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The majority of its inhabitants (90.8 percent) are Swedish, and there is a notable (3.1 percent) Finnish presence. In the early 1990s there were about 2,000 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm">Ukrainians</a> in Sweden.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Although Sweden does not share borders with Ukraine, it has played an important role in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CI%5CHistoryofUkraine.htm">history of Ukraine</a> (particularly in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrincelyera.htm">Princely era</a> and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossackperiod.htm">Cossack period</a>). The initial contacts between the two countries resulted from trade along the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarangianroute.htm">Varangian route</a> in the 9th century. The influence of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CA%5CVarangians.htm">Varangians</a> contributed to the economic, cultural, and political development of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm">Kyivan Rus’</a>. Eventually, dynastic ties were formed: <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CY%5CA%5CYaroslavtheWise.htm">Yaroslav the Wise</a> married Olof Skötkonung’s daughter Ingigerth, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CS%5CMstyslavIVolodymyrovych.htm">Mstyslav I Volodymyrovych</a>, who became <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGrandPrince_01.htm">grand prince</a> in 1125, married Christina, the daughter of the Swedish king Ingi Stenkil.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Swedish-Ukrainian contacts were re-established after a long interruption at the beginning of the 17th century with the rise of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossacks.htm">Cossacks</a> as a power. Gustavus II Adolphus (1611–32), one of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CProtestant.htm">Protestant</a> leaders in the Thirty Years’ War, solicited <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> help against the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoles.htm">Poles</a>, and eventually (in 1631) sent his envoys directly to offer them a Swedish protectorate and an alliance against <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a>. These overtures were rejected by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetman.htm">Hetman</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPetrazhytsky6KulahaIvan.htm">Ivan Petrazhytsky-Kulaha</a> and the Cossack council.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Between 1650 and 1653 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetman.htm">Hetman</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhmelnytskyBohdan.htm">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> sought an alliance with Sweden against Poland, but Queen Christina (1632–54) did not wish to embark on a war with Poland. Her successor, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCharlesXGustav.htm">Charles X Gustav</a> (1654–60), however, helped set up a broader anti-Polish coalition consisting of Ukraine, Sweden, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CR%5CTransylvania.htm">Transylvania</a>, Brandenburg, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMoldavia.htm">Moldavia</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CW%5CA%5CWallachia.htm">Wallachia</a>. A Ukrainian delegation headed by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHegumen.htm">Hegumen</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CA%5CDanielOlivebergdeGraecaniAtheniensis.htm">Daniel Oliveberg de Graecani Atheniensis</a> was sent to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStockholm.htm">Stockholm</a> in 1654 for detailed discussion. The following year Charles attacked <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> and quickly took <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CW%5CA%5CWarsaw.htm">Warsaw</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CR%5CCracow.htm">Cracow</a>. Feeling threatened by Sweden’s victory, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CU%5CMuscovy.htm">Muscovy</a> signed a peace agreement with <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVilnius.htm">Vilnius</a> in November 1656, which led to war with Sweden. Khmelnytsky then tried to extend the anti-Polish coalition. That prospect fell apart in the summer of 1657, however, when Charles was forced to transfer his forces and his attention from the Polish to the Danish front after <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CE%5CDenmark.htm">Denmark</a> declared war on Sweden, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAustria.htm">Austria</a> came to the aid of Poland.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Hetman <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CY%5CVyhovskyIvan.htm">Ivan Vyhovsky</a> revived and strengthened ties with Sweden. In October 1657 a Ukrainian-Swedish alliance was concluded in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKorsun.htm">Korsun</a>, according to which the independent Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> state was to extend to the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVistulaRiver.htm">Vistula River</a> and include the Lithuanian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVoivodeships.htm">voivodeships</a> of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBrest.htm">Brest</a> and Smolensk. But this treaty had no practical effect, because Sweden was tied down with the Danish war, and Vyhovsky’s own position was precarious. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetman.htm">hetman</a> soon severed his Swedish connections and tried to come to terms with <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> in the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CA%5CHadiachTreatyof.htm">Treaty of Hadiach</a>.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">During the Northern War (1700–21) Russia, allied with <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CE%5CDenmark.htm">Denmark</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> against Sweden, compelled the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossacks.htm">Cossacks</a> of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetmanstate.htm">Hetman state</a> to take part in the Baltic campaigns. This development set in motion secret negotiations by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetman.htm">Hetman</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CA%5CMazepaIvan.htm">Ivan Mazepa</a> with <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCharlesXII.htm">Charles XII</a> of Sweden in 1705 and led to the creation of an anti-Russian coalition in 1708. By October 1708 the Swedish army had entered Ukraine. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CT%5COtaman.htm">Otaman</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CO%5CHordiienkoKost.htm">Kost Hordiienko</a> brought the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporozhianHost.htm">Zaporozhian Host</a> into the coalition as well by signing a treaty with Charles XII on 28 March 1709. On 8 July 1709 the joint Swedish-Ukrainian force was defeated at the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoltavaBattleof.htm">Battle of Poltava</a>. About 10,000 Swedes were killed and 3,000 captured in the battle. The Swedes retreated and finally capitulated at Perevolochna, while Charles and Mazepa fled to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBendery.htm">Bendery</a> on <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CU%5CTurkish.htm">Turkish</a> territory with the remnants of their troops. After Mazepa’s death (22 September 1709) Charles concluded a treaty with his successor, Hetman <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CR%5COrlykPylyp.htm">Pylyp Orlyk</a>, promising to help Ukraine in the struggle against <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussia.htm">Russia</a>. After an unsuccessful attempt to gain control of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRight6BankUkraine.htm">Right-Bank Ukraine</a>, Orlyk and 24 of his supporters <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CM%5CEmigrated.htm">emigrated</a> to Sweden (1715–20). The wife of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVoinarovskyAndrii.htm">Andrii Voinarovsky</a>, Anna, lived in Tynnelsö near <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStockholm.htm">Stockholm</a> at this time. </P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">In the second half of the 19th and in the early 20th century a number of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CW%5CO%5CWomen.htm">women</a> and girls from <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CA%5CGalicia.htm">Galicia</a> (Galicierna) worked in Sweden as farm laborers. Some of them stayed there and were assimilated. During the same period academic ties were established. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivArcheographicCommission.htm">Kyiv Archeographic Commission</a> sent <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMolchanovskyNykandr.htm">Nykandr Molchanovsky</a> to Sweden in 1898 to collect documents (published in 1908 in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArkhivIugo6ZapadnoiRossiiIT.htm"><I>Arkhiv Iugo-Zapadnoi Rossii</I></a>) in state archives pertaining to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianhistory.htm">Ukrainian history</a>. The Swedish archeologist and honorary member of the Archeological Committee of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAll6UkrainianAcademyofSciences.htm">All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences</a> T. Arne wrote about La Tenne culture relics, Roman and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArab.htm">Arab</a> coins, Gothic fibulae, and Vikings in Ukraine in <I>La Suède et l’Orient</I> (1914). The Swedish <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CL%5CSlavist.htm">Slavist</a> and writer <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CJ%5CE%5CJensenAlfred.htm">Alfred Jensen</a> visited Ukraine in 1909 and met <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKotsiubynskyMykhailo.htm">Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CR%5CFrankoIvan.htm">Ivan Franko</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CA%5CMakoveiOsyp.htm">Osyp Makovei</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CN%5CHnatiukVolodymyr.htm">Volodymyr Hnatiuk</a>; translated works by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKotliarevskyIvan.htm">Ivan Kotliarevsky</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CH%5CShevchenkoTaras.htm">Taras Shevchenko</a>, and M. Kotsiubynsky into Swedish and German; and wrote articles and a monograph (1916) on Shevchenko. The Finnish writer J. Hemmer translated Shevchenko’s <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoetry.htm">poetry</a> into Swedish (1919). V. von Heidenstam dealt with Ukraine in the late 17th century in his <I>Karolinerna</I> and <I>Mazepa och hans ambassadör</I>. </P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">During the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CI%5CFirstWorldWar.htm">First World War</a> a representation of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUnionfortheLiberationofUkraine.htm">Union for the Liberation of Ukraine</a> was set up in neutral Sweden. It cultivated Swedish public opinion and published <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CT%5CS%5CTsehelskyLonhyn.htm">Lonhyn Tsehelsky</a>’s <I>Ukraïna kolyshnia shveds'ka soiuznytsia</I> (Ukraine, the Former Swedish Ally) in 1915. The Ukrainian Information Bureau, directed by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStepankivskyVolodymyr.htm">Volodymyr Stepankivsky</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZalizniakMykola.htm">Mykola Zalizniak</a>, was opened in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStockholm.htm">Stockholm</a> in 1916. Although Sweden did not recognize the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm">Ukrainian National Republic</a>, a Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CI%5CDiplomatic.htm">diplomatic</a> mission for Sweden and Norway was established in Stockholm in 1918. It was headed by B. Bazhenov and, in 1919, by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CO%5CLoskyKost.htm">Kost Losky</a>. Through Losky’s efforts a book on <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianhistory.htm">Ukrainian history</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGeography.htm">geography</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLiterature.htm">literature</a>, and culture, <I>Ukrainarna</I> (Stockholm 1921), came out in Swedish under the editorship of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CJ%5CE%5CJensenAlfred.htm">Alfred Jensen</a> and M. Ehrenpreis. The Swedish economist and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CO%5CSociologist.htm">sociologist</a> G. Steffen supported Ukrainian independence and wrote a brochure in Swedish and English on Ukraine’s relations with <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussia.htm">Russia</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a>.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">In the interwar period the Finnish <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CI%5CHistorian.htm">historian</a> Herman Gummerus wrote articles about Ukraine in Swedish and a book of recollections about <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyiv.htm">Kyiv</a>, <I>Orostider i Ukraina</I> (1931). As well, the Ukrainian singer <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CE%5CMenzinskyModest.htm">Modest Menzinsky</a> (who had performed in the Swedish Royal Opera in 1904–8) moved to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStockholm.htm">Stockholm</a> in 1925, where he sang in the state opera and opened his own school of singing.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">During the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSecondWorldWar.htm">Second World War</a> the Ukrainian Information Bureau for Finland and Scandinavia (UIFS) was set up in Helsinki by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CE%5CKentrzhynskyBohdan.htm">Bohdan Kentrzhynsky</a>. It published a bulletin in Finnish, Swedish, and German and supplied aid to Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CR%5CPrisonersofwar.htm">prisoners of war</a> from the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRedArmy.htm">Red Army</a>. In 1944 the bureau was moved to Stockholm. Kentrzhynsky later directed the Ukrainian Press Bureau in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStockholm.htm">Stockholm</a> (1949–55); Yu. Borys and B. Zaluha were on the staff. Kentrzhynsky was an associate of the historical association Karolinska Förbundet, which published his works on Swedish-Ukrainian relations and, particularly, on <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCharlesXGustav.htm">Charles X Gustav</a> (1956), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCharlesXII.htm">Charles XII</a> (1959), and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CA%5CMazepaIvan.htm">Ivan Mazepa</a> (1962). Works by well-known Swedish writers, such as August Strindberg, Selma Lagerlöf, and Astrid Lindgren, have been translated into Ukrainian.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">Most of the Ukrainian newcomers to Sweden during the interwar period were refugees from the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianSovietSocialistRepublic.htm">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> who had managed to flee via Finland. Some <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm">Ukrainians</a> who had been deported to Karelia during the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCollectivization.htm">collectivization</a> drive of 1932–5 escaped across the border in 1944. After the war the Swedish Red Cross sponsored a group of Ukrainian inmates of German <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CConcentrationcamps.htm">concentration camps</a> and Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CS%5COstarbeiterIT.htm"><I>ostarbeiter</I></a> in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGermany.htm">Germany</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAustria.htm">Austria</a>. Some refugees from <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a>, Karelia, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBaJ0ka.htm">Bačka</a> ended up in Sweden. In the years immediately following the war there were approximately 2,000 to 2,500 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm">Ukrainians</a> in Sweden. A number of them subsequently <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CM%5CEmigrated.htm">emigrated</a> to <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CA%5CCanada.htm">Canada</a> or the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CN%5CUnitedStates.htm">United States</a>. In the early 1990s most Swedish <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm">Ukrainians</a> lived in the southern or central cities of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStockholm.htm">Stockholm</a>, Malmö, Göteborg, and Örebro. At one time Lund and Borås were also significant centers. Most Ukrainians worked as <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CA%5CLaborers.htm">laborers</a>, although there were a number of physicians, engineers, and teachers among them. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianOrthodoxchurch.htm">Ukrainian Orthodox church</a> community was served by Rev H. Matviienko from Hamburg and occasionally by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArchbishop.htm">Archbishop</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CU%5CDublianskyAnatolii.htm">Anatolii Dubliansky</a>. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianCatholicchurch.htm">Ukrainian Catholic church</a> community was tended by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CI%5CBishop.htm">Bishop</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CU%5CBuchkoIvan.htm">Ivan Buchko</a> and Rev Maurice Van de Maele, and later by Bishop Platon Kornyliak.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">In 1947 the Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CR%5CHromada.htm">Hromada</a> in Sweden (Ukrainska Süallskapet, or UHSh) was founded in Stockholm. Its presidents have been V. Fedorchuk (1947–51), V. Butko (1952), K. Harbar (1953–78), and B. Zaluha (after 1979). Since 1954 it has published a quarterly bulletin, <I>Skandynavs'ki visti</I>. UHSh had three local affiliates: the Ukrainian-Swedish Hromada in Örebro (est 1975; president, H. Budiak), the Ukrainian-Swedish Cultural Association in Malmö (president, H. Horyn), and the Ukrainian-Swedish Cultural Alliance in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStockholm.htm">Stockholm</a> (president, B. Zaluha). The Ukrainian Hromada named after <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetman.htm">Hetman</a> <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CR%5COrlykPylyp.htm">Pylyp Orlyk</a> functioned independently in Stockholm under the leadership of V. Dekhtiar in 1948–61. In the 1950s and 1960s the Ukrainian Academic Club, headed by Yu. Borys and B. Zaluha, was also active in the capital. <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CE%5CKentrzhynskyBohdan.htm">Bohdan Kentrzhynsky</a>, who for a time published <I>Stokhol'ms'kyi visnyk</I>, was a representative of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianNationalCouncil.htm">Ukrainian National Council</a> for Scandinavia.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">BIBLIOGRAPHY<BR>Elmén, C. <I>Nüagra underrüatteise om Kossakerna</I> (Stockholm 1810)<BR>Patritskii, O. <I>Skandinavshchina v davnoi Rusi</I> (Saint Petersburg 1887)<BR><I>Akty Shvedskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhiva otnosiashchiesia k istorii Malorossii (1649–1660 gg.)</I> vol 6 of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArkhivIugo6ZapadnoiRossiiIT.htm"><I>Arkhiv Iugo-Zapadnoi Rossii</I></a> (Kyiv 1908)<BR>Cehelskyj, L. <I>Ukraina sveriges bortglömda bundsförvant</I> (Stockholm 1915)<BR>Jensen, A. <I>Ukrainarna</I> (Stockholm 1921)<BR>Kentrschynskyj, [Kentrzhyns'kyj], B. <I>Sanningen om Ukraina</I> (Helsinki 1943)<BR>———. ‘Na skandynavs'komu sektori OUN v druhii svitovii Viini,’ in <I>OUN</I>, <I>1929–1954</I> (Paris 1955)<BR>———. <I>Karl X Gustav inför Krisen i Öster, 1654–1655</I> (Stockholm 1956)<BR>———. <I>Propagandakriget i Ukraina</I>, <I>1708–1709</I> (Stockholm 1958)<BR>Nordmann, C. <I>Charles XII et l’Ukraine de Mazepa</I> (Paris 1958)</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">Arkadii Zhukovsky</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">[This article originally appeared in the <I>Encyclopedia of Ukraine</I>, vol. 5 (1993).]</P> <BR> <CENTER> <P class="padingHistoryLand"></P> </CENTER> </div> <div class="clear"></div>  <div class="bg9 marginbottom tc">    <div class="dr20 tc marginZero TotalWidth"> <A name="linksaddress"> </A> <BR> <HR class="marginZero"> <H2 class="tc mb b rozmiar50">List of related links from Encyclopedia of Ukraine pointing to <span class="FontDarkBlue b "> Sweden</span> entry: <BR> </H2> <Div> <label for="groovybtn1" class="visuallyhidden">1 Alexander I</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn1" name="groovybtn1" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 1 Alexander I " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAlexanderI.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn2" class="visuallyhidden">2 Anna Yaroslavna</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn2" name="groovybtn2" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 2 Anna Yaroslavna " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAnnaYaroslavna.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn3" class="visuallyhidden">3 Augustus II, Frederick</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn3" name="groovybtn3" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 3 Augustus II, Frederick " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAugustusIIFrederick.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn4" class="visuallyhidden">4 Bendery, Constitution of</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn4" name="groovybtn4" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 4 Bendery, Constitution of " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBenderyConstitutionof.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn5" class="visuallyhidden">5 Charles X Gustav</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn5" name="groovybtn5" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 5 Charles X Gustav " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCharlesXGustav.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn6" class="visuallyhidden">6 Charles XII</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn6" name="groovybtn6" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 6 Charles XII " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CCharlesXII.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn7" class="visuallyhidden">7 Chernihiv principality</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn7" name="groovybtn7" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 7 Chernihiv principality " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChernihivprincipality.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn8" class="visuallyhidden">8 Chornobyl nuclear disaster</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn8" name="groovybtn8" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 8 Chornobyl nuclear disaster " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChornobylnucleardisaster.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn9" class="visuallyhidden">9 Christianization of Ukraine</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn9" name="groovybtn9" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 9 Christianization of Ukraine " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChristianizationofUkraine.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn10" class="visuallyhidden">10 Cossack-Polish War</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn10" name="groovybtn10" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 10 Cossack-Polish War " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack6PolishWar.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn11" class="visuallyhidden">11 Cossacks</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn11" name="groovybtn11" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 11 Cossacks " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossacks.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn12" class="visuallyhidden">12 Daniel Oliveberg de Graecani Atheniensis</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn12" name="groovybtn12" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 12 Daniel Oliveberg de Graecani Atheniensis " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CA%5CDanielOlivebergdeGraecaniAtheniensis.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn13" class="visuallyhidden">13 Diplomacy</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn13" name="groovybtn13" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 13 Diplomacy " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CI%5CDiplomacy.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn14" class="visuallyhidden">14 Emigration</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn14" name="groovybtn14" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 14 Emigration " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CM%5CEmigration.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn15" class="visuallyhidden">15 General Military Council</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn15" name="groovybtn15" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 15 General Military Council " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGeneralMilitaryCouncil.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn16" class="visuallyhidden">16 Germany</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn16" name="groovybtn16" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 16 Germany " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGermany.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn17" class="visuallyhidden">17 Great Britain</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn17" name="groovybtn17" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 17 Great Britain " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CR%5CGreatBritain.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn18" class="visuallyhidden">18 Harald III</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn18" name="groovybtn18" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 18 Harald III " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CA%5CHaraldIII.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn19" class="visuallyhidden">19 Herbinius, Johannes</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn19" name="groovybtn19" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 19 Herbinius, Johannes " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHerbiniusJohannes.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn20" class="visuallyhidden">20 History of Ukraine</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn20" name="groovybtn20" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 20 History of Ukraine " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CI%5CHistoryofUkraine.htm'"> </Div> <BR> <P class="tc"> <form name="bbback" action="self"> <label for="groovybtnN" class="visuallyhidden">Next 20 records</label> <INPUT id="groovybtnN" name="groovybtnN" class="groovybutton marginTenPix" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE="+ 20 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