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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Djinang</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Djinang_people" title="Djinang people">Djinang people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">120 (2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />33 Wurlaki</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Yolngu_Matha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yolngu Matha">Yolngu Matha</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Western (Djinang)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Djinang</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Wurlaki</li> <li>Djardiwitjibi</li> <li>Mildjingi</li> <li>Balmbi</li> <li>Marrangu</li> <li>Murrungun</li> <li>Manyarring</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dji" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:dji">dji</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/djin1253">djin1253</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/N94_1">N94_1</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5548">Djinang</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Djinang is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i> (2010)</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Djinang</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal language">Australian Aboriginal</a> language, one of the family of <a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu languages</a> which are spoken in the north-east <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>. </p><p>Dialects of the two <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">moieties</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Yirritjing</b> – <b>Wurlaki</b>, <b>Djardiwitjibi</b>, <b>Mildjingi</b>, <b>Balmbi</b>, and</li> <li><b>Djuwing</b> – <b>Marrangu</b>, <b>Murrungun</b>, <b>Manyarring</b>.</li></ul> <p>Wurlaki is included in a <a href="/wiki/Language_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Language revival">language revival</a> project, as one of many critically endangered languages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Djinang is a language found in the Northern Territory of Australia in Arnhem Land. Djinang is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Yolngu" title="Yolngu">Yolngu</a> language family—consisting of 11 other languages. It is a part of the much larger <a href="/wiki/Pama-Nyungan_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Pama-Nyungan language family">Pama-Nyungan language family</a>—285 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Harvey (2011) writes "Pama-Nyungan is a genetic grouping, which occupies ca. 90% of the continent". Djinang has several dialects: Manyarring, Marrangu, Murrungun, Balmbi, Djaḏiwitjibi, Mildjingi, and Wuḻaki (Wurlaki),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has only one sister language, which is the endangered language of Djinba, spoken by 45 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people are simply called the Djinang. Based on the 2006 census their population is 220 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Djinang are genetically linked with 90% of Australia, which points to a common ancestor from the distant past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multilingualism is highly prevalent, not just with the Djinang, but throughout all of Australia. It came as a necessity for very specific reasons. First, when visiting a clan that has a different language, it is proper etiquette to speak in the host's language. Not only is it polite, but more importantly to the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> people, it appeases the ancient ancestors of the host clan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, children usually have a father from one clan and a mother from another clan. While the father's language would be the child's primary language, the child would learn the mother's language and would speak to her in her own language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Djinang, and indeed all Aboriginal people, even though they are multilingual, but keep their primary language in a place of great importance. One reason for this is that their language is directly connected to their land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Djinang have no definite boundaries to their lands, they and the clans of surrounding areas know which sites belong to a language. Their land is what links the Djinang to their ancestors—a function of <span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">bapurrur</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen1995_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is because of this "land–language" dependency that Australian languages are largely contained in a particular region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sounds">Sounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Djinang language is based on a set of 24 <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a>, of which only three of those phonemes are vowels; giving Djinang a high consonant-vowel ratio of seven.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This differs from most Pacific languages as they tend to favor larger vowel variation along with a modest set of consonants. Thus most Pacific languages customarily have average to low consonant-vowel ratios. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Djinang has 21 consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1979-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All languages in Australia share similar sound systems characteristic of few fricatives and sibilants, and the only <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a>, are allophones of plosives. For example, the phonemes /b/, /d/, and /g/ could be sounded as /p/, /t/, and /k/ in certain Aboriginal languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapell1979_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapell1979-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in Djinang there is a clear contrast between those phonemes along with the phonemes of c/ɟ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1979-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Of Djinang's 24 phoneme set, only three are vowels. In addition to the low vowel count, or because of it, there are also no instances of <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> or triphthongs. Moreover, there is no distinction of vowel length; however, there are instances of vowel lengthening when certain conditions are met, but they do not warrant a unique designation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1979-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The syllable structure of the Djinang language would be classified as moderately complex.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has three underlying syllable patterns CV, CVC, and CVCC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1979-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of Djinang's syllable patterns there are very few words that actually start with vowels or with consonant clusters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_word_order">Basic word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Basic word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Djinang is classified as a suffixing language and, therefore, has a flexible typology, in other words it does not rely on word order to convey meaning. In regards to nouns Djinang depends on case (Nominative, Genitive, Ablative etc.) to show its function.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When speaking of verbs Djinang relies heavily on suffixes to imply tense, mood, and aspect. With that being said, Djinang and, indeed most Australian languages, have a tendency to follow a subject, object, verb (S.O.V.) typology<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Djinang verbs are extremely important in conveying the bulk of an utterance. Verbs are so prominent that pronouns and certain nouns would only be implied; ex: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dji" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">irri</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="dji" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mina-li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">carry-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="today past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TODAY-PAST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">irri mina-li</p><p style="display: none;">I carry-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="today past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TODAY-PAST</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">'I carried (it)'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1979-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>There are three major sets of verbs: classes I, II, III; within each class there are smaller groups separated by stem ending e.g. -i, -rr, -ji. Each verb is sorted by the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> it uses to signal tenses specific to Djinang: </p> <ol><li>non-past</li> <li>future</li> <li>yesterday-past</li> <li>imperative</li> <li>today-past</li> <li>today-past-irrealis</li> <li>today-past-continuous<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Additionally many verb stems contain a noun related to the definition of a verb; for example: <span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">djama</i></span> – 'work' n. and <span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">djamadjigi</i></span> – 'work', v.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Customarily, <span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">dji</i></span> is added to the noun, which creates the verb stem – in this case, <span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">djamadji</i></span>; the suffix <span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-gi</i></span> places the verb in either the non-past or future tense. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Verb tenses<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>class I </th> <th>class II </th> <th>class III </th></tr> <tr> <th>non-past </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-(n)gi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-gi, rr</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ji</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>future </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-gi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-gi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-dji</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>yesterday-past </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-mi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-nmi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-0/ -rri</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>imperative </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-wi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-rri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-yi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>today-past </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-(ngi)li</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-(dji)ni</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ni</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>today-past-irrealis </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-nyiri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-niri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-nyiri</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>today-past-continuous </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-nyi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ni</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-nyi</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns follow a similar process to verbs, but while verbs state when or how an action was done, nouns denote subject, object, and possession. <a href="/wiki/Noun_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Noun cases">Noun cases</a> mark a noun as either the subject or object. They also mark implied prepositions like: 'to', 'for', 'from', etc. An example of an implied preposition is the Djinang word <span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">gurrbi</i></span> 'camp' – <span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">gurrbile</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Allative" class="mw-redirect" title="Allative">allative</a> '(to) camp'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1979-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore in an Australian language there are three very important grammatical associations that nouns can take: Transitive subject (ergative), intransitive subject (nominative), and the object (accusative).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because word order is variable, these cases are important in building an intelligible utterance. The chart below lists the different noun cases with their functions and common endings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> (of, for) </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ang</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-girang</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> (for) </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-gi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ri</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a> (subj. of trans. V) </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-dji</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ir</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a> (subj. of intrans. V) </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-dji</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ir</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> (with, by) </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-dji</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-mi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ir</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a> </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ipmi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-le</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ngimi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a> (to) </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-li</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ngirinyi</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> (obj) </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-nyi</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a> (from, after) </th> <td><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">-ngir</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deictics_and_interrogatives">Deictics and interrogatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deictics and interrogatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An interesting aspect of Djinang is the nominal class of words (deictics and interrogative).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deictics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deictics">Deictics</a> use the same cases as nouns. They also often convey number (singular/plural) and relative distance like 'this', 'here' or 'that', 'there'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of suffix compounding in the deictic word class: </p> <ul><li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">nguṉuginyi</i></span> 'that one' (accusative)</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">nguṉugirang</i></span> 'that one's' (genitive)</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">nguṉugiranggima</i></span> 'that one's' (genitive) (emphatic possessive)</li></ul> <p>Interrogative particles are quite simply the words that signify an utterance as a question, e.g. <span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">wari</i></span> 'who', <span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">nyadji</i></span> 'when'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Djinang interrogative particles are found at the beginning of an utterance in exactly the same manner as the English language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_vocabulary">Indigenous vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indigenous vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">baḏayaladjidji</i></span> 'be bright'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">galŋayngu</i></span> 'king brown snake'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">ngagirrgi</i></span> 'obscure'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">yalpung</i></span> 'peel'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">bumirḻiḻi</i></span> 'bald'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">ḏanyḏanyi</i></span> 'midday'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">mapatj</i></span> 'short pipe'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">ganydjarr</i></span> 'power'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">Loanwords</a> derived from English: </p> <ul><li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">djakdjipin</i></span> 'safety pin'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">djambaku</i></span> 'tobacco'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">djandi</i></span> 'Sunday'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">djatadi</i></span> 'Saturday'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">gandin</i></span> 'store (canteen)'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">garraktdji</i></span> 'crosscut saw'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">kital</i></span> 'cattle station'</li> <li><span title="Djinang-language text"><i lang="dji">mitjigin</i></span> 'mission'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endangerment">Endangerment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Endangerment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is very little written about the Djinang language or its people. The majority of all papers written on Djinang were all written by the same author, Bruce E. Waters. </p> <ul><li>"A Distinctive Features Approach to Djinang Phonology and Verb Morphology" (1979)</li> <li>"Djinang and Djinba: a grammatical and historical perspective" (1983)</li> <li>"A Grammar of Djinang" (1984)</li> <li>"Djinang and Djinba: a grammatical and historical perspective" (1989)</li></ul> <p>Anthropologist Ad Borsboom worked with the Djinang in the 1970s and has published papers about the Marrajiri ritual and song repertoire. </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBorsboom1978" class="citation book cs1">Borsboom, A. P. (1978). <i>Maradjiri: A modern ritual complex in Arnhem Land, Northern Australia</i>. Nijmegen: Katholieke Universitiet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maradjiri%3A+A+modern+ritual+complex+in+Arnhem+Land%2C+Northern+Australia&rft.place=Nijmegen&rft.pub=Katholieke+Universitiet&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Borsboom&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorsboom1986" class="citation journal cs1">Borsboom, A. P. (1986). "The Cultural Dimension of Change: An Australian Example". <i>Anthropos</i>. <b>81</b> (4/6): <span class="nowrap">605–</span>615. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40461234">40461234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Dimension+of+Change%3A+An+Australian+Example&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4%2F6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E605-%3C%2Fspan%3E615&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40461234%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Borsboom&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Anthropologist Craig Elliott lived and worked with Djinang/Wurlaki people in the late 1980s and has also written about local cosmology and songs. His work contains much linguistic information. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1991" class="citation thesis cs1">Elliott, Craig (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/10349"><i>Mewal is Merri's name: form and ambiguity in Marrangu cosmology, North Central Arnhem Land</i></a> (Master of Arts thesis). Canberra: Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25911%2F5d74e699eebf0">10.25911/5d74e699eebf0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Mewal+is+Merri%27s+name%3A+form+and+ambiguity+in+Marrangu+cosmology%2C+North+Central+Arnhem+Land&rft.degree=Master+of+Arts&rft.inst=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25911%2F5d74e699eebf0&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F1885%2F10349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2015" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Craig (2015). "Conceptual Dynamism and Ambiguity in Marrangu Djinang Cosmology, North-Central Arnhem Land". In Toner, P. G. (ed.). <i>Strings of Connectedness: essays in honour of Ian Keen</i>. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183q3jp.12">j.ctt183q3jp.12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conceptual+Dynamism+and+Ambiguity+in+Marrangu+Djinang+Cosmology%2C+North-Central+Arnhem+Land&rft.btitle=Strings+of+Connectedness%3A+essays+in+honour+of+Ian+Keen&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt183q3jp.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Djinang teaching staff, assistant teachers and literacy workers in Maningrida and Ramingining continue to produce literacy materials for use in their schools and for a local community audience. As part of the Maningrida Dictionary project in 1998–2001, linguist Anita Berghout and Wurlaki woman KB (now deceased) worked together on preparing a Djinang and Wurlaki dictionary and learner's guide (still unpublished). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitality">Vitality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vitality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although having a population of around 220 and no presence in modern medium (TV, radio, text, etc.), <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> designates Djinang as being 6a (Vigorous); which is a language that is used for "face-to-face communication by all generations" and is sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasons for Djinang's robustness begin with where Djinang is located in Australia: <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a>, which is the home of the entire Yolngu language family. It was declared an Aboriginal Reserve in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1979-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a place that is still very much steeped in the traditional Aboriginal ways. It is a large secluded area that is considered by many people to be the least spoiled in the entire world. It is a place that is inaccessible to most people and forms of transportation. Because the majority of the Djinang people live similarly to how their ancestors did, their practices of <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamy</a> and multilingualism are still in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, the Djinang treasure and value their language very much. It can be seen in their sacred songs and with how they handle their children's language. Because of exogamy, a child will have a father with one language and a mother with another language resulting in the child learning to speak both of his parents’ languages equally; thus inter-generational transference is very strong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The way of life both helps and hinders the growth of their language. Because of their semi-nomadic, semi-reclusive nature, large clans are not easily supported. However, on the other hand it is their close association with their traditional ways that ensures the transfer of language and culture from one generation to the next.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_revival">Language revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, "Djinang/Wurlaki" is listed as one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Communications_and_the_Arts" title="Department of Communications and the Arts">Department of Communications and the Arts</a>. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages – those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2021" class="citation web cs1">Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/">"Cultural diversity: Census"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+diversity%3A+Census&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpeople-and-communities%2Fcultural-diversity-census%2F2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/N94_1">N94_1</a> Djinang at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._M._W._Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="R. M. W. Dixon">Dixon, R. M. W.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780"><i>Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxvi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Languages%3A+Their+Nature+and+Development&rft.pages=xxxvi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=R.+M.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D0521473780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2013_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisSimonsFennig2013">Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1983-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1983_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaters1983">Waters 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2011_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2011">Harvey 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen1995-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen1995_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen1995">Keen 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddieson2013" class="citation book cs1">Maddieson, Ian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/chapter/3">"Consonant-Vowel Ratio"</a>. In Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). <i>The World Atlas of Language Structures Online</i>. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology – via <a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">WALS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Consonant-Vowel+Ratio&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Maddieson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Fchapter%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters1979-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters1979_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaters1979">Waters 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapell1979-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapell1979_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapell1979">Capell 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddieson2013" class="citation book cs1">Maddieson, Ian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/chapter/12">"Syllable Structure"</a>. In Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). <i>The World Atlas of Language Structures Online</i>. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology – via <a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">WALS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syllable+Structure&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Maddieson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Fchapter%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch2007_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoch2007">Koch 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113071114/https://www.firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp">"Priority Languages Support Project"</a>. <i>First Languages Australia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp">the original</a> on 13 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Languages+Australia&rft.atitle=Priority+Languages+Support+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstlanguages.org.au%2Fprojects%2Fplsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapell1979" class="citation journal cs1">Capell, A. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/253183/1/PL-C54.419.pdf">"The History of Australian Languages: a First Approach"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian Linguistic Studies</i>. <b>C54</b>: <span class="nowrap">419–</span>619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C54.419">10.15144/PL-C54.419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Linguistic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Australian+Languages%3A+a+First+Approach&rft.volume=C54&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E619&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-C54.419&rft.aulast=Capell&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F253183%2F1%2FPL-C54.419.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2011" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, Mark (2011). "Lexical change in pre-colonial Australia". <i>Diachronica</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">345–</span>381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.28.3.03har">10.1075/dia.28.3.03har</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diachronica&rft.atitle=Lexical+change+in+pre-colonial+Australia&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E381&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fdia.28.3.03har&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen1995" class="citation journal cs1">Keen, Ian (1995). "Metaphor and the Metalanguage: 'Groups' in Northeast Arnhem Land". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">502–</span>527. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/645969">645969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Metaphor+and+the+Metalanguage%3A+%27Groups%27+in+Northeast+Arnhem+Land&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E502-%3C%2Fspan%3E527&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F645969%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2007" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Harold (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/29733/2/01_Koch_An_overview_of_Australian_2007.pdf">"An overview of Australian traditional languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Leitner, Gerhard; Malcolm, Ian G. (eds.). <i>The Habitat of Australia's Aboriginal Languages: Past, Present and Future</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019079-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019079-3"><bdi>978-3-11-019079-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+Australian+traditional+languages&rft.btitle=The+Habitat+of+Australia%27s+Aboriginal+Languages%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019079-3&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F29733%2F2%2F01_Koch_An_overview_of_Australian_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisSimonsFennig2013" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Paul M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com"><i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i></a> (17 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.edition=17&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft.au=Simons%2C+Gary+F.&rft.au=Fennig%2C+Charles+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters1979" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Bruce (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ausil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/WP-A-4-Djinang-Phonology.pdf"><i>A Distinctive Features Approach to Djinang Phonology and Verb Morphology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Work Papers of SIL-AAB, A:4. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_86892_205_6" title="Special:BookSources/0 86892 205 6"><bdi>0 86892 205 6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Distinctive+Features+Approach+to+Djinang+Phonology+and+Verb+Morphology&rft.place=Darwin&rft.series=Work+Papers+of+SIL-AAB%2C+A%3A4&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0868922056&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fausil.org.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F03%2FWP-A-4-Djinang-Phonology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters1983" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Bruce (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ausil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/WP-9-Djinang-Dictionary.pdf"><i>An interim Djinang dictionary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Work Papers of SIL-AAB, B:9. Summer Institute of Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_86892_270_6" title="Special:BookSources/0 86892 270 6"><bdi>0 86892 270 6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+interim+Djinang+dictionary&rft.series=Work+Papers+of+SIL-AAB%2C+B%3A9&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1983-10&rft.isbn=0868922706&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fausil.org.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F03%2FWP-9-Djinang-Dictionary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters1989" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Bruce (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C114.pdf"><i>Djinang and Djinba: a grammatical and historical perspective</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pacific Linguistics C 114. Canberra: Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_85883_392_1" title="Special:BookSources/0 85883 392 1"><bdi>0 85883 392 1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Djinang+and+Djinba%3A+a+grammatical+and+historical+perspective&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Pacific+Linguistics+C+114&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0858833921&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fpl%2Fpdf%2FPL-C114.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADjinang+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Paman_languages539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paman_languages" title="Paman languages">Paman languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adithinngithigh_language" title="Adithinngithigh language">Adithinngithigh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andjingith_language" title="Andjingith language">Andjingith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguthimri_language" title="Anguthimri language">Anguthimri</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alngith_dialect" title="Alngith dialect">Alngith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linngithigh_dialect" title="Linngithigh dialect">Linnithigh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpakwithi_dialect" title="Mpakwithi dialect">Mpakwithi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ndra%27ngith_language" title="Ndra'ngith language">Ndra'ngith</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arritinngithigh_language" title="Arritinngithigh language">Arritinngithigh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awngthim_language" title="Awngthim language">Awngthim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luthigh_language" title="Luthigh language">Luthigh</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpalitjanh_dialect" title="Mpalitjanh dialect">Mpalitjanh</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbiywom_language" title="Mbiywom language">Mbiywom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ndrangith_language" title="Ndrangith language">Ndrangith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ndwa%27ngith_language" title="Ndwa'ngith language">Ndwa'ngith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngkoth_language" title="Ngkoth language">Ngkoth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unjadi#Language" title="Unjadi">Unjadi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uradhi_language" title="Uradhi language">Uradhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atampaya_dialect" title="Atampaya dialect">Atampaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yinwum_dialect" title="Yinwum dialect">Yinwum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudhadhi_dialect" title="Wudhadhi dialect">Wudhadhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yadhaykenu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadhaykenu language">Yadhaykenu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angkamuthi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkamuthi dialect">Angkamuthi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umpila_language" title="Umpila language">Umpila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wik_languages" title="Wik languages">Wik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayabadhu_language" title="Ayabadhu language">Ayabadhu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugu_Nganhcara_language" title="Kugu Nganhcara language">Kugu-Muminh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pakanha_language" title="Pakanha language">Pakanha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik-Me%27nh_language" title="Wik-Me'nh language">Wik-Me'nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik_Mungkan_language" title="Wik Mungkan language">Wik-Mungkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik-Ngathan_language" title="Wik-Ngathan language">Wik-Ngathan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wik_Ompom_language" title="Wik Ompom language">Wik-Ompom</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Lamalamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamalama_language" title="Lamalama language">Lamalama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morrobolam_language" title="Morrobolam language">Morrobolam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Yalanjic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrow_Point_language" title="Barrow Point language">Barrow Point</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yalandji_language" title="Guugu Yalandji language">Gugu Yalandyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuku_Nyungkal_dialect" title="Kuku Nyungkal dialect">Kuku Nyungkal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yimithirr_language" title="Guugu Yimithirr language">Guugu Yimidhirr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Paman_languages" title="Southwestern Paman languages">Southwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koko-Bera_language" title="Koko-Bera language">Koko-Bera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Dhaw_language" title="Gugu Dhaw language">Kok Thawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjen_language" title="Kunjen language">Kunjen</a> <ul><li>Ogh-Undjan</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuuk_Thaayorre_language" title="Kuuk Thaayorre language">Kuuk Thaayorre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuuk_Yak_language" title="Kuuk Yak language">Kuuk Yak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yir-Yoront_language" title="Yir-Yoront language">Yir-Yoront</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i>Norman</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gurdjar_language" title="Gurdjar language">Kurtjar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gkuthaarn_language" title="Gkuthaarn language">Kuthant</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i>Thaypan</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alungul_language" title="Alungul language">Alungul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angkula_language" title="Angkula language">Angkula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aghu_Tharrnggala_language" title="Aghu Tharrnggala language">Aghu Tharrnggala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ikarranggal_language" title="Ikarranggal language">Ikarranggal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tagalaka_language" title="Tagalaka language">Takalak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Thaypan_language" title="Gugu Thaypan language">Thaypan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i>Southern</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbara-Yanga_language" title="Mbara-Yanga language">Mbara-Yanga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbabaram_language" title="Mbabaram language">Mbabaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walangama_language" title="Walangama language">Walangama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wamin_language" title="Wamin language">Wamin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djabugay_language" title="Djabugay language">Djabugay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_language" title="Flinders Island language">Flinders Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kukatj_language" title="Kukatj language">Gugadj</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kok-Nar_language" title="Kok-Nar language">Kok Narr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbariman-Gudhinma_language" title="Mbariman-Gudhinma language">Mbariman-Gudhinma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpithamu_language" title="Umpithamu language">Umbindhamu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Eastern_Pama–Nyungan539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia" title="Eastern states of Australia">Eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Dyirbalic_languages" title="Dyirbalic languages">Dyirbalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyirbal_language" title="Dyirbal language">Dyirbal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyawaygi_language" title="Nyawaygi language">Nyawaygi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrgamay_language" title="Warrgamay language">Warrgamay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wulguru_language" title="Wulguru language">Wulguru</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Maric_languages" title="Maric languages">Maric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Badjiri_language" title="Badjiri language">Badjiri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidjara_language" title="Bidjara language">Bidjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biri_language" title="Biri language">Biri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingkel_languages" title="Kingkel languages">Kingkel</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayali_language" title="Bayali language">Bayali</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darumbal_language" title="Darumbal language">Darumbal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrongo_language" title="Warrongo language">Warrongo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Waka%E2%80%93Kabic_languages" title="Waka–Kabic languages">Waka–Kabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barunggam_language" title="Barunggam language">Barunggam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubbi_Gubbi_language" title="Gubbi Gubbi language">Gabi-Gabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taribelang_language" title="Taribelang language">Gureng Gureng</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tulua_language" title="Tulua language">Tulua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wakka_Wakka_language" title="Wakka Wakka language">Wakawaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wulli_Wulli_language" title="Wulli Wulli language">Wuliwuli</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Durubalic_languages" title="Durubalic languages">Durubalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guwar_language" title="Guwar language">Guwar</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Pimpama_language" title="Pimpama language">Pimpama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janday_language" title="Janday language">Janday</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunukul_language" title="Nunukul language">Nunukul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turrbal_language" title="Turrbal language">Turrbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Gumbaynggiric_languages" title="Gumbaynggiric languages">Gumbaynggiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumbaynggirr_language" title="Gumbaynggirr language">Kumbainggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaygir_language" title="Yaygir language">Yaygir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wiradhuric_languages" title="Wiradhuric languages">Wiradhuric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamilaraay_language" title="Gamilaraay language">Gamilaraay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngiyambaa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngiyambaa language">Ngiyambaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri_language" title="Wiradjuri language">Wiradjuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yuin%E2%80%93Kuric_languages" title="Yuin–Kuric languages">Yuin–Kuric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkinjung_language" title="Darkinjung language">Darkinjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharug_language" title="Dharug language">Dharug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanggati_language" title="Dhanggati language">Dhanggati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngarigo_language" title="Ngarigo language">Ngarigo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngunnawal%E2%80%93Gundungurra_language" title="Ngunnawal–Gundungurra language">Ngunnawal–Gundungurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharawal_languages" title="Tharawal languages">Tharawal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharawal_language" title="Dharawal language">Dharawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhurga_language" title="Dhurga language">Dhurga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyirringany_language" title="Dyirringany language">Dyirringany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawa_language" title="Thawa language">Thawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yugambal_language" title="Yugambal language">Yugambal</a></i>? <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbal_dialect" title="Marbal dialect">Marbal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worimi_languages" title="Worimi languages">Worimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awabakal_language" title="Awabakal language">Awabakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathang_language" title="Gathang language">Gathang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Gippsland_languages" title="Gippsland languages">Gippsland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhudhuroa_language" title="Dhudhuroa language">Dhudhuroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunaikurnai_language" title="Gunaikurnai language">Gunaikurnai</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidhawal_language" title="Bidhawal language">Bidhawal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pallanganmiddang_language" title="Pallanganmiddang language">Pallanganmiddang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yugambeh%E2%80%93Bundjalung_languages" title="Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages">Yugambeh–Bandjalang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waalubal_dialect" title="Waalubal dialect">Waalubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugambeh_language" title="Yugambeh language">Yugambeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Githabul_language" title="Githabul language">Githabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundjalung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundjalung language">Bundjalung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anewan_language" title="Anewan language">Anewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidiny_language" title="Yidiny language">Yidiny</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Burdekin_languages" title="Lower Burdekin languages">Lower Burdekin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bindal_language" title="Bindal language">Bindal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Southern_Pama–Nyungan539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Australia" title="Southern Australia">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yotayotic_languages" title="Yotayotic languages">Yotayotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yabula-Yabula_language" title="Yabula-Yabula language">Yabula-Yabula</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorta_Yorta_language" title="Yorta Yorta language">Yorta Yorta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kulinic_languages" title="Kulinic languages">Kulinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulidjan_language" title="Gulidjan language">Kolakngat</a></i> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kulin_languages" title="Kulin languages">Kulin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boonwurrung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Boonwurrung language">Bunurong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Djadjawurrung_language" title="Djadjawurrung language">Dja Dja Wurrung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latji-Latji_language" title="Latji-Latji language">Ledji-Ledji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhi_Madhi_language" title="Madhi Madhi language">Madhi-Madhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Wadi_language" title="Wadi Wadi language">Wadi-Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadawurrung_language" title="Wadawurrung language">Wathaurong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wemba_Wemba_language" title="Wemba Wemba language">Wemba Wemba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woiwurrung%E2%80%93Taungurung_language" title="Woiwurrung–Taungurung language">Woiwurrung–Taungurung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaran_language" title="Yaran language">Yaran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drual_languages" title="Drual languages">Drual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungandidj_language" title="Bungandidj language">Bungandidj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauwurd_Wurrung_language" title="Dhauwurd Wurrung language">Dhauwurd Wurrung</a> <ul><li>Kuurn Kopan Noot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kureinji_language" title="Kureinji language">Keramin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngayawung_language" title="Ngayawung language">Ngayawung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Yaralde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitha_Yitha_language" title="Yitha Yitha language">Yitha-Yitha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuyu_language" title="Yuyu language">Yuyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Thura-Yura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Kuyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narungga_language" title="Narungga language">Narungga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauo_language" title="Nauo language">Nauo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri_language" title="Ngadjuri language">Ngadjuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukunu_language" title="Nukunu language">Nukunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mirning_languages" title="Mirning languages">Mirniny</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirning_language" title="Mirning language">Mirning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngadjunmaya_language" title="Ngadjunmaya language">Ngadjunmaya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Nyungic_languages" title="Nyungic languages">Nyungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galaagu_language" title="Galaagu language">Galaagu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaamaya_language" title="Kalaamaya language">Kalaamaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natingero_language" title="Natingero language">Natingero</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noongar_language" title="Noongar language">Nyungar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Western_Pama–Nyungan539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kartu_languages" title="Kartu languages">Kartu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badimaya_language" title="Badimaya language">Badimaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgana_language" title="Malgana language">Malgana</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaagurda_language" title="Thaagurda language">Thaagurda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhanda_language" title="Nhanda language">Nhanda</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nhanhagardi_language" title="Nhanhagardi language">Nhanhagardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajarri_language" title="Wajarri language">Wajarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinggarda_language" title="Yinggarda language">Yinggarda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kanyara%E2%80%93Mantharta_languages" title="Kanyara–Mantharta languages">Kanyara–Mantharta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanyara_languages" title="Kanyara languages">Kanyara</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Burduna_language" title="Burduna language">Burduna</a>–Baiyungu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalanyji_language" title="Thalanyji language">Thalanyji</a>–Pinikura</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantharta_language" title="Mantharta language">Mantharta</a> <ul><li>Tharrgari</li> <li>Warriyangka</li> <li>Thiin</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiwarli_dialect" title="Jiwarli dialect">Jiwarli</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngayarda_languages" title="Ngayarda languages">Ngayarta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jurruru_language" title="Jurruru language">Jurruru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrama_language" title="Kurrama language">Kurrama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martuthunira_language" title="Martuthunira language">Martuthunira</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarla_language" title="Ngarla language">Ngarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarluma_language" title="Ngarluma language">Ngarluma-Kariyarra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhuwala_language" title="Nhuwala language">Nhuwala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamal_language" title="Nyamal language">Nyamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiyaparli_language" title="Nyiyaparli language">Nyiyaparli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyjima_language" title="Panyjima language">Panyjima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinjibarndi_language" title="Yinjibarndi language">Yindjibarndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yinhawangka_language" title="Yinhawangka language">Yinhawangka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Marrngu_languages" title="Marrngu languages">Marrngu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garadjari_language" title="Garadjari language">Karajarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarla_language" title="Mangarla language">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangumarta_language" title="Nyangumarta language">Nyangumarta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Northern_Pama–Nyungan539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngumpin%E2%80%93Yapa_languages" title="Ngumpin–Yapa languages">Ngumpin–Yapa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrkic_languages" title="Ngarrkic languages">Ngarrga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_language" title="Warlmanpa language">Warlmanpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngumbin_languages" title="Ngumbin languages">Ngumbin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walmajarri_language" title="Walmajarri language">Walmajarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djaru_language" title="Djaru language">Djaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurindji_language" title="Gurindji language">Gurindji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilinarra_language" title="Bilinarra language">Bilinarra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudburra_language" title="Mudburra language">Mudburra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngarna_languages" title="Ngarna languages">Warluwaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wagaya_language" title="Wagaya language">Wagaya</a></i> <ul><li><i>Bularnu</i></li> <li><i>Yindjilandji</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warluwarra_language" title="Warluwarra language">Warluwarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkatungic_languages" title="Kalkatungic languages">Kalkatungic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkatungu_language" title="Kalkatungu language">Kalkatungu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yalarnnga_language" title="Yalarnnga language">Yalarnnga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Mayabic_languages" title="Mayabic languages">Mayi</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayi-Kulan_language" title="Mayi-Kulan language">Mayi-Kulan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayi-Kutuna_language" title="Mayi-Kutuna language">Mayi-Kutuna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngawun_language" title="Ngawun language">Ngawun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Dhaŋu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Djaŋu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djinba_language" title="Djinba language">Djinba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Djinaŋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritharrngu_language" title="Ritharrngu language">Ritharrŋu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhangu_language" title="Nhangu language">Nhaŋu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Central_Pama–Nyungan539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wati_languages" title="Wati languages">Wati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngardi_language" title="Ngardi language">Ngardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warnman_language" title="Warnman language">Wanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Arandic_languages" title="Arandic languages">Arandic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaytetye_language" title="Kaytetye language">Kaytetye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Arrernte_language" title="Lower Arrernte language">Lower Arrernte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertame_language" title="Pertame language">Pertame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Karnic_languages" title="Karnic languages">Karnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Diyari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithaka_language" title="Mithaka language">Mithaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngamini_language" title="Ngamini language">Ngamini</a></i> <ul><li><i>Yarluyandi</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngura_languages" title="Ngura languages">Ngura</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitta_Pitta_language" title="Pitta Pitta language">Pitta Pitta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanggamala_language" title="Wanggamala language">Wanggamala</a> <ul><li>Wangka-Yutjurru</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_River_language" title="Wilson River language">Wilson River</a></i> <ul><li><i>Bundhamara</i></li> <li><i>new Wangkumara/Garlali</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paakantyi_language" title="Paakantyi language">Baagandji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalali_language" title="Kalali language">Bulloo River</a> <ul><li>old Wangkumara/Garlali</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muruwari_language" title="Muruwari language">Muruwari</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barranbinja_language" title="Barranbinja language">Barranbinja</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yarli</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Macro-Pama–Nyungan?539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages">Macro-Pama–Nyungan?</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maningrida_languages" title="Maningrida languages">Maningrida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndj%C3%A9bbana_language" title="Ndjébbana language">Ndjébbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurr-Goni_language" title="Gurr-Goni language">Gurr-goni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkara_language" title="Nakkara language">Nakkara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mangarrayi-Marran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawa_language" title="Alawa language">Alawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarrayi_language" title="Mangarrayi language">Mangarrayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marra_language" title="Marra language">Marra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warndarrang_language" title="Warndarrang language">Warndarrang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yugul_language" title="Yugul language">Yugul</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gunwinyguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anindilyakwa_language" title="Anindilyakwa language">Anindilyakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalabon_language" title="Dalabon language">Dalabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunbarlang_language" title="Gunbarlang language">Gunbarlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawoyn_language" title="Jawoyn language">Jawoyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwinjku_dialect" title="Kunwinjku dialect">Kunwinjku</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngalakgan_language" title="Ngalakgan language">Ngalakgan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngandi_language" title="Ngandi language">Ngandi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunggubuyu_language" title="Nunggubuyu language">Nunggubuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembarrnga_language" title="Rembarrnga language">Rembarrnga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uwinymil_language" title="Uwinymil language">Uwinymil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warray_language" title="Warray language">Waray</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kungarakany_language" title="Kungarakany language">Kungarakany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayardild_language" title="Kayardild language">Kayardild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardil_language" title="Lardil language">Lardil</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingginda_language" title="Mingginda language">Mingginda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukulta_language" title="Yukulta language">Gangalidda (Yukulta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garrwa_language" title="Garrwa language">Garrwa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gunindiri_language" title="Gunindiri language">Gunindiri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waanyi_language" title="Waanyi language">Waanyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&oldid=1265692209">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Djinang_language&oldid=1265692209</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Category:Yolŋu 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