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His stormy and war-torn reign is critical for understanding the background to fundamental changes in the Balkans and the Middle East, including the emergence of Islam, at the end of antiquity. He respectievely captured and recaptured important swathes of territory, including Jerusalem and Syria and Egypt. 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The varied Mediterranean and Middle Eastern context stretches from North Africa to Syria , Armenia , and what is modern Iraq . WALTER E. KA\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PR1\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PR8","page_number":"viii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . I thank the Social Science Research Council for a 1996-1997 grant that permitted me to visit Tunisia in order to understand a region where Heraclius once lived . The National Humanities Center and its Director , W.R. Connor\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PR8\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA4","page_number":"4","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , tensions , and contradictions in his representation and the transmission of image and tradition about him . 14 Gautier d\u0026#39;Arras , Eracle , ed . Guy Raymond de Lage ( Classiques français du moyen - âge ; Paris : H. Champion\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA6","page_number":"6","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . A common theme in most accounts of Heraclius across literatures , in- cluding histories , is his error in religious judgments . He has left an imprint in Arabic , Latin , and Greek \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , as well as some in other languages\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA7","page_number":"7","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e have been subject to differing levels of analysis for many years . Here are some broader remarks about them , but for fuller remarks , see the specialized literature.18 Foremost among seventh - century Greek texts is the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA8","page_number":"8","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e as Theophanes but is not identical and lacks chronological specificity.2 Of more complexity are two very different seventh - century provincial non - Greek \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . The virtually contemporary Chronicle of John of Nikiu , which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA9","page_number":"9","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e.32 Some Arabic accounts are admittedly fabulous and can only be used for understanding later literary imagination and the fluctuating image of Heraclius in an alien culture.33 I have previously explained my position on using\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA10","page_number":"10","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e preserve some traditions of generally limited value . Even some Latin \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e as well as Theophanes draw on Syriac and Arabic traditions from the east and so often cannot be treated as completely independent \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . A history\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA12","page_number":"12","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e claims or suggests that he was a weak sovereign or person . He had great organizing abilities , and a powerful personality . He was dynamic . He was able to impress his subjects and contemporary intellectuals . He showed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA13","page_number":"13","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , at other times due to omissions of information about certain of his activities . Heraclius and his advisers left no diaries , memoirs , or personal letters . There are no archives of original documents . It is impossible to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e call him Cappadocian , but that is not irreconcilable with being Armenian ) . The question of the origins of Heraclius the Elder is im- portant . If one assumes that his origin is African or Edessene Syrian or Armenian or\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e of revenues rose enormously when Egypt was lost to the Persians and again to the Muslims . 24 Cécile Morrisson , \u0026quot; Les monnaies byzantines , \u0026quot; in Y. Solier and colleagues , \u0026quot; Les épaves de Gruissan , \u0026quot; Archaeonautica 3 ( 1981 )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA31","page_number":"31","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e may well be oriental . See M. Mango , \u0026quot; Imperial Art in the Seventh Century , \u0026quot; in New Constantines : The Rhythm of Imperial Renewal , ed . Paul Magdalino ( Aldershot : Variorum , 1994 ) 124–126 . 31 Hrabanus Maurus , PL 110\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA40","page_number":"40","snippet_text":"... . However , no primary \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e report any such action by any senate at Carthage during the administration of Heraclius the Elder . The Fig . 1. Consular solidus from the revolt of Heraclius 40 Heraclius , Emperor of Byzantium."},{"page_id":"PA42","page_number":"42","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , especially the poet George of Pisidia , would never refer to this problem or device , which involves Latin matters and concepts . Latin \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e are otherwise lacking . But there were Latin inscriptions lying all around in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA59","page_number":"59","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e are not very helpful , despite the prominent role of Sasanian armies and diplomatic decisions in that period . Muslim \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e are erroneous or misleading or too sketchy to help very much in understanding these years of Heraclius\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA76","page_number":"76","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , trace the details of the fighting near Antioch , but it resulted in a serious Byzantine defeat . In 60 Vie de Théodore de Sykéôn c . 166 ( I : 153–154 , II : 157–158 Festugière ) . 61 Vie de Théodore de Sykéôn c . 154 ( I 154\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA80","page_number":"80","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e probably exaggerate the depredations of the Persians.85 The flight of many refugees from Palestine and Syria to Egypt and espe- cially to Alexandria strained the church\u0026#39;s resources and added to the psy- chological distress of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA86","page_number":"86","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSources\u003c/b\u003e such as John of Nikiu speak of the devastation of Illyricum , and the enslavement of its inhabitants , with only Thessalonica surviving . \u0026quot; 4 Devastation is the term most commonly applied to conditions that inhabitants suffered\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA89","page_number":"89","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . Outbreak of plague in Africa may have discouraged him from returning there . External pressures increased from others who sought to exploit Heraclius \u0026#39; vulnerability , distress , and distraction . The Visigothic King Sisebut\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA96","page_number":"96","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e describe actual conditions or the state of morale within the Byzantine army at the end of 610 , or in early 611 , 612 , or 613. There is no detailed record of how Heraclius moved to try to insure the loyalty of his troops , or\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":"... Egypt lay vulnerable to major Persian offensives and occupation . He gave that external military threat his fullest attention . The \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e leave the impression that he assumed the personal 98 Heraclius , Emperor of Byzantium."},{"page_id":"PA99","page_number":"99","snippet_text":"Walter E. Kaegi. The \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e leave the impression that he assumed the personal responsibil- ity for devising and implementing an energetic military defense against the Persians , even as he pursued every possible option for a diplomatic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA100","page_number":"100","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , were the years from late 614 until the end of 621. Heraclius did not leave Constantinople on major campaigns during that time , except for short trips in the vicinity , just across the straits and in Thrace in attempts through\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA102","page_number":"102","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . His date of death is uncertain . He plays no further role in military operations . It is likely that he advised Heraclius about realities and probabilities of defending Byzantine Africa against any Persian thrust from Egypt\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e impede understanding exact topographic details and routes of operations . Shahrbaraz reached Ayrarat , then Gardman . But Heraclius decided to attempt to defeat each in detail : to defeat Sarablangas before Shahrbaraz could\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA130","page_number":"130","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e , but better than some other ones . Shāhīn\u0026#39;s remaining forces then joined with Shahrbarāz.39 The Abasgians and Lazes deserted after Heraclius withdrew . The Persians planned to assault Heraclius , but there was no combat after he\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA131","page_number":"131","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e thinks in terms of \u0026quot; Asorestan . \u0026quot; I accept the chronology of Zuckerman , “ Heraclius in 625. \u0026quot; 47 Theophanes , Chron . A.M. 6116 ( 313 De Boor ; 444 Mango ... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e simply refer to Heraclius \u0026#39; crossing the Peril and hope 131."},{"page_id":"PA132","page_number":"132","snippet_text":"Walter E. Kaegi. Heraclius.49 Byzantine \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e simply refer to Heraclius \u0026#39; crossing the Nymphios , pointedly omitting any humiliating reverse . They even exag- gerate the extent of a defeat that Byzantine General Philippikos suffered in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA134","page_number":"134","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e reports , \u0026quot; The barbarians mutually com- pacted to capture Byzantium . \u0026quot; 62 The Avars did not operate in a ... \u003cb\u003eSources\u003c/b\u003e plausibly put the number of defenders of Constantinople at 12,000 , under the command of Bonos , the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA138","page_number":"138","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e Theodore Synkellos says that the Persians withdrew.92 The failure of the siege represented a great triumph for Byzantium . To be sure , inhabitants in the Constantinopolitan suburbs had been kidnapped , slain , and wounded\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSources\u003c/b\u003e are careful about how their portrayal of Heraclius \u0026#39; absence from the siege . No one could reasonably claim that his absence involved any shirk- ing of responsibilities or fear of danger , because he was on expeditionary\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA140","page_number":"140","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , which are not ideal , they either expected to take the city quickly or not at all . When their initial efforts failed , they gave up . It proved impractical for the Persians to give them much 101 Nikephoros , Short History c\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA148","page_number":"148","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e of Theophanes reports that Khusrau sent a messenger to the Persian officer Kardarigan to kill Shahrbaraz , but Byzantine soldiers in Galatia intercepted the messenger , whose message was taken to Heraclius \u0026#39; son Heraclius\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA150","page_number":"150","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e and men Shahrbaraz , to judge from Armenian and Arabic \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e 150 Heraclius , Emperor of Byzantium."},{"page_id":"PA151","page_number":"151","snippet_text":"Walter E. Kaegi. men Shahrbaraz , to judge from Armenian and Arabic \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , 136 withdrew his from the vicinity of ... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e on the use of deception by both Byzantine and Persian authorities . It is consistent with other Muslim\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA156","page_number":"156","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e . Although they are not objective archival documents , they do contain some unique details that indicate what Heraclius and his advisers wanted his subjects to know and to believe.3 They portray Heraclius , as he no doubt wanted\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA158","page_number":"158","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e of Moses Dasxuranci is doubtful ; it is unclear how he would have had access to diplomatic correspondence , ex- cept for what might have been released to the public . This is probably an embellished literary rendering of a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA159","page_number":"159","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e asserts that Heraclius addressed his soldiers : \u0026quot; Know brothers , that no one wishes to be our allies , except for God alone and the willing Mother of Him , that he may show his power , since there is no salvation in numbers of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA162","page_number":"162","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e confuses events in 627 with Heraclius \u0026#39; campaign in the upper Tigris region in 625 , two years earlier . 24 The battle took place on a plain west of the Greater Zab that was near ( 23 or 24 kilometers distant ) \u0026quot; Nineveh\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA166","page_number":"166","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . The terrain around Karamlays is consistent with the few details of the battle of Nineveh that we have.30 Both sides used cavalry in the battle . Three fords of the Zab existed in 1873 , although their location in the seventh\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA169","page_number":"169","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e merely speaking generally and carelessly of summoning him from Byzantine territory ? 4 Heraclius shrewdly waged psychological warfare by terrifying Khusrau into taking precipitous action . Heraclius all this time probably tried\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA180","page_number":"180","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e support his thesis , which is inferential . On the frontier in 591 : Whitby , Emperor Maurice 197–202 . 92 Thomson , Rewriting Caucasian History 235-236 . 93 Agapios , Kitab al - Unvān , PO 8 : 466 . 94 Agapios , PO 8 : 465. 95\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA182","page_number":"182","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e of intelligence as well as tools for influencing or attempting to influence affairs inside Persia . He could well think that he had a handle on the dynamics of developments inside Persia . It was to the advantage , in the short\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA188","page_number":"188","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e probably had access to some court documents or official bul- letins . As Nikephoros explained , Shahrbaraz wrote a formal apology for his damages to Byzantine territory , which he claimed that he committed on orders of Khusrau II\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA201","page_number":"201","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) may be correct in asserting that for almost three years Heraclius subjugated Persia after in- vading it.26 Shahrbaraz evacuated Palestine by way of Antioch in north- ern Syria , 27 led his Persian troops who engaged\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA202","page_number":"202","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e of al - Azdi al - Baṣrī , Futūḥ al - Shām , in several towns to warn them of the impending invasion of the Muslims and urge them to armed resistance . It is more evidence for his personal intervention and involvement and as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA216","page_number":"216","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e on compulsory conversion in Africa indicate the spuriousness of the African materials and instead point to a later and Christian Palestinian provenance for stories about Heraclius \u0026#39; decree for compulsory baptism of Jews . But\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA225","page_number":"225","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e from the beginning of the 630s concerning events and conditions is unjustifiable . \u0026quot; 7 As powerful as he was and as prestigious as he was at the beginning of the 630s , when he was theoretically at his zenith , Heraclius did not\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA237","page_number":"237","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e , from Spain , reports that he gave such a warning to his brother Theodore . But official historiography and propaganda that sought to exonerate him and his dynasty for responsibility for military disasters may contaminate and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA239","page_number":"239","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e give great attention to Heraclius \u0026#39; activities and lack of activities between 634 and 636 . What he was or was not doing was regarded as critical to understanding Byzantine policies and actions . That may well have been a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA241","page_number":"241","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e that requires critical evaluation . Moreover one cannot learn from it where Heraclius was at any point ... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . Because its author envisages the Muslim conquest of Palestine in Biblical terms , the modern reader must\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA245","page_number":"245","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e are not , however , explicit about the sufferings or opinions of Armenians in either Amida or Edessa at that time . Economic dislocations probably took place as well as political 32 Michael the Syrian , Chron . 11.7 ( II : 424\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA247","page_number":"247","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e really refer to Heraclius himself , or merely in some generic fashion to Byzantine armies , personalizing them under the name of Heraclius , but the best judgment is that Heraclius and his entourage did evacuate Syria by way of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA249","page_number":"249","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSource\u003c/b\u003e - Critical Study in the Historiography of the Early Medieval Near East , \u0026quot; in Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East , ed . Averil Cameron , L. Conrad , I : 332–341 . For a reconstruction of a hypothesized \u0026quot; Syriac Common \u003cb\u003eSource\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA251","page_number":"251","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e do not explain these motives , which simply emerge from any reflection on the actual military sit- uation in the 630s and the immediately preceding military historical events that would have formed the frame of reference for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA255","page_number":"255","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSources\u003c/b\u003e , probably deriving from those transmitted by Theophilos of Edessa , report that Heraclius became furious at ... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ( e.g. Osrhoene and Mesopotamia , and epitropos ) argues for the authenticity of this account even\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA258","page_number":"258","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e ( and even later Muslim ones ) do not ascribe the outcome to them . If anything , the public representations of Heraclius emphasize his generosity , and his renewal and reconstruction of physical damages . These are unsurprising\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA261","page_number":"261","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e hostile to Monotheletism or a \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e that emerged after the fall of the Heraclian dynasty , possibly even the mysterious late seventh - century Trajan , who is mentioned as a chronicler by Photios . There probably had been\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA263","page_number":"263","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , relying on different traditions , transmit . Probably some reacted , looking through the lens of respective ecclesiastical points of view , seeking to interpret this as a vindication of their own Christologies . What Heraclius\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA282","page_number":"282","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e , or tradent , is Ibn Lahi\u0026#39;a.45 He , like John of Nikiu , Nikephoros , Theophanes , 43 W.E. Kaegi , “ Egypt ... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e : Beihammer , Quellenkritische Untersuchungen . 44 Ibn \u0026#39; Abd al - Hakam , Futūḥ Misr 76 Torrey . 45 Raif\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA284","page_number":"284","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e of revenues and a region with multiple ties with the reigning dynasty . Heraclius \u0026#39; relationships with Egyptian elites , such as members of the Apion family or comparable ones , are unknown.52 \u003cb\u003eSources\u003c/b\u003e such as Agapios probably\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA289","page_number":"289","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e , explained : \u0026quot; it grew to such an extent that when he was about to urinate , he would place a board against his abdomen : ( otherwise ) his private parts turned round and discharged the urine in his face . \u0026quot; 69 Critics saw this\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA290","page_number":"290","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e , who is hostile to Heraclius , to describe him in this fashion , and the report therefore may need ... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e are silent . In the final year of his life he suffered another disappointment : the empire\u0026#39;s last foothold\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA294","page_number":"294","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e that purport to reflect provincial opinion . The controversy concerning Heraclius \u0026#39; uncanonical marriage with Martina and the poor state of health of Heraclius Constantine were both divisive elements that undermined morale among\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA309","page_number":"309","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e transmit traditions about that struggle as one of craft , cunning , and deception . Heraclius was at the height of his powers mentally when he triumphed . However , even he could not adequately adjust to the sudden acceleration\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA310","page_number":"310","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e that survive , for the wealth of churches and cult sites . That wealth existed and was measured in terms of ornamentation in silver , other precious metals , and precious stones . Heraclius accepted and encouraged the prevailing\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA317","page_number":"317","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . \u003cb\u003eSources\u003c/b\u003e personalize details about him . A few inferences may be possible from anecdotes , but they are risky to draw . Intimate details of his relationships with his children are unavailable . Likewise we cannot know how\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA318","page_number":"318","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e may exaggerate Heraclius \u0026#39; central- ity to seventh - century events and developments . However , there are cases in which his name and influence are surprisingly absent . The Miracles of St. Demetrios , for example , which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA327","page_number":"327","snippet_text":"... and her sons Heraklonas and David are deposed and mutilated soon thereafter Byzantine treaty surrenders Egypt to Muslims Select bibliography PRIMARY \u003cb\u003eSOURCES\u003c/b\u003e : GREEK ANONYMOUS WORKS Chronicon Paschale Chronological table 327."},{"page_id":"PA328","page_number":"328","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSources\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; below . ) Synaxarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae , ed . H. Delehaye . Brussels : Société des Bollandistes , 1902 , repr . 1964 . Three Byzantine Military Treatises , ed . , trans . G.T. Dennis . Washington : Dumbar- ton\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA328\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA331","page_number":"331","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSOURCES\u003c/b\u003e : LATIN ANONYMOUS WORKS Auctarii Havniensis Extrema = Continuatio Havniensis Prosperi , ed . T. Mommsen . MGH AA 9. Berlin : Weidmann , 1892 , repr . 1961. Pp . 337–339 . Corpus Juris Civilis , ed . T. Mommsen , P. Krueger , R\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA331\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA332","page_number":"332","snippet_text":"Walter E. Kaegi. PRIMARY \u003cb\u003eSOURCES\u003c/b\u003e : ARABIC Agapios . Kitab al - Unvän , ed . A.A. Vasiliev . PO 5.4 ( 1910 ) 557-692 ; 7.4 ( 1911 ) 457- 591 ; 8.3 ( 1912 ) 399–547 . Al - A\u0026#39;sha . Gedichte von Abû Bashir Maimûn ibn Qais al - \u0026#39; A\u0026#39;shâ , ed\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA332\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA333","page_number":"333","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eSOURCES\u003c/b\u003e : OTHER NON - ARABIC EASTERN \u003cb\u003eSOURCES\u003c/b\u003e ANONYMOUS WORKS Chronicon ad annum Christi 1234 pertinens , ed . , trans . J.B. Chabot . CSCO , SS 14 . Louvain , 1937 . OTHER WORKS Ananias of Shirak . The Geography of Ananias of Shirak\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA333\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA334","page_number":"334","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , above . ) Sebeos . The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos , trans . , annot . R.W. Thomson , hist . comment . James Howard - Johnston . Translated Texts for Historians , 31 . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press , 1999\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA334\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA335","page_number":"335","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e . CSCO , 450. Subsidia , 69 . Louvain : E. Peeters , 1983 . - “ Mamila ou Maqella ? La prise de Jérusalem et ses conséquences ( 614 A.D. ) selon la recension alexandrine des Annales d\u0026#39;Eutychès , \u0026quot; Oriens Christianus 65 ( 1981 )\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA335\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA346","page_number":"346","snippet_text":"... ( \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) 180 , 184 , 248 , 283 , 284 Agathias ( historian ) 162 Agilulf , king of Lombards 93 Ajnadayn , battle ... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e 8-9 , 59 depiction of Heraclius 151 , 152 , 319 on Heraclius \u0026#39; withdrawal from Syria 248-9 on Muslim threat\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA346\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA349","page_number":"349","snippet_text":"... ( \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) 37 , 55 , 56 , 217 , 314 rise of Islam 229-30 Domentiolos ( Domnitziolos ) , magister officiorum 48-9 , 50 ... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e IO Epiphania , wife of Heraclius the Elder ( mother ) 21 , 36 , 49 Epiphania / Eudokia ( daughter of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA349\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA350","page_number":"350","snippet_text":"... ( \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) 8 , 185 , 231 , 243 Evagrios Scholastikos 37 Evangelides , Tryphon 2 exarchate , Africa 25 , 33 Ezr , Armenian Catholicos 214–15 Fabia / Eudokia , wife of Heraclius 35 , 36-7 , 49 , 51 death 61-2 , 300 , 313 Fahl / Pella\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA350\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA352","page_number":"352","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e 7-10 Hit , Mesopotamia 219 , 258 Hodgkin , Thomas 1-2 Honorius I , Pope 154-5 , 196 , 217 , 263-4 , 269 , 293 Hormisdas , ? king of Persia 185 Horosan 127 horoscopes 140 , 182 retrospective 182-3 Hrabanus Maurus ( \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) 31\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA352\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA353","page_number":"353","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e 10 , 31 Layth b . Sa\u0026#39;d ( \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) 287 Lazica ( Abkhazia ) 142 Lazes as allies 129 , 130 Lebanon 86 Lemerle , P. 11 , 15 , 16 Leo Grammatikos ( \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) 31 Leo IV , emperor 320 Leon , deacon of Alexandria 271 Leontios of Neapolis (\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA353\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA354","page_number":"354","snippet_text":"... ( \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) 180 , 217 Midianites 81 , 219 Mihram , king of Georgia 180 mints , imperial 86 , 87 , 103 , 225 miracles , belief in 293 Miracles of St. Artemios 186–7 Miracles of St. Demetrios 318 Modestos , Patriarch of Jerusalem 81 , 205\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA354\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA356","page_number":"356","snippet_text":"... ( \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) 247 Scipio Africanus 29-30 seals Jabala b . al - Ayham 9 see also sigillography Sebasteia 132 Sebeos , History ( \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) 8 , 46 , 240-1 , 262 , 314 battle of Nineveh 162 on embassy to Khusrau 85 Heraclius \u0026#39; will 292 King Siroy\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA356\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA357","page_number":"357","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e 10 signs and portents 6–7 , 17 , 293 apparitions 104-5 comets 228 , 293 dreams 124 , 260 see also ... \u003cb\u003esources\u003c/b\u003e , primary 7-10 , 59 Arabic 8-9 , 59 Latin 10 , 31 Spain 89 , 141 , 226 , 259 Stein , Sir Aurel 163 Stein\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA357\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA358","page_number":"358","snippet_text":"... ( \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) 7 siege of Constantinople 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 Theodore , treasurer of Egypt 44 Theodore Trithyrios , sakellarios 237 , 240 , 242 , 275 , 303 Theodosiopolis ( Erzurum ) 75 , 127 , 141 captured by Persians 67 , 68\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA358\u0026vq=sources"},{"page_id":"PA359","page_number":"359","snippet_text":"... ( \u003cb\u003esource\u003c/b\u003e ) 287 Yanarsu River ( Garzan Su , Nikephorion ) 131 , 132 Ya\u0026#39;quṣa 243 Yaqut , Arab geographer 131 Yarmuk ( Jābiya - Yarmuk ) , battle of 240 , 241-3 , 277 Heraclius \u0026#39; policy after 277-81 , 297 Yazdin ( Yasdin / lesdem ) , Persian\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC\u0026pg=PA359\u0026vq=sources"}],"search_query_escaped":"sources"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>