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data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerosol_spray&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosol spray">Aerosol spray</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the high-temperature explosive weapon also known as an aerosol bomb, see <a href="/wiki/Thermobaric_weapon" title="Thermobaric weapon">Thermobaric weapon</a>.</div> <p><b>Aerosol spray</b> is a type of dispensing system which creates an <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> mist of liquid particles. It comprises a can or bottle that contains a payload, and a propellant under pressure. When the container's valve is opened, the payload is forced out of a small opening and emerges as an aerosol or mist. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerosol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aerosol.png/300px-Aerosol.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aerosol.png/450px-Aerosol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Aerosol.png/600px-Aerosol.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></a><figcaption>Aerosol spray can</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Aerosol_propellants"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Aerosol propellants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Packaging"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Packaging</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Non-propellant_packaging_alternatives"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Non-propellant packaging alternatives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Safety_concerns"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Safety concerns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerosol_spray_dispenser&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerosol_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aerosol_1943.jpg/220px-Aerosol_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="2700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 321px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aerosol_1943.jpg/220px-Aerosol_1943.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="321" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aerosol_1943.jpg/330px-Aerosol_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Aerosol_1943.jpg/440px-Aerosol_1943.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The aerosol spray canister invented by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> researchers, <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Goodhue" title="Lyle Goodhue">Lyle Goodhue</a> and William Sullivan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The concepts of aerosol probably go as far back as 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first aerosol spray can patent was granted in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> in 1927 to <a href="/wiki/Erik_Rotheim" title="Erik Rotheim">Erik Rotheim</a>, a Norwegian chemical engineer,<sup id="cite_ref-Bellis_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a United States patent was granted for the invention in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patent rights were sold to a United States company for 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian kroner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norwegian Postal Service, <a href="/wiki/Posten_Norge" class="mw-redirect" title="Posten Norge">Posten Norge</a>, celebrated the invention by issuing a stamp in 1998. </p><p>In 1939, American Julian S. Kahn received a patent for a disposable spray can,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the product remained largely undeveloped. Kahn's idea was to mix cream and a propellant from two sources to make whipped cream at home—not a true aerosol in that sense. Moreover, in 1949, he disclaimed his first four claims, which were the foundation of his following patent claims. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Aerosol_bomb"></span>It was not until 1941 that the aerosol spray can was first put to effective use by Americans <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Goodhue" title="Lyle Goodhue">Lyle Goodhue</a> and William Sullivan of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Bureau_of_Entomology_and_Plant_Quarantine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (page does not exist)">United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine</a>, who are credited as the inventors of the modern spray can.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGrath_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their design of a refillable spray can, dubbed the <b>aerosol bomb</b> or <b>bug bomb</b>, is the ancestor of many commercial spray products. It was a hand-sized steel can charged with a liquefied gas under 75 pounds of pressure and a product to be expelled as a mist or a foam.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A public-service patent was issued on the invention and assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> for the free use of the people of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressurized by liquefied gas, which gave it propellant qualities, the small, portable can enabled soldiers to defend themselves against <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>-carrying <a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">mosquitoes</a> by spraying inside <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tents</a> and airplanes in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goodhue and Sullivan received the first Erik Rotheim Gold Medal from the Federation of European Aerosol Associations on August 28, 1970, in Oslo, Norway in recognition of their early patents and subsequent pioneering work with aerosol sprays. </p><p>In 1948, three companies were granted licenses by the United States government to manufacture aerosol sprays. Two of the three companies, Chase Products Company and Claire Manufacturing, continue to manufacture aerosol sprays. The "crimp-on valve", used to control the spray in low-pressure aerosol sprays was developed in 1949 by <a href="/wiki/Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx">Bronx</a> machine shop proprietor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Abplanalp" title="Robert Abplanalp">Robert H. Abplanalp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrath_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, Drs. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Frank Sherwood Rowland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario J. Molina">Mario J. Molina</a> proposed that <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a>, used as propellants in aerosol sprays, contributed to the depletion of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this theory, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> passed amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> in 1977 authorizing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> to regulate the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> called for ozone layer research that same year, and, in 1981, authorized a global framework convention on ozone layer protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Farman" title="Joe Farman">Joe Farman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_G._Gardiner_(meteorologist)" title="Brian G. Gardiner (meteorologist)">Brian G. Gardiner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Shanklin" title="Jon Shanklin">Jon Shanklin</a> published the first scientific paper detailing the hole in the ozone layer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_the_Ozone_Layer" title="Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer">Vienna Convention</a> was signed in response to the UN's authorization. Two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a>, which regulated the production of CFCs was formally signed. It came into effect in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. formally phased out CFCs in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Aerosol_propellants">Aerosol propellants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerosol_spray_dispenser&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aerosol propellants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Propellant#Compressed_fluid_propellants" title="Propellant">Propellant § Compressed_fluid_propellants</a></div> <p>If aerosol cans were simply filled with <a href="/wiki/Compressed_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Compressed gas">compressed gas</a>, it would either need to be at a dangerously high pressure and require special <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessel</a> design (like in <a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">gas cylinders</a>), or the amount of payload in the can would be small, and rapidly deplete. Usually, the gas is the <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a> of a liquid with <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> slightly lower than <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>. This means that inside the pressurized can, the vapor can exist in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">equilibrium</a> with its bulk liquid at a pressure that is higher than <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> (and able to expel the payload), but not dangerously high. As gas escapes, it is immediately replaced by evaporating liquid. Since the propellant exists in liquid form in the can, it should be <a href="/wiki/Miscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscible">miscible</a> with the payload or dissolved in the payload. In <a href="/wiki/Gas_duster" title="Gas duster">gas dusters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freeze_spray" title="Freeze spray">freeze sprays</a>, the payload itself acts as the propellant. The propellant in a gas duster can is not "compressed air" as sometimes assumed, but usually a <a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">haloalkane</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs) were once often used as propellants,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but since the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> came into force in 1989, they have been replaced in nearly every country due to the negative effects CFCs have on Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>. The most common replacements of CFCs are mixtures of volatile <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, typically <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, n-<a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">isobutane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a> (DME) and <a href="/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl ethyl ether">methyl ethyl ether</a> are also used. All these have the disadvantage of being <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> are also used as propellants to deliver foodstuffs (for example, <a href="/wiki/Whipped_cream" title="Whipped cream">whipped cream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooking_spray" title="Cooking spray">cooking spray</a>). Medicinal aerosols such as <a href="/wiki/Asthma_inhaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthma inhaler">asthma inhalers</a> use <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoroalkanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofluoroalkanes">hydrofluoroalkanes</a> (HFA): either <a href="/wiki/HFA_134a" class="mw-redirect" title="HFA 134a">HFA 134a</a> (1,1,1,2,-tetrafluoroethane) or <a href="/wiki/HFA_227" class="mw-redirect" title="HFA 227">HFA 227</a> (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane) or combinations of the two. More recently, liquid <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoroolefin" title="Hydrofluoroolefin">hydrofluoroolefin</a> (HFO) propellants have become more widely adopted in aerosol systems due to their relatively low vapor pressure, low <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> (GWP), and nonflammability.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manual pump sprays can be used as an alternative to a stored propellant. </p><p>Liquid aerosol propellant filling machines require additional precautions, such as being mounted externally to the production warehouse in a gas house. Liquid aerosol propellant machines are typically constructed to comply with ATEX Zone II/2G regulations (classification Zone 1).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Packaging">Packaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerosol_spray_dispenser&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Packaging" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerosol_tops_6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aerosol_tops_6.svg/223px-Aerosol_tops_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="223" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="738"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 223px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aerosol_tops_6.svg/223px-Aerosol_tops_6.svg.png" data-width="223" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aerosol_tops_6.svg/335px-Aerosol_tops_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aerosol_tops_6.svg/446px-Aerosol_tops_6.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A typical paint valve system will have a "<a href="/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners" title="Gender of connectors and fasteners">female</a>" valve, the stem being part of the top actuator. The valve can be preassembled with the valve cup and installed on the can as one piece, prior to pressure-filling. The actuator is added later.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern aerosol spray products have three major parts: the can, the valve and the actuator or button. The can is most commonly lacquered <a href="/wiki/Tinplate" title="Tinplate">tinplate</a> (steel with a layer of tin) and may be made of two or three pieces of metal <a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">crimped</a> together. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium can">Aluminium cans</a> are also common and are generally used for products that are more expensive or intended to have a more premium appearance, such as personal care products. The valve is crimped to the inside rim of the can, and the design of this component is important in determining the spray rate. The actuator is depressed by the user to open the valve; a spring closes the valve again when it is released. The shape and size of the nozzle in the actuator controls the aerosolized particle size and the spread of the aerosol spray.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Non-propellant_packaging_alternatives">Non-propellant packaging alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerosol_spray_dispenser&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-propellant packaging alternatives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spray_bottle" title="Spray bottle">Spray bottle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squeeze_bottle" title="Squeeze bottle">Squeeze bottle</a></div> <p>True aerosol sprays release their propellant during use.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some non-propellant alternatives include various spray bottles, squeeze bottles, and Bag on Valve (BoV) or Bag in Can (BiC) compressed gas aerosol systems. </p><p>Packaging that uses a piston barrier system by <a href="/wiki/CCL_Industries" title="CCL Industries">CCL Industries</a> or EarthSafe by <a href="/wiki/Crown_Holdings" title="Crown Holdings">Crown Holdings</a> is often selected for highly <a href="/wiki/Viscous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscous">viscous</a> products such as post-foaming <a href="/wiki/Hair_gel" title="Hair gel">hair gels</a>, thick <a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">creams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">lotions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spread_(food)" title="Spread (food)">food spreads</a> and industrial products and <a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">sealants</a>. The main benefit of this system is that it eliminates gas permeation and assures separation of the product from the propellant, maintaining the purity and integrity of the formulation throughout its consumer lifespan. The piston barrier system also provides a consistent flow rate with minimal product retention. </p><p>Another type of dispensing system is the bag-in-can (or BOV, bag-on-valve technology) system where the product is separated from the pressurizing agent with a hermetically sealed, multi-layered laminated pouch, which maintains complete formulation integrity so only pure product is dispensed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among its many benefits, the bag-in-can system extends a product's shelf life, is suitable for all-attitude, (360-degree) dispensing, quiet and non-chilling discharge. One key performance difference relative to true aerosol systems is that traditional BoV dispensing pressures, BoVs pressurized solely by pressurized gas) drops as the product is dispensed. This bag-in-can system is used in the packaging of pharmaceutical, industrial, household, pet care and other products that require complete separation between the product and the propellant or require near complete evacuation of thin to viscous formulations. </p><p>A later development is the 2K (two component) aerosol spray, with a main component stored in a main chamber, and a second component stored in an accessory container. When an applicator activates the 2K aerosol by breaking the accessory container, the two components mix. The 2K aerosol can is advantageous for delivery of reactive mixtures; for example, a 2K reactive mixture can use low <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligomer" title="Oligomer">oligomer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functionalized</a> low molecular <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> to make a final <a href="/wiki/Cross-linked" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-linked">cross-linked</a> high molecular weight polymer. A 2K aerosol can increase solid contents and deliver high-performance polymer products, such as <a href="/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)" title="Curing (chemistry)">curable</a> <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Safety_concerns">Safety concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerosol_spray_dispenser&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Safety concerns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canned-air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Canned-air.jpg/220px-Canned-air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1662"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Canned-air.jpg/220px-Canned-air.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Canned-air.jpg/330px-Canned-air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Canned-air.jpg/440px-Canned-air.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canned_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Canned air">Canned air</a> / dusters do <i><b>not</b></i> contain air, and are dangerous, even deadly, to inhale.<sup id="cite_ref-Snopes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snopes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Aerosol cans have three main areas of health concern: </p> <ul><li>Contents may be deliberately <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhaled</a> to achieve <a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">intoxication</a> from the propellant (known as <a href="/wiki/Inhalant_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalant abuse">inhalant abuse</a> or "huffing"). Calling them "canned air" or "cans of compressed air" could mislead the ignorant to think they are harmless; in fact, such misuse has caused deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Snopes_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snopes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_burn" title="Aerosol burn">Aerosol burn</a> injuries can be caused by the spraying of aerosol directly onto the skin, in a practice sometimes called "frosting".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The propellants in aerosol cans are typically combinations of ignitable gases and have been known to cause fires and explosions.<sup id="cite_ref-uvm_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uvm-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, non-flammable compressed gases such as nitrogen and nitrous oxide have been widely adopted into a number of aerosol systems such as air fresheners and aerosolized whipped cream, as have non-flammable liquid propellants.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In later 2021 and through 2022, a large number of consumer aerosols were recalled due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> in their finished products.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the recall was far reaching, Benzene is considered a trace contaminant in some but not all hydrocarbon propellants. Though rigorous testing at both the propellant manufacturer and the aerosol filling site, unsuitable aerosol propellants can be detected and destroyed prior to use in any finished products.</li></ul> <p>In the United States, non-empty aerosol cans are considered <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-uvm_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uvm-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are still considered "recyclable when empty" in US curbside recycling programs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aerosol products in the European Union must comply with health and safety regulations as set out in Directive 75/324/EEC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which established the "<b>reversed epsilon</b>" mark.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marking is required for aerosol products over 50ml.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same marking is also used in the United Kingdom, although the <a href="/wiki/UKCA_marking" title="UKCA marking">UKCA marking</a> is planned to replace it in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerosol_spray_dispenser&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosol paint">Aerosol paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrican" title="Fabrican">Fabrican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silly_String" title="Silly String">Silly String</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_nozzle" title="Spray nozzle">Spray nozzle</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerosol_spray_dispenser&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+025C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ɜ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Aerosol_spray_dispenser&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bellis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellis_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellis_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellis, Mary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120526093628/http://inventors.about.com/od/astartinventions/a/aerosol.htm">The History of Aerosol Spray Cans</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norwegian Patent No. 46613, issued on November 23, 1926</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1800156">U.S. patent 1,800,156</a></span> — Method and Means for the Atomizing or Distribution of Liquid or Semiliquid Materials, issued April 7, 1931</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKvilesjø2003" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kvilesjø, Svend Ole (17 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080630015251/http://www.aftenposten.no/viten/article492297.ece">"Sprayboksens far er norsk"</a>. <i>Aftenposten</i> (in Norwegian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/viten/article492297.ece">the original</a> on 30 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Sprayboksens+far+er+norsk&rft.date=2003-02-17&rft.aulast=Kvilesj%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Svend+Ole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fviten%2Farticle492297.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerosol+spray+dispenser" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="no" class="poem"> <p>Sprayboksens far er norsk;Erik Rotheim fant opp aerosolflasken, sprayboksen, på 1920-tallet. I 1927 tok han patent på oppfinnelsen. [...] og patentet ble etterhvert solgt til et amerikansk selskap for 100 000 kroner. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>The Father of the Spraybox is Norwegian;Erik Rotheim invented the aerosol bottle, the spray box, in the 1920s. In 1927, he patented the invention. [...] the patent was eventually sold to a US company for NOK 100,000. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2170531">U.S. patent 2,170,531</a></span> — Appratus for Mixing a Liquid With a Gas, granted August 22, 1939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlisle, Rodney (2004). <i>Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries</i>, p.402. John Wiley & Songs, Inc., New Jersey. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-24410-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-24410-4">0-471-24410-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2331117">U.S. patent 2,331,117</a></span>, filed October 3, 1941, and granted October 5, 1943. Patent No. 2,331,117 (Serial No. 413,474) for an aerosol "dispensing apparatus", filed by Lyle D. Goodhue and William N. Sullivan (including dispenser drawing)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimberley_A._McGrathBridget_E._Travers1999" class="citation book cs1">Kimberley A. McGrath; Bridget E. Travers, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/research/aerosol-spray-woi/"><i>World of Invention "Summary"</i></a>. Detroit: Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-2759-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-2759-3"><bdi>0-7876-2759-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+Invention+%22Summary%22&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7876-2759-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fresearch%2Faerosol-spray-woi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerosol+spray+dispenser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article “Aerosol Bomb”, by The Golden Home and High School Encyclopedia, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Press">Golden Press</a>, New York, 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article "Aerosols and Insects", by W.N. Sullivan, "The Yearbook of Agriculture - Insects", United States Department of Agriculture, 1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoreBlissFlores2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Core, Jim; Bliss, Rosalie Marion; Flores, Alfredo (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120715000441/http://ars.usda.gov/is/ar/archive/sep05/vector0905.htm?pf=1">"ARS Partners With Defense Department To Protect Troops From Insect Vectors"</a>. <i>Agricultural Research Magazine</i>. Vol. 53, no. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ars.usda.gov/is/ar/archive/sep05/vector0905.htm?pf=1">the original</a> on 15 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+Research+Magazine&rft.atitle=ARS+Partners+With+Defense+Department+To+Protect+Troops+From+Insect+Vectors&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2005-09&rft.aulast=Core&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Bliss%2C+Rosalie+Marion&rft.au=Flores%2C+Alfredo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fars.usda.gov%2Fis%2Far%2Farchive%2Fsep05%2Fvector0905.htm%3Fpf%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerosol+spray+dispenser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2631814">U.S. patent 2,631,814</a></span> — Valve Mechanism for Dispensing Gases and Liquids Under Pressure; application September 28, 1949, issued March 17, 1953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715074957/http://www.aerosolproducts.org/environment/chloroflurocarbons-cfc-history/">"Chloroflurocarbons CFCs History"</a>. Consumer Aerosol Products Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerosolproducts.org/environment/chloroflurocarbons-cfc-history/">the original</a> on 2015-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chloroflurocarbons+CFCs+History&rft.pub=Consumer+Aerosol+Products+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerosolproducts.org%2Fenvironment%2Fchloroflurocarbons-cfc-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerosol+spray+dispenser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 (91 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-91-685">685</a>, p. 726)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2009" class="citation web cs1">Weiss, Edith Brown (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/vcpol/vcpol_e.pdf">"The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</i>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Audiovisual+Library+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Vienna+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+the+Ozone+Layer+and+the+Montreal+Protocol+on+Substances+That+Deplete+the+Ozone+Layer&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Edith+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegal.un.org%2Favl%2Fpdf%2Fha%2Fvcpol%2Fvcpol_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerosol+spray+dispenser" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2013" class="citation web cs1">Nash, Eric R. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="بخاخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بخاخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprai" title="Esprai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esprai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosolov%C3%BD_rozpra%C5%A1ova%C4%8D" title="Aerosolový rozprašovač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aerosolový rozprašovač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprayd%C3%A5se" title="Spraydåse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spraydåse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%BChdose" title="Sprühdose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprühdose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulverizador" title="Pulverizador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pulverizador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprajilo" title="Sprajilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sprajilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol_(ontzia)" title="Aerosol (ontzia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aerosol (ontzia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قوطی اسپری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قوطی اسپری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rateur_d%27a%C3%A9rosols" title="Générateur d'aérosols – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Générateur d'aérosols" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_(%EB%B6%84%EC%82%AC%EA%B8%B0)" title="스프레이 (분사기) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스프레이 (분사기)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomboletta_spray" title="Bomboletta spray – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bomboletta spray" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1" title="תרסיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרסיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semprot_aerosol" title="Semprot aerosol – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Semprot aerosol" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray" title="Spray – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spray" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semburan_aerosol" title="Semburan aerosol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Semburan aerosol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spuitbus" title="Spuitbus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spuitbus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC" title="スプレー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スプレー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprayboks" title="Sprayboks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sprayboks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray" title="Spray – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spray" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray" title="Spray – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Spray" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Аэрозольный баллон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аэрозольный баллон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol_spray" title="Aerosol spray – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aerosol spray" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Аеросол-боца – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аеросол-боца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suihkepullo" title="Suihkepullo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suihkepullo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprejburk" title="Sprejburk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sprejburk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="สเปรย์ละอองลอย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สเปรย์ละอองลอย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol_sprey" title="Aerosol sprey – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aerosol sprey" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Аерозольний диспенсер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аерозольний диспенсер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%92" title="ایروسول اسپرے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایروسول اسپرے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasirit_erosol" title="Pasirit erosol – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pasirit erosol" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%99%B4%E9%9C%A7%E6%A8%BD" title="噴霧樽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="噴霧樽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%BA%B6%E8%86%A0%E5%99%B4%E9%9C%A7" title="氣溶膠噴霧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氣溶膠噴霧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 September 2024, at 21:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> 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