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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoning_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Zoning laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoning_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_resistance_(NIMBYism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_resistance_(NIMBYism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Community resistance (NIMBYism) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_resistance_(NIMBYism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NIMBYism_and_the_unhoused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NIMBYism_and_the_unhoused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 NIMBYism and the unhoused </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NIMBYism_and_the_unhoused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Environmental laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Tax structures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_land_cost_and_low_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_land_cost_and_low_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 High land cost and low density </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_land_cost_and_low_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Coastal Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Construction costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurance_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurance_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Insurance costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurance_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affordability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affordability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Affordability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affordability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Displacement_and_environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displacement_and_environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Displacement and environmental impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displacement_and_environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homelessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homelessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Homelessness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homelessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantifying_the_shortage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantifying_the_shortage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Quantifying the shortage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quantifying_the_shortage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Quantifying the shortage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Quantifying_the_shortage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estimated_under-supply_of_housing_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimated_under-supply_of_housing_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Estimated under-supply of housing units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimated_under-supply_of_housing_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increase_in_housing_production_needed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increase_in_housing_production_needed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Increase in housing production needed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increase_in_housing_production_needed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratio_of_residents_and_jobs_to_housing_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratio_of_residents_and_jobs_to_housing_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ratio of residents and jobs to housing units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratio_of_residents_and_jobs_to_housing_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permitting_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permitting_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Permitting rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permitting_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Responses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Responses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Federal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2016_Legislative_session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_Legislative_session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 2016 Legislative session </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_Legislative_session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_Legislative_session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_Legislative_session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 2017 Legislative session </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_Legislative_session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senate_Bill_35" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_Bill_35"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2.1 Senate Bill 35 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_Bill_35-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_Legislative_session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_Legislative_session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 2018 Legislative session </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_Legislative_session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senate_Bills_827_and_50" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_Bills_827_and_50"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3.1 Senate Bills 827 and 50 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_Bills_827_and_50-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_Legislative_session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_Legislative_session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 2021 Legislative session </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_Legislative_session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Legislative_session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Legislative_session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 2022 Legislative session </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Legislative_session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AB_2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AB_2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5.1 AB 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AB_2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SB_6_and_AB_2097" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SB_6_and_AB_2097"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5.2 SB 6 and AB 2097 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SB_6_and_AB_2097-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SB_897_and_AB_2221" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SB_897_and_AB_2221"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5.3 SB 897 and AB 2221 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SB_897_and_AB_2221-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Legislative_Session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Legislative_Session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 2023 Legislative Session </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Legislative_Session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SB_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SB_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6.1 SB 4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SB_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SB_423" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SB_423"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6.2 SB 423 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SB_423-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SB_555" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SB_555"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6.3 SB 555 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SB_555-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SB_684" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SB_684"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6.4 SB 684 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SB_684-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AB_1033" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AB_1033"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6.5 AB 1033 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AB_1033-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_Legislative_Session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_Legislative_Session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7 2024 Legislative Session </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_Legislative_Session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-County_and_municipal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_and_municipal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 County and municipal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_and_municipal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sacramento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacramento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Sacramento </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacramento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_of_Los_Angeles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_of_Los_Angeles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 City of Los Angeles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_of_Los_Angeles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Francisco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Francisco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 San Francisco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Francisco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silicon_Valley_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silicon_Valley_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Silicon Valley reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silicon_Valley_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parking_mandates_repeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parking_mandates_repeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Parking mandates repeal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parking_mandates_repeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Other efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_crisis&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="California housing crisis">California housing crisis</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extended and increasing shortage since 1970</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeless_encampment_in_Oakland_near_I-980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Homeless_encampment_in_Oakland_near_I-980.jpg/220px-Homeless_encampment_in_Oakland_near_I-980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Homeless_encampment_in_Oakland_near_I-980.jpg/330px-Homeless_encampment_in_Oakland_near_I-980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Homeless_encampment_in_Oakland_near_I-980.jpg/440px-Homeless_encampment_in_Oakland_near_I-980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tent_city" title="Tent city">tent city</a>, a form of improvised housing, in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a></figcaption></figure> Since about 1970, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> has been experiencing an extended and increasing <a href="/wiki/Housing_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing shortage">housing shortage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 3
Quotation: "Housing in California has long been more expensive than most of the rest of the country. Beginning in about 1970, however the gap between California's home prices and those in the rest country started to widen. Between 1970 and 1980, California home prices went from 30 percent above U.S. levels to more than 80 percent higher. This trend has continued. ... Yet not enough housing exists in the state's major coastal communities to accommodate all of the households that want to live there."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">3  such that by 2018, California ranked 49th among the <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the United States">states of the U.S.</a> in terms of housing units per resident.<a href="#cite_note-VOX_sb827-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "California is in the midst of crippling housing crisis. The state's population has steadily grown, but it hasn't been building new places for people to live at anything close to the same rate. It now ranks 49th in housing units per capita."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-McKinsey_CA_housing_gap-3">[3]</a> This shortage has been estimated to be 3-4 million housing units (20-30% of California's housing stock, 14 million<a href="#cite_note-US-Census-Housing_Units_2017-4">[4]</a>) as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As of 2018, experts said that California needs to double its current rate of housing production (85,000 units per year) to keep up with expected population growth and prevent prices from further increasing, and needs to quadruple the current rate of housing production over the next seven years in order for prices and rents to decline.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The imbalance between <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> resulted from strong <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> creating hundreds of thousands of new jobs (which increases demand for housing) and the intentional, <a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a>-caused illegality of new housing units to meet demand. From 2012 to 2017 statewide, for every five new residents, one new housing unit was constructed. In California's coastal urban areas, (where the majority of job growth has occurred since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>), the disparity is greater: in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Area">Bay Area</a>, seven times as many jobs were created as housing units. By 2017, this resulted in the median price of a California home being over 2.5 times the median U.S. price. As a result, less than a third of Californians can afford a median priced home (nationally, slightly more than half can), 6 percentage points more residents are in poverty than would be with average housing costs (20% vs. 14%), <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a> per capita is the third highest in the nation, the state's economy is suppressed by $150–400 billion annually (5-14%), and long <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commutes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Several factors have together caused constraints on the construction of new housing (see 'California studies' under <a href="/wiki/Growth_management" title="Growth management">Growth management</a>): density restrictions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Single-family_zoning" title="Single-family zoning">single-family zoning</a>) and high land cost conspire to keep land and housing prices high; community involvement in the permitting process allows current residents who oppose new construction (often referred to as <a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBYs</a>) to lobby their city council to deny new development; <a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act" title="California Environmental Quality Act">environmental laws</a> are often abused by local residents and others to block or gain concessions from new development (making it more costly or too expensive to be profitable); and construction costs are greater because of high impact fees and required use of union labor.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The discretionary and burdensome regulatory framework for housing construction in California has created a fertile environment for <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>, as local politicians take bribes and favors to help actors navigate the regulations.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/California_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="California legislature">California legislature</a> has passed several bills: some reduced the fees and bureaucracy involved in creating <a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">ADUs</a>, while others have added fees to real-estate document recording to finance low-income housing; yet even the most optimistic projections find that relative to the scope of the problem, these will have minimal effect. In addition, <a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_50_(2019)" title="California Senate Bill 50 (2019)">proposed bills</a> that would have legalized higher density development close to public transit failed in the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> estimated that <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulating</a> the housing market would lead to rents falling by 55 percent in San Francisco, 40 percent in Los Angeles, and 40 percent in San Diego.<a href="#cite_note-CEA_1-12">[12]</a>: <span title="Page: 11,15
Quotation: "A central driver of higher home prices in some communities is the heavy regulation of housing markets by localities. For example, as stated in President Trump's Executive Order Establishing a White House Council on Eliminating Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing, such regulations include: "overly restrictive zoning and growth management controls; rent controls; cumbersome building and rehabilitation codes; excessive energy and water efficiency mandates; unreasonable maximum-density allowances; historic preservation requirements; overly burdensome wetland or environmental regulations; outdated manufactured-housing regulations and restrictions; undue parking requirements; cumbersome and time-consuming permitting and review procedures; tax policies that discourage investment or reinvestment; overly complex labor requirements; and inordinate impact or developer fees".These regulations reduce the supply of housing and as a result drive up home prices(e.g., Quigley and Raphael 2005; Quigley and Rosenthal 2005; Glaeser and Ward 2009; Saiz 2010; Gyourko and Molloy 2015) ... Table 2. Reduction in Rental Home Prices and Homelessness from Deregulating Housing Markets, by Metropolitan Area"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">11,15  <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Issi Romem, an economist at the Terner Center for Housing Innovation at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> said: <blockquote>"...as long as abundant new housing was built to accommodate those drawn to California, housing price growth was limited and the state's allure was channeled into population growth: From 1940 to 1970 California's population grew 242 percent faster than the national pace, while the growth of its median home value was only 16 percent faster than the nation's."<a href="#cite_note-CityLab_Romem-13">[13]</a></blockquote> Starting in 1970, three major forces caused housing prices to increase dramatically: land use restrictions limiting housing density (zoning many areas to single-family homes, or to at most two stories), increased concern for the environment (which led to environmental laws and designating land for preservation and not development), and community involvement in the development process (which allows current—but not future—residents a say in land use decisions.)<a href="#cite_note-CityLab_Romem-13">[13]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "But from about 1970, land use in California started changing in three ways that made building new housing far more difficult. First, both natural geographic barriers and an emergent environmental movement to preserve open land caused Coastal California's large metro areas to slow their outward expansion, or sprawl. Second, California's cities gradually but pervasively imposed land use restrictions such as single-family zoning, height limits and minimum lot sizes, that made it all but impossible to raise the density of developed residential areas. Finally, starting around that time, it had become standard practice to require community participation in the planning process, offering an exclusive channel for current local residents to exert influence over land use decisions. Although the introduction of community participation and the imposition of land use restrictions took place in cities throughout the U.S., the curbing of sprawl was limited to the nation's large coastal cities, and was most prominent in California."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  The result of these policies was that from 1970 to 2016, California's population growth (relative to the US average) slowed to a third of what it was during the previous three decades (70 percent faster than the national pace by 2016), while appreciation of median home prices (relative to the US average) more than quadrupled to 80 percent greater than the national rate.<a href="#cite_note-CityLab_Romem-13">[13]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Because its cities were stymied in expanding their territory and were largely prevented from growing denser, fewer new homes were built in California: The state's allure no longer generated the same population growth as before. Instead, the suppressed housing supply channeled the state's allure into housing price growth, as homebuyers were forced to compete over fewer homes. Rising home prices compelled residents to leave the state at a higher rate than before and increasingly deterred potential newcomers from moving in (especially domestic ones). Whereas California's population growth had clocked in at 242 percent faster than the national pace from 1940 to 1970, from 1970 to 2016, it was just 68 percent faster than the national pace. In contrast, the median home value which had increased only 16 percent faster than the nation's in the previous 30 years now increased 78 percent faster than the nation's."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  <a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 3
Quotation: "Housing in California has long been more expensive than most of the rest of the country. Beginning in about 1970, however, the gap between California's home prices and those in the rest country started to widen. Between 1970 and 1980, California home prices went from 30 percent above U.S. levels to more than 80 percent higher. This trend has continued."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">3  By 2016, the median price of a home in California, at $409,300, was more than twice the median price of a home in the U.S. as a whole, more expensive than any state other than Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The shortage is statewide; from 2010 to 2017, the state added one new housing unit for every five new residents, and is pronounced in employment centers such as the Bay Area and Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-SF_Chron_BA_crisis-15">[15]</a>: 1 <a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 2023, housing affordability in California reached a 16-year low, with only about 16% of homebuyers able to purchase a median-priced single-family home, as per data from the California Association of Realtors. In San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, buyers would require a minimum income of $504,400 and $451,200, respectively, to purchase median-priced homes of $2.01 million and $1.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The housing situation affects individuals differently, depending upon their circumstances. A person who has long since paid off a <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">home mortgage</a> has much lower costs than a renter or someone buying a first home. As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit">[update]</a>, about 20 percent of California homeowners owned their homes free and clear, and 80 percent were still paying a mortgage.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> As is typical, homeowners without a mortgage tend to have lower incomes (e.g., due to <a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">retirement</a>) than homeowners with a mortgage.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> California homeowners without a mortgage tend to spend almost 9% of their income on housing costs, including <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property taxes</a>, which is slightly lower than the national average for homeowners without a mortgage.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> The Covid-19 pandemic led to people demanding more square footage, helping to keep rents and home prices high even as the state lost population and more apartments came online.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> The imbalance between <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a><a href="#cite_note-KQED_housing_5-21">[21]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Why are California housing costs so high? At its most basic level, it's a story of supply and demand -- lots of people want to live here, and there aren't enough homes to go around."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-VOX_sb827-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "The predictable consequence of demand growing faster than supply is that existing housing in the state, especially in its biggest cities, has become insanely expensive. Seven of the 10 most expensive US real estate markets are Californian. The median home price in the state is $524,000; in San Francisco it is approaching $1.3 million."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 3
Quotation: "Building Less Housing Than People Demand Drives High Housing Costs. California is a desirable place to live. Yet not enough housing exists in the state's major coastal communities to accommodate all of the households that want to live there. In these areas, community resistance to housing, environmental policies, lack of fiscal incentives for local governments to approve housing, and limited land constrains new housing construction. A shortage of housing along California's coast means households wishing to live there compete for limited housing. This competition bids up home prices and rents."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">3 <a href="#cite_note-CityLab_action_on_housing-22">[22]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "...helped provide visibility for the supply and demand problem that had long been the purview of policy wonks. "The problem is really a simple one," said Myers. Myers, an urban planning professor at University of Southern California. "If you don't provide housing for rich people, they will take their housing from somebody else.""" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-CA_Housing_Future-23">[23]</a>: <span title="Page: 2
Quotation: "Housing supply continues to not keep pace with demand, and the existing system of land-use planning and regulation creates barriers to development."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">2 <a href="#cite_note-LAT_Dillon_2016-04-14-24">[24]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "The reason why California faces a housing affordability crisis is simple, many experts say: Lots of people want to live in the state and there aren't enough houses for them. "You don't need a PhD in economics to understand this," said Christopher Thornberg, an economist who recently published a report on state housing costs with the nonpartisan organization Next 10. "It's basic supply and demand.""" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  resulted from strong economic growth creating hundreds of thousands of new jobs (which increases demand for housing) and the insufficient construction of new housing units to provide enough supply to meet the demand.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN_5_ways-25">[25]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "More than a dozen speakers from state and local government, think tanks, academia and housing advocacy groups examined the cause of the crisis and possible solutions. Their conclusions? Homebuilding hasn't been able to keep up with growth, and that's costing us — big time. "We have just been fundamentally under-producing housing in California," said Mark Stivers, a state affordable housing official who served 16 years as a consultant to the California Senate Transportation and Housing Committee. ... California ranks dead last in home construction on a per capita basis in recent years, said Jonathan Woezel, lead author of the much-cited McKinsey Global Institute report on the state's housing crisis."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-LAT_2018_poll-26">[26]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Academic researchers, state analysts and California's gubernatorial candidates agree that the fundamental issue underlying the state's housing crisis is that there are not enough homes for everyone who wants to live here. ... there's general agreement that a lack of supply is at the root the problem. Reports from the state Department of Housing and Community Development, the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst's Office and a host of academics contend that California has a chronic shortage of home building that has failed to keep pace with the state's population growth — especially during the recent economic expansion — which has forced prices up."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-Cutler_Burrowing_Owls-27">[27]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "...in most parts of the country, home prices are at or near the raw costs of construction. But in places where zoning regulations create artificial limits on home production, the final prices to home buyers jump far above construction costs. In the 1980s and 1990s, they found that virtually all of San Francisco's home prices were at least 140 percent above base construction costs."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-WSJ_land-use_GDP_effect-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 14,17
Quotation: "Additionally, development fees—charges levied on builders as a condition of development—are higher in California than the rest of the country. A 2012 national survey found that the average development fee levied by California local governments (excluding water-related fees) was just over $22,000 per single-family home compared with about $6,000 per single-family home in the rest of the country. ... One survey of city and county officials nationwide suggests that communities in California's coastal metros take about two and a half months longer, on average, to issue a building permit than in a typical California inland community or the typical U.S. metro (seven months compared to four and a half months)."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">14,17  <a href="#cite_note-NYT_Nagourney-29">[29]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "For California, this crisis is a price of this state's economic boom. Tax revenue is up and unemployment is down. But the churning economy has run up against 30 years of resistance to the kind of development experts say is urgently needed. California has always been a desirable place to live and over the decades has gone through periodic spasms of high housing costs, but officials say the combination of a booming economy and the lack of construction of homes and apartments have combined to make this the worst housing crisis here in memory."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  Fewer housing units built in the urban and coastal areas relative to the demand created by economic growth in those areas resulted in higher prices for housing and spillover to the inland areas.<a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 3
Quotation: "California is a desirable place to live. Yet not enough housing exists in the state's major coastal communities to accommodate all of the households that want to live there. In these areas, community resistance to housing, environmental policies, lack of fiscal incentives for local governments to approve housing, and limited land constrains new housing construction. A shortage of housing along California's coast means households wishing to live there compete for limited housing. This competition bids up home prices and rents. Some people who find California's coast unaffordable turn instead to California's inland communities, causing prices there to rise as well."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">3  For example, from 2012 to 2017, San Francisco Bay area cities added 400,000 new jobs, but only issued 60,000 permits for new housing units.<a href="#cite_note-homes_where_the_jobs_are-30">[30]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "San Francisco's metropolitan area added 373,000 net new jobs in the last five years—but issued permits for only 58,000 units of new housing. The lack of new construction has exacerbated housing costs in the Bay Area, making the San Francisco metro among the cruelest markets in the U.S. Over the same period, Houston added 346,000 jobs and permitted 260,000 new dwellings, five times as many units per new job as San Francisco."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-LAT_Dillon_2016-04-14-24">[24]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: ""We've added almost half a million jobs in the Bay Area alone, and we've added 51,000 permits — not even buildings," said Carol Galante, a professor of affordable housing and urban policy at UC Berkeley, who called the situation "out of whack"."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-SFC_Ambitious_Plan-31">[31]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Since the recession ended in 2010, the Bay Area has created 722,000 jobs but built only 106,000 housing units."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  (For California as a whole, from 2011 to 2016, the state added only one new housing unit for every five new residents.)<a href="#cite_note-SF_Chron_BA_crisis-15">[15]</a>: 1  This has driven home prices and rents to high levels, such that by 2017, the median price of a home across California was more than 2.5 times the median in the U.S. as a whole, and in California's coastal urban areas, (where the majority of job growth has occurred since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>), the shortages are greater. Several factors have together caused constraints on the construction of new housing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoning_laws">Zoning laws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zoning laws">edit</a>]</div> More than 95% of all land in California zoned for residential use is zoned as exclusively single-family.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_resistance_(NIMBYism)">Community resistance (NIMBYism)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Community resistance (NIMBYism)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a> ("Not In My Back Yard") resistance by existing residents to new development is a major contributor to the difficulty of developing new housing in the state.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN_RC_new_housing-33">[33]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Construction activity is also largely a reflection of how receptive local communities are to new housing. Local zoning regulations and community input on development proposals are deeply influential, said Brian Uhler, a housing analyst with the state Legislative Analyst's Office. "How much building activity there is in California year to year goes up when the economy is rising and drops off sharply when we have a recession, but that doesn't explain a lot of the variation from one city to the next," Uhler said. "Foundationally, that has to do with how residents and elected officials, collectively, view growth. "Limited growth...where local communities slow down or reduce the size of development, plays out in many ways, through local zoning regulations, the approval process, through local fees and contingencies placed on development projects," he said."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-CalMatters_housing_primer-34">[34]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Ask Gov. Jerry Brown, and much of the blame for California's housing woes lies with local obstructionists. Take away the NIMBYs' favorite procedural tools and the housing market will eventually build its way out of the shortage."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  People who already live in an area often perceive any new development or change as driving increased negative traffic and population impacts.<a href="#cite_note-LAT_HtoMC-35">[35]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "There are many reasons for California's failure to keep up with housing demand. One is the "incumbency effect" — existing residents are hostile to changes that might increase traffic, attract residents of lower income and different ethnicities, or produce other changes that could lower their property values. Existing residents who vote plainly have more clout with their elected officials than nonresidents waiting for a chance to move in."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  Using various means (political pressure, protests, and voting power), NIMBYs try to keep newcomers out by defeating development projects in the local government permitting process, or slowing them down to the point that they become uneconomical for the builders.<a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 15
Quotation: "Community Resistance to New Housing. Local communities make most decisions about housing development. Because of the importance of cities and counties in determining development patterns, how local residents feel about new housing is important. When residents are concerned about new housing, they can use the community's land use authority to slow or stop housing from being built or require it to be built at lower densities."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">15 <a href="#cite_note-NYT_single_family_home-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-CalMatters_housing_primer-34">[34]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "With the exception of one irregularly enforced state law, land use planning in California is a local process—and one that affords opponents of change ample opportunity to stall, stymie, or scale down. The tool kit of local obstruction includes zoning restrictions, lengthy project design reviews, the California Environmental Quality Act, parking and other amenity requirements, and multi-hurdled approval processes. In California, you're most likely to find these extra restrictions where developable space is already scarcest—in coastal urban enclaves."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  "Localism" (a seemingly egalitarian belief that incumbent residents have the moral authority to define what their community will look like) has been found to instead result in imbalances which favor white, affluent homeowners, and suggest that localism is more prevalent in planning practice than in the general population.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> On this issue, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> opinion writer <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Manjoo" title="Farhad Manjoo">Farhad Manjoo</a> stated: "What Republicans want to do with I.C.E. and border walls, wealthy progressive Democrats are doing with zoning and NIMBYism. Preserving "local character", maintaining "local control", keeping housing scarce and inaccessible — the goals of both sides are really the same: to keep people out."<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Manjoo-38">[38]</a> In 2022, California governor <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> declared that "NIMBYism is destroying the state" and promised to hold cities and counties accountable for stopping new housing development.<a href="#cite_note-NIMBYismDestroyingState-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NIMBYism_and_the_unhoused">NIMBYism and the unhoused</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: NIMBYism and the unhoused">edit</a>]</div> Unhoused populations in California feel the impact of NIMBYism. California has one of the country's largest homeless populations, concentrated in urban centers.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> NIMBY attitudes extend to unhoused people, as residents oppose their presence in local areas and near neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-:2-41">[41]</a> Localism has influenced how neighborhoods are shaped to exclude homeless people,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> resulting in anti-homeless infrastructure and laws.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> The rise in homeless vagrancy laws, also considered NIMBY laws, criminalizes general unhoused behaviors rather than specific illegal activities.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> Examples like Berkeley's "3x3 Ordinance" of 2018 restrict homeless individuals to a 3' x 3' square on the street, with defiance leading to criminal punishment.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> There has been a severe uptick in vagrancy-related arrests, which encompass a wide range of activities. This involves panhandling, tents, and lying down in public spaces. Such laws disproportionately affect homeless people, perpetuating their displacement and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> Moreover, individuals experiencing homelessness and facing arrest are less likely to be accepted into housing programs, welfare programs, or receive necessary healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-:2-41">[41]</a> This is because many of these programs require favorable legal records to receive aid. This cycle highlights how anti-homeless laws can increase the incidence of homelessness.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In one particular case, that of People's Park in Berkeley, support for homeless residents clashes with the push for housing development by the University of California, Berkeley.<a href="#cite_note-:02-44">[44]</a> The park became the center of conflict between local anti-homeless lobbies and park advocates, exemplifying the persisting NIMBY sentiments at the local level.<a href="#cite_note-:02-44">[44]</a> Laws and ordinances aimed at limiting the visibility of the unhoused at the local level contradict the prioritization of health and housing at the state level. California State is supportive of "<a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a>" policies.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_laws">Environmental laws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Environmental laws">edit</a>]</div> Environmental laws—primarily the <a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act" title="California Environmental Quality Act">California Environmental Quality Act</a> (CEQA)—can be a hurdle to housing development.<a href="#cite_note-LAT_CEQA_exemptions-46">[46]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Since its enactment in 1970, CEQA has become a touchstone for environmentalists who credit it for preserving California's coastline and natural beauty. Its rules are written so broadly that the law also has become a tool for neighborhood preservationists, business competitors, unions and others to oppose a wide-range of projects including some, like bike lanes, that might otherwise seem environmentally friendly. Housing has become a particular flashpoint. In Acosta's district, developers have proposed the 21,500-home Newhall Ranch project, which has been stymied by environmental lawsuits during the more than two decades it's been under consideration. On Monday, some environmental groups reached an agreement to end their lawsuits against the project in exchange for $25 million for conservation efforts and other concessions from the developer."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-OCR_2022-03-18-47">[47]</a> CEQA requires the permitting agency, usually a local government, to review each new project in accordance with CEQA to provide a full disclosure of the project's impacts to the approval body (usually a planning commission or city council) and the public. Individual single-family homes are exempt, as well as some smaller multi-family projects, but most mid-size and larger projects must go through a <a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act#Negative_Declaration_(ND)_/_Mitigated_Negative_Declaration_(MND)" title="California Environmental Quality Act">Negative Declaration</a> or <a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act#Environmental_Impact_Report_(EIR)" title="California Environmental Quality Act">EIR</a> to provide the required level of disclosure of project impacts. The EIR process requires the developer to conduct studies and provide a report on a wide variety of impacts including traffic congestion, wildfire evacuation, fire safety, noise, air pollution, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, water pollution, biological resources, cultural resources and infrastructure impacts and develop a plan to help mitigate any impacts if any exist. The CEQA process is intended to make the approval process transparent to the public and decision-makers and takes place prior to a local government acting to permit a new development. Additionally, CEQA allows for legal challenges against the CEQA review process itself which may result in lawsuits by those who oppose the project and find the developer did not properly study the impacts from a project prior to the local government approving the project. Litigation is the main enforcement mechanism by which CEQA violations are mitigated.<a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 15
Quotation: "Environmental Reviews Can Be Used to Stop or Limit Housing Development. The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requires local governments to conduct a detailed review of the potential environmental effects of new housing construction (and most other types of development) prior to approving it. The information in these reports sometimes results in the city or county denying proposals to develop housing or approving fewer housing units than the developer proposed. In addition, CEQA's complicated procedural requirements give development opponents significant opportunities to continue challenging housing projects after local governments have approved them."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">15 <a href="#cite_note-LAT_Union_Developer_Deal-48">[48]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Although there's considerable debate over how significant an obstacle the environmental law is to building, complying with its rules can be time-consuming, leaving projects vulnerable to litigation. Labor groups, in addition to rival businesses, neighborhood interests and others, also have threatened lawsuits under CEQA in an attempt to win concessions from developers. Getting labor on the same side as builders would eliminate one deep-pocketed potential CEQA challenger."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Some of the statements in the preceding paragraph are supported by the CALAO reference, but most SPECIFIC claims/explanations are not, and should have references. They are likely true, but should have sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</a>] A report by the California Legislative Analyst's Office found that in the state's 10 largest cities, CEQA appeals delayed projects by an average of two and a half years. <a href="#cite_note-LAO_Streamlining-49">[49]</a>: <span title="Page: 8
Quotation: "In addition, after a local governing board approves a project, opponents may file a lawsuit challenging the validity of the CEQA review. As a result of these factors, CEQA review can be time consuming for developers. Our review of CEQA documents submitted to the state by California's ten largest cities between 2004 and 2013 indicates that local agencies took, on average, around two and a half years to approve housing projects that required an EIR."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">8  <a href="#cite_note-CalMatters_housing_primer-34">[34]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "According to the Legislative Analyst's Office, CEQA appeals delay a project by an average of two-and-a-half years."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  A 2015 study by Jennifer Hernandez and others at the environmental and land-use law firm Holland & Knight,<a href="#cite_note-Hern_CEQA_study_1-50">[50]</a>: <span title="Page: 21
Quotation: "Jennifer Hernandez practices environmental and land use law in the San Francisco and Los Angeles offices of Holland & Knight. Many other members of Holland & Knight contributed to the study of CEQA lawsuits evaluated in this article, including ..."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">21  looking at all CEQA lawsuits filed during the three-year period 2010–2012, found that less than 15% were filed by groups with prior records of environmental advocacy.<a href="#cite_note-PR_Hern_CEQA_study-51">[51]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "64 percent of those filing CEQA lawsuits are individuals or local "associations", the vast majority of which have no prior track record of environmental advocacy. CEQA litigation abuse is primarily the domain of Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) opponents and special interests such as competitors and labor unions seeking non-environmental outcomes. Only 13 percent of CEQA lawsuits were filed by groups with a track record of prior environmental advocacy, such as the Sierra Club and more local organizations like SCOPE and EPIC."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-Hern_CEQA_study_1-50">[50]</a>: <span title="Page: 24
Quotation: "The First Dataset also demonstrated the widespread abuse of CEQA lawsuits for nonenvironmental purposes. State and regional environmental advocacy groups like the Sierra Club brought only thirteen precent of these lawsuits, while newlyminted, unincorporated groups with environmental-sounding names filed nearly half to the most CEQA lawsuits. Unlike the federal environmental laws that allow for "citizen suit" enforcement like the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, and Endangered Species Act, CEQA lawsuits can be filed anonymously. Additionally, lawsuits can be filed by parties attempting to advance an economic rather than environmental agenda, such as business competitors, labor unions, and "bounty hunter" lawyers seeking quick cash settlements, even if they have no real client."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">24  This study also found that four of five CEQA lawsuits targeted <a href="/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">infill</a> development projects; only 20 percent of CEQA lawsuits were targeted at "greenfield" projects that would develop open space.<a href="#cite_note-PR_Hern_CEQA_study-51">[51]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Debunking claims by special interests that CEQA combats sprawl, the study shows that projects in infill locations—in our existing communities—are the overwhelming target of CEQA lawsuits. For challenged agency approvals that have a clear physical location (e.g., a construction project rather than a statewide regulation), 80 percent are in infill locations and only 20 percent are in "greenfield" exurban and rural locations. These lawsuits were aimed at the full range of core urban services, including schools, parks, and infrastructure, as well as projects creating new housing units (most often multi-family and attached homes) and new jobs in offices and retail stores that involve no hazardous chemicals or industrial pollution sources."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  Carol Galante, a professor of Affordable Housing and Urban Policy at the Terner Center for Housing Innovation at UC Berkeley, who served in the Obama Administration as the Assistant Secretary at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> (HUD),<a href="#cite_note-Gallante_CV-52">[52]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Prior to coming to UC Berkeley, Galante served in the Obama Administration for over five years as the Assistant Secretary for Housing/Federal Housing Commissioner at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and as the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Multifamily Housing programs. As FHA Commissioner, Ms. Galante was responsible for the oversight of the FHA's trillion dollar insurance portfolio, which includes single family and multifamily housing as well as insured health care facilities. She was also responsible for HUD's two million apartments with rental assistance."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  stated that "It (CEQA) has been abused in this state for 30 years by people who use it when it has nothing to do with an environmental reason, ... NIMBY-ism is connected to the fact that for everyone who owns their little piece of the dream, there's no reason to want development next door to them, CEQA gives them a tool to effectuate their interest ... We need to fundamentally rethink how the CEQA process works in this state."<a href="#cite_note-SFChon_greed-53">[53]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "The spirit behind the state's environmental law is sound, but its application in all manner of building proposals is not, experts say, and decades of abuse has punched a good-sized hole in the state's housing stock."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-LAT_CEQA_exemptions-46">[46]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Developers of low-income homes also struggle with litigation filed by neighborhood groups and others that use the law simply to oppose their projects, but not on environmental grounds, said Ray Pearl, executive director of the California Housing Consortium, which represents such developers. "CEQA is used as a weapon and the environment is lost in the shuffle," Pearl said."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  In an interview with UCLA's Blueprint magazine, Governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> commented on the use of CEQA for other than environmental reasons: "But it's easier to build in Texas. It is. And maybe we could change that. But you know what? The trouble is the political climate, that's just kind of where we are. Very hard to — you can't change CEQA [the California Environmental Quality Act]. BP: Why not? JB: The unions won't let you because they use it as a hammer to get project labor agreements."<a href="#cite_note-UCLA_Brown_interview-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAT_Brown_unions-55">[55]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Instead, the proposal has continued to face intense opposition chiefly from labor and environmental groups upset that the plan would limit reviews for projects under the state's main environmental law that guides development. Brown and others have criticized labor groups for threatening litigation under that law to leverage union-friendly hiring rules."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">While CEQA's original intent must remain intact, now is the time to end reckless abuses of this important law – abuses that are threatening California's economic vitality, costing jobs and wasting valuable taxpayer dollars. ... Today, CEQA is too often abused by those seeking to gain a competitive edge, to leverage concessions from a project or by neighbors who simply don't want any new growth in their community – no matter how worthy or environmentally beneficial a project may be. - Former Governors <a href="/wiki/George_Deukmejian" title="George Deukmejian">George Deukmejian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Pete Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gray_Davis" title="Gray Davis">Gray Davis</a> in a 2013 editorial in <a href="/wiki/The_Sacramento_Bee" title="The Sacramento Bee">The Sacramento Bee</a><a href="#cite_note-SC_Govs_Ed-56">[56]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "As three former California governors who often have differing views, on this point we wholeheartedly agree, and join with Gov. Brown in his call to modernize CEQA. While CEQA's original intent must remain intact, now is the time to end reckless abuses of this important law – abuses that are threatening California's economic vitality, costing jobs and wasting valuable taxpayer dollars. ... But over time, CEQA has also become the favorite tool of those who seek to stop economic growth and progress for reasons that have little to do with the environment. Today, CEQA is too often abused by those seeking to gain a competitive edge, to leverage concessions from a project or by neighbors who simply don't want any new growth in their community – no matter how worthy or environmentally beneficial a project may be. Sadly, documented cases of CEQA abuse include examples where CEQA has stood in the way of renewable energy projects, infill housing, schools, hospitals, universities, public transit and needed infrastructure. In fact, CEQA is often a direct barrier to the sustainable and environmentally friendly growth that California aspires to achieve."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 </blockquote> A CEQA study (commissioned by the Rose Foundation,<a href="#cite_note-BAE_CEQA_Study-57">[57]</a>: <span title="Page: 2
Quotation: "This report was commissioned by the Rose Foundation for Communities and the Environment. The Rose Foundation promotes community-based advocacy to protect the environment, public health and consumers."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">2  an environmental advocacy group) done by BAE Urban Economics, estimated that 0.7% of all CEQA projects with review documents had been subject to litigation, for the years 2013–2015.<a href="#cite_note-BAE_CEQA_Study-57">[57]</a>: <span title="Page: 22
Quotation: "Estimated Rate of CEQA Litigation in California The CEQA litigation rate was calculated as all court filings challenging CEQA review documents divided by the estimated total projects with CEQA review documents (i.e., EIRs, Mitigated Negative Declarations, Negative Declarations)."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">22  In San Francisco, the attorney general's office, during an 18-month audit of CEQA in 2012, found that 0.3% of (non-exempt) CEQA projects were subject to lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_structures">Tax structures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tax structures">edit</a>]</div> Partially because <a href="/wiki/Proposition_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposition 13">Proposition 13</a> limits the property tax that local and state governments can collect, cities are incentivized to permit commercial development rather than residential development.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom_2019-11-59">[59]</a> Commercial development can potentially yield both sales tax revenue (car dealerships and shopping malls are examples of favored development due to their density of revenue), as well as business tax revenue (many cities levy either a payroll tax or a gross-receipts tax on all businesses located within their boundaries).<a href="#cite_note-LAO_Streamlining-49">[49]</a>: <span title="Page: 7
Quotation: "California Communities Often Benefit Less From Residential Development. In California, many cities and counties find that housing developments lead to more local costs than offsetting tax revenues. This is because these properties do not produce sales or hotel tax revenues directly and the state's cities and counties typically receive only a small portion of the revenue collected from the property tax. In contrast, cities and counties typically find that commercial developments that generate sales or hotel taxes yield the highest net fiscal benefits. Not surprisingly given these incentives, many cities and counties have oriented their land use planning and approval process disproportionately towards the development of commercial establishments and away from housing."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">7  Residential development is typically seen as a net loss to a city's budget due to costs associated with service delivery (public safety, roads, parks, etc.) to residents exceeding the tax revenue received from those residents.<a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 15
Quotation: "Local Finance Structure Favors Nonresidential Development. California's local government finance structure typically gives cities and counties greater fiscal incentives to approve nonresidential development or lower density housing development. Consequently, many cities and counties have oriented their land use planning and approval processes disproportionately towards these types of developments."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">15  For example, the city of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane,_California" title="Brisbane, California">Brisbane</a>, when considering developing a greenfield (<a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Baylands_development" title="Brisbane Baylands development">Brisbane Baylands development</a>), was told that a housing-heavy development would bring in $1 million annually in additional income for the town, but a commercial development with no housing and a larger hotel would bring in $9 million annually—and that without building hotels, the development would be a net loss to the city budget.<a href="#cite_note-Dillon_2017-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Since 1978 California's <a href="/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_13" title="1978 California Proposition 13">Prop 13</a> limited home value assessments to 1976 levels for tax purposes, as well as capping property taxes statewide. This produces a "lock-in effect" which reduces the supply of housing while raising housing prices. This effect (which is concurrent with reduction of municipal government funding via reduced property tax revenues) was noted to have occurred much more strongly in coastal California cities than those further inland.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_land_cost_and_low_density">High land cost and low density</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: High land cost and low density">edit</a>]</div> High land cost and low-density development with very small increases in housing density, which in turn keep land prices high.<a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 12
Quotation: "High Land Costs and Low Density Development Make Housing Expensive ... While developers typically respond to high land costs by building more dense housing, this response appears to be somewhat limited in most of California's coastal metros. As a result, high land costs in these areas have translated more directly into higher housing costs."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">12  The Sacramento Bee notes that residential land prices are more than 600% greater in coastal California than the average of America's other large metropolitan areas.<a href="#cite_note-SacBee_land_cost-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_Commission">Coastal Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coastal Commission">edit</a>]</div> With <a href="/wiki/Quasi-judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-judicial">quasi-judicial</a> authority over zoning on the coastline and up to 5-mile inland (8.0 km), the <a href="/wiki/California_Coastal_Commission" title="California Coastal Commission">California Coastal Commission</a> has been an added hurdle for citizens and cities seeking to build housing. The commission was formed over opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Ranch,_California" title="Sea Ranch, California">Sea Ranch</a> development preventing access to the beach. Specific housing developments opposed by the Commission include 895 homes in Orange County,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> 50 homes for the disabled in Half Moon Bay,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and 400 apartment units in Ventura County.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The Commission sets fees and fines for permit violations and has levied million-dollar penalties.<a href="#cite_note-coastal-commission-rico-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> It has been called the single most powerful land use authority in the United States given the high values of its jurisdiction and its vast environmental assets, and that, because its members are appointed by the governor and the State Senate and Assembly leaders which have generally been Democrats, the Commission reflects a constituency that is important to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Some research has examined its effects in particular: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> researchers documented that quality-adjusted homes inside the commission's jurisdiction were 20% more expensive than those just outside it because of restrictions on housing supply and enhancements to natural amenities that increase demand.<a href="#cite_note-coastal-commission-zone-housing-effects-ucla-71">[71]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/UCSB" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSB">UCSB</a> research paper found that the Commission increased housing prices by restricting supply thereby "harming renters, future home buyers, and owners of undeveloped land", but existing homeowners in the commission's jurisdiction were beneficiaries of home price increases.<a href="#cite_note-coastal-commission-zone-housing-effects-ucsb-72">[72]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_costs">Construction costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Construction costs">edit</a>]</div> The state levies higher development fees for building a single-family home than in the rest of the country on average.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The California Legislative Analyst's Office reported it to be 266% greater, $22k vs. $6k.<a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 14
Quotation: "Additionally, development fees—charges levied on builders as a condition of development—are higher in California than the rest of the country. A 2012 national survey found that the average development fee levied by California local governments (excluding water-related fees) was just over $22,000 per single-family home compared with about $6,000 per single-family home in the rest of the country."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">14  For example, the developer planning to redevelop the site of a former Naval Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a> with a residential community of 935 homes will be paying $20M (= $21k / home) in fees to the City of Oakland's affordable housing fund.<a href="#cite_note-Oakland_Naval_redevelopment-74">[74]</a> Labor costs are higher because of <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_wage" title="Prevailing wage">prevailing wage</a> laws and that some projects are only approved if union labor is used. This was estimated at 20% more by the California LAO.<a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 13
Quotation: "Construction labor is about 20 percent more expensive in California metros than in the rest of the country."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">13 <a href="#cite_note-OCR_unions-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The contribution of prevailing wage requirements to total construction cost has been estimated to be as large as a 40 percent increase.<a href="#cite_note-LAT_PW-77">[77]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "No one knows how much prevailing wage increases the costs of homebuilding — but unions and developers are interested in the answer – It's hard to determine how much more paying prevailing wages adds to the cost of building homes. Consider the difficulty in finding two housing projects with different wage scales, but built at the exact same time and in the same place, at the same size and with the same materials. That's the challenge facing any researcher attempting to gauge the impact of prevailing wage. Here are some estimates on how prevailing wage affects California residential construction costs: Author Percent Cost Increase UC Berkeley 9% to 37% The California Institute for County Government 11% National Center for Sustainable Transportation 15% San Diego Housing Commission 9% Beacon Economics 46% Smart Cities Prevail 0%* *No cost impact, especially when taking into account increased worker productivity and savings from decreased public subsidies"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  Material costs are higher due to building codes and standards requiring better quality materials and higher energy efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 13
Quotation: "California's building codes and standards also are considered more comprehensive and prescriptive, often requiring more expensive materials and labor. For example, the state requires builders to use higher quality building materials—such as windows, insulation, and heating and cooling systems—to achieve certain energy efficiency goals."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">13  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insurance_costs">Insurance costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Insurance costs">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/CalMatters" title="CalMatters">CalMatters</a> detailed in August 2024 how rising home insurance costs in the state were impacting landlords and renters. Renters are also being encouraged to take out renter's insurance policies to hedge against losing their possessions to natural disasters like fire in some parts of the state.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affordability">Affordability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Affordability">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Median_Housing_Prices_by_Metro_Area.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Median_Housing_Prices_by_Metro_Area.webp/220px-Median_Housing_Prices_by_Metro_Area.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Median_Housing_Prices_by_Metro_Area.webp/330px-Median_Housing_Prices_by_Metro_Area.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Median_Housing_Prices_by_Metro_Area.webp/440px-Median_Housing_Prices_by_Metro_Area.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="1649" /></a><figcaption>Median Housing Prices by Metro Area</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Median_rent_by_metro_area_2.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Median_rent_by_metro_area_2.webp/220px-Median_rent_by_metro_area_2.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Median_rent_by_metro_area_2.webp/330px-Median_rent_by_metro_area_2.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Median_rent_by_metro_area_2.webp/440px-Median_rent_by_metro_area_2.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4411" data-file-height="1855" /></a><figcaption>Median rent by metro area</figcaption></figure>This shortage has driven home prices and rents to extremely high levels.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 2017, the median price of a home in California was more than 2.5 times the median in the U.S. as a whole, and in California's coastal urban areas, the shortage was greater than the inland areas, as demonstrated by the median prices of homes in those respective markets: $1.3M in San Francisco, $1M in San Jose, and $600k in Los Angeles, while only $250k in Fresno.<a href="#cite_note-Median_bay_area_prices-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Median_socal_prices-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fresno_home_prices-82">[82]</a> In the rental market, California now has the lowest vacancy rate the state has ever seen, at 3.6%;<a href="#cite_note-SFChron_homeless_crisis-83">[83]</a> and while the median rent throughout the state for a two-bedroom apartment is $2,400, the median rent in coastal urban areas is even higher, surpassing $4,000 per month in San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN_HC_worse2-84">[84]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Across the state, the median rental price for a two-bedroom apartment is about $2,400, the third highest in the country. But statewide figures water down how absurd the situation is getting in urban coastal markets, where the vast majority of Californians live. The median rent for a two-bedroom apartment in San Francisco reached more than $4,000 this year."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  In 2023, the housing market in San Diego shows that nearly 60% of homes have listing prices above $1 million. The median home price in the city is $910,000, making it the fourth highest among the 30 largest U.S. cities.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The average monthly rent in San Diego has risen to $3,175, placing it as the third-highest in the nation, only $7 less than that of San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Housing affordability has declined over the last three decades; as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit">[update]</a>, less than a third of Californians could afford a median-priced home; in job centers such as the San Francisco Bay Area, that number is less than a quarter. (Nationally, more than half of American households can afford the median-priced American home.)<a href="#cite_note-Housing_Affordability_Index-88">[88]</a> Housing unaffordability also leads to crowding, defined as more than one adult per room of a dwelling (counting two children as one adult). Californians are four times as likely to live in crowded housing as the average American, and this holds across every type of housing—renters, owners, those with and without children.<a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: 29-31  When comparing the rental rates of Los Angeles and the average rate across the United States one can see just how much higher the city is compared to the rest of the country. While in 2017 the average rental rate in the United States was $1,357, in comparison the average rental rate in Los Angeles in 2017 was $2,284, almost a $1,000 average increase.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displacement_and_environmental_impact">Displacement and environmental impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Displacement and environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> As a result, workers have moved to more affordable inland locations which requires longer commutes. As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit">[update]</a>, the three cities in the United States with the largest share of <a href="/wiki/Super_commuter" title="Super commuter">super commuters</a>—workers spending an hour and a half or more each way to get to and from their jobs—are <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bennet_2018-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_supercommuters_1-90">[90]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "And that has given Stockton one of the nation's highest concentrations of "extreme commuters" who travel 90 or more minutes to work. Long commutes are, of course, not unique to Northern California. The number of commuters who travel 90 or more minutes to work is almost 3 percent nationwide. But the phenomenon is even more evident in the Bay Area, where the numbers rose to nearly 5 percent from 3 percent in just three years, according to an analysis of census data by the Brookings Institution. In Stockton, 8 percent of commuters travel 90 minutes or more."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  Workers have been displaced outside of the state as well; from 2007 to 2016, California saw net out-migration among all groups making under $110,000 a year, largely to <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> states like <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Longer commutes and increased traffic caused by <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">suburban sprawl</a> due to housing shortages concentrated in job centers increase greenhouse gas emissions. Because of California's mild climate and heavily renewable <a href="/wiki/Energy_mix" title="Energy mix">energy mix</a>, transportation is the largest category of emissions in the state.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> When Californians emigrate to <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by carbon dioxide emissions">states with higher per-capita greenhouse gas emissions</a>, they drive more, consume more energy for air conditioning, and use more fossil fuel-dependent electricity generation.<a href="#cite_note-JUE_2010-05-93">[93]</a> Scarce, low-density housing is directly at odds with California's climate goals.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_CA_CO2-94">[94]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "The idea is to foster taller, more compact residential neighborhoods that wean people from long, gas-guzzling commutes, reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. ... Transportation accounts for one-third of the nation's carbon-dioxide emissions and recently surpassed power plants as its largest contributor to global warming. ... The Urban Land Institute concluded that policies to promote compact growth — such as building taller apartments around transit centers or adding more housing downtown — could help cut vehicle travel 20 to 40 percent. ...the combination of high housing costs and rising commute times threatens to keep the state from achieving its ambitious target of cutting emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-LAT_2017-03-06-95">[95]</a> <blockquote>"You can't be pro-environment and anti-housing, ... You can't be anti-sprawl and anti-housing. This is something that has not been very well understood." – Marlon Boarnet, chair of the Department of Urban Planning and Spatial Analysis at <a href="/wiki/USC_Price_School_of_Public_Policy" title="USC Price School of Public Policy">USC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LAT_2017-03-06-95">[95]</a></blockquote> Scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_and_Appropriate_Energy_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory">Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> recently found that <a href="/wiki/Infill_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Infill development">infill development</a>, that is utilizing existing vacant urban structures for future housing or commercial use, has the potential to reduce <a href="/wiki/CO2" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2">CO2</a> emissions; more so than any other option. Simply put, creating a denser housing structure limits the amount of travel time from work to home and back, thus limiting CO2 emissions drastically. At governor <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a>'s first legislative session, he pledged to make the housing crisis one of his top priorities. One such solution is the More Homes Act, which overrides restrictive zoning requirements by implementing small to midsize apartment buildings near major job and transit centers.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Poverty">edit</a>]</div> When the cost of housing is factored into the poverty rate, as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a> now does in its releases of the "Supplemental Poverty Measure,"<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> California's poverty rate lists as the highest in the nation, (and has since 2011, when the Census Bureau first started releasing poverty by this measure) currently at 20.4%, or just over 1 in 5 people.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN_poverty-100">[100]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "When the cost of living is factored in, the Golden State has the highest poverty rate in the country. ... California has been the poorest state in the nation under the vastly more sophisticated "supplemental" poverty measure since the alternative statistic was created... The Census uses data dating to 2011 to calculate the cost of living, so even the improved poverty rate could be underestimating how big a drain housing has been on California's poor."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Public_Policy_Institute_of_California" title="Public Policy Institute of California">Public Policy Institute of California</a> estimates that if the housing costs in California matched those for the nation overall, California's poverty rate would instead be 14 percent.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN_poverty-100">[100]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "One method: What would poverty look like if everyone in California had cheaper rents? Researchers at the Public Policy Institute of California, which has developed its own California-specific alternative poverty measure, tried to simulate an answer to that question. Researchers there ran a model of the state's poverty rate with every Californian bearing a cost of living similar to that in Fresno County, where a family of four making about $25,000 a year would not be considered poor. The result? The overall poverty rate drops dramatically (from about 21 percent to 14 percent)..."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homelessness">Homelessness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Homelessness">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_California" title="Homelessness in California">Homelessness in California</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeless_in_san_francisco_mission_district_California_(6086987323).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Homeless_in_san_francisco_mission_district_California_%286086987323%29.jpg/220px-Homeless_in_san_francisco_mission_district_California_%286086987323%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Homeless_in_san_francisco_mission_district_California_%286086987323%29.jpg/330px-Homeless_in_san_francisco_mission_district_California_%286086987323%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Homeless_in_san_francisco_mission_district_California_%286086987323%29.jpg/440px-Homeless_in_san_francisco_mission_district_California_%286086987323%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>A homeless person sleeps on the sidewalk next to a limousine in the Mission area of San Francisco.</figcaption></figure> California in 2017 is home to an oversized share of the nation's homeless: 22%, for a state whose residents only make up 12% of the country's total population.<a href="#cite_note-CA_Housing_Future-23">[23]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "California is home to 12 percent of the nation's population, but a disproportionate 22 percent of the nation's homeless population."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-SacBee_homeless-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Sacramento_Bee" title="The Sacramento Bee">The Sacramento Bee</a> notes that large cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco both attribute their increases in homeless to the housing shortage.<a href="#cite_note-SacBee_homeless-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kushel_homeless-103">[103]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Some assume that homelessness is so common on the West Coast because people move here when they become homeless, but data do not support this. Most people experience homelessness close to where they lost their housing. ... Instead, the high rate of homelessness can be attributed to the lack of affordable housing in these regions. The West Coast suffers from rising costs of rental housing,..."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_California" title="Homelessness in California">Homeless persons in California</a> now number 135,000 (a 15% increase from 2015).<a href="#cite_note-SFChron_homeless_crisis-83">[83]</a> A study by the California Housing Partnership found that from 2016 to 2017 homelessness increased by 47 percent in Sacramento County (home to the state's capital, <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento California">Sacramento</a>), 36 percent in Alameda County, and 13 percent in Santa Clara County.<a href="#cite_note-SF_Chron_BA_crisis-15">[15]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Studying the same time frame as Next 10 did, the Partnership found ... and enormous increases in homelessness. The homeless numbers are particularly shocking. As far away as Sacramento County, homelessness increased by a whopping 47 percent from 2016 to 2017. In Alameda County, homelessness skyrocketed by 36 percent over the course of the same year. In Santa Clara County, homelessness rose by 13 percent."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  Nationwide, California ranks third for the most homeless persons per capita, behind New York and Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-CA_homeless_per_capita_rank-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kushel_homeless-103">[103]</a> In September 2019, the Trump Administration's <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> released a report in which they stated that deregulation of the housing markets would reduce homelessness in some of the most constrained markets by estimates of 54 percent in San Francisco, 40 percent in Los Angeles,<a href="#cite_note-CEA_1-12">[12]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "The first cause we consider is the overregulation of housing markets, which raises homelessness by increasing the price of a home. Using external estimates of the effect of regulation on home prices and of home prices on homelessness, we simulate the impact of deregulation on homeless populations in individual metropolitan areas. We estimate that if the 11 metropolitan areas with significantly supply-constrained housing markets were deregulated, overall homelessness in the United States would fall by 13 percent. Homelessness would fall by much larger amounts in these 11 large metropolitan areas, for example by 54 percent in San Francisco, by 40 percent in Los Angeles, and by 23 percent in New York City."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  and 38 percent in San Diego, because rents would fall by 55%, 41%, and 39% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-CEA_1-12">[12]</a>: <span title="Page: 14,16
Quotation: "The largest reductions occur in the areas with the highest ratios of home values to home production costs, since rental home prices fall by the largest amounts in these places. If housing were deregulated, homelessness would fall by 54 percent in San Francisco, by 50 percent in Honolulu, by 40 percent in Oxnard and Los Angeles, by 38 percent in San Diego, by 36 percent in Washington, D.C., and by between 19 and 26 percent in Boston, Denver, New York, Seattle and Baltimore. Still, these results suggest that the severe homelessness problems in a number of metropolitan areas are in large part a direct result of city-created regulations on housing. These findings are also broadly consistent with results from Raphael (2010), who uses a different methodology to assess how housing market regulation drives up homelessness rates. Using an index of housing market regulation by metropolitan area, he finds that deregulation could reduce overall United States homelessness by 7 to 22 percent. He does not show how homelessness reductions would vary across specific areas."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">14,16  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> A 2017 study<a href="#cite_note-JoME_study-105">[105]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate">Nobel Laureate</a> in economics <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward Prescott</a>, Lee Ohanian (senior fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>), and Kyle Herkenhoff, estimates that if California were to roll back its land use regulations to where they stood in 1980, the state's GDP could permanently increase by almost $400 billion (a <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_California" title="Economy of California">14% increase</a>).<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_land-use_GDP_effect-28">[28]</a> "If every state rolled back land regulations to 1980 levels, [total US] GDP could rise by as much as $1.8 trillion [9%]."<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_land-use_GDP_effect-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-CityLab_Obama-106">[106]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "A recent study co-authored by Nobel Prize–winning economist Edward Prescott, Kyle Herkenhoff of the University of Minnesota, and Lee Ohanian of the University of California, Los Angeles, shows that although land-use restrictions can and do stifle overall economic productivity, they have also kept geographic inequality between states from growing worse. The study looks at the effects of land-use policy on the 48 contiguous U.S. states over the six-plus decades between 1950 and 2014. It compares the effects of tight land-use restrictions in California and New York to Texas, the state with the most relaxed restrictions of those studied, as well as five other broad groups of states: the South; the Rust Belt; the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic region; the Midwest region; and the Pacific/Mountain region. The study finds that tighter land-use restrictions in California and New York have created a vast spatial misallocation of resources. The authors' analysis reveals that reverting urban land regulations from 2014 levels back to 1980s levels would vastly improve productivity. If all U.S. states moved just halfway from their current regulation levels to the current Texas level, both productivity and economic output nationwide would be roughly 12 percent higher."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  A <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_Quarterly" title="McKinsey Quarterly">McKinsey Global Institute</a> report estimates that the housing shortage is costing the California economy between 143 and 233 billion dollars per year, from lost construction activity (at least $85 billion annually), lower consumption of consumer goods because of high housing costs (at least $53 billion annually) and the costs of providing services to the increased number of homeless persons (at least $5 billion per year).<a href="#cite_note-McKinsey_3.5_by_2025-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pasadena_Star-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJMN_HC_worse2-84">[84]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "The McKinsey Global Institute found that housing shortages cost the economy between $143 billion and $233 billion annually, not taking into account second-order costs to health, education and the environment. Much of that is due to households spending too much of their incomes on the rent or mortgage and not enough on consumer goods."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-CalMatters_housing_primer-34">[34]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "See the section titled: "The housing crisis has major repercussions for the economy" for the graphic which separates out construction, consumer, and homeless spending."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quantifying_the_shortage">Quantifying the shortage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Quantifying the shortage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Persons per housing unit for California and for the United States since 1940<a href="#cite_note-Historical_Population_Housing-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-US-Census-Pop-by-state-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-US-Census-Housing_Units-111">[111]</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimated_under-supply_of_housing_units">Estimated under-supply of housing units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Estimated under-supply of housing units">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/California_Legislative_Analyst%27s_Office" title="California Legislative Analyst's Office">California Legislative Analyst's Office</a> 2015 report "California's High Housing Costs – Causes and Consequences" estimates that for the state to have kept housing prices no more than 80% higher than the median for the U.S. as a whole (the price differential which existed in 1980, as opposed to the >150% differential which exists today), California would have needed to add approximately 210,000 new housing units each year over the past three decades (1980–2010), rather than the 120,000 / year which were built. Their midpoint estimate of the underbuilding for the last three decades is 90,000 units per year, an estimated shortage of 2.7 million housing units (20%) by 2010.<a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 21
Quotation: "Between 1980 and 2010, California's major metros added about 120,000 new housing units each year. Our analysis suggests that between 190,000 units per year and 230,000 units per year were needed to keep California's housing cost growth in line with cost escalations elsewhere in the U.S. Our midpoint estimate—which represents our single best guess at California's housing need—is slightly above 210,000 units per year."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">21  Since 2010, the state's construction of new housing units has averaged well below 90,000 units per year.<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_housing_still_not_enough-112">[112]</a> It took a drop after the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, but has increased to about 90,000 / year in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_housing_still_not_enough-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom_2019-2-11-113">[113]</a> In September 2017, a team of economists from <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Anderson_School_of_Management" title="UCLA Anderson School of Management">UCLA Anderson Forecast</a>, led by Jerry Nickelsburg, predicted that "it would take 20 percent more housing to achieve a 10 percent reduction in prices. Such a reduction throughout California would bring costs down roughly to 2014 levels..."<a href="#cite_note-SF_chronicle_UCLA_economists_forecast-114">[114]</a> In a 2018 UCLA Anderson Forecast report, economist Nickelsburg estimated the shortage at 3 million units.<a href="#cite_note-CityLab_Chiland_1-115">[115]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Nickelsburg estimates that across the state, more than 3 million new houses and apartments would need to be constructed."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  In October 2017, lieutenant governor and gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> said that California should set a goal to produce 3.5 million new homes by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_2021-06-08-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKinsey_3.5_by_2025-107">[107]</a> This would require a quadrupling of the current rate of building to almost 400,000 units per year, a rate the state has not experienced since 1954.<a href="#cite_note-Newsom_3.5M_by_2025-117">[117]</a> <a href="#cite_note-LAT_Newsom_threat-118">[118]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "As a candidate, Newsom called for the building of 3.5 million new homes in the state by 2025, an amount that would more than quadruple the current rate of production."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In April 2018, state Senator <a href="/wiki/Scott_Wiener" title="Scott Wiener">Scott Wiener</a>, author of several bills to reduce the housing shortage, estimated it at 4 million units.<a href="#cite_note-leg_bill_killed-120">[120]</a> In a 2019 paper, economists <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Moretti" title="Enrico Moretti">Enrico Moretti</a> and Chang-Tai Hsieh analyzed the U.S. housing market and found that if Americans had consistently built housing commensurate with demand, the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> would have two million housing units (rather than the 400,000 it has today) and a population of four million people (as opposed to its actual 2022 population of around 815,000), and the greater <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">Bay Area</a> would have five times the population it has today.<a href="#cite_note-Lowrey-121">[121]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/CalMatters" title="CalMatters">CalMatters</a> graphed the various estimates of the housing shortage against actual housing production, showing improvements in production in the last decade but a significant gap remaining between the estimates of what would be needed to address the shortage.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increase_in_housing_production_needed">Increase in housing production needed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Increase in housing production needed">edit</a>]</div> Experts say that California needs to double its current rate of housing production (85,000 units per year) just to keep up with expected population growth and prevent prices from further increasing, and needs to quadruple the current rate of housing production over the next 7 years in order to for prices and rents to decline.<a href="#cite_note-KQED_housing_5-21">[21]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "The state housing department estimates that we need to build 180,000 new housing units a year to keep prices stable. Over the past 10 years, we've averaged less than half of that."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-LAT_HS-123">[123]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Ben Metcalf, the state's top housing official, has said the affordability problems are as bad as they've ever been in California's history. And the state is expected to add an additional 6.5 million people over the next two decades. The primary driver of the affordability problem is a lack of home building. Developers in California need to roughly double the 100,000 homes they build each year to stabilize housing costs, according to the McKinsey study and reports from the state Department of Housing and Community Development and nonpartisan Legislative Analyst's Office."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-McKinsey_3.5_by_2025-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-CA_Housing_Future-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page: 21
Quotation: "Between 1980 and 2010, California's major metros added about 120,000 new housing units each year. Our analysis suggests that between 190,000 units per year and 230,000 units per year were needed to keep California's housing cost growth in line with cost escalations elsewhere in the U.S. (Our midpoint estimate—which represents our single best guess at California's housing need—is slightly above 210,000 units per year."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">21 <a href="#cite_note-SJMN_5_ways-25">[25]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "California ranks dead last in home construction on a per capita basis in recent years, said Jonathan Woezel, lead author of the much-cited McKinsey Global Institute report on the state's housing crisis. Is there a solution to this crisis? Yes, the experts say. Provided Californians are willing to ease local and state barriers to development, build more high-density and affordable housing and — at least one economist dared to say — scale back Prop. 13. In short, the state must build 3.5 million more homes by 2025, the McKinsey report concluded. That's roughly 350,000 units a year over the next seven years, versus an average of just 85,000 homes a year over the last seven years. "This is a fixable problem," Woezel said. "This is not impossible.""" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-SFC_Danville_AH-124">[124]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "While Danville can take a bow for going outside its comfort zone, this project illustrates how long a road California must travel to reach its goal of building 180,000 units annually — the total it must hit just to keep pace with demand."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratio_of_residents_and_jobs_to_housing_units">Ratio of residents and jobs to housing units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ratio of residents and jobs to housing units">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jobs per housing unit for California and for the United States since 1980<a href="#cite_note-Historical_Population_Housing-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-US-Census-Housing_Units-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-CA_employment-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></div></div></div> In 2018, California ranked 49th among the United States in housing units per resident.<a href="#cite_note-VOX_sb827-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "California is in the midst of crippling housing crisis. The state's population has steadily grown, but it hasn't been building new places for people to live at anything close to the same rate. It now ranks 49th in housing units per capita."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-McKinsey_CA_housing_gap-3">[3]</a> While some people claim that a "healthy" ratio of jobs to housing units is around two, many California metros are far from that, with San Diego at 3.9, Los Angeles at 4.7, and San Francisco at 6.8.<a href="#cite_note-CityLab_action_on_housing-22">[22]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "... jobs-to-housing ratios. A healthy ratio is approximately two new jobs for every new unit of housing. Nearly all California metros are way above that sweet spot, according to an analysis of census data by Apartment List; between 2010 and 2015 San Diego had a ratio of 3.9 jobs per housing unit, Los Angeles' was 4.7, San Francisco's was 6.8..."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permitting_rate">Permitting rate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Permitting rate">edit</a>]</div> From 2013 to 2022, California's local governments (who control the home permitting process) approved 2.6 new housing units per 100 residents, significantly lower than the nationwide average of 3.9.<a href="#cite_note-SFC_2023-04-27-127">[127]</a> The state had the 37th lowest permitting rate in the country, with some states (<a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>) permitting at more than double California's rate.<a href="#cite_note-SFC_2023-04-27-127">[127]</a> While California's permitting rate has been increasing, with the rate having increased 20% for the five years 2018–2022 compared to the previous five years, the state's rate still lags the nation as a whole whose 2018–2022 rate was up 33% compared to 2013–2017.<a href="#cite_note-SFC_2023-04-27-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses">Responses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Responses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Federal">edit</a>]</div> In a September 2016 report from the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President of the United States</a> titled "Housing Development Toolkit",<a href="#cite_note-Presidents_housing_toolkit-128">[128]</a>: <span title="Page: 2
Quotation: "Over the past three decades, local barriers to housing development have intensified, particularly in the high-growth metropolitan areas increasingly fueling the national economy. The accumulation of such barriers – including zoning, other land use regulations, and lengthy development approval processes –has reduced the ability of many housing markets to respond to growing demand. The growing severity of undersupplied housing markets is jeopardizing housing affordability for working families, increasing income inequality by reducing less-skilled workers' access to high-wage labor markets, and stifling GDP growth by driving labor migration away from the most productive regions. By modernizing their approaches to housing development regulation, states and localities can restrain unchecked housing cost growth, protect homeowners, and strengthen their economies."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">2  <a href="#cite_note-Politico_Obama_zoning-129">[129]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "The Obama administration Monday is calling on cities and counties to rethink their zoning laws, saying that antiquated rules on construction, housing and land use are contributing to high rents and income inequality, and dragging down the U.S. economy as a whole. ... The White House published a "toolkit" of economic evidence and policy fixes to help local political leaders fight back against the NIMBYs that tend to hold sway over municipal zoning meetings."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-Curbed_Obama-130">[130]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "On the eve of the debates, two op-eds were published to promote President Obama's new Housing Development Toolkit, outlining successful methods for bringing housing back into American cities. Over at the San Francisco Chronicle—and I think we can safely christen San Francisco the Home of the Housing Crisis—the chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisers, Jason Furman makes an impassioned plea to reform land-use policies to repair our broken housing markets, like "streamlining permitting processes, eliminating off-street parking requirements, reducing minimum lot sizes, and enacting high-density and multifamily zoning policies". Yes, Obama is basically telling San Francisco to build more housing."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-Slate_Obama-131">[131]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "In a white paper released Monday, the Obama administration pins a whole bunch of America's problems—including income inequality, plodding economic growth, gentrification, long commutes, the strained safety net, homelessness, and racial segregation—on the restrictive land-use policies of American cities, counties, and suburbs (and by extension, the NIMBYs who promote them)."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-Forbes_Obama-132">[132]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "This past Monday, September 26, could prove to be a landmark day in the political discussion about urban America's housing woes. On that day, the connection between land-use regulations and higher housing costs, long made by urbanist bloggers and think-tankers, was finally acknowledged by a sitting president, when the Obama administration published the report "Housing Development Toolkit." Rather than echoing past presidential administrations, and thinking up all the ways that the federal government could subsidize homeownership, the report listed why homes are so expensive in the first place: restrictive zoning, bureaucratic delay and other regulations. The report laid out a 10-point plan for how expensive major metro areas can reduce their housing prices, mainly by liberalizing their markets to increase supply. The surprising thing was that this call for deregulation came from a Democratic president whose answer for other government-imposed problems--from expensive health care to failing inner city schools to slow economic growth--is to advocate for more government interference. So what inspired Obama's unusual position? It might be that the academic literature has by now grown so overwhelming that certain conclusions can't be ignored. There have been dozens of studies in recent decades, from liberal, conservative and non-partisan organizations, arriving at the same verdict: land-use regulations increase housing prices."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-CityLab_Obama-106">[106]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "It's become perhaps the most widely accepted truism in urban development and economic policy circles: NIMBY zoning and overly restrictive land-use policies and building codes keep housing prices high, making superstar cities like New York and San Francisco less affordable. Plus, they take a huge bite out of the U.S. economy as a whole. Remedying this has won wide support from urban economists and city builders on both sides of the political aisle. In the February 2016 Economic Report of the President and in a follow-up report that advocated for a new housing policy toolkit, the Obama administration indicted unduly strict land-use rules as leading to damaging rents and holding back American innovation and economic progress."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  the authors cited several of California state and localities' attempted legislative fixes for the housing shortage as models that it recommends other states and localities also follow to abate their housing shortages,<a href="#cite_note-Presidents_housing_toolkit-128">[128]</a>: <span title="Page: 12
Quotation: "Cities like Chicago, Seattle, Sacramento, and Tacoma and states like California and Massachusetts have already begun to foster more affordable housing opportunities by removing restrictions, implementing transit-oriented zoning ordinances, and speeding up permitting and construction processes."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">12  including: <ul><li>establish by-right development,<a href="#cite_note-Presidents_housing_toolkit-128">[128]</a>: <span title="Page: 14
Quotation: "Some states have enacted or pursued these approaches in efforts to facilitate affordable housing development. In California, Gov. Jerry Brown recently proposed a policy that would ensure that new developments that conform with existing local zoning rules and include set-asides for affordable housing would be approved "by right" –as long as the project is not located on sensitive sites, such as wetlands, farmland, flood plains, and earthquake fault zones, additional discretionary review requirements would be no longer be required, facilitating more rapid development of affordable housing at lower costs."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">14 </li> <li>tax vacant land or donate it to non-profit developers,<a href="#cite_note-Presidents_housing_toolkit-128">[128]</a>: <span title="Page: 15
Quotation: "Localities often face challenges in identifying vacant properties, but many jurisdictions have enacted vacant property registration ordinances that require individuals to register vacant land and often pay a fee, with cities in Florida, California, Illinois and Michigan leading the way in implementation. Many localities in these states increase the fees the longer a property remains vacant, which encourages lot owners to put their properties to more productive use, such as redevelopment."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">15 </li> <li>streamline or shorten permitting processes and timelines,<a href="#cite_note-Presidents_housing_toolkit-128">[128]</a>: <span title="Page: 16
Quotation: "San Diego and Austin are two of many cities that have tackled these challenges, streamlining and shortening their permitting processes. San Diego's Expedite Program allows for expedited permit processing for eligible affordable/in-fill housing and sustainable building projects, with a 5 business day initial review."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">16 </li> <li>eliminate off-street parking requirements,<a href="#cite_note-Presidents_housing_toolkit-128">[128]</a>: <span title="Page: 17
Quotation: "The Association of Bay Area Governments also published a rubric guiding parking requirement reform across the region, which accompanies the Metropolitan Transportation Commission's Smart Parking Toolbox and funds parking plans for transit station areas. And in 2015, the State of California enacted a statewide override of local parking requirements for all residential projects near transit that incorporated affordable units."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">17 </li> <li>allow accessory dwelling units,<a href="#cite_note-Presidents_housing_toolkit-128">[128]</a>: <span title="Page: 17
Quotation: "The State of California moved earlier this month to streamline state regulations to promote construction of accessory dwelling units."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">17  and</li> <li>establish density bonuses.<a href="#cite_note-Presidents_housing_toolkit-128">[128]</a>: <span title="Page: 18
Quotation: "The State of California requires its local governments to grant a density bonus and concession or development incentive, if requested, for developments of five or more units including minimum portions of affordable housing or for senior housing."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">18 </li></ul> The report also highlighted one of <a href="/wiki/President_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="President Obama">President Obama</a>'s remarks to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Mayors" title="United States Conference of Mayors">U.S. Conference of Mayors</a> on January 21, 2016: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We can work together to break down rules that stand in the way of building new housing and that keep families from moving to growing, dynamic cities.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State">State</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: State">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_Legislative_session">2016 Legislative session</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2016 Legislative session">edit</a>]</div> In September 2016, Governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> signed AB 2406, AB 2299, and SB 1069, all of which reduce the cost and bureaucracy needed to construct an ADU (<a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite#United_States" title="Secondary suite">Accessory Dwelling Unit</a>), also known as a "granny flat" or "in-law unit".<a href="#cite_note-SFC_ADUs-133">[133]</a> The Bay Area Council notes that if only 10 percent of the Bay Area's 1.5 million single family homeowners build ADU's, that would create 150,000 units of new housing.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN_ADUs-134">[134]</a> This change resulted in dramatic increases in applications for ADU building permits; Los Angeles saw 25 times as many applications in the 2017 calendar year than it did in the previous two years combined.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN_ADUs_2-135">[135]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Los Angeles received 25 times as many applications to build them in 2017 than it did the previous two years; Oakland, San Francisco and San Jose also have seen major jumps."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017_Legislative_session">2017 Legislative session</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2017 Legislative session">edit</a>]</div> In the 2017 legislative session, a package of 15 housing bills was passed. One bill legalizes <a href="/wiki/Microapartment" title="Microapartment">microapartments</a> as small as 150 sq. ft. and prohibits cities from limiting their numbers near universities or public transit;<a href="#cite_note-SJMN_2017_package-136">[136]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "AB 352: Supports development of micro-units as small as 150 square feet, prohibiting local governments from limiting their number near public transit or public universities."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  another (SB 2) adds a $75 real-estate document recording fee (for everything other than property sales), which is projected to generate $250 million per year for affordable housing construction.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN_2017_package-136">[136]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "SB 2: Raises about $200 million to $300 million annually for affordable housing by tacking a $75 fee onto every real estate document filed with a county recorder's office, up to a maximum of $225 per transaction. Deeds and other documents related to property sales are exempt. But the fee will apply to mortgage refinance documents, quitclaim deeds, notices of default and foreclosure sales, mechanic's liens and deed restrictions, among others. The law becomes effective Jan. 1, with half of first-year funds helping the homeless, and half going to local governments to update planning and zoning. In following years, 70 percent of the money will go to local governments for affordable housing programs, with the state using the rest for farmworker housing, loan and grant programs and to develop low- and moderate-income housing."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-SacBee_2017_package-137">[137]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Atkins' Senate Bill 2 imposes a $75 to $225 fee on real estate transactions and is expected to generate as much as $258 million per year for housing development aimed at low-income inhabitants and programs to combat homelessness."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-LAT_2017_package-138">[138]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "SB 2 is expected to raise $250 million a year by charging people a $75 starting fee to refinance a mortgage or make other real estate transactions, except for home or commercial property sales. The most anyone can be charged is $225 per transaction."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  The total 2017 housing package is expected to have only a minimal impact on the shortage, because even the most optimistic predictions suggest that the measures will increase yearly housing production by about 14,000 units per year, still well short (14%) of the additional 100,000 new units needed yearly (in addition to the 80,000 being produced yearly) just to keep pace with population growth and prevent prices from rising.<a href="#cite_note-CalMatters_housing_primer-34">[34]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Californians shouldn't expect to feel the impact of the legislation on their rising rents or mortgage payments anytime soon. The new affordable housing dollars are estimated in a rosy scenario to produce about 14,000 homes a year—well below the 100,000 home gap between what the state typically produces and what it needs to keep prices stable."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-LAT_2017_package-138">[138]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Still, the array of new laws Brown signed Friday will hardly put a dent in the state's housing problems. Developers need to build about 100,000 new homes each year beyond what's already planned, simply to keep pace with California's population growth. Money from the bond — assuming it's approved by voters in November 2018 — and the new real estate fee are estimated to finance about 14,000 additional houses a year, still leaving the state tens of thousands of units short annually, according to the state and third parties. Moreover, all the bond money could be spent in as little as five years."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-LAT_HtoMC-35">[35]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "The state will need anywhere from 1.8 million to 3.5 million new homes by 2025 to absorb existing demand and future population growth. But its current construction pace of fewer than 80,000 new homes per year falls short by 100,000 homes a year of meeting even the lowest estimate of demand. And much of the construction is taking place inland, far from the coastal areas hosting most of the job growth."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Senate_Bill_35">Senate Bill 35</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Senate Bill 35">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_35_(2017)" title="California Senate Bill 35 (2017)">California Senate Bill 35 (2017)</a></div> Another bill was Senate Bill 35 (SB 35), authored by state Senator <a href="/wiki/Scott_Wiener" title="Scott Wiener">Scott Wiener</a> which shortens the approval process by eliminating environmental and planning reviews for new <a href="/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">infill</a> housing in cities which have failed to meet their state housing production goals. The state sets goals for production of different types of housing: market-rate, low-income, etc., (to keep up with expected population growth) and this law applies only to development types for which the city is not meeting its production goal. To make use of the streamlined approval process, the developer must pay <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_wage" title="Prevailing wage">prevailing wage</a> and abide by union-standard hiring rules.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN_2017_package-136">[136]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "SB 35: One of the most contentious measures of the session was this "streamlining" bill, designed to speed up the time it takes to win approval for new housing in local communities. Gov. Brown wanted it. Local governments fought it. SB 35 "will erode local control and would even penalize cities meeting the state's numerous housing laws," League of California Cities Executive Director Carolyn Coleman said in a recent statement. In brief, this bill will allow developments to bypass city councils in cities that failed to meet their state-mandated housing goals. The measure applies to "infill" projects only — or those located within existing development. Projects also qualify for streamlined approval if they meet certain affordability, density and zoning requirements. If a city is building sufficient market-rate units but not enough low-income units, the project must consist of at least 50 percent low-income units to qualify for streamlined approval. The bill's sponsor, state Sen. Scott Wiener, D-San Francisco, said the bill "holds local communities accountable" for meeting state homebuilding goals."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-SacBee_2017_package-137">[137]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Senate Bill 35, from Sen. Scott Wiener, D-San Francisco, seeks to streamline the approval process for new housing by eliminating environmental and planning reviews for some projects. State law requires California cities to set aside land under local zoning regulations for housing of all income levels, from rooms for the homeless to luxury high-rises. Wiener argues that, too often, local elected officials cave to neighborhood pressure to kill or water down housing proposals, and as a result, cities have not built enough housing to keep pace with population increases. Under his bill, developers in cities that aren't on track to meet their state housing requirements will be allowed to bypass local government review. Local elected officials will retain decision-making control in cities that are on track to meet their goals. The measure, which received support from labor, would also mandate higher prevailing wage for workers on housing projects of more than nine units."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-LAT_2017_package-138">[138]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Senate Bill 35 forces cities to approve projects that comply with existing zoning if not enough housing has been built to keep pace with their state home-building targets. Such projects must also reserve a certain percentage of homes for low-income residents and pay construction workers union-level wages and abide by union-standard hiring rules."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-SB_35_quote-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-SB35_LA_rule-140">[140]</a> Wiener said, "Local control is about how a community achieves its housing goals, not whether it achieves those goals.... SB 35 sets clear and reasonable standards to ensure that all communities are part of the solution by creating housing for our growing population."<a href="#cite_note-SB_35_quote-139">[139]</a> SB 35 has been used, for example, to redevelop the derelict <a href="/wiki/Vallco_Shopping_Mall" title="Vallco Shopping Mall">Vallco Shopping Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cupertino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupertino">Cupertino</a> into a mixed-use development containing 2,402 apartments, half of them affordable, with no government subsidies, which will quintuple Cupertino's affordable housing stock.<a href="#cite_note-SFC_Vallco_1-141">[141]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Sand Hill Property, which also plans nearly 2 million square feet of office space at the site, is becoming one of the first developers to use a new state law designed to outmaneuver city governments and residents opposed to dense new housing developments. The law allows developers to avoid city-imposed limits on housing construction, and environmental scrutiny often used to block projects, if they agree to lease half of the new housing as affordable units. ... Features of proposed Vallco Town Center: 2,402 units of housing, half of which will be affordable"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-SFC_Vallco_2-142">[142]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "The $4 billion project has full financing to move forward, and no public funds are needed to build the affordable housing, Moulds said. ... Vallco's affordable housing levels are unprecedented, said Adhi Nagraj, San Francisco director of SPUR, an urban planning nonprofit think tank. "To build 50 percent on site with no public subsidy is unheard of," he said, adding that typical projects provide 10 to 15 percent.""" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-SJMN_Vallco-143">[143]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Mixed into the project will be 2,402 residential units — a huge jump from the 389 units in the city's plan — and a major boost to the housing stock in a city where booming job growth and sluggish housing creation has driven the cost of renting or buying a home through the roof. Half of the proposed residential units would be reserved for qualifying low-income residents making $84,900 or less for a family of four. ... The plan would increase Cupertino's affordable housing stock fivefold, ... SV@Home, a pro-affordable housing organization, applauded the Vallco Town Center's proposed 1,201 units of below-market-rate housing. "For us this is an exciting day," said deputy director Pilar Lorenzana, "and we're hopeful that the community of Cupertino will agree to welcome 1,201 additional families to their community.""" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1 <a href="#cite_note-Brinklow_2018-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018_Legislative_session">2018 Legislative session</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2018 Legislative session">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Senate_Bills_827_and_50">Senate Bills 827 and 50</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Senate Bills 827 and 50">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_50_(2019)" title="California Senate Bill 50 (2019)">California Senate Bill 50 (2019)</a></div> In 2018, Senator Wiener introduced SB 827, which would have required localities to allow buildings of at least 4 or 8 stories within a half-mile of a high-frequency transit stop, or within a quarter-mile of a bus or transit corridor, as well as waiving minimum parking requirements in those areas.<a href="#cite_note-VOX_sb827-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Now, there is a solution on the table that goes directly after this root cause. SB 827, a new bill before the California Senate, would require that all areas within a half-mile of a high-frequency transit stop, or within a quarter-mile of a bus or transit corridor, allow heights of at least 45 or 85 feet (depending on distance from transit, width of street, and other characteristics). That's roughly four to eight stories, far higher than what many local zoning commissions allow. SB 827 would also waive any minimum parking requirements in those areas and prohibit any design requirement that would have the effect of arbitrarily lowering the square footage allowed on a lot."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  The bill was controversial, being opposed both by local governments concerned about the loss of local control of zoning, and by anti-gentrification activists concerned about displacement.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The bill was supported by a group of scholars who stated that it would help reduce decades of racial and economic residential segregation,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-SB827_scholars_letter-147">[147]</a>: <span title="Page: 1-2
Quotation: "After the enactment of the Fair Housing Act in 1968, communities and municipalities whose neighborhoods formed with the use of racially discriminatory housing policies sought new ways to maintain segregation. The use of restrictive zoning to achieve racial segregation intensified. By the early 1970s, ostensibly race-neutral restrictive zoning laws and land use practices proliferated, with clear segregative effects. This arrangement has largely been ignored by the courts and legislative branches of government. Tactics used to make housing inaccessible or prohibitively expensive for people of color and low income families include detached, single-family housing, front yard and building setbacks, restrictive floor to area ratios, parking requirements, and height and density requirements. These policies prevent developers and landowners from developing affordable housing near areas of employment and public transportation, locking out many low income people and people of color from high job growth areas."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1-2 <a href="#cite_note-NYT-Apr-148">[148]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "Likewise, while a host of tenants' rights and anti-gentrification groups opposed the bill for fear it would displace lower-income residents, a number of scholars wrote a letter of support, saying it would help undo decades of racial segregation brought on by restrictive zoning."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  as well as pro-housing groups nationally, and by over 100 <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">San Francisco Bay area technology industry</a> executives who voiced their support of the bill in a joint letter.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Regarding the issue of local control, Wiener said: "In education and healthcare, the state sets basic standards, and local control exists within those standards. Only in housing has the state abdicated its role. But housing is a statewide issue, and the approach of pure local control has driven us into the ditch."<a href="#cite_note-LAT_HtoMC-35">[35]</a> Anti-displacement provisions were inserted in response to gentrification concerns. It was subsequently defeated in its first committee hearing.<a href="#cite_note-LAT_SB827-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2018-151">[151]</a> In December 2018, Senator Wiener introduced a similar bill for the following legislative session, <a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_50_(2019)" title="California Senate Bill 50 (2019)">SB 50</a>, which was defeated in a senate floor vote in 2020. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021_Legislative_session">2021 Legislative session</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2021 Legislative session">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/California_HOME_Act" title="California HOME Act">California HOME Act</a></div> In September 2021, Governor <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> signed a package of 31 housing bills, including the <a href="/wiki/California_HOME_Act" title="California HOME Act">California HOME Act</a> (SB 9) and SB 10.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The California HOME Act (SB 9) upzones most of California to allow building denser housing, up to a <a href="/wiki/Fourplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourplex">fourplex</a>, on a <a href="/wiki/Land_lot" title="Land lot">lot</a>. SB 10 streamlines the process for local governments to build dense housing around transit rich areas. Other bills aim to streamline the homebuilding process, reduce barriers to building affordable housing, and hold local governments responsible for building more housing.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Other bills that Governor Newsom signed include SB 290, AB 1584, SB 478, and AB 602.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> SB 290 expands <a href="/wiki/California_Density_Bonus_Law" title="California Density Bonus Law">California's density bonus law</a> to include affordable housing for low income college students. Density bonuses allow developers to build denser housing, so long as a portion is set aside for affordable housing. AB 1584 makes void any <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">housing covenants</a> that would prohibit the construction of an ADU in certain circumstances. SB 478 creates a minimum <a href="/wiki/Floor_area_ratio" title="Floor area ratio">floor area ratio</a> and a minimum <a href="/wiki/Land_lot" title="Land lot">lot size</a> for multi-family housing that's between 3 and 10 units. SB 478 also prevents local governments from imposing a lot coverage requirement that would make it impossible for a housing project to achieve its minimum floor area ratio. AB 602 regulates <a href="/wiki/Impact_fee" title="Impact fee">impact fees</a> that local governments can charge on housing. AB 602 makes impact fees more transparent, and requires local governments to make impact fees proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square footage</a> of the house. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2022_Legislative_session">2022 Legislative session</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2022 Legislative session">edit</a>]</div> In September 2022, Newsom signed a package of housing bills, including AB 2011, SB 6 and AB 2097.<a href="#cite_note-SFC_2022-09-28-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="AB_2011">AB 2011</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: AB 2011">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Housing_and_High_Road_Jobs_Act" title="Affordable Housing and High Road Jobs Act">Affordable Housing and High Road Jobs Act</a></div> AB 2011 has officially gone into effect as of July 1, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The policy allows for affordable and mixed-income housing to be built on commercially-zoned property on a ministerial, by-right basis, as long as the projects fulfill affordability and environmental criteria, and pay <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_wage" title="Prevailing wage">prevailing wage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFC_2022-09-28-155">[155]</a> Additionally there is a requirement for the use of apprenticeship programs that are approved by local governments. When these contracts are being accepted by contractors they will also be provided with health care expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> This being a new and more recent Bill studies will be conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Community Development</a> which will be used to present to legislature on the effects and results of the additional housing developments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="SB_6_and_AB_2097">SB 6 and AB 2097</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: SB 6 and AB 2097">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_2097_(2022)" title="California Assembly Bill 2097 (2022)">California Assembly Bill 2097 (2022)</a></div> SB 6 allows for residential use on commercially zoned property without requiring a rezoning, as long as a percentage of construction workers hired are unionized.<a href="#cite_note-SFC_2022-09-28-155">[155]</a> AB 2097 removes <a href="/wiki/Parking_minimums_and_maximums" class="mw-redirect" title="Parking minimums and maximums">parking minimums</a> for homes and commercial properties within one mile of public transit stations or in neighborhoods with low rates of car use.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> California became the second state after <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> to eliminate parking minimums near public transit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="SB_897_and_AB_2221">SB 897 and AB 2221</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: SB 897 and AB 2221">edit</a>]</div> SB 897 and AB 2221 both clarified rules regarding compliance of ADUs with building codes and streamlined permitting.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023_Legislative_Session">2023 Legislative Session</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 2023 Legislative Session">edit</a>]</div> In October 2023, Newsom signed another package of housing bills. Notable bills include SB 4, SB 423, SB 555 and AB 1033.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="SB_4">SB 4</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: SB 4">edit</a>]</div> SB 4 makes it so that religious institutions or higher education institutions can submit applications for streamlined approval for building housing on their lands, granted that it satisfied criteria and that all of the units are made available for lower-income households.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The bill is part of a greater movement by faith communities in the U.S. to build affordable housing called "Yes, In God's Backyard."<a href="#cite_note-:0feb24-163">[163]</a> The movement has, in the past, struggled with getting past the red tape over adaptive reuse of their property, especially with city or local opposition. SB 4 is part of a series of California bill efforts since 2020 to make it easier for churches, as well as other faith communities and higher education institutions, to build on their lands, including an assembly bill (AB 1851) which reduced or eliminated parking requirements for such projects.<a href="#cite_note-:0feb24-163">[163]</a> A <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> study found that this law opens up about 170,000 acres of land (about half the size of Los Angeles) for potential affordable housing development across the state.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2024-04-27-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="SB_423">SB 423</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: SB 423">edit</a>]</div> SB 423 comes as an extension of SB 35, a bill that expedites processes for housing developments in areas with higher needs. Such need is assessed using <a href="/wiki/Regional_Housing_Needs_Assessment" title="Regional Housing Needs Assessment">Regional Housing Needs Assessment</a> (RHNA), which was part of what was written into law in SB 35. SB 423 specifically expands the streamlining outlined in SB 35 by allowing the state to supersede the local government in passing the review and to make it easier for multifamily developments in coastal zones.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> This is a victory for pro-housing advocates, as the <a href="/wiki/California_Coastal_Commission" title="California Coastal Commission">California Coastal Commission</a> has been a major source of opposition to housing developments on the coast. Opponents are concerned about the housing threatening the local beach environment and wildlife. Pro-housing advocates argue that housing must be built everywhere, but the coast provides an especially good opportunity as it is nearer to jobs, recreation, and less car-centric living, which ultimately means less pollution.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Beyond advocates and opponents, the commission itself historically has blocked almost all housing on the coastal zones, with the consequence being even higher housing prices than in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="SB_555">SB 555</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: SB 555">edit</a>]</div> The introduction of SB 555 indicates a shift in housing priorities, turning away from solely the private rental market or homeownership to explore alternative forms of tenure. The bill introduces a plan to implement 1.4 million units of social housing, which is permanently kept from the private market and being bought out.<a href="#cite_note-:1oct23-168">[168]</a> This provides protections for renters and hopes to create a subsection of housing that is not based on speculation and instead creates secure mixed-income communities.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The bill first mandates that its <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Housing_and_Community_Development" title="California Department of Housing and Community Development">department of housing</a> (HCD) completes a California Social Housing Study completed by the end of 2026, which will create recommendations and analysis on social housing and what the best options for the state are.<a href="#cite_note-:1oct23-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="SB_684">SB 684</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: SB 684">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_684_(2023)" title="California Senate Bill 684 (2023)">California Senate Bill 684 (2023)</a></div> SB 684 requires cities to ministerially allow property owners to subdivide multifamily lots to create subdivisions with up to 10 houses, townhouses or condos. At the time of passage, it was not applied to vacant lots in single-family zones. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="AB_1033">AB 1033</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: AB 1033">edit</a>]</div> The passage of AB 1033 allows homeowners to convert their ADUs into condominiums and sell their ADUs independently of the primary residence.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024_Legislative_Session">2024 Legislative Session</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 2024 Legislative Session">edit</a>]</div> On August 27, Newsom signed two bills passed to address the crisis, including AB 2835, which allows motels and other temporary housing to allow homeless residents to stay for longer than 30 days without triggering local rent control laws, and AB 3057, which streamlines the approval process for the construction of ADUs by granted same exemption to environmental review for junior ADU ordinances as given to standard ADU ordinances.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> On September 19, Newsom signed a larger package of bills, including: <ul><li>SB 1211, which allows people to build up to eight detached ADUs on a lot, expanding the maximum from two ADUs per lot;</li> <li>SB 1164, which allows new ADUs to be exempt from property taxes for up to 15 years;</li> <li>SB 312, which streamlines approval for environmentally sustainable student housing;</li> <li>SB 937, which allows home builders to delay the payment of local development and impact fees until a certificate of occupancy is issued for their project;</li> <li>SB 450, which clarifies the intent of the <a href="/wiki/California_HOME_Act" title="California HOME Act">California HOME Act</a> and allows state agencies to enforce its terms against city governments in court;<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li>SB 1123, which extends eligibility for projects constructed under <a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_684_(2023)" title="California Senate Bill 684 (2023)">SB 684</a> to vacant lots in single family zones.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_and_municipal">County and municipal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: County and municipal">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sacramento">Sacramento</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sacramento">edit</a>]</div> In February 2024 (implemented in March 2024), the city of Sacramento passed the 2040 General Plan which updated the zoning code to eliminate parking minimums citywide for new housing. In addition, the General Plan eliminated caps on the number of units that can be built in a single-family zone, instead allowing for property owners to construct multi-unit housing based on a <a href="/wiki/Floor_area_ratio" title="Floor area ratio">floor area ratio</a> citywide.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In September 2024, the city council passed an ordinance allowing small apartment buildings up to three stories tall in all residential areas previously zoned for single-family housing, but maintained existing bulk control standards.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_of_Los_Angeles">City of Los Angeles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: City of Los Angeles">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Housing_Authority_of_the_City_of_Los_Angeles" title="Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles">Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles</a> closed its Section 8 wait list for over a decade due to high demand, and only reopened in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="San_Francisco">San Francisco</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: San Francisco">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_housing_shortage#Responses" title="San Francisco housing shortage">San Francisco housing shortage § Responses</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silicon_Valley_reforms">Silicon Valley reforms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Silicon Valley reforms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing_in_Silicon_Valley#Affordable_housing_initiatives_by_city" title="Affordable housing in Silicon Valley">Affordable housing in Silicon Valley § Affordable housing initiatives by city</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parking_mandates_repeal">Parking mandates repeal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Parking mandates repeal">edit</a>]</div> As of 2024, parking mandates have been repealed citywide in Sacramento, Culver City, Alameda, Emeryville, San Francisco and San Jose.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_efforts">Other efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other efforts">edit</a>]</div> Since 2014, several <a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a> (Yes In My Back Yard) groups have been created in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YIMBY_groups_fundraiser-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Build_baby_Build-180">[180]</a> These groups lobby both locally and in Sacramento for increased housing production at all price levels, as well as using California's <a href="/wiki/California_Housing_Accountability_Act" title="California Housing Accountability Act">Housing Accountability Act</a> ("the anti-NIMBY law")<a href="#cite_note-YIMBY_groups_fundraiser-179">[179]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "It has taken Berkeley, Lafayette and now Sausalito to court for alleged violations of the state's 35-year-old "anti-NIMBY (Not In My Backyard)" housing law, the Housing Accountability Act, which requires cities to approve building permits that meet existing zoning rules."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  <a href="#cite_note-NYT_Build_baby_Build-180">[180]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "She wrote the petition herself, saying the move violated the California Housing Accountability Act, a 1980s law and "anti-Nimby" statute that limits cities' ability to downsize housing developments."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  to sue cities when they attempt to block or downsize housing development.<a href="#cite_note-YIMBY_groups_fundraiser-179">[179]</a> One activist, in a comment to the San Francisco Planning Commission supporting the construction of a new 75-unit mostly market rate housing development stated that: "The 100 or so higher income people, who are not going to live in this project if it isn't built, are going to live somewhere...They will just displace someone somewhere else, because demand doesn't disappear."<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_YIMBY-181">[181]</a> As of 2018, there were over 400,000 deed or use-restricted affordable housing units in California which were built with the provision that they remain affordable for the following decades (generally between 30 and 55 years) in exchange for subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The state's Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) estimates that there are more than 35,000 units whose affordability requirement will expire by 2021 and that many of these will likely be converted to market rent units. HCD has made the preservation of these units as affordable housing a priority.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Under the federal government's <a href="/wiki/Section_8_(housing)" title="Section 8 (housing)">Section 8</a> voucher system, residents pay 30% of their salary and the Housing Authority pays the difference of the rental cost.<a href="#cite_note-metcalf1-183">[183]</a> As indicated by Metcalf (2018), "In 2015, 2.2 million households, comprising 5 million people, used rental vouchers to secure housing in the private market" though these figures are for the entire United States.<a href="#cite_note-metcalf1-183">[183]</a> Unlike other public assistance programs (such as SNAP or Medicaid) there are only a limited number of Section 8 vouchers, meaning that most people who apply and qualify for the program are not able to participate in the program, and instead are placed on a wait lists for years.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_housing_shortage" title="San Francisco housing shortage">San Francisco housing shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing_in_Silicon_Valley" title="Affordable housing in Silicon Valley">Affordable housing in Silicon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_market_correction" title="2000s United States housing market correction">2000s United States housing market correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_parking_programs#California" title="Safe parking programs">Safe parking programs#California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_Relief_Act" title="Rent Relief Act">Rent Relief Act</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LAO_C&C-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAO_C&C_1-14">o</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved March 1, 2018. <q>California ranks 49th among the 50 US states for housing units per capita.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+TOOL+KIT+TO+CLOSE+CALIFORNIA%27S+HOUSING+GAP&rft.pub=McKinsey+Global+Institute&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2FMcKinsey%2FGlobal%2520Themes%2FUrbanization%2FClosing%2520Californias%2520housing%2520gap%2FClosing-Californias-housing-gap-In-Brief.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-Census-Housing_Units_2017-4"><a href="#cite_ref-US-Census-Housing_Units_2017_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213004637/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2017/PEPANNHU">Annual Estimates of Housing Units for the United States, Regions, Divisions, States, and Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017</a> (Report). 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Retrieved December 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=California+doesn%27t+have+enough+housing%2C+and+lawmakers+aren%27t+doing+much+about+it&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-pol-sac-california-high-housing-prices-20160414-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SJMN_5_ways-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SJMN_5_ways_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJMN_5_ways_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2018" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Jeff (April 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/13/5-ways-to-solve-californias-housing-crisis/">"5 ways to solve California's housing crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose Mercury News">San Jose Mercury News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507180446/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/13/5-ways-to-solve-californias-housing-crisis/">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2018. 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But the public disagrees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101073744/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-residents-housing-polling-20181021-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Experts+say+California+needs+to+build+a+lot+more+housing.+But+the+public+disagrees&rft.date=2018-10-21&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-pol-ca-residents-housing-polling-20181021-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutler_Burrowing_Owls-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Cutler_Burrowing_Owls_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2014" class="citation news cs1">Cutler, Kim-Mai (April 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/14/sf-housing/">"How Burrowing Owls Lead To Vomiting Anarchists (Or SF's Housing Crisis Explained)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140430181957/https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/14/sf-housing/">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=How+Burrowing+Owls+Lead+To+Vomiting+Anarchists+%28Or+SF%27s+Housing+Crisis+Explained%29&rft.date=2014-04-14&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Kim-Mai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2014%2F04%2F14%2Fsf-housing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ_land-use_GDP_effect-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_land-use_GDP_effect_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_land-use_GDP_effect_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_land-use_GDP_effect_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhanianPrescott2017" class="citation news cs1">Ohanian, Lee; Prescott, Edward (December 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-in-the-sam-hill-are-cows-doing-on-sand-hill-road-1512171702">"What in the Sam Hill Are Cows Doing on Sand Hill Road? They're eating the priciest grass in America, thanks to California's out-of-control land-use rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106194545/https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-in-the-sam-hill-are-cows-doing-on-sand-hill-road-1512171702">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018. <q>If California rolled back its land rules to where they stood in 1980, our research estimates that the state's population could ultimately grow to 18% of the country. U.S. gross domestic product could permanently increase by about 2%, or $375 billion. If every state rolled back land regulations to 1980 levels, GDP could rise by as much as $1.8 trillion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=What+in+the+Sam+Hill+Are+Cows+Doing+on+Sand+Hill+Road%3F+They%27re+eating+the+priciest+grass+in+America%2C+thanks+to+California%27s+out-of-control+land-use+rules.&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.aulast=Ohanian&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Prescott%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-in-the-sam-hill-are-cows-doing-on-sand-hill-road-1512171702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> Note: This article is behind a paywall. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Nagourney-29"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Nagourney_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagourneyDougherty2017" class="citation news cs1">Nagourney, Adam; Dougherty, Conor (July 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/17/us/california-housing-crisis.html">"The Cost of a Hot Economy in California: A Severe Housing Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811084306/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/17/us/california-housing-crisis.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2017. 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Retrieved April 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calmatters&rft.atitle=Californians%3A+Here%27s+why+your+housing+costs+are+so+high&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Christopher%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalmatters.org%2Farticles%2Fhousing-costs-high-california%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT_HtoMC-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_HtoMC_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_HtoMC_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_HtoMC_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltzik2018" class="citation news cs1">Hiltzik, Michael (March 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-housing-crisis-20180330-story.html">"California's housing crisis reaches from the homeless to the middle class — but it's still almost impossible to fix"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331043616/http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-housing-crisis-20180330-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=California%27s+housing+crisis+reaches+from+the+homeless+to+the+middle+class+%E2%80%94+but+it%27s+still+almost+impossible+to+fix&rft.date=2018-03-29&rft.aulast=Hiltzik&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fhiltzik%2Fla-fi-hiltzik-housing-crisis-20180330-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_single_family_home-36"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_single_family_home_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2017" class="citation news cs1">Dougherty, Conor (December 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/01/business/economy/single-family-home.html">"The Great American Single-Family Home Problem"</a>. The New York Times Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204052007/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/01/business/economy/single-family-home.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017. <q>Around the country, many fast-growing metropolitan areas are facing a brutal shortage of affordable places to live, leading to gentrification, homelessness, even disease. As cities struggle to keep up with demand, they have remade their skylines with condominium and apartment towers — but single-family neighborhoods, where low-density living is treated as sacrosanct, have rarely been part of the equation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft.atitle=The+Great+American+Single-Family+Home+Problem&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F12%2F01%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fsingle-family-home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManvilleMonkkonen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Manville, Michael; Monkkonen, Paavo (2021). "Unwanted Housing: Localism and Politics of Housing Development". Planning Education and Research. 44 (2): 685–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0739456X21997903">10.1177/0739456X21997903</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233698084">233698084</a>. <q>We examine pervasive opposition to building market-rate housing and relate it to localism: a perspective that grants moral authority to incumbent residents. We argue that localism has become prevalent in housing planning in the United States and that its seeming equality—allowing all communities the right to define themselves—conceals profound imbalances that favor the affluent. We use survey data from California to measure localism, using opposition to state land use preemption as a proxy. We find that localism is concentrated among white, affluent homeowners. This suggests that localist beliefs are less prevalent in the population than they are in planning practice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning+Education+and+Research&rft.atitle=Unwanted+Housing%3A+Localism+and+Politics+of+Housing+Development&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=685-700&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0739456X21997903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233698084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Manville&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Monkkonen%2C+Paavo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Manjoo-38"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Manjoo_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjoo2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Manjoo" title="Farhad Manjoo">Manjoo, Farhad</a> (May 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/opinion/california-housing-nimby.html">"America's Cities Are Unlivable. Blame Wealthy Liberals. - The demise of a California housing measure shows how progressives abandon progressive values in their own backyards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601071146/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/opinion/california-housing-nimby.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2019. <q>It was another chapter in a dismal saga of Nimbyist urban mismanagement that is crushing American cities. Not-in-my-backyardism is a bipartisan sentiment, but because the largest American cities are populated and run by Democrats — many in states under complete Democratic control — this sort of nakedly exclusionary urban restrictionism is a particular shame of the left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=America%27s+Cities+Are+Unlivable.+Blame+Wealthy+Liberals.+-+The+demise+of+a+California+housing+measure+shows+how+progressives+abandon+progressive+values+in+their+own+backyards.&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.aulast=Manjoo&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F22%2Fopinion%2Fcalifornia-housing-nimby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIMBYismDestroyingState-39"><a href="#cite_ref-NIMBYismDestroyingState_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollag2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Bollag, Sophia (May 22, 2022). Written at Sacramento. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/newsom-housing-17188515.php">"'NIMBYism is destroying the state.' Gavin Newsom ups pressure on cities to build more housing"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco. Retrieved June 6, 2022. <q>NIMBYism is destroying the state," [Newsome] told the editorial board in an interview seeking the paper's endorsement in his upcoming re-election bid. "We're gonna demand more from our cities and counties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=%27NIMBYism+is+destroying+the+state.%27+Gavin+Newsom+ups+pressure+on+cities+to+build+more+housing&rft.date=2022-05-22&rft.aulast=Bollag&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfchronicle.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2Fnewsom-housing-17188515.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelbinCamposFisherMiller2016" class="citation journal cs1">Selbin, Jeffrey; Campos, Stephanie; Fisher, Marina; Miller, Nathaniel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2794386">"California's New Vagrancy Laws: The Growing Enactment and Enforcement of Anti-Homeless Laws in the Golden State (2016 Update)"</a>. SSRN Electronic Journal. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2794386">10.2139/ssrn.2794386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=California%27s+New+Vagrancy+Laws%3A+The+Growing+Enactment+and+Enforcement+of+Anti-Homeless+Laws+in+the+Golden+State+%282016+Update%29&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2794386&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft.aulast=Selbin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Campos%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Marina&rft.au=Miller%2C+Nathaniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D2794386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley2002" class="citation journal cs1">Oakley, Deirdre (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-9906.00116">"Housing Homeless People: Local Mobilization of Federal Resources to Fight Nimbyism"</a>. Journal of Urban Affairs. 24 (1): 97–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9906.00116">10.1111/1467-9906.00116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0735-2166">0735-2166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145493141">145493141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+Affairs&rft.atitle=Housing+Homeless+People%3A+Local+Mobilization+of+Federal+Resources+to+Fight+Nimbyism&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-116&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145493141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0735-2166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9906.00116&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1111%2F1467-9906.00116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManvilleMonkkonen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Manville, Michael; Monkkonen, Paavo (March 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0739456X21997903">"Unwanted Housing: Localism and Politics of Housing Development"</a>. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 44 (2): 685–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0739456X21997903">10.1177/0739456X21997903</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-456X">0739-456X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233698084">233698084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Planning+Education+and+Research&rft.atitle=Unwanted+Housing%3A+Localism+and+Politics+of+Housing+Development&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=685-700&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233698084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0739-456X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0739456X21997903&rft.aulast=Manville&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Monkkonen%2C+Paavo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0739456X21997903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzogLeeSansoneOlson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Herzog, Joseph R.; Lee, Chang-Bae; Sansone, Frank A.; Olson, Mark (September 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2012.01.18">"Homelessness and Incarceration: An Examination of Barriers to Misdemeanor Resolution for the Homeless"</a>. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology. 1: 198–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6000%2F1929-4409.2012.01.18">10.6000/1929-4409.2012.01.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1929-4409">1929-4409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Criminology+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Homelessness+and+Incarceration%3A+An+Examination+of+Barriers+to+Misdemeanor+Resolution+for+the+Homeless&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=198-206&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6000%2F1929-4409.2012.01.18&rft.issn=1929-4409&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Chang-Bae&rft.au=Sansone%2C+Frank+A.&rft.au=Olson%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.6000%2F1929-4409.2012.01.18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1992" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Don (March 1, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-6298%2892%2990046-V">"Iconography and locational conflict from the underside: Free speech, People's Park, and the politics of homelessness in Berkeley, California"</a>. Political Geography. 11 (2): 152–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0962-6298%2892%2990046-V">10.1016/0962-6298(92)90046-V</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-6298">0962-6298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Geography&rft.atitle=Iconography+and+locational+conflict+from+the+underside%3A+Free+speech%2C+People%27s+Park%2C+and+the+politics+of+homelessness+in+Berkeley%2C+California&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=152-169&rft.date=1992-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0962-6298%2892%2990046-V&rft.issn=0962-6298&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0962-6298%252892%252990046-V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevegan2022" class="citation thesis cs1">Sevegan, Louella (December 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_projects/1105">A Program Evaluation of the Project Roomkey in Santa Clara, San Francisco, and Alameda Counties</a> (Master of Public Administration thesis). San Jose, CA, USA: San Jose State University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31979%2Fetd.v3ne-992b">10.31979/etd.v3ne-992b</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Program+Evaluation+of+the+Project+Roomkey+in+Santa+Clara%2C+San+Francisco%2C+and+Alameda+Counties&rft.degree=Master+of+Public+Administration&rft.inst=San+Jose+State+University&rft.date=2022-12-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31979%2Fetd.v3ne-992b&rft.aulast=Sevegan&rft.aufirst=Louella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.sjsu.edu%2Fetd_projects%2F1105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT_CEQA_exemptions-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_CEQA_exemptions_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_CEQA_exemptions_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2017" class="citation news cs1">Dillon, Liam (September 25, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-enviromental-law-breaks-20170925-story.html">"Which California megaprojects get breaks from complying with environmental law? Sometimes, it depends on the project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003001852/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-enviromental-law-breaks-20170925-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Which+California+megaprojects+get+breaks+from+complying+with+environmental+law%3F+Sometimes%2C+it+depends+on+the+project&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-pol-ca-enviromental-law-breaks-20170925-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCR_2022-03-18-47"><a href="#cite_ref-OCR_2022-03-18_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2022" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Jeff (March 18, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ocregister.com/2022/03/18/billionaire-abused-ceqa-in-lawsuit-to-block-newport-beach-apartments-housing-advocates-say/">"Billionaire vs. Newport Beach apartments an 'abuse of CEQA,' housing advocates say – A judge rejected Igor Olenicoff's claim that Newport Beach failed to assess how a nearby development would impact traffic, noise and pollution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Orange_County_Register" title="The Orange County Register">The Orange County Register</a>. <q>Developers, academics and pro-housing groups have been clamoring for CEQA reform for more than a decade, calling the 1970 measure signed by then-Gov. 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United States Census Bureau. March 16, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2018. <q>The official poverty measure, which has been in use since the 1960s, estimates poverty rates by looking at a family's or an individual's cash income. The new measure is a more complex statistic incorporating additional items such as tax payments and work expenses in its family resource estimates. 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And how does it rate nationwide?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a> California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402025344/http://www.politifact.com/california/statements/2018/mar/27/travis-allen/has-californias-homeless-population-skyrocketed-an/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2018. <q>California has the third highest rate nationally with 34 in every 10,000 people in the state experiencing homelessness. Two states are worse off: New York and Hawaii. New York ranks second with 45 homeless people per 10,000. 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McKinsey Global Institute. October 1, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104220006/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Urbanization/Closing%20Californias%20housing%20gap/Closing-Californias-housing-gap-Full-report.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+TOOL+KIT+TO+CLOSE+CALIFORNIA%27S+HOUSING+GAP%3A3.5+MILLION+HOMES+BY+2025&rft.pub=McKinsey+Global+Institute&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2F~%2Fmedia%2FMcKinsey%2FFeatured%2520Insights%2FUrbanization%2FClosing%2520Californias%2520housing%2520gap%2FClosing-Californias-housing-gap-Full-report.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasadena_Star-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Pasadena_Star_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Kevin (January 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pasadenastarnews.com/2017/01/04/california-needs-to-build-a-staggering-number-of-homes-and-we-are-way-behind/">"California needs to build a staggering number of homes and we are way behind"</a>. Pasadena Star-News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123060042/https://www.pasadenastarnews.com/2017/01/04/california-needs-to-build-a-staggering-number-of-homes-and-we-are-way-behind/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018. <q>The McKinsey Global Institute estimates that California's housing shortage is costing the state $143 billion to $233 billion in lost economic output, primarily from consumption that's crowded out by high housing costs and lost construction activity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pasadena+Star-News&rft.atitle=California+needs+to+build+a+staggering+number+of+homes+and+we+are+way+behind&rft.date=2017-01-04&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pasadenastarnews.com%2F2017%2F01%2F04%2Fcalifornia-needs-to-build-a-staggering-number-of-homes-and-we-are-way-behind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Population_Housing-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Population_Housing_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Population_Housing_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Table 12-13". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf">United States Summary: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts</a> (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2012. p. 30. Retrieved June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+12-13&rft.btitle=United+States+Summary%3A+2010+Population+and+Housing+Unit+Counts&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fcen2010%2Fcph-2-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-Census-Pop-by-state-110"><a href="#cite_ref-US-Census-Pop-by-state_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200215195807/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2017/PEPANNRES/0100000US%7C0100000US.04000%7C0200000US1%7C0200000US2%7C0200000US3%7C0200000US4">Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017</a> (Report). United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2017/PEPANNRES/0100000US%7c0100000US.04000%7c0200000US1%7c0200000US2%7c0200000US3%7c0200000US4">the original</a> on February 15, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Annual+Estimates+of+the+Resident+Population%3A+April+1%2C+2010+to+July+1%2C+2017&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FPEP%2F2017%2FPEPANNRES%2F0100000US%257c0100000US.04000%257c0200000US1%257c0200000US2%257c0200000US3%257c0200000US4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-Census-Housing_Units-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US-Census-Housing_Units_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-Census-Housing_Units_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213004637/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2017/PEPANNHU">Annual Estimates of Housing Units for the United States, Regions, Divisions, States, and Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017</a> (Report). United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2017/PEPANNHU">the original</a> on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Annual+Estimates+of+Housing+Units+for+the+United+States%2C+Regions%2C+Divisions%2C+States%2C+and+Counties%3A+April+1%2C+2010+to+July+1%2C+2017&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FPEP%2F2017%2FPEPANNHU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_Times_housing_still_not_enough-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_housing_still_not_enough_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_housing_still_not_enough_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhouri2017" class="citation news cs1">Khouri, Andrew (May 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-housing-population-growth-20170501-htmlstory.html">"Housing construction is on the rise in California, but it's still not enough"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510163629/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-housing-population-growth-20170501-htmlstory.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Housing+construction+is+on+the+rise+in+California%2C+but+it%27s+still+not+enough&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft.aulast=Khouri&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-housing-population-growth-20170501-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloom_2019-2-11-113"><a href="#cite_ref-bloom_2019-2-11_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoy2019" class="citation news cs1">Coy, Peter (February 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-11/america-s-housing-market-isn-t-building-enough-new-homes">"America Isn't Building Enough New Housing"</a>. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved February 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=America+Isn%27t+Building+Enough+New+Housing&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft.aulast=Coy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-02-11%2Famerica-s-housing-market-isn-t-building-enough-new-homes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SF_chronicle_UCLA_economists_forecast-114"><a href="#cite_ref-SF_chronicle_UCLA_economists_forecast_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFimrite2017" class="citation news cs1">Fimrite, Peter (September 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Severe-housing-shortage-for-Bay-Area-state-12235869.php">"Report: To cut housing prices 10 percent, California needs 20 percent more units"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004032359/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Severe-housing-shortage-for-Bay-Area-state-12235869.php">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Report%3A+To+cut+housing+prices+10+percent%2C+California+needs+20+percent+more+units&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Fimrite&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FSevere-housing-shortage-for-Bay-Area-state-12235869.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CityLab_Chiland_1-115"><a href="#cite_ref-CityLab_Chiland_1_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiland2018" class="citation news cs1">Chiland, Elijah (June 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://la.curbed.com/2018/6/14/17451468/los-angeles-housing-shortage-development-affordable">"Can LA build its way out of its housing crisis? - It may not be easy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Curbed" title="Curbed">Curbed</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615074630/https://la.curbed.com/2018/6/14/17451468/los-angeles-housing-shortage-development-affordable">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+LA+build+its+way+out+of+its+housing+crisis%3F+-+It+may+not+be+easy&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft.aulast=Chiland&rft.aufirst=Elijah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla.curbed.com%2F2018%2F6%2F14%2F17451468%2Flos-angeles-housing-shortage-development-affordable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR_2021-06-08-116"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_2021-06-08_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosalsky2021" class="citation news cs1">Rosalsky, Greg (June 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2021/06/08/1003982733/squalor-behind-the-golden-gate-confronting-californias-homelessness-crisis">"How California Homelessness Became A Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <q>A 2016 study by McKinsey Global Institute estimated that California needs 3.5 million new housing units by 2025 to deal with its chronic housing shortage. Yet new housing construction has only slowed since then, despite Gov. Gavin Newsom's campaign promise to lead an effort to produce those 3.5 million units.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=How+California+Homelessness+Became+A+Crisis&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.aulast=Rosalsky&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fmoney%2F2021%2F06%2F08%2F1003982733%2Fsqualor-behind-the-golden-gate-confronting-californias-homelessness-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsom_3.5M_by_2025-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Newsom_3.5M_by_2025_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2017" class="citation news cs1">Dillon, Liam (October 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-newsom-calls-for-california-to-nearly-1508790304-htmlstory.html">"Gavin Newsom calls for California to nearly quadruple its annual housing production"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202220514/http://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-newsom-calls-for-california-to-nearly-1508790304-htmlstory.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Gavin+Newsom+calls+for+California+to+nearly+quadruple+its+annual+housing+production&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fessential%2Fla-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-newsom-calls-for-california-to-nearly-1508790304-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT_Newsom_threat-118"><a href="#cite_ref-LAT_Newsom_threat_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2019" class="citation news cs1">Dillon, Liam (March 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-gavin-newsom-housing-plan-201903011-story.html">"Newsom delays threat to block transportation funds to cities that flunk housing goals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092615/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-gavin-newsom-housing-plan-201903011-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Newsom+delays+threat+to+block+transportation+funds+to+cities+that+flunk+housing+goals&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-pol-ca-gavin-newsom-housing-plan-201903011-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-08-30/gavin-newsom-fair-share-housing-southern-california">"Editorial: Gavin Newsom tells Southern California to plan for housing. A lot more housing"</a>. Los Angeles Times. September 2, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Gavin+Newsom+tells+Southern+California+to+plan+for+housing.+A+lot+more+housing&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fstory%2F2019-08-30%2Fgavin-newsom-fair-share-housing-southern-california&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leg_bill_killed-120"><a href="#cite_ref-leg_bill_killed_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2018" class="citation news cs1">Dillon, Liam (April 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-big-housing-bill-dies-20180417-story.html">"California lawmakers killed one of the biggest housing bills in the country"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423183815/http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-big-housing-bill-dies-20180417-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018. <q>Wiener said the bill would help the state reduce a shortage of homes he has estimated at 4 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=California+lawmakers+killed+one+of+the+biggest+housing+bills+in+the+country&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-pol-ca-big-housing-bill-dies-20180417-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowrey-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Lowrey_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowrey2022" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lowrey" title="Annie Lowrey">Lowrey, Annie</a> (November 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/11/us-housing-gap-cost-affordability-big-cities/672184/">"The U.S. Needs More Housing Than Almost Anyone Can Imagine"</a>. 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Retrieved September 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+on+Budget+and+Policy+Priorities&rft.atitle=Housing+Vouchers+Work%3A+Huge+Demand%2C+Insufficient+Funding+for+Housing+Vouchers+Means+Long+Waits&rft.date=2017-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbpp.org%2Fblog%2Fhousing-vouchers-work-huge-demand-insufficient-funding-for-housing-vouchers-means-long-waits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calmatters.org/explainers/california-housing-costs-explainer/">"Californians: Here’s why your housing costs are so high in 2024"</a> (October 2024) by Ben Christopher and Manuela Tobias of <a href="/wiki/CalMatters" title="CalMatters">CalMatters</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2020" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Conor (2020). Golden gates: the housing crisis and a reckoning for the American dream. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525560234" title="Special:BookSources/9780525560234"><bdi>9780525560234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+gates%3A+the+housing+crisis+and+a+reckoning+for+the+American+dream&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780525560234&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Conor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lao.ca.gov/reports/2015/finance/housing-costs/housing-costs.pdf">California's High Housing Costs – Causes and Consequences</a> (2015) by the <a href="/wiki/California_Legislative_Analyst%27s_Office" title="California Legislative Analyst's Office">California Legislative Analyst's Office</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calmatters.org/category/housing/">Housing articles</a> by <a href="/wiki/CalMatters" title="CalMatters">CalMatters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/matt-levin-4">Gimme Shelter: A California Housing Crisis Podcast</a> by CalMatters and by Liam Dillon of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">L.A. Times</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nlihc.org/housing-needs-by-state/California">Housing Needs By State: California</a>, Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/National_Low_Income_Housing_Coalition" title="National Low Income Housing Coalition">National Low Income Housing Coalition</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Housing+Needs+By+State%3A+California&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Low+Income+Housing+Coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnlihc.org%2Fhousing-needs-by-state%2FCalifornia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornia+housing+shortage" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Housing_in_California" title="Template:Housing in California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Housing_in_California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Housing in California (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Housing_in_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Housing in California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Housing_in_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Housing in California</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_California" title="Homelessness in California">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Housing shortage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_housing_shortage" title="San Francisco housing shortage">San Francisco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification_of_San_Francisco" title="Gentrification of San Francisco">Gentrification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing_in_Silicon_Valley" title="Affordable housing in Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Fair_Employment_and_Housing_Act_of_1959" title="California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959">FEHA</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Quality_Act" title="California Environmental Quality Act">CEQA</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_13" title="1978 California Proposition 13">Proposition 13</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Density_Bonus_Law" title="California Density Bonus Law">DBL</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Housing_Accountability_Act" title="California Housing Accountability Act">HAA</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_1534_(1982)" title="California Senate Bill 1534 (1982)">SB 1534</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa%E2%80%93Hawkins_Rental_Housing_Act" title="Costa–Hawkins Rental Housing Act">Costa–Hawkins</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_35_(2017)" title="California Senate Bill 35 (2017)">SB 35</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_HOME_Act" title="California HOME Act">HOME Act (SB 9)</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_2097_(2022)" title="California Assembly Bill 2097 (2022)">AB 2097</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Housing_and_High_Road_Jobs_Act" title="Affordable Housing and High Road Jobs Act">AB 2011 and SB 6</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Housing_on_Faith_and_Higher_Education_Lands_Act" title="Affordable Housing on Faith and Higher Education Lands Act">SB 4</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_684_(2023)" title="California Senate Bill 684 (2023)">SB 684</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Housing_Needs_Assessment" title="Regional Housing Needs Assessment">RHNA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_50_(2019)" title="California Senate Bill 50 (2019)">SB 50</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_21" title="2020 California Proposition 21">Proposition 21</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Housing_and_Community_Development" title="California Department of Housing and Community Development">HCD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Housing_Finance_Agency" title="California Housing Finance Agency">CalHFA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coastal_Commission" title="California Coastal Commission">CCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">CARB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="California Environmental Protection Agency">CalEPA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoning_in_the_United_States" title="Zoning in the United States">Zoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missing_middle_housing" title="Missing middle housing">Missing middle housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_mandates" title="Parking mandates">Parking mandates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_zoning" title="Single-family zoning">Single-family zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Housing_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_housing_by_state" title="Template:US housing by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_housing_by_state" title="Template talk:US housing by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_housing_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US housing by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Housing_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing in the United States</a> by state or territory</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Alabama" title="Category:Housing in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Alaska" title="Category:Housing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Arizona" title="Category:Housing in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Arkansas" title="Category:Housing in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Colorado" title="Category:Housing in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Connecticut (page does not exist)">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Delaware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Delaware (page does not exist)">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Florida" title="Housing in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Housing in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Housing in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Idaho (page does not exist)">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Illinois" title="Category:Housing in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Indiana" title="Category:Housing in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Iowa" title="Category:Housing in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Kansas" title="Category:Housing in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Kentucky" title="Category:Housing in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Louisiana" title="Category:Housing in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Maine" title="Category:Housing in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Maryland" title="Category:Housing in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Housing in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Michigan" title="Category:Housing in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Minnesota" title="Category:Housing in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Mississippi" title="Category:Housing in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Missouri" title="Category:Housing in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Montana" title="Category:Housing in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Nebraska" title="Category:Housing in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in New Hampshire (page does not exist)">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_New_Jersey" title="Category:Housing in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_New_Mexico" title="Category:Housing in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Housing in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Housing in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in North Dakota (page does not exist)">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Ohio" title="Category:Housing in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Oregon" title="Category:Housing in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Housing in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Rhode Island (page does not exist)">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in South Carolina (page does not exist)">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_South_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in South Dakota (page does not exist)">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Tennessee" title="Category:Housing in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Texas" title="Category:Housing in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Utah" title="Category:Housing in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Vermont (page does not exist)">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Virginia" title="Housing in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_Washington_(state)" title="Category:Housing in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_West_Virginia" title="Category:Housing in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Wisconsin" title="Housing in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Wyoming (page does not exist)">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Housing_in_U.S._Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Housing in U.S. Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Housing in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" title="Category:Economy of the United States by state or territory">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_California" title="Homelessness in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Colorado" title="Homelessness in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Florida" title="Homelessness in Florida">Florida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">Housing discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_insecurity_in_the_United_States" title="Housing insecurity in the United States">Housing insecurity</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_housing_shortage" title="San Francisco housing shortage">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing_in_Silicon_Valley" title="Affordable housing in Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Mortgage industry of the United States">Mortgage industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_organizations_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Housing organizations in the United States">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Housing legislation in the United States">Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing#United_States" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_States" title="Slum clearance in the United States">Slum clearance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing_in_the_United_States" title="Subsidized housing in the United States">Subsidized housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States#Housing_and_land" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_United_States" title="Squatting in the United States">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning_in_the_United_States" title="Zoning in the United States">Zoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missing_middle_housing" title="Missing middle housing">Missing middle housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_mandates" title="Parking mandates">Parking mandates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_zoning" title="Single-family zoning">Single-family zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&oldid=1259992705">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_housing_shortage&oldid=1259992705</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Housing_in_California" 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