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class="logo grid-three"> <img itemprop="logo" src="https://images.theconversation.com/institutions/1293/logos/logo-1664988054.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=170&h=170" /> </div> <div class="description grid-nine"> <p>Founded in 1873 as an institution that would “contribute to strengthening the ties that should exist between all sections of our common country,” Vanderbilt University is globally renowned for its transformative education and pathbreaking research. The university’s 10 schools reside on a parklike campus set in the heart of Nashville, Tennessee, contributing to a collaborative culture that empowers leaders of tomorrow and prizes free expression, open inquiry and civil discourse.</p> <p>Top-ranked in both academics and financial aid, Vanderbilt offers an immersive residential undergraduate experience, with programs in the liberal arts and sciences, engineering, music, education and human development. The university also is home to nationally and internationally recognized graduate schools of law, education, business, medicine, nursing and divinity, and offers robust graduate-degree programs across a range of academic disciplines. Vanderbilt’s prominent alumni base includes Nobel Prize winners, members of Congress, governors, ambassadors, judges, admirals, CEOs, university presidents, physicians, attorneys, and professional sports figures.</p> <p>Vanderbilt and the affiliated nonprofit Vanderbilt University Medical Center frequently engage in interdisciplinary collaborations to drive positive change across society at large. The two entities recently reached a combined total of more than $1 billion in external research funding in a single year. This landmark achievement reflects the university’s deep commitment to expanding the global impact of its innovation and research as it increases opportunities for faculty, students and staff to pursue bold new ideas and discoveries.</p> </div> <section class="grid-four grid-last"> <h4 class="legacy">Links</h4> <ul class="article-list"> <li class="article"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://www.vanderbilt.edu/">Visit vanderbilt.edu/</a> </li> <li class="article"> <a href="/become-an-author">Are you an expert from this institution? Register to write</a> </li> <li class="feed"> <a href="/institutions/vanderbilt-university-1293/articles.atom"> <i class="icon-rss"></i> Article Feed </a> </li> </ul> </section> </section> <nav id="tabbed-navigation" class="tabbed tabbed-section-navigation"> <a class="tab active" href="#articles">Articles</a> <a class="tab" href="#contributors">Authors</a> </nav> <div class="institution-page sm-display-articles"> <div class="grid-ten large-grid-eight"> <section id="articles"> <h3 class="border">Displaying 1 - 20 of 322 articles</h3> <div class="content-list"> <article data-id="240600" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Carbon offsets can help bring energy efficiency to <span class="nobr">low-income</span> Americans − our Nashville data shows it could be a win for everyone" href="/carbon-offsets-can-help-bring-energy-efficiency-to-low-income-americans-our-nashville-data-shows-it-could-be-a-win-for-everyone-240600"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:48.50299401197605%;--background-color:#9f6c57"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/628108/original/file-20241024-15-wimmgk.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C655%2C6000%2C3000&q=45&auto=format&w=668&h=324&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="628108"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Replacing windows and adding a heat pump in place of a furnace can save energy, reducing emissions. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Tristan Spinski for The Washington Post via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-19T13:22:26Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 19, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/carbon-offsets-can-help-bring-energy-efficiency-to-low-income-americans-our-nashville-data-shows-it-could-be-a-win-for-everyone-240600">Carbon offsets can help bring energy efficiency to <span class="nobr">low-income</span> Americans − our Nashville data shows it could be a win for everyone</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/zdravka-tzankova-1046004">Zdravka Tzankova</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/carol-ziegler-2243226">Carol Ziegler</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/james-muchira-2243272">James Muchira</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Insulating attics, replacing windows and adding heat pumps can save money and reduce emissions − if residents can afford the upgrades. Carbon-offset purchases by local companies could help.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="193992" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Why do I feel better when I wake myself up instead of relying on an alarm? A neurologist explains the science of a restful night’s sleep" href="/why-do-i-feel-better-when-i-wake-myself-up-instead-of-relying-on-an-alarm-a-neurologist-explains-the-science-of-a-restful-nights-sleep-193992"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#688cac"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/628057/original/file-20241024-19-4ehrjj.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1327%2C30%2C4436%2C4436&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="628057"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Your internal body clock can help wake you up without an alarm. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Riska/E+ via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-18T13:25:23Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 18, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/why-do-i-feel-better-when-i-wake-myself-up-instead-of-relying-on-an-alarm-a-neurologist-explains-the-science-of-a-restful-nights-sleep-193992">Why do I feel better when I wake myself up instead of relying on an alarm? A neurologist explains the science of a restful night’s sleep</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/beth-ann-malow-1297289">Beth Ann Malow</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>You can train your brain to wake up on time naturally.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="240524" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Doctors are preoccupied with threats of criminal charges in states with abortion bans, putting patients’ lives at risk" href="/doctors-are-preoccupied-with-threats-of-criminal-charges-in-states-with-abortion-bans-putting-patients-lives-at-risk-240524"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#a27355"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/627575/original/file-20241023-17-vcamm3.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1177%2C0%2C5408%2C5408&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="627575"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> The study took place in Tennessee, a state that has had a near-total ban on abortions since 2022. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Anchiy/E+ via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-25T12:47:57Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 25, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/doctors-are-preoccupied-with-threats-of-criminal-charges-in-states-with-abortion-bans-putting-patients-lives-at-risk-240524">Doctors are preoccupied with threats of criminal charges in states with abortion bans, putting patients’ lives at risk</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sophie-bjork-james-423373">Sophie Bjork-James</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/anna-grace-lilly-1524439">Anna-Grace Lilly</a>, <em>University of Toledo</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/isabelle-perry-newman-1521790">Isabelle Perry Newman</a>, <em>University of Virginia</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>A new study finds that doctors are hesitant to provide potentially lifesaving care for pregnant patients in states with abortion bans.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="232438" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="How we discovered that people who are colorblind are less likely to be picky eaters" href="/how-we-discovered-that-people-who-are-colorblind-are-less-likely-to-be-picky-eaters-232438"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#818181"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/618228/original/file-20240909-16-wa2fhm.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=323%2C89%2C2056%2C2056&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="618228"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Watching Julia Child in color or black and white could influence how appetizing the food looks to some audience members. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">AP Photo </span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-10T12:28:58Z" data-format="tc_date"> September 10, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/how-we-discovered-that-people-who-are-colorblind-are-less-likely-to-be-picky-eaters-232438">How we discovered that people who are colorblind are less likely to be picky eaters</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/isabel-gauthier-1341366">Isabel Gauthier</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Seeing the world with a restricted color palate seems to tone down an emotion-based resistance to new foods.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="234884" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Americans love free speech, survey finds − until they realize everyone else has it, too" href="/americans-love-free-speech-survey-finds-until-they-realize-everyone-else-has-it-too-234884"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#a55b64"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/613038/original/file-20240812-17-113qb2.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=447%2C0%2C3821%2C3821&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="613038"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Should there be limits on free speech? </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Westend61/Westend61 via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-14T12:31:56Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 14, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/americans-love-free-speech-survey-finds-until-they-realize-everyone-else-has-it-too-234884">Americans love free speech, survey finds − until they realize everyone else has it, too</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/john-g-geer-152067">John G. Geer</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jacob-mchangama-1522521">Jacob Mchangama</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Americans agree that democracy requires freedom of speech. But a large minority also thinks it’s acceptable to bar certain subjects or speakers from public debate.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="231787" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="From the ’60s till now, TV news coverage of <span class="nobr">large-scale</span> university protests doesn’t look so different" href="/from-the-60s-till-now-tv-news-coverage-of-large-scale-university-protests-doesnt-look-so-different-231787"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4e3431"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/604447/original/file-20240702-19-padk8w.PNG?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=266%2C0%2C926%2C926&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="604447"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> A screenshot from ABC’s live reporting on the Columbia University pro-Palestinian protest on April 25, 2024, shows the ‘campus unrest crackdown.’ </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Vanderbilt Television News Archive</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-10T12:07:11Z" data-format="tc_date"> July 10, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/from-the-60s-till-now-tv-news-coverage-of-large-scale-university-protests-doesnt-look-so-different-231787">From the ’60s till now, TV news coverage of <span class="nobr">large-scale</span> university protests doesn’t look so different</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/lisa-fazio-319479">Lisa Fazio</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>While people rely less on TV for their daily news than they used to, it remains influential − and the TV storytelling about student protests against Israel’s war in Gaza and more can shift opinions.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="226870" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="The US is losing wetlands at an accelerating rate − here’s how the private sector can help protect these valuable resources" href="/the-us-is-losing-wetlands-at-an-accelerating-rate-heres-how-the-private-sector-can-help-protect-these-valuable-resources-226870"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#2b3c51"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/599958/original/file-20240611-17-innwdq.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=302%2C0%2C1449%2C1448&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="599958"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Roads divide what once was a larger wetland into four smaller pools in east-central North Dakota. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">AP Photo/Charlie Riedel</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-13T12:40:04Z" data-format="tc_date"> June 13, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/the-us-is-losing-wetlands-at-an-accelerating-rate-heres-how-the-private-sector-can-help-protect-these-valuable-resources-226870">The US is losing wetlands at an accelerating rate − here’s how the private sector can help protect these valuable resources</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/steph-tai-836698">Steph Tai</a>, <em>University of Wisconsin-Madison</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-vandenbergh-385138">Michael Vandenbergh</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The Supreme Court drastically reduced federal protection for wetlands in 2023. Two environmental lawyers explain how private businesses and nongovernment organizations can help fill the gap.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="231356" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Mexico poised to elect first female president: 3 essential reads on landmark vote" href="/mexico-poised-to-elect-first-female-president-3-essential-reads-on-landmark-vote-231356"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#532f32"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/597755/original/file-20240531-19-j7rtpu.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=616%2C0%2C3835%2C3835&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="597755"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> The future is (probably) female. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Julio Cesar Aguilar and Carl de Souza/AFP/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-31T15:32:17Z" data-format="tc_date"> May 31, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/mexico-poised-to-elect-first-female-president-3-essential-reads-on-landmark-vote-231356">Mexico poised to elect first female president: 3 essential reads on landmark vote</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/us/team#matt-williams">Matt Williams</a>, <em>The Conversation</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Electoral violence has marred the run-up to the June 2 vote. But despite fears over personal safety, support for democracy endures.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="222478" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Getting a good night’s rest is vital for neurodiverse children – pediatric sleep experts explain why" href="/getting-a-good-nights-rest-is-vital-for-neurodiverse-children-pediatric-sleep-experts-explain-why-222478"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#ae8754"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/587019/original/file-20240409-20-effwo.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1042%2C0%2C5469%2C5464&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="587019"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> A poor night’s sleep has consequences on behavior, academic performance and overall health. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">skynesher/E+ via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-19T12:41:31Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 19, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/getting-a-good-nights-rest-is-vital-for-neurodiverse-children-pediatric-sleep-experts-explain-why-222478">Getting a good night’s rest is vital for neurodiverse children – pediatric sleep experts explain why</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/beth-ann-malow-1297289">Beth Ann Malow</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/susan-nehiley-brasher-1508027">Susan Nehiley Brasher</a>, <em>Emory University</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/terry-katz-1508031">Terry Katz</a>, <em>University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Sleep habits can be improved by making shifts in both daytime and evening routines.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="226596" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="AI chatbots refuse to produce ‘controversial’ output − why that’s a free speech problem" href="/ai-chatbots-refuse-to-produce-controversial-output-why-thats-a-free-speech-problem-226596"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#572628"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/587790/original/file-20240412-16-ydvlz7.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C2000%2C2000&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="587790"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> AI chatbots restrict their output according to vague and broad policies. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">taviox/iStock via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-18T12:23:58Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 18, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/ai-chatbots-refuse-to-produce-controversial-output-why-thats-a-free-speech-problem-226596">AI chatbots refuse to produce ‘controversial’ output − why that’s a free speech problem</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jordi-calvet-bademunt-1518048">Jordi Calvet-Bademunt</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jacob-mchangama-1522521">Jacob Mchangama</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>AI chatbot makers’ restrictive use policies hinder people’s access to information.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="227119" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Worried about housing shortages and soaring prices? Your community’s zoning laws could be part of the problem" href="/worried-about-housing-shortages-and-soaring-prices-your-communitys-zoning-laws-could-be-part-of-the-problem-227119"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#464a25"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/585957/original/file-20240403-18-9ib6o8.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=568%2C0%2C2911%2C2911&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="585957"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Many cities prohibit duplexes and high-rises. Although residents enjoy the extra space, it contributes to housing costs. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Joe Sohm/Visions of America/Universal Images Group via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-17T12:17:16Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 17, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/worried-about-housing-shortages-and-soaring-prices-your-communitys-zoning-laws-could-be-part-of-the-problem-227119">Worried about housing shortages and soaring prices? Your community’s zoning laws could be part of the problem</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jessica-trounstine-1524655">Jessica Trounstine</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>More than one-third of U.S. households pay more than 30% of their income for housing.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="222396" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Family caregivers can help shape the outcomes for their loved ones – an ICU nurse explains their vital role" href="/family-caregivers-can-help-shape-the-outcomes-for-their-loved-ones-an-icu-nurse-explains-their-vital-role-222396"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#996d5c"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/582237/original/file-20240315-24-vb2s2a.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="582237"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Self-care, although often neglected by caregivers, is critical when looking after a loved one. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">SDI Productions/E+ via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-09T12:19:19Z" data-format="tc_date"> April 9, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/family-caregivers-can-help-shape-the-outcomes-for-their-loved-ones-an-icu-nurse-explains-their-vital-role-222396">Family caregivers can help shape the outcomes for their loved ones – an ICU nurse explains their vital role</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/courtney-graetzer-1505648">Courtney Graetzer</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Including the family in a patient’s treatment plan can help shorten hospital stays and assist in recovery. But caregivers often pay a price.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="224597" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Could the days of ‘springing forward’ be numbered? A neurologist and sleep expert explains the downside to that borrowed hour of daylight" href="/could-the-days-of-springing-forward-be-numbered-a-neurologist-and-sleep-expert-explains-the-downside-to-that-borrowed-hour-of-daylight-224597"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#b17351"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/579007/original/file-20240229-24-zwzuqp.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=588%2C8%2C3707%2C3707&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="579007"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> While that ‘extra’ hour of sunlight in the evenings can be exhilarating, it comes with significant health trade-offs. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Anna Blazhuk/Moment via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-04T13:36:47Z" data-format="tc_date"> March 4, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/could-the-days-of-springing-forward-be-numbered-a-neurologist-and-sleep-expert-explains-the-downside-to-that-borrowed-hour-of-daylight-224597">Could the days of ‘springing forward’ be numbered? A neurologist and sleep expert explains the downside to that borrowed hour of daylight</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/beth-ann-malow-1297289">Beth Ann Malow</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Americans have long been divided over adopting permanent standard versus permanent daylight saving time. But support for permanent standard time grew dramatically between 2021 and 2024.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="222959" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="In the face of severe challenges, democracy is under stress – but still supported – across Latin America and the Caribbean" href="/in-the-face-of-severe-challenges-democracy-is-under-stress-but-still-supported-across-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-222959"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#50342a"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/575051/original/file-20240212-22-f6zizy.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=675%2C0%2C3803%2C3803&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="575051"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Protesters in El Salvador declare ‘Yes to democracy. No to authoritarianism’ during a demonstration on Jan. 14, 2024. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">PHOTOGRAFIA/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-13T13:21:38Z" data-format="tc_date"> February 13, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/in-the-face-of-severe-challenges-democracy-is-under-stress-but-still-supported-across-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-222959">In the face of severe challenges, democracy is under stress – but still supported – across Latin America and the Caribbean</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/noam-lupu-1307196">Noam Lupu</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/elizabeth-j-zechmeister-443213">Elizabeth J. Zechmeister</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/luke-plutowski-1509677">Luke Plutowski</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>A survey of people across 24 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean found widespread concern over the economy and crime.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="220199" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Nazi genocides of Jews and Roma were entangled from the start – and so are their efforts at Holocaust remembrance today" href="/nazi-genocides-of-jews-and-roma-were-entangled-from-the-start-and-so-are-their-efforts-at-holocaust-remembrance-today-220199"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4f382e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/570420/original/file-20240119-27-9655vn.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=191%2C0%2C683%2C683&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="570420"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Franz Roselbach, a Roma survivor of the Holocaust who was sent to Auschwitz when he was 15, attends a ceremony at the former Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 2006. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Sean Gallup/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-25T13:17:44Z" data-format="tc_date"> January 25, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/nazi-genocides-of-jews-and-roma-were-entangled-from-the-start-and-so-are-their-efforts-at-holocaust-remembrance-today-220199">Nazi genocides of Jews and Roma were entangled from the start – and so are their efforts at Holocaust remembrance today</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ari-joskowicz-1497463">Ari Joskowicz</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Many young people today know little about the murder of European Jews during the Holocaust, and even less about the murder of Romani communities.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="216331" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="AIs could soon run businesses – it’s an opportunity to ensure these ‘artificial persons’ follow the law" href="/ais-could-soon-run-businesses-its-an-opportunity-to-ensure-these-artificial-persons-follow-the-law-216331"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#69869a"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/556221/original/file-20231026-19-vrh2ui.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=727%2C17%2C3970%2C3970&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="556221"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> If AIs are going to play a role in society, they’ll need to understand the law. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">PhonlamaiPhoto/iStock via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-27T00:10:36Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 27, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/ais-could-soon-run-businesses-its-an-opportunity-to-ensure-these-artificial-persons-follow-the-law-216331">AIs could soon run businesses – it’s an opportunity to ensure these ‘artificial persons’ follow the law</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/daniel-gervais-1482684">Daniel Gervais</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/john-nay-1482694">John Nay</a>, <em>Stanford University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>If a business is run by an AI and it causes you harm, could you sue the AI?</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="213518" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="US autoworkers launch historic strike: 3 questions answered" href="/us-autoworkers-launch-historic-strike-3-questions-answered-213518"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#27314d"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/548348/original/file-20230914-1089-crn4qo.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=606%2C0%2C2074%2C2073&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="548348"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> United Auto Workers members rally after marching in the Detroit Labor Day Parade on Sept. 4, 2023. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Bill Pugliano via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-15T12:37:05Z" data-format="tc_date"> September 15, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/us-autoworkers-launch-historic-strike-3-questions-answered-213518">US autoworkers launch historic strike: 3 questions answered</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/joshua-murray-826965">Joshua Murray</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>A work stoppage hitting the three largest American automakers at the same time is unprecedented.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="212083" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Análise: “Se inteligência é flexibilidade, então a inteligência artificial não é nada inteligente”" href="/analise-se-inteligencia-e-flexibilidade-entao-a-inteligencia-artificial-nao-e-nada-inteligente-212083"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#a77c65"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/548557/original/file-20230915-27-sow1aa.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=292%2C7%2C1053%2C1053&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="548557"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> “A Criação de Adão”, obra-prima de Michelangelo na Capela Cistina, inspira a imagem acima para ilustrar as cada vez mais controvertidas relações entre a humanidade e a Inteligência Artificial. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Cottombro Studios / Pexels</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-14T20:28:56Z" data-format="tc_date"> September 14, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/analise-se-inteligencia-e-flexibilidade-entao-a-inteligencia-artificial-nao-e-nada-inteligente-212083">Análise: “Se inteligência é flexibilidade, então a inteligência artificial não é nada inteligente”</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/suzana-herculano-houzel-891152">Suzana Herculano-Houzel</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Expressão “inteligência artificial” deveria ser reservada a sistemas cognitivos não biológicos que se mostram de fato flexíveis, mas que mesmo assim não teriam valores humanos</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="209305" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="The same people excel at object recognition through vision, hearing and touch – another reason to let go of the learning styles myth" href="/the-same-people-excel-at-object-recognition-through-vision-hearing-and-touch-another-reason-to-let-go-of-the-learning-styles-myth-209305"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#966b5f"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542202/original/file-20230810-22046-z0l1ej.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=356%2C0%2C900%2C900&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="542202"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Teachers want to connect with students in ways that help them learn. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Government of Prince Edward Island</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-14T12:23:35Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 14, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/the-same-people-excel-at-object-recognition-through-vision-hearing-and-touch-another-reason-to-let-go-of-the-learning-styles-myth-209305">The same people excel at object recognition through vision, hearing and touch – another reason to let go of the learning styles myth</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/isabel-gauthier-1341366">Isabel Gauthier</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jason-chow-1341670">Jason Chow</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The idea that each person has a particular learning style is a persistent myth in education. But new research provides more evidence that you won’t learn better in one modality than another.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="210947" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Immune cells that fight cancer become exhausted within hours of first encountering tumors – new research" href="/immune-cells-that-fight-cancer-become-exhausted-within-hours-of-first-encountering-tumors-new-research-210947"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#2f5f35"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540881/original/file-20230802-24657-u8hz8s.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=97%2C0%2C399%2C359&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="540881"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> This microscopy image shows a cytotoxic T cell (blue) attacking a cancer cell (green) by releasing toxic chemicals (red). </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Alex Ritter and Jennifer Lippincott Schwartz and Gillian Griffiths/National Institutes of Health via Flickr</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-03T15:01:05Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 3, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/immune-cells-that-fight-cancer-become-exhausted-within-hours-of-first-encountering-tumors-new-research-210947">Immune cells that fight cancer become exhausted within hours of first encountering tumors – new research</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mary-philip-1459540">Mary Philip</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-rudloff-1459541">Michael Rudloff</a>, <em>Vanderbilt University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>T cells recognize and kill cancer cells but quickly lose their effectiveness. This fast dysfunction may help explain why immunotherapy doesn’t lead to long-term remission for many patients.</span> </div> </article> </div> <nav class="pagination" role="navigation" aria-label="pager"> <span class="page current"> 1 </span> <span class="page"> <a rel="next" href="/institutions/vanderbilt-university-1293?page=2">2</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/vanderbilt-university-1293?page=3">3</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/vanderbilt-university-1293?page=4">4</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/vanderbilt-university-1293?page=5">5</a> </span> <span class="page gap"></span> <span class="next"> <a rel="next" href="/institutions/vanderbilt-university-1293?page=2"><i class="icon-caret-right" title="Next"></i></a> </span> <span class="last"> <a href="/institutions/vanderbilt-university-1293?page=17">Last</a> </span> </nav> </section> </div> <div class="grid-six large-grid-eight grid-last"> <div id="jobs-and-events" class="grid-six large-grid-four"> </div> <div id="contributors" class="grid-six large-grid-four grid-last"> <section id="experts" class="article-section"> <h3 class="border">Authors</h3> <ol class="semantic article-authors"> <li class="vcard" id="author-1297289" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/beth-ann-malow-1297289"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1297289/width170/file-20211221-172009-nxejn6.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Beth Ann Malow </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2243226" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/carol-ziegler-2243226"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2243226/width170/cz.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Carol Ziegler </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Nursing, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-443213" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/elizabeth-j-zechmeister-443213"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/443213/width170/image-20180213-118385-65b2s.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Elizabeth J. Zechmeister </span> </a> <p class="role"> Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of Political Science and Director of LAPOP, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1341366" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/isabel-gauthier-1341366"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1341366/width170/image-20220615-11858-xb9830.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Isabel Gauthier </span> </a> <p class="role"> David K. Wilson Professor of Psychology, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1522521" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/jacob-mchangama-1522521"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1522521/width170/Jacob_Mchangama.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Jacob Mchangama </span> </a> <p class="role"> Research Professor of Political Science and Executive Director of The Future of Free Speech, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2243272" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/james-muchira-2243272"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2243272/width170/jm.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> James Muchira </span> </a> <p class="role"> Assistant Professor of Nursing, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1524655" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/jessica-trounstine-1524655"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1524655/width170/image-20240403-18-6i2w5d.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Jessica Trounstine </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Political Science, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-152067" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/john-g-geer-152067"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/152067/width170/image-20240718-17-23q45x.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> John G. Geer </span> </a> <p class="role"> Senior Advisor to the Chancellor, Head of Vanderbilt's Project on Unity and American Democracy, and Co-Director of Vanderbilt Poll, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1518048" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/jordi-calvet-bademunt-1518048"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1518048/width170/file-20240308-24-dc95e6.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Jordi Calvet-Bademunt </span> </a> <p class="role"> Research Fellow and Visiting Scholar of Political Science, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-319479" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/lisa-fazio-319479"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/319479/width170/image-20240609-19-1ylfun.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Lisa Fazio </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor of Psychology, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1509677" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/luke-plutowski-1509677"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1509677/width170/image-20240206-22-1dma7v.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Luke Plutowski </span> </a> <p class="role"> Senior Statistician and Research Lead, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-385138" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/michael-vandenbergh-385138"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/385138/width170/image-20240328-18-1nig2v.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Michael Vandenbergh </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Law and Co-Director, Energy, Environment and Land Use Program, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1307196" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/noam-lupu-1307196"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1307196/width170/image-20240212-28-jt7q0f.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Noam Lupu </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor of Political Science and Associate Director of LAPOP Lab, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-423373" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/sophie-bjork-james-423373"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/423373/width170/sbj.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Sophie Bjork-James </span> </a> <p class="role"> Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1046004" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/zdravka-tzankova-1046004"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1046004/width170/image-20241025-19-9472y7.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Zdravka Tzankova </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor of the Practice in Climate & Environmental Studies, Vanderbilt University </p> </li> </ol> <p class="more"> <a class="button right" href="/institutions/vanderbilt-university-1293/authors">More Authors</a> </p> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footers"> <section class="footer-primary"> <div class="wrapper nocontent"> <section class="community footer-link-list grid-five large-grid-four"> <nav> <ul> <li> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DUkhOcnF1Ef1MpuKtGr7rbBAawO4XV48">Editorial 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Either set keySeparator: false on init or make sure your translations are published in nested format.")}let e=[];const s=this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng,t.lng||this.language);if("fallback"===this.options.saveMissingTo&&s&&s[0])for(let t=0;t<s.length;t++)e.push(s[t]);else"all"===this.options.saveMissingTo?e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t.lng||this.language):e.push(t.lng||this.language);const i=(e,s,i)=>{const n=p&&i!==h?i:y;this.options.missingKeyHandler?this.options.missingKeyHandler(e,a,s,n,v,t):this.backendConnector&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing(e,a,s,n,v,t),this.emit("missingKey",e,a,s,h)};this.options.saveMissing&&(this.options.saveMissingPlurals&&c?e.forEach((e=>{const s=this.pluralResolver.getSuffixes(e,t);f&&t[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]&&s.indexOf(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`)<0&&s.push(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`),s.forEach((s=>{i([e],o+s,t[`defaultValue${s}`]||m)}))})):i(e,o,m))}h=this.extendTranslation(h,e,t,u,s),r&&h===o&&this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey&&(h=`${a}:${o}`),(r||i)&&this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler&&(h="v1"!==this.options.compatibilityAPI?this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey?`${a}:${o}`:o,i?h:void 0):this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(h))}return i?(u.res=h,u.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(t),u):h}extendTranslation(e,t,s,i,n){var o=this;if(this.i18nFormat&&this.i18nFormat.parse)e=this.i18nFormat.parse(e,{...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...s},s.lng||this.language||i.usedLng,i.usedNS,i.usedKey,{resolved:i});else if(!s.skipInterpolation){s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.init({...s,interpolation:{...this.options.interpolation,...s.interpolation}});const r="string"==typeof e&&(s&&s.interpolation&&void 0!==s.interpolation.skipOnVariables?s.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);let a;if(r){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);a=t&&t.length}let l=s.replace&&"string"!=typeof s.replace?s.replace:s;if(this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(l={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...l}),e=this.interpolator.interpolate(e,l,s.lng||this.language||i.usedLng,s),r){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);a<(t&&t.length)&&(s.nest=!1)}!s.lng&&"v1"!==this.options.compatibilityAPI&&i&&i.res&&(s.lng=this.language||i.usedLng),!1!==s.nest&&(e=this.interpolator.nest(e,(function(){for(var e=arguments.length,i=new Array(e),r=0;r<e;r++)i[r]=arguments[r];return n&&n[0]===i[0]&&!s.context?(o.logger.warn(`It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${i[0]} in key: ${t[0]}`),null):o.translate(...i,t)}),s)),s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.reset()}const r=s.postProcess||this.options.postProcess,a="string"==typeof r?[r]:r;return null!=e&&a&&a.length&&!1!==s.applyPostProcessor&&(e=w.handle(a,e,t,this.options&&this.options.postProcessPassResolved?{i18nResolved:{...i,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(s)},...s}:s,this)),e}resolve(e){let t,s,i,n,o,r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};return"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]),e.forEach((e=>{if(this.isValidLookup(t))return;const a=this.extractFromKey(e,r),l=a.key;s=l;let c=a.namespaces;this.options.fallbackNS&&(c=c.concat(this.options.fallbackNS));const u=void 0!==r.count&&"string"!=typeof r.count,h=u&&!r.ordinal&&0===r.count&&this.pluralResolver.shouldUseIntlApi(),p=void 0!==r.context&&("string"==typeof r.context||"number"==typeof r.context)&&""!==r.context,g=r.lngs?r.lngs:this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(r.lng||this.language,r.fallbackLng);c.forEach((e=>{this.isValidLookup(t)||(o=e,!L[`${g[0]}-${e}`]&&this.utils&&this.utils.hasLoadedNamespace&&!this.utils.hasLoadedNamespace(o)&&(L[`${g[0]}-${e}`]=!0,this.logger.warn(`key "${s}" for languages "${g.join(", ")}" won't get resolved as namespace "${o}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")),g.forEach((s=>{if(this.isValidLookup(t))return;n=s;const o=[l];if(this.i18nFormat&&this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys)this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(o,l,s,e,r);else{let e;u&&(e=this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(s,r.count,r));const t=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`,i=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;if(u&&(o.push(l+e),r.ordinal&&0===e.indexOf(i)&&o.push(l+e.replace(i,this.options.pluralSeparator)),h&&o.push(l+t)),p){const s=`${l}${this.options.contextSeparator}${r.context}`;o.push(s),u&&(o.push(s+e),r.ordinal&&0===e.indexOf(i)&&o.push(s+e.replace(i,this.options.pluralSeparator)),h&&o.push(s+t))}}let a;for(;a=o.pop();)this.isValidLookup(t)||(i=a,t=this.getResource(s,e,a,r))})))}))})),{res:t,usedKey:s,exactUsedKey:i,usedLng:n,usedNS:o}}isValidLookup(e){return!(void 0===e||!this.options.returnNull&&null===e||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===e)}getResource(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.i18nFormat&&this.i18nFormat.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(e,t,s,i):this.resourceStore.getResource(e,t,s,i)}getUsedParamsDetails(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};const t=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],s=e.replace&&"string"!=typeof e.replace;let i=s?e.replace:e;if(s&&void 0!==e.count&&(i.count=e.count),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(i={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...i}),!s){i={...i};for(const e of t)delete i[e]}return i}static hasDefaultValue(e){const t="defaultValue";for(const s in e)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,s)&&t===s.substring(0,12)&&void 0!==e[s])return!0;return!1}}const R=e=>e.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+e.slice(1);class C{constructor(e){this.options=e,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=o.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(e){if(!(e=S(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return null;const t=e.split("-");return 2===t.length?null:(t.pop(),"x"===t[t.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(t.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(e){if(!(e=S(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return e;const t=e.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(t[0])}formatLanguageCode(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.indexOf("-")>-1){if("undefined"!=typeof Intl&&void 0!==Intl.getCanonicalLocales)try{let t=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(e)[0];if(t&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(t=t.toLowerCase()),t)return t}catch(e){}const t=["hans","hant","latn","cyrl","cans","mong","arab"];let s=e.split("-");return this.options.lowerCaseLng?s=s.map((e=>e.toLowerCase())):2===s.length?(s[0]=s[0].toLowerCase(),s[1]=s[1].toUpperCase(),t.indexOf(s[1].toLowerCase())>-1&&(s[1]=R(s[1].toLowerCase()))):3===s.length&&(s[0]=s[0].toLowerCase(),2===s[1].length&&(s[1]=s[1].toUpperCase()),"sgn"!==s[0]&&2===s[2].length&&(s[2]=s[2].toUpperCase()),t.indexOf(s[1].toLowerCase())>-1&&(s[1]=R(s[1].toLowerCase())),t.indexOf(s[2].toLowerCase())>-1&&(s[2]=R(s[2].toLowerCase()))),s.join("-")}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e}isSupportedCode(e){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(e=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.indexOf(e)>-1}getBestMatchFromCodes(e){if(!e)return null;let t;return e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.formatLanguageCode(e);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(s)||(t=s)})),!t&&this.options.supportedLngs&&e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);if(this.isSupportedCode(s))return t=s;t=this.options.supportedLngs.find((e=>e===s?e:e.indexOf("-")<0&&s.indexOf("-")<0?void 0:e.indexOf("-")>0&&s.indexOf("-")<0&&e.substring(0,e.indexOf("-"))===s||0===e.indexOf(s)&&s.length>1?e:void 0))})),t||(t=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),t}getFallbackCodes(e,t){if(!e)return[];if("function"==typeof e&&(e=e(t)),"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]),Array.isArray(e))return e;if(!t)return e.default||[];let s=e[t];return s||(s=e[this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.formatLanguageCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e.default),s||[]}toResolveHierarchy(e,t){const s=this.getFallbackCodes(t||this.options.fallbackLng||[],e),i=[],n=e=>{e&&(this.isSupportedCode(e)?i.push(e):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${e}`))};return"string"==typeof e&&(e.indexOf("-")>-1||e.indexOf("_")>-1)?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))):"string"==typeof e&&n(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),s.forEach((e=>{i.indexOf(e)<0&&n(this.formatLanguageCode(e))})),i}}let N=[{lngs:["ach","ak","am","arn","br","fil","gun","ln","mfe","mg","mi","oc","pt","pt-BR","tg","tl","ti","tr","uz","wa"],nr:[1,2],fc:1},{lngs:["af","an","ast","az","bg","bn","ca","da","de","dev","el","en","eo","es","et","eu","fi","fo","fur","fy","gl","gu","ha","hi","hu","hy","ia","it","kk","kn","ku","lb","mai","ml","mn","mr","nah","nap","nb","ne","nl","nn","no","nso","pa","pap","pms","ps","pt-PT","rm","sco","se","si","so","son","sq","sv","sw","ta","te","tk","ur","yo"],nr:[1,2],fc:2},{lngs:["ay","bo","cgg","fa","ht","id","ja","jbo","ka","km","ko","ky","lo","ms","sah","su","th","tt","ug","vi","wo","zh"],nr:[1],fc:3},{lngs:["be","bs","cnr","dz","hr","ru","sr","uk"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:4},{lngs:["ar"],nr:[0,1,2,3,11,100],fc:5},{lngs:["cs","sk"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:6},{lngs:["csb","pl"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:7},{lngs:["cy"],nr:[1,2,3,8],fc:8},{lngs:["fr"],nr:[1,2],fc:9},{lngs:["ga"],nr:[1,2,3,7,11],fc:10},{lngs:["gd"],nr:[1,2,3,20],fc:11},{lngs:["is"],nr:[1,2],fc:12},{lngs:["jv"],nr:[0,1],fc:13},{lngs:["kw"],nr:[1,2,3,4],fc:14},{lngs:["lt"],nr:[1,2,10],fc:15},{lngs:["lv"],nr:[1,2,0],fc:16},{lngs:["mk"],nr:[1,2],fc:17},{lngs:["mnk"],nr:[0,1,2],fc:18},{lngs:["mt"],nr:[1,2,11,20],fc:19},{lngs:["or"],nr:[2,1],fc:2},{lngs:["ro"],nr:[1,2,20],fc:20},{lngs:["sl"],nr:[5,1,2,3],fc:21},{lngs:["he","iw"],nr:[1,2,20,21],fc:22}],j={1:e=>Number(e>1),2:e=>Number(1!=e),3:e=>0,4:e=>Number(e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:e%10>=2&&e%10<=4&&(e%100<10||e%100>=20)?1:2),5:e=>Number(0==e?0:1==e?1:2==e?2:e%100>=3&&e%100<=10?3:e%100>=11?4:5),6:e=>Number(1==e?0:e>=2&&e<=4?1:2),7:e=>Number(1==e?0:e%10>=2&&e%10<=4&&(e%100<10||e%100>=20)?1:2),8:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:8!=e&&11!=e?2:3),9:e=>Number(e>=2),10:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:e<7?2:e<11?3:4),11:e=>Number(1==e||11==e?0:2==e||12==e?1:e>2&&e<20?2:3),12:e=>Number(e%10!=1||e%100==11),13:e=>Number(0!==e),14:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:3==e?2:3),15:e=>Number(e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:e%10>=2&&(e%100<10||e%100>=20)?1:2),16:e=>Number(e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:0!==e?1:2),17:e=>Number(1==e||e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:1),18:e=>Number(0==e?0:1==e?1:2),19:e=>Number(1==e?0:0==e||e%100>1&&e%100<11?1:e%100>10&&e%100<20?2:3),20:e=>Number(1==e?0:0==e||e%100>0&&e%100<20?1:2),21:e=>Number(e%100==1?1:e%100==2?2:e%100==3||e%100==4?3:0),22:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:(e<0||e>10)&&e%10==0?2:3)};const $=["v1","v2","v3"],A=["v4"],E={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5};class I{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.languageUtils=e,this.options=t,this.logger=o.create("pluralResolver"),this.options.compatibilityJSON&&!A.includes(this.options.compatibilityJSON)||"undefined"!=typeof Intl&&Intl.PluralRules||(this.options.compatibilityJSON="v3",this.logger.error("Your environment seems not to be Intl API compatible, use an Intl.PluralRules polyfill. Will fallback to the compatibilityJSON v3 format handling.")),this.rules=(()=>{const e={};return N.forEach((t=>{t.lngs.forEach((s=>{e[s]={numbers:t.nr,plurals:j[t.fc]}}))})),e})(),this.pluralRulesCache={}}addRule(e,t){this.rules[e]=t}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(this.shouldUseIntlApi())try{const s=S("dev"===e?"en":e),i=t.ordinal?"ordinal":"cardinal",n=JSON.stringify({cleanedCode:s,type:i});if(n in this.pluralRulesCache)return this.pluralRulesCache[n];const o=new Intl.PluralRules(s,{type:i});return this.pluralRulesCache[n]=o,o}catch(e){return}return this.rules[e]||this.rules[this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)]}needsPlural(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const s=this.getRule(e,t);return this.shouldUseIntlApi()?s&&s.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length>1:s&&s.numbers.length>1}getPluralFormsOfKey(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};return this.getSuffixes(e,s).map((e=>`${t}${e}`))}getSuffixes(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const s=this.getRule(e,t);return s?this.shouldUseIntlApi()?s.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort(((e,t)=>E[e]-E[t])).map((e=>`${this.options.prepend}${t.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${e}`)):s.numbers.map((s=>this.getSuffix(e,s,t))):[]}getSuffix(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const i=this.getRule(e,s);return i?this.shouldUseIntlApi()?`${this.options.prepend}${s.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${i.select(t)}`:this.getSuffixRetroCompatible(i,t):(this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${e}`),"")}getSuffixRetroCompatible(e,t){const s=e.noAbs?e.plurals(t):e.plurals(Math.abs(t));let i=e.numbers[s];this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix&&2===e.numbers.length&&1===e.numbers[0]&&(2===i?i="plural":1===i&&(i=""));const n=()=>this.options.prepend&&i.toString()?this.options.prepend+i.toString():i.toString();return"v1"===this.options.compatibilityJSON?1===i?"":"number"==typeof i?`_plural_${i.toString()}`:n():"v2"===this.options.compatibilityJSON||this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix&&2===e.numbers.length&&1===e.numbers[0]?n():this.options.prepend&&s.toString()?this.options.prepend+s.toString():s.toString()}shouldUseIntlApi(){return!$.includes(this.options.compatibilityJSON)}}const T=function(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:".",n=!(arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4])||arguments[4],o=((e,t,s)=>{const i=d(e,s);return void 0!==i?i:d(t,s)})(e,t,s);return!o&&n&&"string"==typeof s&&(o=k(e,s,i),void 0===o&&(o=k(t,s,i))),o},D=e=>e.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$");class F{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=o.create("interpolator"),this.options=e,this.format=e.interpolation&&e.interpolation.format||(e=>e),this.init(e)}init(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};e.interpolation||(e.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});const{escape:t,escapeValue:s,useRawValueToEscape:i,prefix:n,prefixEscaped:o,suffix:r,suffixEscaped:a,formatSeparator:l,unescapeSuffix:c,unescapePrefix:u,nestingPrefix:h,nestingPrefixEscaped:p,nestingSuffix:g,nestingSuffixEscaped:d,nestingOptionsSeparator:f,maxReplaces:y,alwaysFormat:b}=e.interpolation;this.escape=void 0!==t?t:v,this.escapeValue=void 0===s||s,this.useRawValueToEscape=void 0!==i&&i,this.prefix=n?m(n):o||"{{",this.suffix=r?m(r):a||"}}",this.formatSeparator=l||",",this.unescapePrefix=c?"":u||"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":c||"",this.nestingPrefix=h?m(h):p||m("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=g?m(g):d||m(")"),this.nestingOptionsSeparator=f||",",this.maxReplaces=y||1e3,this.alwaysFormat=void 0!==b&&b,this.resetRegExp()}reset(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)}resetRegExp(){const e=(e,t)=>e&&e.source===t?(e.lastIndex=0,e):new RegExp(t,"g");this.regexp=e(this.regexp,`${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`),this.regexpUnescape=e(this.regexpUnescape,`${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`),this.nestingRegexp=e(this.nestingRegexp,`${this.nestingPrefix}(.+?)${this.nestingSuffix}`)}interpolate(e,t,s,i){let n,o,r;const a=this.options&&this.options.interpolation&&this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables||{},c=e=>{if(e.indexOf(this.formatSeparator)<0){const n=T(t,a,e,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure);return this.alwaysFormat?this.format(n,void 0,s,{...i,...t,interpolationkey:e}):n}const n=e.split(this.formatSeparator),o=n.shift().trim(),r=n.join(this.formatSeparator).trim();return this.format(T(t,a,o,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure),r,s,{...i,...t,interpolationkey:o})};this.resetRegExp();const u=i&&i.missingInterpolationHandler||this.options.missingInterpolationHandler,h=i&&i.interpolation&&void 0!==i.interpolation.skipOnVariables?i.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;return[{regex:this.regexpUnescape,safeValue:e=>D(e)},{regex:this.regexp,safeValue:e=>this.escapeValue?D(this.escape(e)):D(e)}].forEach((t=>{for(r=0;n=t.regex.exec(e);){const s=n[1].trim();if(o=c(s),void 0===o)if("function"==typeof u){const t=u(e,n,i);o="string"==typeof t?t:""}else if(i&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(i,s))o="";else{if(h){o=n[0];continue}this.logger.warn(`missed to pass in variable ${s} for interpolating ${e}`),o=""}else"string"==typeof o||this.useRawValueToEscape||(o=l(o));const a=t.safeValue(o);if(e=e.replace(n[0],a),h?(t.regex.lastIndex+=o.length,t.regex.lastIndex-=n[0].length):t.regex.lastIndex=0,r++,r>=this.maxReplaces)break}})),e}nest(e,t){let s,i,n,o=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const r=(e,t)=>{const s=this.nestingOptionsSeparator;if(e.indexOf(s)<0)return e;const i=e.split(new RegExp(`${s}[ ]*{`));let o=`{${i[1]}`;e=i[0],o=this.interpolate(o,n);const r=o.match(/'/g),a=o.match(/"/g);(r&&r.length%2==0&&!a||a.length%2!=0)&&(o=o.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{n=JSON.parse(o),t&&(n={...t,...n})}catch(t){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${e}`,t),`${e}${s}${o}`}return n.defaultValue&&n.defaultValue.indexOf(this.prefix)>-1&&delete n.defaultValue,e};for(;s=this.nestingRegexp.exec(e);){let a=[];n={...o},n=n.replace&&"string"!=typeof n.replace?n.replace:n,n.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete n.defaultValue;let c=!1;if(-1!==s[0].indexOf(this.formatSeparator)&&!/{.*}/.test(s[1])){const e=s[1].split(this.formatSeparator).map((e=>e.trim()));s[1]=e.shift(),a=e,c=!0}if(i=t(r.call(this,s[1].trim(),n),n),i&&s[0]===e&&"string"!=typeof i)return i;"string"!=typeof i&&(i=l(i)),i||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${s[1]} for nesting ${e}`),i=""),c&&(i=a.reduce(((e,t)=>this.format(e,t,o.lng,{...o,interpolationkey:s[1].trim()})),i.trim())),e=e.replace(s[0],i),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return e}}const V=e=>{const t={};return(s,i,n)=>{let o=n;n&&n.interpolationkey&&n.formatParams&&n.formatParams[n.interpolationkey]&&n[n.interpolationkey]&&(o={...o,[n.interpolationkey]:void 0});const r=i+JSON.stringify(o);let a=t[r];return a||(a=e(S(i),n),t[r]=a),a(s)}};class U{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=o.create("formatter"),this.options=e,this.formats={number:V(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),currency:V(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t,style:"currency"});return e=>s.format(e)})),datetime:V(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),relativetime:V(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e,t.range||"day")})),list:V(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.ListFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)}))},this.init(e)}init(e){const t=(arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}}).interpolation;this.formatSeparator=t.formatSeparator?t.formatSeparator:t.formatSeparator||","}add(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=t}addCached(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=V(t)}format(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};const n=t.split(this.formatSeparator);if(n.length>1&&n[0].indexOf("(")>1&&n[0].indexOf(")")<0&&n.find((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1))){const e=n.findIndex((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1));n[0]=[n[0],...n.splice(1,e)].join(this.formatSeparator)}return n.reduce(((e,t)=>{const{formatName:n,formatOptions:o}=(e=>{let t=e.toLowerCase().trim();const s={};if(e.indexOf("(")>-1){const i=e.split("(");t=i[0].toLowerCase().trim();const n=i[1].substring(0,i[1].length-1);"currency"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.currency||(s.currency=n.trim()):"relativetime"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.range||(s.range=n.trim()):n.split(";").forEach((e=>{if(e){const[t,...i]=e.split(":"),n=i.join(":").trim().replace(/^'+|'+$/g,""),o=t.trim();s[o]||(s[o]=n),"false"===n&&(s[o]=!1),"true"===n&&(s[o]=!0),isNaN(n)||(s[o]=parseInt(n,10))}}))}return{formatName:t,formatOptions:s}})(t);if(this.formats[n]){let t=e;try{const r=i&&i.formatParams&&i.formatParams[i.interpolationkey]||{},a=r.locale||r.lng||i.locale||i.lng||s;t=this.formats[n](e,a,{...o,...i,...r})}catch(e){this.logger.warn(e)}return t}return this.logger.warn(`there was no format function for ${n}`),e}),e)}}class M extends r{constructor(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};super(),this.backend=e,this.store=t,this.services=s,this.languageUtils=s.languageUtils,this.options=i,this.logger=o.create("backendConnector"),this.waitingReads=[],this.maxParallelReads=i.maxParallelReads||10,this.readingCalls=0,this.maxRetries=i.maxRetries>=0?i.maxRetries:5,this.retryTimeout=i.retryTimeout>=1?i.retryTimeout:350,this.state={},this.queue=[],this.backend&&this.backend.init&&this.backend.init(s,i.backend,i)}queueLoad(e,t,s,i){const n={},o={},r={},a={};return e.forEach((e=>{let i=!0;t.forEach((t=>{const r=`${e}|${t}`;!s.reload&&this.store.hasResourceBundle(e,t)?this.state[r]=2:this.state[r]<0||(1===this.state[r]?void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0):(this.state[r]=1,i=!1,void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0),void 0===n[r]&&(n[r]=!0),void 0===a[t]&&(a[t]=!0)))})),i||(r[e]=!0)})),(Object.keys(n).length||Object.keys(o).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:o,pendingCount:Object.keys(o).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:i}),{toLoad:Object.keys(n),pending:Object.keys(o),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(r),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(e,t,s){const i=e.split("|"),n=i[0],o=i[1];t&&this.emit("failedLoading",n,o,t),!t&&s&&this.store.addResourceBundle(n,o,s,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[e]=t?-1:2,t&&s&&(this.state[e]=0);const r={};this.queue.forEach((s=>{((e,t,s,i)=>{const{obj:n,k:o}=p(e,t,Object);n[o]=n[o]||[],n[o].push(s)})(s.loaded,[n],o),((e,t)=>{void 0!==e.pending[t]&&(delete e.pending[t],e.pendingCount--)})(s,e),t&&s.errors.push(t),0!==s.pendingCount||s.done||(Object.keys(s.loaded).forEach((e=>{r[e]||(r[e]={});const t=s.loaded[e];t.length&&t.forEach((t=>{void 0===r[e][t]&&(r[e][t]=!0)}))})),s.done=!0,s.errors.length?s.callback(s.errors):s.callback())})),this.emit("loaded",r),this.queue=this.queue.filter((e=>!e.done))}read(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:0,n=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:this.retryTimeout,o=arguments.length>5?arguments[5]:void 0;if(!e.length)return o(null,{});if(this.readingCalls>=this.maxParallelReads)return void this.waitingReads.push({lng:e,ns:t,fcName:s,tried:i,wait:n,callback:o});this.readingCalls++;const r=(r,a)=>{if(this.readingCalls--,this.waitingReads.length>0){const e=this.waitingReads.shift();this.read(e.lng,e.ns,e.fcName,e.tried,e.wait,e.callback)}r&&a&&i<this.maxRetries?setTimeout((()=>{this.read.call(this,e,t,s,i+1,2*n,o)}),n):o(r,a)},a=this.backend[s].bind(this.backend);if(2!==a.length)return a(e,t,r);try{const s=a(e,t);s&&"function"==typeof s.then?s.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,s)}catch(e){r(e)}}prepareLoading(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources."),i&&i();"string"==typeof e&&(e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e)),"string"==typeof t&&(t=[t]);const n=this.queueLoad(e,t,s,i);if(!n.toLoad.length)return n.pending.length||i(),null;n.toLoad.forEach((e=>{this.loadOne(e)}))}load(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{},s)}reload(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{reload:!0},s)}loadOne(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"";const s=e.split("|"),i=s[0],n=s[1];this.read(i,n,"read",void 0,void 0,((s,o)=>{s&&this.logger.warn(`${t}loading namespace ${n} for language ${i} failed`,s),!s&&o&&this.logger.log(`${t}loaded namespace ${n} for language ${i}`,o),this.loaded(e,s,o)}))}saveMissing(e,t,s,i,n){let o=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{},r=arguments.length>6&&void 0!==arguments[6]?arguments[6]:()=>{};if(this.services.utils&&this.services.utils.hasLoadedNamespace&&!this.services.utils.hasLoadedNamespace(t))this.logger.warn(`did not save key "${s}" as the namespace "${t}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!");else if(null!=s&&""!==s){if(this.backend&&this.backend.create){const a={...o,isUpdate:n},l=this.backend.create.bind(this.backend);if(l.length<6)try{let n;n=5===l.length?l(e,t,s,i,a):l(e,t,s,i),n&&"function"==typeof n.then?n.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,n)}catch(e){r(e)}else l(e,t,s,i,r,a)}e&&e[0]&&this.store.addResource(e[0],t,s,i)}}}const H=()=>({debug:!1,initImmediate:!0,ns:["translation"],defaultNS:["translation"],fallbackLng:["dev"],fallbackNS:!1,supportedLngs:!1,nonExplicitSupportedLngs:!1,load:"all",preload:!1,simplifyPluralSuffix:!0,keySeparator:".",nsSeparator:":",pluralSeparator:"_",contextSeparator:"_",partialBundledLanguages:!1,saveMissing:!1,updateMissing:!1,saveMissingTo:"fallback",saveMissingPlurals:!0,missingKeyHandler:!1,missingInterpolationHandler:!1,postProcess:!1,postProcessPassResolved:!1,returnNull:!1,returnEmptyString:!0,returnObjects:!1,joinArrays:!1,returnedObjectHandler:!1,parseMissingKeyHandler:!1,appendNamespaceToMissingKey:!1,appendNamespaceToCIMode:!1,overloadTranslationOptionHandler:e=>{let t={};if("object"==typeof e[1]&&(t=e[1]),"string"==typeof e[1]&&(t.defaultValue=e[1]),"string"==typeof e[2]&&(t.tDescription=e[2]),"object"==typeof e[2]||"object"==typeof e[3]){const s=e[3]||e[2];Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{t[e]=s[e]}))}return t},interpolation:{escapeValue:!0,format:e=>e,prefix:"{{",suffix:"}}",formatSeparator:",",unescapePrefix:"-",nestingPrefix:"$t(",nestingSuffix:")",nestingOptionsSeparator:",",maxReplaces:1e3,skipOnVariables:!0}}),K=e=>("string"==typeof e.ns&&(e.ns=[e.ns]),"string"==typeof e.fallbackLng&&(e.fallbackLng=[e.fallbackLng]),"string"==typeof e.fallbackNS&&(e.fallbackNS=[e.fallbackNS]),e.supportedLngs&&e.supportedLngs.indexOf("cimode")<0&&(e.supportedLngs=e.supportedLngs.concat(["cimode"])),e),J=()=>{};class z extends r{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;var s;if(super(),this.options=K(e),this.services={},this.logger=o,this.modules={external:[]},s=this,Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.getPrototypeOf(s)).forEach((e=>{"function"==typeof s[e]&&(s[e]=s[e].bind(s))})),t&&!this.isInitialized&&!e.isClone){if(!this.options.initImmediate)return this.init(e,t),this;setTimeout((()=>{this.init(e,t)}),0)}}init(){var e=this;let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},s=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;this.isInitializing=!0,"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t={}),!t.defaultNS&&!1!==t.defaultNS&&t.ns&&("string"==typeof t.ns?t.defaultNS=t.ns:t.ns.indexOf("translation")<0&&(t.defaultNS=t.ns[0]));const i=H();this.options={...i,...this.options,...K(t)},"v1"!==this.options.compatibilityAPI&&(this.options.interpolation={...i.interpolation,...this.options.interpolation}),void 0!==t.keySeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator=t.keySeparator),void 0!==t.nsSeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator=t.nsSeparator);const n=e=>e?"function"==typeof e?new e:e:null;if(!this.options.isClone){let t;this.modules.logger?o.init(n(this.modules.logger),this.options):o.init(null,this.options),this.modules.formatter?t=this.modules.formatter:"undefined"!=typeof Intl&&(t=U);const s=new C(this.options);this.store=new O(this.options.resources,this.options);const r=this.services;r.logger=o,r.resourceStore=this.store,r.languageUtils=s,r.pluralResolver=new I(s,{prepend:this.options.pluralSeparator,compatibilityJSON:this.options.compatibilityJSON,simplifyPluralSuffix:this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix}),!t||this.options.interpolation.format&&this.options.interpolation.format!==i.interpolation.format||(r.formatter=n(t),r.formatter.init(r,this.options),this.options.interpolation.format=r.formatter.format.bind(r.formatter)),r.interpolator=new F(this.options),r.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:this.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(this)},r.backendConnector=new M(n(this.modules.backend),r.resourceStore,r,this.options),r.backendConnector.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.languageDetector&&(r.languageDetector=n(this.modules.languageDetector),r.languageDetector.init&&r.languageDetector.init(r,this.options.detection,this.options)),this.modules.i18nFormat&&(r.i18nFormat=n(this.modules.i18nFormat),r.i18nFormat.init&&r.i18nFormat.init(this)),this.translator=new P(this.services,this.options),this.translator.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.external.forEach((e=>{e.init&&e.init(this)}))}if(this.format=this.options.interpolation.format,s||(s=J),this.options.fallbackLng&&!this.services.languageDetector&&!this.options.lng){const e=this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng);e.length>0&&"dev"!==e[0]&&(this.options.lng=e[0])}this.services.languageDetector||this.options.lng||this.logger.warn("init: no languageDetector is used and no lng is defined");["getResource","hasResourceBundle","getResourceBundle","getDataByLanguage"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments)}}));["addResource","addResources","addResourceBundle","removeResourceBundle"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments),e}}));const r=a(),l=()=>{const e=(e,t)=>{this.isInitializing=!1,this.isInitialized&&!this.initializedStoreOnce&&this.logger.warn("init: i18next is already initialized. You should call init just once!"),this.isInitialized=!0,this.options.isClone||this.logger.log("initialized",this.options),this.emit("initialized",this.options),r.resolve(t),s(e,t)};if(this.languages&&"v1"!==this.options.compatibilityAPI&&!this.isInitialized)return e(null,this.t.bind(this));this.changeLanguage(this.options.lng,e)};return this.options.resources||!this.options.initImmediate?l():setTimeout(l,0),r}loadResources(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:J;const s="string"==typeof e?e:this.language;if("function"==typeof e&&(t=e),!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages){if(s&&"cimode"===s.toLowerCase()&&(!this.options.preload||0===this.options.preload.length))return t();const e=[],i=t=>{if(!t)return;if("cimode"===t)return;this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t).forEach((t=>{"cimode"!==t&&e.indexOf(t)<0&&e.push(t)}))};if(s)i(s);else{this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng).forEach((e=>i(e)))}this.options.preload&&this.options.preload.forEach((e=>i(e))),this.services.backendConnector.load(e,this.options.ns,(e=>{e||this.resolvedLanguage||!this.language||this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language),t(e)}))}else t(null)}reloadResources(e,t,s){const i=a();return"function"==typeof e&&(s=e,e=void 0),"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t=void 0),e||(e=this.languages),t||(t=this.options.ns),s||(s=J),this.services.backendConnector.reload(e,t,(e=>{i.resolve(),s(e)})),i}use(e){if(!e)throw new Error("You are passing an undefined module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");if(!e.type)throw new Error("You are passing a wrong module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");return"backend"===e.type&&(this.modules.backend=e),("logger"===e.type||e.log&&e.warn&&e.error)&&(this.modules.logger=e),"languageDetector"===e.type&&(this.modules.languageDetector=e),"i18nFormat"===e.type&&(this.modules.i18nFormat=e),"postProcessor"===e.type&&w.addPostProcessor(e),"formatter"===e.type&&(this.modules.formatter=e),"3rdParty"===e.type&&this.modules.external.push(e),this}setResolvedLanguage(e){if(e&&this.languages&&!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(e)>-1))for(let e=0;e<this.languages.length;e++){const t=this.languages[e];if(!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(t)>-1)&&this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(t)){this.resolvedLanguage=t;break}}}changeLanguage(e,t){var s=this;this.isLanguageChangingTo=e;const i=a();this.emit("languageChanging",e);const n=e=>{this.language=e,this.languages=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e),this.resolvedLanguage=void 0,this.setResolvedLanguage(e)},o=(e,o)=>{o?(n(o),this.translator.changeLanguage(o),this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,this.emit("languageChanged",o),this.logger.log("languageChanged",o)):this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,i.resolve((function(){return s.t(...arguments)})),t&&t(e,(function(){return s.t(...arguments)}))},r=t=>{e||t||!this.services.languageDetector||(t=[]);const s="string"==typeof t?t:this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(t);s&&(this.language||n(s),this.translator.language||this.translator.changeLanguage(s),this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.cacheUserLanguage&&this.services.languageDetector.cacheUserLanguage(s)),this.loadResources(s,(e=>{o(e,s)}))};return e||!this.services.languageDetector||this.services.languageDetector.async?!e&&this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.async?0===this.services.languageDetector.detect.length?this.services.languageDetector.detect().then(r):this.services.languageDetector.detect(r):r(e):r(this.services.languageDetector.detect()),i}getFixedT(e,t,s){var i=this;const n=function(e,t){let o;if("object"!=typeof t){for(var r=arguments.length,a=new Array(r>2?r-2:0),l=2;l<r;l++)a[l-2]=arguments[l];o=i.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([e,t].concat(a))}else o={...t};o.lng=o.lng||n.lng,o.lngs=o.lngs||n.lngs,o.ns=o.ns||n.ns,""!==o.keyPrefix&&(o.keyPrefix=o.keyPrefix||s||n.keyPrefix);const c=i.options.keySeparator||".";let u;return u=o.keyPrefix&&Array.isArray(e)?e.map((e=>`${o.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`)):o.keyPrefix?`${o.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`:e,i.t(u,o)};return"string"==typeof e?n.lng=e:n.lngs=e,n.ns=t,n.keyPrefix=s,n}t(){return this.translator&&this.translator.translate(...arguments)}exists(){return this.translator&&this.translator.exists(...arguments)}setDefaultNamespace(e){this.options.defaultNS=e}hasLoadedNamespace(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(!this.isInitialized)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not initialized",this.languages),!1;if(!this.languages||!this.languages.length)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18n.languages were undefined or empty",this.languages),!1;const s=t.lng||this.resolvedLanguage||this.languages[0],i=!!this.options&&this.options.fallbackLng,n=this.languages[this.languages.length-1];if("cimode"===s.toLowerCase())return!0;const o=(e,t)=>{const s=this.services.backendConnector.state[`${e}|${t}`];return-1===s||0===s||2===s};if(t.precheck){const e=t.precheck(this,o);if(void 0!==e)return e}return!!this.hasResourceBundle(s,e)||(!(this.services.backendConnector.backend&&(!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages))||!(!o(s,e)||i&&!o(n,e)))}loadNamespaces(e,t){const s=a();return this.options.ns?("string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]),e.forEach((e=>{this.options.ns.indexOf(e)<0&&this.options.ns.push(e)})),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}loadLanguages(e,t){const s=a();"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]);const i=this.options.preload||[],n=e.filter((e=>i.indexOf(e)<0&&this.services.languageUtils.isSupportedCode(e)));return n.length?(this.options.preload=i.concat(n),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}dir(e){if(e||(e=this.resolvedLanguage||(this.languages&&this.languages.length>0?this.languages[0]:this.language)),!e)return"rtl";const t=this.services&&this.services.languageUtils||new C(H());return["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ug","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam","ckb"].indexOf(t.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))>-1||e.toLowerCase().indexOf("-arab")>1?"rtl":"ltr"}static createInstance(){return new z(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}cloneInstance(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:J;const s=e.forkResourceStore;s&&delete e.forkResourceStore;const i={...this.options,...e,isClone:!0},n=new z(i);void 0===e.debug&&void 0===e.prefix||(n.logger=n.logger.clone(e));return["store","services","language"].forEach((e=>{n[e]=this[e]})),n.services={...this.services},n.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},s&&(n.store=new O(this.store.data,i),n.services.resourceStore=n.store),n.translator=new P(n.services,i),n.translator.on("*",(function(e){for(var t=arguments.length,s=new Array(t>1?t-1:0),i=1;i<t;i++)s[i-1]=arguments[i];n.emit(e,...s)})),n.init(i,t),n.translator.options=i,n.translator.backendConnector.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},n}toJSON(){return{options:this.options,store:this.store,language:this.language,languages:this.languages,resolvedLanguage:this.resolvedLanguage}}}const q=z.createInstance();q.createInstance=z.createInstance;q.createInstance,q.dir,q.init,q.loadResources,q.reloadResources,q.use,q.changeLanguage,q.getFixedT,q.t,q.exists,q.setDefaultNamespace,q.hasLoadedNamespace,q.loadNamespaces,q.loadLanguages}},function(e){var 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