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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1967" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1967</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1968</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1969</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1970</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">War of Attrition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%81" title="حرب الاستنزاف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الاستنزاف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Gastadura" title="Guerra de Gastadura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra de Gastadura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99ifl%C9%99tm%C9%99_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Zəiflətmə müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zəiflətmə müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ییپراتما ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ییپراتما ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E2%80%93%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7_(%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%AD%E2%80%93%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A6)" title="আরব–ইসরায়েল সংঘর্ষ (১৯৬৭–১৯৭০) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরব–ইসরায়েল সংঘর্ষ (১৯৬৭–১৯৭০)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_desgast" title="Guerra de desgast – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de desgast" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opot%C5%99ebovac%C3%AD_v%C3%A1lka" title="Opotřebovací válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opotřebovací válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Rhyfel_Athreuliol" title="Y Rhyfel Athreuliol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Rhyfel Athreuliol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmattelseskrigen" title="Udmattelseskrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Udmattelseskrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnutzungskrieg" title="Abnutzungskrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abnutzungskrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurnamiss%C3%B5da_(Egiptuse-Iisraeli)" title="Kurnamissõda (Egiptuse-Iisraeli) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurnamissõda (Egiptuse-Iisraeli)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Desgaste" title="Guerra de Desgaste – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Desgaste" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsuma_milito" title="Konsuma milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konsuma milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higadura_Gerra" title="Higadura Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Higadura Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="جنگ فرسایش‌زا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ فرسایش‌زا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_d%27usure_dans_le_conflit_isra%C3%A9lo-arabe" title="Guerre d'usure dans le conflit israélo-arabe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre d'usure dans le conflit israélo-arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%AA%A8%EC%A0%84_(%EC%A4%91%EB%8F%99)" title="소모전 (중동) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소모전 (중동)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Atrisi" title="Perang Atrisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Atrisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27attrito" title="Guerra d'attrito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra d'attrito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%94" title="מלחמת ההתשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת ההתשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%81" title="حرب الاستنزاف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب الاستنزاف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitputtingsoorlog_(1967-1970)" title="Uitputtingsoorlog (1967-1970) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uitputtingsoorlog (1967-1970)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="消耗戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="消耗戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utmattelseskrigen" title="Utmattelseskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utmattelseskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%81" title="جنگ استنزاف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگ استنزاف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_na_wyczerpanie_(1967%E2%80%931970)" title="Wojna na wyczerpanie (1967–1970) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna na wyczerpanie (1967–1970)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Desgaste" title="Guerra de Desgaste – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de Desgaste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_Uzur%C4%83" title="Războiul de Uzură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul de Uzură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Египетско-израильская война на истощение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Египетско-израильская война на истощение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Shkat%C3%ABrrimit" title="Lufta e Shkatërrimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Shkatërrimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="War of Attrition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opotrebov%C3%A1vacia_vojna_(Arabsko-izraelsk%C3%BD_konflikt)" title="Opotrebovávacia vojna (Arabsko-izraelský konflikt) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Opotrebovávacia vojna (Arabsko-izraelský konflikt)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Рат исцрпљивања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат исцрпљивања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_iscrpljivanja" title="Rat iscrpljivanja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rat iscrpljivanja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4%C3%A4nnytyssota_(Egypti%E2%80%93Israel)" title="Näännytyssota (Egypti–Israel) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Näännytyssota (Egypti–Israel)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utn%C3%B6tningskriget" title="Utnötningskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utnötningskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தேய்வழிவுப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேய்வழிவுப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1967–1970 war between Israel and Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1967–1970 war between Israel and Egypt. For the warfare tactic, see <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition warfare</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="War of Attrition (disambiguation)">War of Attrition (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">War of Attrition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suez_canal_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Suez_canal_map.jpg/300px-Suez_canal_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Suez_canal_map.jpg/450px-Suez_canal_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Suez_canal_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="582" /></a></span><br />The Israeli–Egyptian war of Attrition was centered largely on the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>July 1, 1967 – August 7, 1970 (<a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a>)<br />(3 years, 1 month and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> (Israeli controlled)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Inconclusive (see <a href="#Aftermath">aftermath</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Israel"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span data-sort-value="Egypt"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></span></li><li><span data-sort-value="Soviet Union"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a></li><li><span data-sort-value="Jordan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></span></li></ul></div> <hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span data-sort-value="Syria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Syria_%281963%E2%80%931972%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria_%281963%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Syria_%281963%E2%80%931972%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria_%281963%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Syria_%281963%E2%80%931972%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria_%281963%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span data-sort-value="Cuba"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Shazar" title="Zalman Shazar">Zalman Shazar</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Levi_Eshkol" title="Levi Eshkol">Levi Eshkol</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Allon" title="Yigal Allon">Yigal Allon</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Haim_Bar-Lev" title="Haim Bar-Lev">Haim Bar-Lev</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uzi_Narkiss" title="Uzi Narkiss">Uzi Narkiss</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Hod" title="Mordechai Hod">Mordechai Hod</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Erell" title="Shlomo Erell">Shlomo Erell</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Botzer" title="Avraham Botzer">Avraham Botzer</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ismail_Ali" title="Ahmad Ismail Ali">Ahmad Ismail Ali</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_El_Sadat" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar El Sadat">Anwar El Sadat</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saad_El_Shazly" class="mw-redirect" title="Saad El Shazly">Saad El Shazly</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Munim_Riad" title="Abdul Munim Riad">Abdul Munim Riad</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mustafa_Baghdady" title="Ali Mustafa Baghdady">Ali Baghdady</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Mohamed_Abou_Zikry" title="Fouad Mohamed Abou Zikry">Fouad Abou Zikry</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abdel_Rahman_Fahmy" title="Mahmoud Abdel Rahman Fahmy">Mahmoud Fahmy</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Grechko" title="Andrei Grechko">Andrei Grechko</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/King_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hussein">King Hussein</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zaid_ibn_Shaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaid ibn Shaker">Zaid ibn Shaker</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amer_Khammash" title="Amer Khammash">Amer Khammash</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization"><img alt="Palestine Liberation Organization" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization"><img alt="Palestine Liberation Organization" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Iyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Iyad">Abu Iyad</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 275,000 (including reserves)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a>: 200,000</li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>: 10,700–15,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a>: 15,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a>: 900–1,000<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>694<sup id="cite_ref-Schiff_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiff-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1,424<sup id="cite_ref-MFA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soldiers killed</li><li>227 civilians killed<sup id="cite_ref-Schiff_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiff-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>2,659 wounded, from this 999 at the Egyptian front<sup id="cite_ref-Schiff_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiff-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>24<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2001,_Page_362_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2001,_Page_362-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–30<sup id="cite_ref-nicolle32-33_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicolle32-33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aircraft</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><b>Egypt</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>2,882<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–10,000<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2001,_Page_362_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2001,_Page_362-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soldiers and civilians killed</li><li>6,285 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>60<sup id="cite_ref-nicolle32-33_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicolle32-33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–114<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aircraft lost</li></ul></div></li><li><b>PLO</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>1,828 killed</li><li>2,500 captured<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></li><li><b>Jordan</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>300 killed<sup id="cite_ref-kober_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kober-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>4 captured</li><li>30 tanks</li></ul></div></li><li><b>Soviet Union</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>58+ dead<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="page has no content (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li>5 aircraft</li></ul></div></li><li><b>Cuba</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>180 dead</li><li>250 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-karsh_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karsh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></li><li><b>Syria</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>500 killed<sup id="cite_ref-kober_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kober-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_Attrition" title="Template:Campaignbox War of Attrition"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_Attrition" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of Attrition"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_Attrition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of Attrition"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_Attrition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">War of Attrition</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rumani_Coast" title="Battle of Rumani Coast">Rumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Eilat_(1955)" class="mw-redirect" title="INS Eilat (1955)">INS <i>Eilat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Karameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shock" title="Operation Shock"><i>Shock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulmus_6" title="Operation Bulmus 6"><i>Bulmus 6</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Boxer" title="Operation Boxer"><i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Raviv" title="Operation Raviv"><i>Raviv</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rooster_53" title="Operation Rooster 53"><i>Rooster 53</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priha" title="Operation Priha"><i>Priha</i></a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Bahr_El-Baqar_primary_school_bombing" title="Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing">Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>War of Attrition</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حرب الاستنزاف</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥarb al-Istinzāf</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מלחמת ההתשה</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Milḥemet haHatashah</i></span>) involved fighting between <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Liberation Organisation">Palestine Liberation Organisation</a> (PLO) and their allies from 1967 to 1970. </p><p>Following the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, no serious diplomatic efforts were made to resolve the issues at the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1967_Arab_League_summit" title="1967 Arab League summit">1967 Arab League summit</a> formulated in September the "<a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution" title="Khartoum Resolution">three no's</a>" policy, barring peace, <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognition</a>, or negotiations with Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> believed that only military initiative would compel Israel or the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> to facilitate a full Israeli withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hostilities soon resumed along the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. </p><p>These initially took the form of limited artillery duels and small-scale incursions into Sinai, but by 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian Army</a> judged itself prepared for larger-scale operations. On March 8, 1969, Nasser proclaimed the official launch of the War of Attrition, characterized by large-scale shelling along the Suez Canal, extensive aerial warfare and <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commando</a> raids.<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mirages_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirages-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hostilities continued until August 1970 and ended with a ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frontiers remained the same as when the war began, with no real commitment to serious peace negotiations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egyptian_front">Egyptian front</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s victory in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> left the entirety of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> up to the eastern bank of the Suez Canal under Israeli control. Egypt was determined to regain Sinai, and also sought to mitigate the severity of its defeat. Sporadic clashes were taking place along the cease-fire line, and Egyptian missile boats sank the Israeli destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Zealous_(R39)" title="HMS Zealous (R39)">INS <i>Eilat</i></a> on October 21 of the same year. </p><p>Egypt began shelling Israeli positions along the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Lev_Line" title="Bar Lev Line">Bar Lev Line</a>, using heavy artillery, <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan" title="Mikoyan">MiG</a> aircraft and various other forms of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> assistance with the hope of forcing the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli government">Israeli government</a> into concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel responded with aerial bombardments, airborne raids on Egyptian military positions, and aerial strikes against strategic facilities in Egypt. The strategic bombing of Egypt had mixed military and political results.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The international community and both countries attempted to find a diplomatic solution to the conflict. The <a href="/wiki/Jarring_Mission" title="Jarring Mission">Jarring Mission</a> of the United Nations was supposed to ensure that the terms of <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_242" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution 242">UN Security Council Resolution 242</a> would be observed, but by late 1970, it was clear that this mission had been a failure. Fearing the escalation of the conflict into an "<a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">East</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">West</a>" <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">confrontation</a> during the tensions of the mid-<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the American president, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, sent his Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William Rogers</a>, to formulate the <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Plan" title="Rogers Plan">Rogers Plan</a> in view of obtaining a ceasefire. </p><p>In August 1970, Israel, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and Egypt agreed to an "in place" ceasefire under the terms proposed by the Rogers Plan. The plan contained restrictions on missile deployment by both sides, and required the cessation of raids as a precondition for peace. The Egyptians and their Soviet allies rekindled the conflict by violating the agreement shortly thereafter, moving their missiles near to the Suez Canal, and constructing the largest anti-aircraft system yet implemented at that point in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JewishVirtualLibrary_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishVirtualLibrary-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israelis responded with a policy which their Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>, dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetrical response</a>", wherein Israeli retaliation was disproportionately large in comparison to any Egyptian attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Nasser's death in September 1970, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Al-Sadat" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar Al-Sadat">Anwar Al-Sadat</a>, continued the ceasefire with Israel, focusing on rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian army">Egyptian army</a> and planning a full-scale attack on the Israeli forces controlling the eastern bank of the Suez Canal. These plans would materialize three years later in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>. Ultimately, Israel would return Sinai to Egypt after the two nations signed a <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">peace treaty</a> in 1979. </p><p>The Egyptian Air Force and Air Defense Forces performed poorly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack200295_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack200295-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian pilots were rigid, slow to react and unwilling to improvise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack200296_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack200296-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to U.S. intelligence estimates, Egypt lost 109 aircraft, most in air-to-air combat, while only 16 Israeli aircraft were lost, most to anti-aircraft artillery or <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">SAMs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack200296_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack200296-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took a salvo of 6 to 10 <a href="/wiki/SA-2_Guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-2 Guideline">SA-2</a> Egyptian anti-aircraft missiles to obtain a better than fifty percent chance of a hit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack200296_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack200296-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Pollack">Kenneth Pollack</a> notes that Egypt's commandos performed "adequately" though they rarely ventured into risky operations on a par with the daring of Israel's commandos,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack200295_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack200295-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt's artillery corps encountered difficulty in penetrating the Bar-Lev forts and eventually adopted a policy of trying to catch Israeli troops in the exterior parts of the forts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack200294_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack200294-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967">1967</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastvic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mastvic.jpg/220px-Mastvic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mastvic.jpg/330px-Mastvic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mastvic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Israeli naval personnel celebrate their victory after an engagement with Egyptian naval forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rumani_Coast" title="Battle of Rumani Coast">near Rumani</a>, 1967</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>July 1, 1967</b>: An Egyptian commando force from Port Fuad moves south and takes up a position at Ras el 'Ish, located 10 miles south of Port Said on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal, an area controlled by the Israelis since the ceasefire on June 9, 1967. An Israeli armored infantry company attacks the Egyptian force. The Israeli company drives off the Egyptians but loses 1 dead and 13 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Herzog_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzog-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, another source claims that an Israeli attack on Port Fuad was repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Zeev_Maoz" title="Zeev Maoz">Zeev Maoz</a>, the battle was decided in favor of the Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>July 2, 1967</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> bombs Egyptian artillery positions that had supported the commandos at Ras Al-'Ish.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamasy,_p.99_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamasy,_p.99-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>July 4, 1967</b>: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force" title="Egyptian Air Force">Egyptian Air Force</a> jets strike several Israeli targets in Sinai. An Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17">MiG-17</a> is shot down.<sup id="cite_ref-acig_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acig-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>July 8, 1967</b>: An Egyptian Air Force <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">MiG-21</a> is shot down by Israeli air defenses while on a reconnaissance mission over el-Qanatra. Two <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-7" title="Sukhoi Su-7">Su-7s</a> equipped with cameras are then sent out to carry out the mission, and manage to complete several turns over Sinai without any opposition. Two other Su-7s are sent for another reconnaissance mission hours later, but are attacked by <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> fighter jets. One Su-7 is shot down.<sup id="cite_ref-acig_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acig-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>July 11–12, 1967</b>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rumani_Coast" title="Battle of Rumani Coast">Battle of Rumani Coast</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Navy" title="Israeli Navy">Israeli Navy</a> destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Zealous_(R39)" title="HMS Zealous (R39)">INS <i>Eilat</i></a> and two <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a> sink two Egyptian torpedo boats off the Rumani coast. No crewmen on the Egyptian torpedo boats are known to have survived, and there were no Israeli casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>July 14, 1967</b>: Artillery exchanges and aerial duels erupt near the Suez Canal. Seven Egyptian fighter aircraft are shot down.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>July 15, 1967</b>: An Israeli Air Force <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III" title="Dassault Mirage III">Mirage III</a> is shot down by an Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">MiG-21</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>October 21, 1967</b>: Two <a href="/wiki/Komar-class_missile_boat" title="Komar-class missile boat">missile boats</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Navy" title="Egyptian Navy">Egyptian Navy</a> sink the Israeli destroyer INS <i>Eilat</i> with anti-ship missiles, killing 47 sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-JewishVirtualLibrary_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishVirtualLibrary-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>October, 1967</b>: In retaliation to the sinking of the <i>Eilat</i>, Israeli artillery bombards oil refineries and depots near <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>. In a series of artillery exchanges throughout October, the Egyptians sustain civilian casualties. Egypt evacuates a large number of civilians in the canal region.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968">1968</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Inferno._XXI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Operation_Inferno._XXI.jpg/220px-Operation_Inferno._XXI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Operation_Inferno._XXI.jpg/330px-Operation_Inferno._XXI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Operation_Inferno._XXI.jpg/440px-Operation_Inferno._XXI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Israeli paratroopers in action during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a> in 1968</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>January 31, 1968</b>: Five Israeli soldiers were wounded and one Israeli and two Egyptian tanks were destroyed in a clash in the canal zone. Israeli and Jordanian forces also exchanged fire without known casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>March 21, 1968</b>: In response to persistent PLO raids against Israeli civilian targets, Israel <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">attacks</a> the town of <a href="/wiki/Karameh" title="Karameh">Karameh</a>, Jordan, the site of a major PLO camp. The goal of the invasion was to destroy Karameh camp and capture <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> in reprisal for the attacks by the PLO against Israeli civilians, which culminated in an Israeli school bus hitting a mine in the Negev.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, plans for the two operations were prepared in 1967, one year before the bus incident.<sup id="cite_ref-Debacle_in_the_desert_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debacle_in_the_desert-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Jordan saw the size of the raiding forces entering the battle it was led to the assumption that Israel had another goal of capturing <a href="/wiki/Balqa_Governorate" title="Balqa Governorate">Balqa Governorate</a> to create a situation similar to the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel assumed that the Jordanian Army would ignore the invasion, but the latter fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> and opened heavy fire that inflicted losses upon the Israeli forces.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This engagement marked the first known deployment of suicide bombers by Palestinian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israelis were repelled at the end of a day's battle, having destroyed most of the Karameh camp and taken around 141 PLO prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-GUERRILLAS_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUERRILLAS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides declared victory. On a tactical level, the battle went in Israel's favor,<sup id="cite_ref-Zeev_Maoz_page_246_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeev_Maoz_page_246-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the destruction of the Karameh camp was achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-Herzog,_The_Arab-Israeli_Wars_page_205_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzog,_The_Arab-Israeli_Wars_page_205-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the relatively high casualties were a considerable surprise for the IDF and was stunning to the Israelis.<sup id="cite_ref-tuckerS_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuckerS-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Palestinians were not victorious on their own, King Hussein let the Palestinians take credit.<sup id="cite_ref-tuckerS_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuckerS-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-assessment_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assessment-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Nasser%27s_visit_to_the_Suez_front_with_Egypt%27s_top_military_commanders_during_the_War_of_Attrition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/President_Nasser%27s_visit_to_the_Suez_front_with_Egypt%27s_top_military_commanders_during_the_War_of_Attrition.jpg/220px-President_Nasser%27s_visit_to_the_Suez_front_with_Egypt%27s_top_military_commanders_during_the_War_of_Attrition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/President_Nasser%27s_visit_to_the_Suez_front_with_Egypt%27s_top_military_commanders_during_the_War_of_Attrition.jpg/330px-President_Nasser%27s_visit_to_the_Suez_front_with_Egypt%27s_top_military_commanders_during_the_War_of_Attrition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/President_Nasser%27s_visit_to_the_Suez_front_with_Egypt%27s_top_military_commanders_during_the_War_of_Attrition.jpg/440px-President_Nasser%27s_visit_to_the_Suez_front_with_Egypt%27s_top_military_commanders_during_the_War_of_Attrition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">President Nasser</a> of Egypt (with binoculars) surveys positions at the Suez Canal in November 1968</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>June 1968</b>: The war "officially" begins, with sparse Egyptian artillery bombardment of the Israeli front line on the east bank of the Suez Canal. More artillery bombardments in the following months cause Israeli casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>August 20, 1968</b>: Israeli and Jordanian forces engaged in a battle along the Sea of Galilee involving artillery, mortars, and machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>September 8, 1968</b>: An Egyptian artillery barrage kills 10 Israeli soldiers and injures 18. Israel responds by shelling <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acig_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acig-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>October 30, 1968</b>: Israeli helicopter-borne <a href="/wiki/Sayeret_Matkal" title="Sayeret Matkal">Sayeret Matkal</a> commandos carry out <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shock" title="Operation Shock">Operation Shock</a>, destroying an Egyptian electric transformator station, two dams along the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a> and a bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-acig_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acig-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blackout causes Nasser to cease hostilities for a few months while fortifications around hundreds of important targets are built. Simultaneously, Israel reinforces its position on the east bank of the Suez Canal by construction of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Lev_Line" title="Bar Lev Line">Bar Lev Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIS:_Book_Review:_At_Noon_The_Myth_Was_Shattered_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIS:_Book_Review:_At_Noon_The_Myth_Was_Shattered-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>November 3, 1968</b>: Egyptian MiG-17s attack Israeli positions, and are met by Israeli interceptors. One Israeli plane is damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-acig_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acig-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>December 1, 1968</b>: Israeli helicopter-borne commandos destroy four bridges near <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-acig_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acig-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>December 3, 1968</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> bombs PLO camps in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. The Israeli jets are intercepted by <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Jordanian_Air_Force" title="Royal Jordanian Air Force">Royal Jordanian Air Force</a>, and an Israeli fighter jet is damaged during the brief air battle.<sup id="cite_ref-acig_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acig-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969">1969</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-4E_Israel_HAPIM0321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/F-4E_Israel_HAPIM0321.jpg/220px-F-4E_Israel_HAPIM0321.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/F-4E_Israel_HAPIM0321.jpg/330px-F-4E_Israel_HAPIM0321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/F-4E_Israel_HAPIM0321.jpg/440px-F-4E_Israel_HAPIM0321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom">F-4E Phantom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a>. The aircraft was used to good effect as "flying artillery" during the war. Roundel markings on nose credit this aircraft with three aerial kills.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_381_Firdan_Bridge_1969_%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PikiWiki_Israel_381_Firdan_Bridge_1969_%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F_1969.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_381_Firdan_Bridge_1969_%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PikiWiki_Israel_381_Firdan_Bridge_1969_%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F_1969.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_381_Firdan_Bridge_1969_%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PikiWiki_Israel_381_Firdan_Bridge_1969_%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F_1969.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_381_Firdan_Bridge_1969_%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Israeli troops at the Firdan Bridge by the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, 1969</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>March 8, 1969</b>: Egypt strikes the Bar Lev Line with artillery fire and airstrikes, causing heavy casualties. Israel retaliates with raids deep into Egyptian territory, causing severe damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>March 9, 1969</b>: The Egyptian Chief of Staff, General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Munim_Riad" title="Abdul Munim Riad">Abdul Munim Riad</a>, is killed in an Israeli mortar attack while visiting the front lines along the Suez Canal.</li> <li><b>May–July 1969</b>: Heavy fighting takes place between Israeli and Egyptian forces. Israel loses 47 dead and 157 wounded, while Egyptian casualties are far heavier.</li> <li><b>July 18, 1969</b>: Egyptian commandos raid Israeli military installations in Sinai.<sup id="cite_ref-acig_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acig-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>July 19–20, 1969</b>: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulmus_6" title="Operation Bulmus 6">Operation Bulmus 6</a> – Israeli <a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayeret_Matkal" title="Sayeret Matkal">Sayeret Matkal</a> commandos raid <a href="/wiki/Green_Island_(Egypt)" title="Green Island (Egypt)">Green Island</a>, resulting in the total destruction of the Egyptian facility. Six Israeli soldiers and 80 Egyptian soldiers are killed. Some Egyptian casualties are caused by their own artillery.</li> <li><b>July 20–28, 1969</b>: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Boxer" title="Operation Boxer">Operation Boxer</a> – Nearly the entire <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> attacks the northern sector of the Canal, destroying anti-aircraft positions, tanks and artillery, and shooting down eight Egyptian aircraft. An estimated 300 Egyptian soldiers are killed, and Egyptian positions are seriously damaged. Israeli losses amount to two aircraft. Egyptian artillery fire is reduced somewhat. However, shelling with lighter weapons, particularly <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, continues.</li> <li><b>July–December 1969</b>: Israel carries out its "flying artillery" campaign, employing widespread air raids against Egyptian positions in the Suez Canal. In August alone, the Israeli Air Force flew about 1,000 combat sorties against Egypt, destroying dozens of SAM sites and shooting down 21 aircraft for the loss of three aircraft. Israeli jets flew low to avoid Egypt's SAM-2 missile defenses. Soviet advisers sometimes counted up to eighty Israeli sorties per day in a single sector. Egypt's SAM-2 batteries were severely mauled, causing Egyptian artillery crews to become more reluctant to engage and reveal their positions, enabling Israeli tanks to emerge from cover and take direct aim at Egyptian positions. Several Soviet advisors to Egyptian forces were killed in the bombing campaign. The Soviets subsequently introduced the <a href="/wiki/9K32_Strela-2" title="9K32 Strela-2">Strela-2</a> missile to target high-flying aircraft, shooting down an Israeli <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk" title="Douglas A-4 Skyhawk">A-4 Skyhawk</a> on August 19.<sup id="cite_ref-acig_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acig-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>September 9, 1969</b>: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Raviv" title="Operation Raviv">Operation Raviv</a> – Israeli forces raided Egypt's Red Sea coast. The raid was preceded by Operation Escort, with <a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a> naval commandos infiltrating the Egyptian Navy anchorage at Ras Sadat with <i>Maiale</i> <a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">manned torpedoes</a> and sinking a pair of Egyptian torpedo boats with <a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">limpet mines</a> to prevent them from interfering with the operation. As they made their getaway, the self-destruct mechanism on one of the <i>Maiales</i> accidentally detonated. Three <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Navy" title="Israeli Navy">Israeli Navy</a> landing craft then landed the raiding force on the coast, with the Israelis wearing Egyptian uniforms and using captured Arab <a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-55</a> tanks and <a href="/wiki/BTR-50" title="BTR-50">BTR-50</a> armored personnel carriers painted in Egyptian colors. The Israeli force, backed by air support, destroyed 12 Egyptian military outposts. Israeli A-4 Skyhawks backing up the operation attacked an Egyptian radar site, during which one of the Skyhawks was shot down. After nine hours of operating unhindered in enemy territory, the raiding force withdrew and rendezvoused with the landing craft and returned to Israeli-held territory in the Sinai, having suffered only one light injury during the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptians suffered 100–200 casualties. Two Soviet military advisors including a colonel were killed.</li> <li><b>September 11, 1969</b>: Sixteen Egyptian aircraft carry out a strike mission. Eight MiGs are shot down by Israeli <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III" title="Dassault Mirage III">Mirages</a> and a further three <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-7" title="Sukhoi Su-7">Su-7s</a> are lost to Israeli anti-aircraft artillery and <a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">HAWK</a> surface-to-air missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack200295_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack200295-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>October 17, 1969</b>: The United States and Soviet Union begin diplomatic talks to end the conflict.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dan_Hadani_collection_(990044426700205171).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044426700205171%29.jpg/220px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044426700205171%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044426700205171%29.jpg/330px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044426700205171%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044426700205171%29.jpg/440px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044426700205171%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3352" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Israeli artillery in action in 1969</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>October 27, 1969</b>: Over the previous days, air and artillery duels took place in the canal zone. One Israeli soldier was killed and ten wounded in a surprise Egyptian air attack. One Egyptian MiG-17 was shot down by an Israeli Hawk missile. Israeli aircraft also raided Egyptian positions along the canal. On the Jordanian front, one Israeli soldier was killed and two wounded in the Beisan valley in mortar attacks from Jordan. Four Arab guerrillas were killed in a clash with an Israeli patrol along the Jordan River and Israeli jets attacked Arab guerrilla positions in Jordan, striking targets in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>December 9, 1969</b>: Egyptian aircraft, with the assistance of newly delivered <a href="/wiki/P-15_radar" title="P-15 radar">P-15 radars</a>, defeat the Israelis in an aerial engagement, shooting down two Israeli Mirages. Later in the evening, an Egyptian fighter flown by Lt. Ahmed Atef shot down an Israeli <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom II</a>, making him the first Egyptian pilot to shoot down an F-4 in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, the Rogers Plan is publicized. It calls for Egyptian "commitment to peace" in exchange for the Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Both parties strongly reject the plan. <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a> forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel. In dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> were tantamount to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-RabinovichShakedp192_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RabinovichShakedp192-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Nasser instead opts to plead for more sophisticated weaponry from the Soviet Union to withstand the Israeli bombings. The Soviets initially refuse to deliver the requested weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-MFA:_9_Statement_by_Secretary_of_State_Rogers-_December_9,_1969_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFA:_9_Statement_by_Secretary_of_State_Rogers-_December_9,_1969-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>December 26–27, 1969</b>: Israel launches <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rooster_53" title="Operation Rooster 53">Operation Rooster 53</a>. As Israeli aircraft attack Egyptian positions along the canal, Israeli paratroopers ferried by <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_SA_321_Super_Frelon" title="Aérospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon">Super Frelon</a> helicopters, which use the noise of the air attacks as cover, land at <a href="/wiki/Ras_Ghareb" title="Ras Ghareb">Ras Ghareb</a> and capture an Egyptian <a href="/wiki/P-12_radar" title="P-12 radar">P-12 radar</a> facility, overwhelming its light security contingent. Two Egyptian personnel are killed and four captured. The paratroopers then take apart the radar, with the radar's pieces being ferried away by two Israeli <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-53_Sea_Stallion" title="Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion">Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion</a> helicopters. The operation enabled Israeli and American learning of the latest Soiviet radar technology, and caused a huge morale impact on the Egyptians.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970">1970</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Rhodes._XII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Operation_Rhodes._XII.jpg/220px-Operation_Rhodes._XII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Operation_Rhodes._XII.jpg/330px-Operation_Rhodes._XII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Operation_Rhodes._XII.jpg/440px-Operation_Rhodes._XII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Israeli paratroopers in action during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rhodes" title="Operation Rhodes">Operation Rhodes</a>, 1970</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>January 7, 1970</b>: Israel launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Priha" title="Operation Priha">Operation Priha</a>, a series of air raids against military targets in the Egyptian heartland, as far as 100 miles from the canal. A total of 118 sorties were ultimately undertaken between January 7 and April 13. Also on January 7, a Soviet adviser to an Egyptian infantry brigade was killed in an Israeli attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Remez-Ginor_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remez-Ginor-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>January 12, 1970</b>: Two Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-7" title="Sukhoi Su-7">Sukhoi Su-7</a> fighters were shot down by Israeli <a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">Hawk</a> missiles while attacking an Israeli base near Ras Sudar. Israel also reported that in the past days, Israeli forces killed 12 Arab guerrillas and captured four in a series of clashes in the <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a> region and <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>January 22, 1970</b>: With Egypt's air defense system having largely been devastated and the deep-penetration bombing raids hitting further into Egypt, President Nasser secretly flew to Moscow to discuss the situation. His request for new <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">SAM</a> batteries (including the <a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">2K12 Kub</a> and <a href="/wiki/9K32_Strela-2" title="9K32 Strela-2">Strela-2</a>) was approved. Their deployment requires qualified personnel along with squadrons of aircraft to protect them. Thus, he needed <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet military</a> personnel in large numbers, something the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin</a> did not want to provide. Nasser then threatens to resign, implying that Egypt might turn to the United States for help in the future. The Soviets had invested heavily in President Nasser's regime, and so, the Soviet leader, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General-Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, finally obliged. The Soviet Union, which had already been increasing its military presence in Egypt from the summer of 1969 and deployed its first fighter jets in December of thar year, decided to greatly increase its military presence, deploying additional air defense units alongside fighter aircraft. The Soviet military intervention was codenamed Operation Kavkaz.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet presence increased from 2,500 to 4,000 in January to 10,600–12,150 ground personnel plus 100–150 pilots by June 30.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA-3_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SA-3_system.jpg/220px-SA-3_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/SA-3_system.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Soviet/Egyptian <a href="/wiki/S-125_Neva/Pechora" title="S-125 Neva/Pechora">S-125</a> anti-aircraft type missiles in the Suez Canal vicinity</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>January 22, 1970</b>: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rhodes" title="Operation Rhodes">Operation Rhodes</a>. Israeli paratroopers and naval commandos are transported by IAF <a href="/wiki/Super_Frelon" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Frelon">Super Frelon</a> helicopters to <a href="/wiki/Shadwan_Island" title="Shadwan Island">Shadwan Island</a> where they capture the island and dismantle a British-made Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Decca_Radar" title="Decca Radar">Decca radar</a> and other military equipment for transport back to Israel before withdrawing. Meanwhile, Israeli fighter jets provide close air support and sink two Egyptian P-183 <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a> approaching the island. An estimated 70 Egyptian soldiers were killed and 62 more were taken prisoner while the Israelis lost 3 killed and 7 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>January 26, 1970</b>: Israeli aircraft attacked an Egyptian auxiliary ship in the Gulf of Suez, damaging it and causing it to ground on a reef.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>January 28, 1970</b>: Israeli bombing was reported to have killed six Soviet personnel, three in an attack on a building in a suburb of Cairo that housed Soviet advisors and three in a SAM complex at Dashur.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later, US National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> told Israeli ambassador to the US <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> that 40 Soviet personnel had been killed in the bombing at Dashur.<sup id="cite_ref-fear_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fear-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>February 1970</b>: Two Israeli auxiliary vessels were sabotaged by Egyptian frogmen in Eilat harbor. A supply ship sank while a coastal landing craft sustained damage but was beached by its crew before sinking. There were no casualties. In response, Israeli warplanes sank an Egyptian minelayer in the Gulf of Suez, carried out raids against Egyptian military positions in the canal zone, and struck two military targets deeper into Egyptian territory. Egyptian aircraft also raided Israeli positions along the Suez Canal, injuring three Israeli soldiers. Four days of fighting took place between Israeli and Syrian forces as well.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naor_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naor-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli fighter jets accidentally struck an industrial plant at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Zaabal" title="Abu Zaabal">Abu Zaabal</a>, killing 80 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>February 1970</b>: An Egyptian commando platoon attempts to set up an ambush in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Mitla_Pass" title="Mitla Pass">Mitla Pass</a> but is discovered. The entire unit is either killed or captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollack200295_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollack200295-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>February 9, 1970</b>: An air battle between Israeli and Egyptian warplanes takes place, with each side losing one plane.<sup id="cite_ref-acig_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acig-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>March 15, 1970</b>: The first fully operational Soviet SAM site in Egypt was completed. It is part of three brigades which the Soviet Union sends to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-ACIG_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIG-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom II</a> jets repeatedly bomb Egyptian positions.</li> <li><b>April 8, 1970</b>: The Israeli Air Force carried out bombing raids against targets identified as Egyptian military installations. A group of military bases about 30 kilometers from the Suez Canal was bombed. However, in what becomes known as the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_El-Baqar_primary_school_bombing" title="Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing">Bahr el-Baqar incident</a>, Israeli <a href="/wiki/F4_Phantom_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F4 Phantom II">F4 Phantom II</a> fighter jets attack a single-floor school in the Egyptian town of Bahr el-Baqar, after it was mistaken for a military installation. The school is hit by five bombs and two air-to-ground missiles, killing 46 schoolchildren and injuring over 50.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident put a definite end to Operation Priha, and the Israelis instead then concentrated on attacking Canal-side installations. The respite gave the Egyptians time to reconstruct their SAM batteries closer to the canal. Soviet MiG fighters provided the necessary air cover. Soviet pilots also began approaching IAF aircraft during April 1970, but Israeli pilots were given orders not to engage these aircraft and break off whenever Soviet-piloted MiGs appeared.</li> <li><b>April 1970</b>: the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti Armed Forces">Kuwaiti Armed Forces</a> suffered their first Kuwaiti fatality on the Egyptian front.<sup id="cite_ref-kuwait-history.net_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuwait-history.net-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>May 1970</b>: An Israeli fishing boat was sunk by the Egyptian Navy, killing two of its crew. The Israeli Air Force launched a heavy series of bombing raids against Egyptian targets throughout the canal zone and shot down five Egyptian warplanes. Israeli aircraft sank an Egyptian destroyer and minelayer. Two Israeli soldiers were killed by Egyptian shelling and a civilian Israeli frogman was also killed by explosives planted by Egyptian frogmen while removing underwater wreckage at the port of Eilat.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the final days of the month, the IAF launched major air raids against <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a>, believing a large amphibious force is assembling in the town. On the 16th an Israeli aircraft was shot down in air combat, probably by a MiG-21.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>May 3, 1970</b>: Twenty-one Palestinian guerrillas were killed by Israeli troops in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naor_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naor-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>May 20, 1970</b>: Israeli troops repulsed an Egyptian commando raid in the canal zone. The Egyptian raiding party retreated under cover of Egyptian artillery fire and Israeli forces responded with artillery fire and airstrikes. Seven of the Egyptian commandos were killed and the Israeli account claimed that the Egyptians also suffered casualties from Israeli retaliatory shelling and airstrikes. Israeli losses were two killed and one injured. Israeli and Jordanian forces also exchanged mortar fire in the northern Beisan Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>May 30, 1970</b>: 15 Israeli soldiers were killed, 8 were wounded, and 2 were presumed captured on the same day in three separate ambushes. Israeli armored patrols were ambushed twice on the Suez Canal by Egyptian troops, resulting in 13 Israeli soldiers dead, 4 wounded, and 2 missing and presumed taken prisoner. In the Jordan Valley, north of Jericho, an army patrol was ambushed by Arab guerrillas, resulting in 2 dead and 4 wounded. It was not known whether the clashes resulted in any Arab casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Israeli warplanes launched a massive bombing campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a> area. Soviet warships were present and some fired on the Israeli planes. Several Soviet naval personnel were killed when shrapnel from the bombing hit a Soviet warship.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>June 1970</b>: An Israeli armored raid on Syrian military positions resulted in "hundreds of Syrian casualties."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>June 25, 1970</b>: An Israeli <a href="/wiki/A-4_Skyhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="A-4 Skyhawk">A-4 Skyhawk</a>, in an attack sortie against Egyptian forces on the Canal, was attacked and pursued by a pair of Soviet <a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21s</a> into Sinai. According to the Soviets, the plane was shot down, while the Israelis said it was damaged and forced to land at a nearby airbase.<sup id="cite_ref-ACIG_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIG-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>June 27, 1970</b>: The EAF continued to launch air raids across the canal. On June 27 around eight Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Su-7" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-7">Su-7s</a> and MiG-21s attacked Israeli rear areas in Sinai. According to Israel, two Egyptian aircraft were shot down. An Israeli Mirage was shot down, and the pilot was captured.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>June 1970</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti Armed Forces">Kuwaiti Armed Forces</a> suffered sixteen fatalities on the Egyptian front.<sup id="cite_ref-kuwait-history.net_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuwait-history.net-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>June 30, 1970</b>: Soviet air defenses shot down two Israeli F-4 Phantoms. Two pilots and a navigator are captured, while a second navigator is rescued by helicopter the following night.<sup id="cite_ref-acig_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acig-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>July 18, 1970</b>: A force of 24 Israeli <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom</a> fighter jets attacked SAM batteries in Egypt, destroying all the targeted batteries and killing eight Soviet personnel. One Israeli F-4 Phantom was shot down and another was severely damaged but managed to return to base.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>July 30, 1970</b>: A large-scale dogfight occurred between Israeli and Soviet aircraft, codenamed <i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rimon_20" title="Operation Rimon 20">Rimon 20</a></i>, involving 12 to 24 Soviet MiG-21s (besides the initial 12, other MiGs were "scrambled", but it is unclear if they reached the battle in time), and 12 Israeli <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III" title="Dassault Mirage III">Dassault Mirage IIIs</a> and four <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom II</a> jets. The engagement took place west of the Suez Canal. After luring their opponents into an ambush, the Israelis shot down five of the Soviet MiGs. Four Soviet pilots were killed, while the IAF suffered no losses except a damaged Mirage.<sup id="cite_ref-ACIG_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIG-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shalom_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shalom-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>August 3, 1970</b>: The Soviets responded by luring Israeli fighter jets into a counter-ambush.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dummy missile batteries had been set up to lure Israeli fighter jets in while the real missiles were concealed. When the Israeli attack came, one Israeli F-4 Phantom was shot down and another was hit but managed to return to base.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Early August, 1970</b>: Despite their losses, the Soviets and Egyptians managed to press the air defenses closer to the canal. The batteries allowed the Egyptians to move in artillery which in turn threatened the Bar Lev Line. Following the Soviets' direct intervention, known as "Operation Kavkaz",<sup id="cite_ref-ACIG_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACIG-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington feared an escalation and redoubled efforts toward a peaceful resolution to the conflict.</li> <li><b>August 7, 1970</b>: A cease-fire agreement was reached, forbidding either side from changing "the military status quo within zones extending 50 kilometers to the east and west of the cease-fire line." Minutes after the cease-fire, Egypt began moving SAM batteries into the zone even though the agreement explicitly forbade new military installations.<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By October there were approximately one hundred SAM sites in the zone.</li> <li><b>September 28, 1970</b>: President Nasser died of a heart attack, and was succeeded by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HaatashaUSSR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/HaatashaUSSR.jpg/220px-HaatashaUSSR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/HaatashaUSSR.jpg/330px-HaatashaUSSR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/HaatashaUSSR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Soviet medal <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">issued to Soviet military personnel who served in Egypt during the War of Attrition.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The medal says <i>Москва-Каир</i> (Moscow-Cairo).</figcaption></figure> <p>Various historians have commented on the war with differing opinions. <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Herzog" title="Chaim Herzog">Chaim Herzog</a> notes that Israel withstood the battle and adapted itself to a "hitherto alien type of warfare."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Schiff" title="Ze'ev Schiff">Ze'ev Schiff</a> notes that though Israel suffered losses, she was still able to preserve her military accomplishments of 1967 and that despite increased Soviet involvement, Israel had stood firm.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simon Dunstan wrote that Israel was successful in continuing to hold the Bar Lev Line and forcing the Egyptians to come to the negotiating table, although the war had sapped Israeli morale. However, he claimed that the war's conclusion "led to a dangerous complacency within the Israeli High Command about the resolve of the Egyptian armed forces and the strength of the Bar-Lev Line" while the Egyptians saw the war as a great victory in spite of their heavy casualties and the mauling their air defenses had sustained, becoming confident in their ability to counter Israel's air power.<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Remez" title="Gideon Remez">Gideon Remez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Ginor" title="Isabella Ginor">Isabella Ginor</a> consider the war to have been a defeat for Israel, arguing that Israel was compelled to accept the ceasefire because Soviet air defenses were downing Israel's <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantoms</a> at an unsustainable rate. They argued that Egypt's blatant violation of the ceasefire by moving SAM batteries into the canal zone after the war's end without response was a sign of Israel's failure. They consider the lopsided Israeli victory over the Soviets in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rimon_20" title="Operation Rimon 20">Operation Rimon 20</a> as having enabled Israel to accept the ceasefire without losing face, with that battle and illustrious tactical exploits by Israeli ground troops being used to claim victory.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet-born Israeli researcher Boris Dolin also considers the war to have been an Israeli defeat due to the effectiveness of Soviet SAM batteries against Israel's Phantom fleet: "Contrary to the official version, the ceasefire was not an Israeli victory over Egypt. Quite the opposite, it was an expression of Israeli defeat at the hands of an effective and determined Soviet force. Facing the crushing power of the Soviet Union, Israel could only display relatively limited capabilities. We found ourselves up against a giant, and without a real military solution."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>US diplomat <a href="/wiki/David_A._Korn" title="David A. Korn">David A. Korn</a>, who served as political officer and chief of the political section at the US embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> during the war, considers the war to have ended in a stalemate, with no clear victor or vanquished on either side, but claimed that "this fact was poorly understood in Israel, where the war was retrospectively deemed a success for Israeli arms." He wrote that Israel's failure to acknowledge that the war was not an Israeli victory led it into a false sense of security, which resulted in opportunities for an interim peace with Egypt being neglected. However, he also claimed that it is a matter of speculation as to whether the Yom Kippur War could have been avoided had the outcome been analyzed more realistically by Israel and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sachar" title="Howard Sachar">Howard Sachar</a> notes that Israel accepted the ceasefire because it was clear that the war was developing into a Soviet-Israeli confrontation, the Israeli military had taken significant casualties, and because the United States offered additional sales of F-4 Phantoms to induce Israel into accepting it, while Egypt accepted it because it was desperate for a break in the wake of its heavy casualties and the near-depopulation of the cities in the canal zone. After Egypt violated the ceasefire by moving forward its SAM batteries, the United States offered additional F-4 Phantoms after Israel considered retaliation. Although the ceasefire was set to last three months, in practice it continued after that.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israeli military historian Yaniv Friedman claimed that Israel's aggressive policy in directly striking Soviet troops was a success, in that it helped persuade the Soviets to push for a ceasefire: "The Russians understood well that the conflict is not worth it. Humiliations, loss of prestige, and the understanding that just because Israel isn't currently revealing to the world that it shoots down Russians doesn't mean that it will always keep quiet. Further escalation could also bring the US into the theater, something that scared the Russians." He credited Israel with successfully asserting itself against a global power. According to Friedman, even though Israeli decision-makers recognized the disparity in strength, the war involved a core Israeli national security interest while to the Soviet Union it was one theater among many.<sup id="cite_ref-fear_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fear-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatasharibon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hatasharibon.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="61" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="61" /></a><figcaption>Israeli war ribbon signifying participation in the War of Attrition</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the military historian <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Schiff" title="Ze'ev Schiff">Ze'ev Schiff</a>, some 921 Israelis, of whom 694 were soldiers and the remainder civilians, were killed on all three fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiff_1974_p246_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiff_1974_p246-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Herzog" title="Chaim Herzog">Chaim Herzog</a> notes a slightly lower figure of just over 600 killed and some 2,000 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Netanel Lorch states that 1,424 soldiers were killed in action between the period of June 15, 1967 and August 8, 1970. Avi Kober estimated Israel's total military and civilian dead at 726, of whom 367 were soldiers killed on the Egyptian front between June 1967 and August 1970 and 359 were soldiers and civilians killed along the Syrian and Jordanian fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-kober_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kober-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 24<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_1999_p362_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_1999_p362-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 26<sup id="cite_ref-London_Sunday_Times_1974_p42_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London_Sunday_Times_1974_p42-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli aircraft were shot down. A Soviet estimate notes aircraft losses of 40. One destroyer, the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Zealous_(R39)" title="HMS Zealous (R39)">INS <i>Eilat</i></a>, was sunk. </p><p>As with the previous Arab–Israeli wars of <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a>, Arab losses far exceeded those of Israel, but precise figures are difficult to ascertain because official figures were never disclosed. The lowest estimate comes from the former Egyptian Army Chief of Staff, <a href="/wiki/Saad_el_Shazly" class="mw-redirect" title="Saad el Shazly">Saad el Shazly</a>, who notes Egyptian casualties of 2,882 killed and 6,285 wounded. Historian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> states that a more realistic figure is somewhere on the scale of 10,000 soldiers and civilians killed. <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Schiff" title="Ze'ev Schiff">Ze'ev Schiff</a> notes that at the height of the war, the Egyptians were losing some 300 soldiers daily and aerial reconnaissance photos revealed at least 1,801 freshly dug graves near the Canal zone during this period. Among Egypt's war dead was the Egyptian Army Chief of Staff, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Munim_Riad" title="Abdul Munim Riad">Abdul Munim Riad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiff_1974_p246_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiff_1974_p246-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 98<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_1999_p362_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_1999_p362-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 114<sup id="cite_ref-London_Sunday_Times_1974_p42_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London_Sunday_Times_1974_p42-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian aircraft were shot down, though a Soviet estimate notes air losses of 60. Several Egyptian naval vessels were also sunk. </p><p>Soviet forces are known to have sustained significant losses. One Russian veterans' website compiled an admittedly incomplete list of 58 dead, including victims of accidents and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1970, the French newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i> reported that 100 Soviet military personnel had been killed in Egypt over the past year.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five Soviet <a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21</a> aircraft were shot down in aerial combat during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rimon_20" title="Operation Rimon 20">Operation Rimon 20</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shalom_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shalom-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PLO suffered 1,828 killed and 2,500 captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiff_1974_p246_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiff_1974_p246-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 300 Jordanian soldiers and 500 Syrian soldiers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-kober_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kober-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> forces, which were deployed on the Syrian front, were estimated to have lost 180 dead and 250 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-karsh_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karsh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <p><b>Conflicts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li></ul> <p><b>Politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a> (1979)</li></ul> <p><b>People</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ismail_Ali" title="Ahmad Ismail Ali">Ahmad Ismail Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ami_Ayalon" title="Ami Ayalon">Ami Ayalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Bar-Lev" title="Haim Bar-Lev">Haim Bar-Lev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_el-Shazly" title="Saad el-Shazly">Saad el-Shazly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Fawzi_(general)" title="Mohamed Fawzi (general)">Mohamed Fawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Jarring" title="Gunnar Jarring">Gunnar Jarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Munim_Riad" title="Abdul Munim Riad">Abdul Munim Riad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2008" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA596"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 596. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851098422" title="Special:BookSources/9781851098422"><bdi>9781851098422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=596&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781851098422&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAd8efHdVzIC%26pg%3DPA596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324150613/http://dover.idf.il/NR/rdonlyres/0771A94F-B23C-43E6-8955-9630D34B8076/0/WarofAttrition40Years.ppt#262,6">"The War: Lebanon and Syria"</a>. Dover.idf.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dover.idf.il/NR/rdonlyres/0771A94F-B23C-43E6-8955-9630D34B8076/0/WarofAttrition40Years.ppt#262,6">the original</a> on March 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+War%3A+Lebanon+and+Syria&rft.pub=Dover.idf.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdover.idf.il%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F0771A94F-B23C-43E6-8955-9630D34B8076%2F0%2FWarofAttrition40Years.ppt%23262%2C6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century</i>, Robin D. S. Higham, John T. Greenwood, Von Hardesty, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 1998, p.227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fruchter-Ronen I, (2008), pp. 244–260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris (1999), p. 368</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallach, Jedua; Ayalon, Avraham; Yitzhaki, Aryeh (1980). "Operation Inferno". In Evyatar Nur. <i>Carta's Atlas of Israel</i>. Vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiff-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schiff_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiff_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiff_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schiff, Zeev, <i>A History of the Israeli Army (1870–1974)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Straight_Arrow_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight Arrow Books">Straight Arrow Books</a> (San Francisco, 1974) p. 246, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87932-077-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87932-077-X">0-87932-077-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MFA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MFA_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorch2003" class="citation web cs1">Lorch, Netanel (September 2, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/The+Arab-Israeli+Wars.htm">"The Arab-Israeli Wars"</a>. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arab-Israeli+Wars&rft.pub=Israeli+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.aulast=Lorch&rft.aufirst=Netanel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FHistory%2FModern%2BHistory%2FCentenary%2Bof%2BZionism%2FThe%2BArab-Israeli%2BWars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2001,_Page_362-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2001,_Page_362_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2001,_Page_362_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, <i>Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001</i>, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random 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(1974) Page 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeev Schiff, History of the Israeli Army 1870–1974, Straight Arrow Books (1974) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87932-077-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87932-077-X">0-87932-077-X</a>, page 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kober-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kober_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kober_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kober_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kober_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kober, Avi: <i>Israel's Wars of Attrition: Attrition Challenges to Democratic States</i>, pp. 80–81</span> </li> <li 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January 31, 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exchange+of+Fire+on+Suez+Canal+when+Egyptians+Attempt+to+Enter+Northern+Passage+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=1968-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1968%2F01%2F31%2Farchive%2Fexchange-of-fire-on-suez-canal-when-egyptians-attempt-to-enter-northern-passage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCath_Senker2004" class="citation book cs1">Cath Senker (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hI844N9leNUC&pg=PA45"><i>The Arab-Israeli Conflict</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.pub=Black+Rabbit+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781583404416&rft.au=Cath+Senker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhI844N9leNUC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debacle_in_the_desert-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Debacle_in_the_desert_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/debacle-in-the-desert-1.361453">"Debacle in the desert"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Debacle+in+the+desert&rft.date=1968-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fweekend%2Fweek-s-end%2Fdebacle-in-the-desert-1.361453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Tyler2012" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Tyler (September 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQXtz41f-kcC&pg=PT242"><i>Fortress Israel: The Inside Story of the Military Elite Who Run the Country—and Why They Can't Make Peace</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429944472" title="Special:BookSources/9781429944472"><bdi>9781429944472</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+Israel%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+Military+Elite+Who+Run+the+Country%E2%80%94and+Why+They+Can%27t+Make+Peace&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft.isbn=9781429944472&rft.au=Patrick+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQXtz41f-kcC%26pg%3DPT242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleno=83073"><bdi lang="ar">الذكرى الثالثة والأربعون لمعركة الكرامة الخالدة</bdi></a>. <i>Petra News Agency</i> (in Arabic). Ammon News. March 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Petra+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86+%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A9&rft.date=2011-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ammonnews.net%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleno%3D83073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1400177/1968-Karameh-and-the-Palestinian-revolt.html">"1968: Karameh and the Palestinian revolt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. May 16, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=1968%3A+Karameh+and+the+Palestinian+revolt&rft.date=2002-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1400177%2F1968-Karameh-and-the-Palestinian-revolt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saada, Tass & Merrill, Dean <i>Once an Arafat Man: The True Story of How a PLO Sniper Found a New Life</i> Illinois 2008 pp. 4–6 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4143-2361-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4143-2361-1">1-4143-2361-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GUERRILLAS-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GUERRILLAS_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE3DD143BE73ABC4B51DFB5668383679EDE">"GUERRILLAS BACK AT JORDAN CAMP; Attack by Israelis Failed to Destroy Base at Karameh or Wipe Out Commandos"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 28, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=GUERRILLAS+BACK+AT+JORDAN+CAMP%3B+Attack+by+Israelis+Failed+to+Destroy+Base+at+Karameh+or+Wipe+Out+Commandos&rft.date=1968-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D990DE3DD143BE73ABC4B51DFB5668383679EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeev_Maoz_page_246-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zeev_Maoz_page_246_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeev Maoz, Defending the Holy Land, A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security and Foreign Policy, University of Michigan Press, 2006, pages 244–246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herzog,_The_Arab-Israeli_Wars_page_205-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herzog,_The_Arab-Israeli_Wars_page_205_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herzog, The Arab-Israeli Wars page 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tuckerS-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tuckerS_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tuckerS_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker,_Priscilla_Roberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Roberts (May 12, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA569"><i>Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, The: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851098422" title="Special:BookSources/9781851098422"><bdi>9781851098422</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%2C+The%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005-05-12&rft.isbn=9781851098422&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker%2C+Priscilla+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAd8efHdVzIC%26pg%3DPA569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_Sweet2008" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen Sweet (December 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXMBQAAQBAJ"><i>Aviation and Airport Security: Terrorism and Safety Concerns, Second Edition</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439894736" title="Special:BookSources/9781439894736"><bdi>9781439894736</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aviation+and+Airport+Security%3A+Terrorism+and+Safety+Concerns%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008-12-23&rft.isbn=9781439894736&rft.au=Kathleen+Sweet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bXMBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-assessment-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-assessment_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123100239/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839651,00.html">"The Israeli Assessment"</a>. <i>Time</i>. December 13, 1968. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839651,00.html">the original</a> on November 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Israeli+Assessment&rft.date=1968-12-13&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C839651%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/1968/08/20/archive/israelis-jordanians-exchange-fire-egyptian-migs-chased-over-sinai-peninsula">"Israelis, Jordanians Exchange Fire; Egyptian Migs Chased over Sinai Peninsula"</a>. August 20, 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israelis%2C+Jordanians+Exchange+Fire%3B+Egyptian+Migs+Chased+over+Sinai+Peninsula&rft.date=1968-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1968%2F08%2F20%2Farchive%2Fisraelis-jordanians-exchange-fire-egyptian-migs-chased-over-sinai-peninsula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIS:_Book_Review:_At_Noon_The_Myth_Was_Shattered-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIS:_Book_Review:_At_Noon_The_Myth_Was_Shattered_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230243/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Pub/magazin/fall1998/110208000000000003.htm">"Book Review: At Noon The Myth Was Shattered"</a>. Egyptian State Information Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Pub/magazin/fall1998/110208000000000003.htm">the original</a> on September 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Review%3A+At+Noon+The+Myth+Was+Shattered&rft.pub=Egyptian+State+Information+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sis.gov.eg%2FEn%2FPub%2Fmagazin%2Ffall1998%2F110208000000000003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remez and Ginor, pp. 117-130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gawrych, George Walter (2000). <i>The Albatross of Decisive Victory: War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab–Israeli Wars.</i> Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31302-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-and-egypt-trade-air-blows-israelis-suffer-number-of-killed-wounded">"Israel and Egypt Trade Air Blows; Israelis Suffer Number of Killed, Wounded"</a>. March 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+and+Egypt+Trade+Air+Blows%3B+Israelis+Suffer+Number+of+Killed%2C+Wounded&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Farchive%2Fisrael-and-egypt-trade-air-blows-israelis-suffer-number-of-killed-wounded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolle and Cooper, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RabinovichShakedp192-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RabinovichShakedp192_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItamar_RabinovichHaim_Shaked1978" class="citation book cs1">Itamar Rabinovich; Haim Shaked (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNQ3K5HfiHAC&pg=PA192"><i>From June to October: The Middle East Between 1967 And 1973</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2418-7"><bdi>978-1-4128-2418-7</bdi></a>. <q>In dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender. His efforts to forestall any movement toward direct negotiations...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+June+to+October%3A+The+Middle+East+Between+1967+And+1973&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2418-7&rft.au=Itamar+Rabinovich&rft.au=Haim+Shaked&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNQ3K5HfiHAC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MFA:_9_Statement_by_Secretary_of_State_Rogers-_December_9,_1969-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MFA:_9_Statement_by_Secretary_of_State_Rogers-_December_9,_1969_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1947-1974/9+Statement+by+Secretary+of+State+Rogers-+9+Decemb.htm">"9 Statement by Secretary of State Rogers- 9 December 1969"</a>. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9+Statement+by+Secretary+of+State+Rogers-+9+December+1969&rft.pub=Israeli+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FForeign%2BRelations%2FIsraels%2BForeign%2BRelations%2Bsince%2B1947%2F1947-1974%2F9%2BStatement%2Bby%2BSecretary%2Bof%2BState%2BRogers-%2B9%2BDecemb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remez-Ginor-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Remez-Ginor_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Remez" title="Gideon Remez">Remez, Gideon</a> and Ginor, Isabella: <i>The Soviet-Israeli War, 1967–1973: The USSR's Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/israel-reports-two-soviet-built-fighter-bombers-blasted-out-of-the-air">"Israel Reports Two Soviet Built Fighter Bombers Blasted out of the Air"</a>. 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June 1, 1970. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=World%3A+Middle+East%3A+In+Cold+Blood&rft.date=1970-06-01&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C878279-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACIG-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACIG_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIG_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIG_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACIG_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2003" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Tom (September 24, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_263.shtml">"War of Attrition"</a>. Air Combat Information Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+of+Attrition&rft.pub=Air+Combat+Information+Group&rft.date=2003-09-24&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acig.org%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2Farticle_263.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030151335/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944025,00.html">"The Innocent Dead"</a>. <i>Time</i>. April 20, 1970. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944025,00.html">the original</a> on October 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Innocent+Dead&rft.date=1970-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C944025%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">^ "The War of Attrition as Reflected in Egyptian Sources" (1995), p. 107, by Mustafa Kabha (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuwait-history.net-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuwait-history.net_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuwait-history.net_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.kuwait-history.net/vb/showthread.php?p=70299#post70299">[1]</a>, Kuwait commemorates the return of 16 soldiers from the Yarmouk Brigade</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/1970/05/18/archive/israelis-in-heaviest-assault-on-egyptian-targets-2-israeli-soldiers-killed-13-wounded">"Israelis in Heaviest Assault on Egyptian Targets; 2 Israeli Soldiers Killed, 13 Wounded"</a>. May 18, 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israelis+in+Heaviest+Assault+on+Egyptian+Targets%3B+2+Israeli+Soldiers+Killed%2C+13+Wounded&rft.date=1970-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1970%2F05%2F18%2Farchive%2Fisraelis-in-heaviest-assault-on-egyptian-targets-2-israeli-soldiers-killed-13-wounded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolle and Cooper, 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/1970/05/20/archive/israeli-forces-repulse-egyptian-commando-raid-two-israeli-soldiers-killed-one-wounded">"Israeli Forces Repulse Egyptian Commando Raid; Two Israeli Soldiers Killed, One Wounded"</a>. May 20, 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli+Forces+Repulse+Egyptian+Commando+Raid%3B+Two+Israeli+Soldiers+Killed%2C+One+Wounded&rft.date=1970-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1970%2F05%2F20%2Farchive%2Fisraeli-forces-repulse-egyptian-commando-raid-two-israeli-soldiers-killed-one-wounded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0u5LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7OwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2112%2C7161">Israeli Losses Confirmed</a>, <i>The Spokesman-Review</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remez and Ginor, pp. 167-168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolle and Cooper, 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remez and Ginor, pg. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/26eaf718f87d7a7fdf911544068180c5">"Newspaper: Soviets in Egypt Downed 21 Israeli Planes in 1970"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Newspaper%3A+Soviets+in+Egypt+Downed+21+Israeli+Planes+in+1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F26eaf718f87d7a7fdf911544068180c5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaf.org.il/9283-52302-en/IAF.aspx">"The Israeli Air Force : 50 Years since Operation "Etgar" (Challenge)"</a>. <i>www.iaf.org.il</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iaf.org.il&rft.atitle=The+Israeli+Air+Force+%3A+50+Years+since+Operation+%22Etgar%22+%28Challenge%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaf.org.il%2F9283-52302-en%2FIAF.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shalom-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shalom_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shalom_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shalom, Danny (2007). Phantoms over Cairo – Israeli Air Force in the War of Attrition (1967–1970) (in Hebrew), pp. 1064-1065</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachar, Howard: <i>Israel and Europe: An Appraisal in History</i>, pp. 171–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remez and Ginor, p. 212-213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asaf, Kremer Michal: <i>Golda Meir's Foreign Decision-Making Process: An Analysis</i>, p.112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herzog (1982), 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schiff, Ze'ev, <i>History of the Israeli Army</i>, Straight Arrow Books (1974), p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/50-years-ago-israel-won-an-air-battle-and-lost-the-war-of-attrition/">"50 years ago: Israel won an air battle, and lost the War of Attrition"</a>. <i>blogs.timesofisrael.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=50+years+ago%3A+Israel+won+an+air+battle%2C+and+lost+the+War+of+Attrition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2F50-years-ago-israel-won-an-air-battle-and-lost-the-war-of-attrition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/pipss/4493">Isabella Ginor and Gideon Remez, The Soviet-Israeli War, 1967-1973: The USSR's Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict</a> - Review in OpenEdition Journals</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-01-11/ty-article/.premium/the-secret-israel-soviet-union-war-nobody-knew-about/0000017f-e9ce-df2c-a1ff-ffdf1c220000">"The Secret Israel-Soviet Union War Nobody Knew About"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Secret+Israel-Soviet+Union+War+Nobody+Knew+About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2020-01-11%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Fthe-secret-israel-soviet-union-war-nobody-knew-about%2F0000017f-e9ce-df2c-a1ff-ffdf1c220000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korn, pp. 6-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachar, p. 172-173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiff_1974_p246-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schiff_1974_p246_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiff_1974_p246_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiff_1974_p246_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schiff (1974) p246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaim Herzog, <i>The Arab-Israeli Wars</i>, Random House New York, (1982) p.220 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50379-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50379-1">0-394-50379-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris_1999_p362-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_1999_p362_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_1999_p362_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris (1999) p362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-London_Sunday_Times_1974_p42-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-London_Sunday_Times_1974_p42_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-London_Sunday_Times_1974_p42_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Insight Team of the London <i>Sunday Times</i> (1974) p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remez and Ginor, Foreword (citation 3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/archive/report-100-soviet-military-advisors-killed-in-egypt-israel-to-receive-jets-from-u-s">"Report 100 Soviet Military Advisors Killed in Egypt; Israel to Receive Jets from U.S."</a> March 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+100+Soviet+Military+Advisors+Killed+in+Egypt%3B+Israel+to+Receive+Jets+from+U.S.&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Farchive%2Freport-100-soviet-military-advisors-killed-in-egypt-israel-to-receive-jets-from-u-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Press_International1972" class="citation news cs1">United Press International (August 12, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sdIMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yGADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4832,777296">"Al Ahram Editor Relates Soviet Air Losses To Israelis"</a>. <i>St. Petersburg Times</i>. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Al+Ahram+Editor+Relates+Soviet+Air+Losses+To+Israelis&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1972-08-12&rft.au=United+Press+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DsdIMAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DyGADAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4832%2C777296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Pollack" title="Kenneth M. Pollack">Pollack, Kenneth</a> (2002). <i>Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabs+at+War%3A+Military+Effectiveness&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bar-Simon Tov, Yaacov. <i>The Israeli-Egyptian War of Attrition, 1969–70</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1980.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunstan2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunstan, Simon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BYk_sXT6tsC"><i>Yom Kippur War 1973: The Sinai Campaign</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-221-0"><bdi>978-1-84176-221-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yom+Kippur+War+1973%3A+The+Sinai+Campaign&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-221-0&rft.aulast=Dunstan&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BYk_sXT6tsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Herzog, Chaim and Gazit Shlomo. <i>The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1999" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (1999). <i>Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999</i>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42120-7"><bdi>978-0-679-42120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist-Arab+Conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-679-42120-7&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolleCooper2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David; Cooper, Tom (2004). <i>Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 Units in Combat</i> (First ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-655-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-655-3"><bdi>978-1-84176-655-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+MiG-19+and+MiG-21+Units+in+Combat&rft.pages=96&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-655-3&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinovitch2004" class="citation book cs1">Rabinovitch (2004). <i>The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East</i>. Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4176-1"><bdi>978-0-8052-4176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yom+Kippur+War%3A+The+Epic+Encounter+That+Transformed+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-4176-1&rft.au=Rabinovitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schiff, Zeev, <i>History of the Israeli Army 1870–1974</i>, <a href="/wiki/Straight_Arrow_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight Arrow Books">Straight Arrow Books</a> (1974). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87932-077-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87932-077-X">0-87932-077-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhetten,_Lawrence_L.1974" class="citation book cs1">Whetten, Lawrence L. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canalwarfourpowe00llwh"><i>The Canal War: Four-Power Conflict in the Middle East</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23069-8"><bdi>978-0-262-23069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canal+War%3A+Four-Power+Conflict+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-262-23069-8&rft.au=Whetten%2C+Lawrence+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanalwarfourpowe00llwh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+Attrition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight_(Sunday_Times)" title="Insight (Sunday Times)">Insight</a> team of the London <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a></i>, <i>Yom Kippur War</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubleday & Company">Doubleday & Company</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Remez" title="Gideon Remez">Remez, Gideon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Ginor" title="Isabella Ginor">Ginor, Isabella</a>: <i>The Soviet-Israeli War 1967-1973: The USSR's Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict</i> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Korn" title="David A. Korn">Korn, David A</a>. (1992). <i>Stalemate: The War of Attrition and Great Power Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1967–1970.</i> Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-8237-1.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict_participants" title="Template:Arab–Israeli conflict participants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict_participants" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli conflict participants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict_participants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli conflict participants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="CountriesAuthoritiesOrganizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Countries</li><li>Authorities</li><li>Organizations</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary countries<br />and authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Government" title="All-Palestine Government">All-Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Hamas Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraqi Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Syrian Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Arab Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Islam_(Gaza)" title="Army of Islam (Gaza)">Army of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">DFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars" title="Guardians of the Cedars">Guardians of the Cedars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">PIJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Front" title="Palestinian Liberation Front">PLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">Palestinian Popular Struggle Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees" title="Popular Resistance Committees">Popular Resistance Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">as-Sa'iqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization" title="Abu Nidal Organization">Abu Nidal Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September_Organization" title="Black September Organization">Black September Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Holy War Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Cells_(German_group)" title="Revolutionary Cells (German group)">Revolutionary Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Template:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_engagements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="History of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Armed engagements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1947–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab–Israeli War</a> (1948–1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen_insurgency" title="Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency">Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency</a> (1949–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samu_incident" title="Samu incident">Samu incident</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of Attrition</a> (1967–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon</a> (1968–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Israeli_raid_on_Lebanon" title="1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon"><i>Gift</i></a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571" title="Sabena Flight 571">Sabena Flight 571</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mossad_assassinations_following_the_Munich_massacre" title="Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre"><i>Bayonet</i></a> (1972–1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Airlines_Flight_114" title="Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114">Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel_attack" title="Savoy Hotel attack">Savoy Hotel attack</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Entebbe_raid" title="Entebbe raid"><i>Entebbe</i></a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict"><i>Litani</i></a> (1978)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Misgav_Am_hostage_crisis" title="Misgav Am hostage crisis">Misgav Am hostage crisis</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera"><i>Opera</i></a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bus_300_affair" title="Bus 300 affair">Bus 300 affair</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg" title="Operation Wooden Leg"><i>Wooden Leg</i></a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> (1987–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_Bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers' Bus attack">Mothers' Bus attack</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir#Assassination" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Tunis raid</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel" title="1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel">Iraqi missile attacks against Israel</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bramble_Bush" title="Operation Bramble Bush"><i>Bramble Bush</i></a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> (1993–2008; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Accountability" title="Operation Accountability"><i>Accountability</i></a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="Operation Grapes of Wrath"><i>Grapes of Wrath</i></a> (1996)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> (2000–2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a> (2001–)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ain_es_Saheb_airstrike" title="Ain es Saheb airstrike">Ain es Saheb airstrike</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bringing_Home_the_Goods" title="Operation Bringing Home the Goods"><i>Bringing Home the Goods</i></a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2006 Gaza–Israel conflict"><i>Summer Rains</i></a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_operation_in_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun"><i>Autumn Clouds</i></a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> (2006–)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter" title="Operation Hot Winter"><i>Hot Winter</i></a> (2007–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a> (2008–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign" title="2010 Palestinian militancy campaign">Palestinian militancy campaign</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks" title="2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks">Southern Israel cross-border attacks</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes"><i>Returning Echo</i></a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Israeli_operation_in_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip"><i>Pillar of Defense</i></a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">Gaza War</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Wave of violence</a> (2015–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Gaza_border_protests" title="2018–2019 Gaza border protests">Gaza border protests</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/November_2018_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes">Gaza–Israel clashes</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">Gaza–Israel clashes</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes"><i>Black Belt</i></a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel–Palestine crisis</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="2022 Gaza–Israel clashes"><i>Breaking Dawn</i></a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_2023_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes"><i>Shield and Arrow</i></a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> (2023–2024)</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Template:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diplomacy_and_peace_proposals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy and <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_normalization" title="Arab–Israeli normalization">peace proposals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1914 <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li>1915 <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">McMahon–Hussein Correspondence</a></li> <li>1916 <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li>1917 <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li>1918 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_to_the_Seven" title="Declaration to the Seven">Declaration to the Seven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Declaration" title="Anglo-French Declaration">Anglo-French Declaration</a></li> <li>1919 <a href="/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_agreement" title="Faisal–Weizmann agreement">Faisal–Weizmann agreement</a></li> <li>1920 <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li> <li>1922 <a href="/wiki/Churchill_White_Paper" title="Churchill White Paper">Churchill White Paper</a></li> <li>1937 <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a></li> <li>1939 <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper</a></li> <li>1939 <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1939" title="London Conference of 1939">London Conference</a></li> <li>1946 <a href="/wiki/Morrison%E2%80%93Grady_Plan" title="Morrison–Grady Plan">Morrison–Grady Plan</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/Bevin_Plan" title="Bevin Plan">Bevin Plan</a></li> <li>1946–47 <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1946%E2%80%931947" title="London Conference of 1946–1947">London Conference</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan</a></li> <li>1948 <a href="/wiki/American_trusteeship_proposal_for_Palestine" title="American trusteeship proposal for Palestine">American trusteeship proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948–1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194</a></li> <li>1949 <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">Armistice agreements</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" title="Lausanne Conference of 1949">Lausanne Conference</a></li> <li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Declaration_of_1950" title="Tripartite Declaration of 1950">Tripartite Declaration</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution" title="Khartoum Resolution">Khartoum Resolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 242">UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_338" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 338">UNSC Resolution 338</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_339" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 339">UNSC Resolution 339</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Disengagement_between_Israel_and_Syria" title="Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria">Israel–Syria disengagement agreement</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_350" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 350">UNSC Resolution 350</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_425" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 425">UNSC Resolution 425</a> / <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_446" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 446">UNSC Resolution 446</a> / <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_autonomy_talks" title="Palestinian autonomy talks">Palestinian autonomy talks</a></small> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_452" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 452">UNSC Resolution 452</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_478" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 478">UNSC Resolution 478</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_497" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 497">UNSC Resolution 497</a></li> <li>1981–1982 <a href="/wiki/Fahd_Plan" title="Fahd Plan">Fahd Plan</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Reagan_peace_plan" title="Reagan peace plan">Reagan peace plan</a></li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/May_17_Agreement" title="May 17 Agreement">Israel–Lebanon agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Jericho_Agreement" title="Gaza–Jericho Agreement">Gaza–Jericho Agreement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Beilin%E2%80%93Abu_Mazen_agreement" title="Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement">Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum" title="Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum">Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">Camp David Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Clinton_Parameters" title="The Clinton Parameters">Clinton Parameters</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Isratin</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/2002_Arab_League_summit" title="2002 Arab League summit">Beirut Summit and peace initiative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">Road map</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Initiative" title="Geneva Initiative">Geneva Initiative</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1559" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559">UNSC Resolution 1559</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1566" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1566">UNSC Resolution 1566</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1583" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1583">UNSC Resolution 1583</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Summit_of_2005" title="Sharm El Sheikh Summit of 2005">Sharm El Sheikh Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip#2005_Agreement_on_Movement_and_Access" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">Agreement on Movement and Access</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1850" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1850">UNSC Resolution 1850</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quartet_Principles" title="Quartet Principles">Quartet Principles</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1701" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701">UNSC Resolution 1701</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Conference" title="Annapolis Conference">Annapolis Conference</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_Parameters" title="John Kerry Parameters">John Kerry Parameters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Trump peace plan</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">Israel–UAE normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Sudan normalization agreement">Israel–Sudan normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Israel–Morocco normalization agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_maritime_border_dispute" title="Israeli–Lebanese maritime border dispute">Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Cuba" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuban_conflicts" title="Template:Cuban conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuban_conflicts" title="Template talk:Cuban conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuban_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuban conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Cuba" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External and<br />international</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">1952 Cuban coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambray_rebellion" title="Escambray rebellion">Escambray rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91ancahuaz%C3%BA_Guerrilla" title="Ñancahuazú Guerrilla">Ñancahuazú Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethio-Somali_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethio-Somali War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cuba" title="Military history of Cuba">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_Cuba" title="Foreign interventions by Cuba">Foreign interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_military_internationalism" title="Cuban military internationalism">Military internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">FAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_(Cuba)" title="Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces (Cuba)">MINFAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSR_conflicts" title="Template:USSR conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSR_conflicts" title="Template talk:USSR conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSR_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSR conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi movement</a> (1917–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Chinese conflict</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Japanese border conflicts</a> (1932–1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> (1931–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang rebellion</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a> (1944–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Polish anti-communist insurrection</a> (1944–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Baltic guerrilla war</a> (1944–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian guerrilla war</a> (1944–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a> (1946–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Slav_ethnic_clashes_(1958%E2%80%931965)" title="Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes (1958–1965)">Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes</a> (1958–1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> (1966–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of Attrition</a> (1967–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia invasion</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Chinese border conflict</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> (1974–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a> (1977–1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghan War</a> (1979–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (1988–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Lithuanian OMON assaults</a> (1990–1991)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Egypt&#124;link=Egypt_Egypt–Israel_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Israel&#124;link=Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Template:Egypt–Israel relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Template talk:Egypt–Israel relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt–Israel relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Egypt&#124;link=Egypt_Egypt–Israel_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Israel&#124;link=Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Egypt–Israel relations">Egypt–Israel relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Egypt_to_Israel" title="List of ambassadors of Egypt to Israel">Ambassadors of Egypt to Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Israel_to_Egypt" title="List of ambassadors of Israel to Egypt">Ambassadors of Israel to Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">1949 Armistice Agreements</a></li> <li>Sinai Disengagement Agreements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_United_Nations_Emergency_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Second United Nations Emergency Force">Second United Nations Emergency Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Interim_Agreement" title="Sinai Interim Agreement">Sinai Interim Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_and_Observers" title="Multinational Force and Observers">Multinational Force and Observers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Summit" title="Negev Summit">Negev Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_exchange_of_Israeli_hostages_for_Palestinian_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners">2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen_insurgency" title="Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency">Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Suez_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Suez Crisis">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic">Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Sinai_Peninsula" title="Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula">Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Tel_Aviv_bus_station_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Tel Aviv bus station bombing">1948 Tel Aviv bus station bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavon_Affair" title="Lavon Affair">Lavon Affair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Max_Bineth" title="Meir Max Bineth">Meir Max Bineth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Marzouk" title="Moshe Marzouk">Moshe Marzouk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Damocles" title="Operation Damocles">Operation Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahr_El-Baqar_primary_school_bombing" title="Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing">Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Airlines_Flight_114" title="Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114">Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Burqa_massacre" title="Ras Burqa massacre">Ras Burqa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Netafim_ambush" title="Ein Netafim ambush">Ein Netafim ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzam_Azzam" title="Azzam Azzam">Azzam Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouda_Tarabin" title="Ouda Tarabin">Ouda Tarabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_bus_crash" title="Sinai bus crash">Sinai bus crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" title="2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">2009 Hezbollah plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Grapel_affair" title="Ilan Grapel affair">Ilan Grapel affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks" title="2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks">2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_attack_on_the_Israeli_Embassy_in_Egypt" title="2011 attack on the Israeli Embassy in Egypt">2011 attack on Israeli Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_border_shooting_incident" title="2023 Egypt–Israel border shooting incident">2023 border shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Alexandria_shooting" title="2023 Alexandria shooting">2023 Alexandria shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafah_offensive" title="Rafah offensive">Rafah offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_barrier" title="Egypt–Israel barrier">Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_autonomy_talks" title="Palestinian autonomy talks">Palestinian autonomy talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Sinai" title="Air Sinai">Air Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba_Hotel_%26_Nelson_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Taba Hotel & Nelson Village">Taba Hotel & Nelson Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazima" title="Azazima">Azazima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Abuhatzeira" title="Yaakov Abuhatzeira">Yaakov Abuhatzeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Category:Egypt–Israel relations">Category:Egypt–Israel relations</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_nationalism" title="Template talk:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">1941 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">1961 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalists" title="Category:Arab nationalists">Personalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassem_Alwan" title="Jassem Alwan">Jassem Alwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Atassi" title="Jamal al-Atassi">Jamal al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Darwaza" title="Izzat Darwaza">Izzat Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%C3%A9fa_Merarda" title="Mostéfa Merarda">Mostéfa Merarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi" title="Adnan Pachachi">Adnan Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_nationalist_parties" title="List of Arab nationalist parties">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatat" title="Al-Fatat">Al-Fatat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Movement" title="Arab Nationalist Movement">Arab Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Action_Party" title="Arab Socialist Action Party">Arab Socialist Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Egypt)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Iraq)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)">Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_People%27s_Union" title="Arabian Peninsula People's Union">Arabian Peninsula People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)">Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Legion" title="Islamic Legion">Islamic Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Political_Command" title="Unified Political Command">Unified Political Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Awakening" title="The Arab Awakening">The Arab Awakening</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalist_symbols" title="Category:Arab nationalist symbols">Symbolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic">Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">Eagle of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation" title="Flag of the Arab Federation">Flag of the Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">Flag of the Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk_of_Quraish" title="Hawk of Quraish">Hawk of Quraish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalism" title="Category:Arab nationalism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fatah_and_their_splinter_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFFF9F; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fatah" title="Template:Fatah"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fatah" title="Template talk:Fatah"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fatah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fatah"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fatah_and_their_splinter_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Category:Fatah_breakaway_groups" title="Category:Fatah breakaway groups">splinter groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF9F; color:black;;width:1%;background:#FFFFCF; color: black;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fatah" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fatah">History of Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF9F; color:black;;width:1%;background:#FFFFCF; color: black;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF9F; color:black;;width:1%;background:#FFFFCF; color: black;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Falastinuna" title="Falastinuna">Falastinuna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falastin_Al_Thawra" title="Falastin Al Thawra">Falastin Al Thawra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Palestine" title="Voice of Palestine">Voice of Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF9F; color:black;;width:1%;background:#FFFFCF; color: black;">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Asifah" title="Al-'Asifah">Al-'Asifah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September_Organization" title="Black September Organization">Black September Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Hawks" title="Fatah Hawks">Fatah Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Special_Operations_Group" title="Fatah Special Operations Group">Fatah Special Operations Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_14" title="Force 14">Force 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_17" title="Force 17">Force 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzim" title="Tanzim">Tanzim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF9F; color:black;;width:1%;background:#FFFFCF; color: black;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of Attrition</a> <ul><li>1968 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_intifada" class="mw-redirect" title="First intifada">First intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_intifada" class="mw-redirect" title="Second intifada">Second intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">2006 Palestinian legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">Battle of Gaza (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_reconciliation_process" title="Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process">Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFFF9F; color:black;;width:1%;background:#FFFFCF; color: black;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fatah_breakaway_groups" title="Category:Fatah breakaway groups">Schisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Barghouti" title="Marwan Barghouti">Marwan Barghouti</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustaqbal_(electoral_list)" title="Al-Mustaqbal (electoral list)">Al-Mustaqbal (electoral list)‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Mujahideen_Movement" title="Palestinian Mujahideen Movement">Palestinian Mujahideen Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Brigades" title="Mujahideen Brigades">Mujahideen Brigades</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Freedom_Movement" title="Palestinian Freedom Movement">Palestinian Freedom Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFFF9F; color:black;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fatah" title="Category:Fatah">Fatah</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1170520/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/103474934X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99000038">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="opotřebovací válka (1967-1970)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1171353&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556402605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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