucaryotes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12120745x">BnF data</a></abbr></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4070991-7">ドイツ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544031405171">イスラエル</a></li> <li><abbr title="Protista"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88003785">アメリカ</a></abbr></li> <li><abbr title="jaderní"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph660332&CON_LNG=ENG">チェコ</a></abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="分類群識別子" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="分類群識別子" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E7%BE%A4%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90" title="Help:分類群識別子">分類群識別子</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="ウィキデータ">ウィキデータ</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19088" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q19088">Q19088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ウィキスピーシーズ">ウィキスピーシーズ</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlgaeBase" class="extiw" title="w:AlgaeBase">AlgaeBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/detail/?taxonid=86701">86701</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" class="extiw" title="w:Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/237393">237393</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14783">14783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2908256">2908256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="アメリカ国立生物工学情報センター">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2759">2759</a></li> <li><a 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