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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct-drive_turntables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct-drive_turntables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Direct-drive turntables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct-drive_turntables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip-hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip-hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hip-hop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip-hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_role_of_DJ_in_hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_role_of_DJ_in_hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline in role of DJ in hip hop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_role_of_DJ_in_hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coining_of_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coining_of_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Coining of terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coining_of_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-_to_late_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-_to_late_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Mid- to late 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-_to_late_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concerto_for_Turntable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerto_for_Turntable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>Concerto for Turntable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerto_for_Turntable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chopped_and_screwed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chopped_and_screwed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chopped and screwed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chopped_and_screwed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Transform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Orbit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Flare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chirp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chirp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Chirp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chirp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Stab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Crab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Visual elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Role of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_turntablists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_turntablists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery of turntablists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_turntablists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%84%B4%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="턴테이블리즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="턴테이블리즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="טרנטבליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרנטבליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ტერნტეიბლიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტერნტეიბლიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablizm" title="Turntablizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turntablizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тёрнтейблизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тёрнтейблизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="เทิร์นเทเบิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทิร์นเทเบิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Turntablism" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тернтейблізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тернтейблізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoay_b%C3%A0n_%C4%91%C4%A9a" title="Xoay bàn đĩa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xoay bàn đĩa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1046801#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_(scratch)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbit (scratch)">Orbit (scratch)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art of manipulating sound using turntables</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DJ_Q-bert_in_France_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/DJ_Q-bert_in_France_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-DJ_Q-bert_in_France_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/DJ_Q-bert_in_France_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-DJ_Q-bert_in_France_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/DJ_Q-bert_in_France_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-DJ_Q-bert_in_France_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DJ_Qbert" title="DJ Qbert">DJ Qbert</a> manipulating a <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">record turntable</a> at a turntablism competition in France in 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janek_Schaefer_playing_his_Tri-Phonic_Turntable_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Janek_Schaefer_playing_his_Tri-Phonic_Turntable_1997.jpg/220px-Janek_Schaefer_playing_his_Tri-Phonic_Turntable_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Janek_Schaefer_playing_his_Tri-Phonic_Turntable_1997.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>World premiere of the Tri-Phonic Turntable, July 14, 1997, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg/230px-DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg/345px-DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg/460px-DJ_Jazzy_Jeff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Record producer <a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff">DJ Jazzy Jeff</a> manipulating a <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">record turntable</a> in England in 2005.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Turntablism</b> is the art of manipulating sounds and creating new music, <a href="/wiki/Sound_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound effects">sound effects</a>, mixes and other creative sounds and beats, typically by using two or more <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">turntables</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cross_fader" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross fader">cross fader</a>-equipped <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mixer is plugged into a <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA system</a> (for live events) and/or broadcasting equipment (if the DJ is performing on radio, TV or <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a>) so that a wider audience can hear the turntablist's music. Turntablists typically manipulate records on a turntable by moving the record with their hand to cue the stylus to exact points on a record, and by touching or moving the platter or record to stop, slow down, speed up or, spin the record backwards, or moving the turntable platter back and forth (the popular rhythmic "<a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>" effect which is a key part of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all while using a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a>'s crossfader control and the mixer's gain and equalization controls to adjust the sound and level of each turntable. Turntablists typically use two or more turntables and headphones to cue up desired start points on different records (Greasley & Prior, 2013). </p><p>Turntablists, who are often called DJs (or "deejays"), generally prefer <a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_turntable" title="Direct-drive turntable">direct-drive turntables</a> over <a href="/wiki/Belt-drive_turntable" title="Belt-drive turntable">belt-driven</a> or other types, because the belt can be stretched or damaged by "scratching" and other turntable manipulation such as slowing down a record, whereas a direct drive turntable can be stopped, slowed down, or spun backwards without damaging the electric motor. The word <i>turntablist</i> is claimed to be originated by Luis "<a href="/wiki/DJ_Disk" title="DJ Disk">DJ Disk</a>" Quintanilla (<a href="/wiki/Primus_(band)" title="Primus (band)">Primus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invisibl_Skratch_Piklz" title="Invisibl Skratch Piklz">Invisibl Skratch Piklz</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a phone conversation with Disk, it was later popularised in 1995 by <a href="/wiki/DJ_Babu" title="DJ Babu">DJ Babu</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe the difference between a DJ who simply plays and mixes records and one who performs by physically manipulating the records, stylus, turntables, turntable speed controls and mixer to produce new sounds. The new term coincided with the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a> DJing in the 1990s. </p><p>According to most DJ historians, it has been documented that "<a href="/wiki/DJ_Babu" title="DJ Babu">DJ Babu</a>" of the "<a href="/wiki/Beat_Junkies" title="Beat Junkies">Beat Junkies</a>" / "<a href="/wiki/Dilated_Peoples" title="Dilated Peoples">Dilated Peoples</a>" was the one who originally coined the term "turntablist". In 1995 while working on the groundbreaking mixtape "Comprehension", DJ Babu hand wrote the name "Babu The Turntablist" on hundreds of copies of this mixtape to describe his style of DJing, while working on the track "Turntablism" with "<a href="/wiki/D-Styles" title="D-Styles">D-Styles</a>" and DJ Melo-D, Babu would say "if someone plays the piano, we call them a pianist, if someone plays the guitar, we call them a guitarist, why don't we call ourselves Turntablists?" found in the documentary "<a href="/wiki/Scratch_(2001_film)" title="Scratch (2001 film)">Scratch (2001 film)</a>" which was released in 2001. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Oswald_(composer)" title="John Oswald (composer)">John Oswald</a> described the art: "A phonograph in the hands of a 'hiphop/scratch' artist who plays a record like an electronic <a href="/wiki/Washboard_(musical_instrument)" title="Washboard (musical instrument)">washboard</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Stylus#Use_in_music_recording_and_reproduction" title="Stylus">phonographic needle</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a>, produces sounds which are unique and <i>not</i> reproduced—the record player becomes a musical instrument."<sup id="cite_ref-Cox2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some turntablists use turntable techniques like <a href="/wiki/Beatmatching" title="Beatmatching">beat mixing/matching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beat_juggling" title="Beat juggling">beat juggling</a>. Some turntablists seek to have themselves recognized as traditional musicians capable of interacting and <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvising</a> with other performers. Depending on the records and tracks selected by the DJ and their turntablist style (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a>), a turntablist can create rhythmic accompaniment, percussion breaks, <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a> or beat loops, atmospheric "pads", "stabs" of sudden chords or interwoven melodic lines. </p><p>The underground movement of turntablism has also emerged to focus on the skills of the DJ. In the 2010s, there are turntablism competitions, where turntablists demonstrate advanced beat juggling and scratching skills. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">Recording studio as an instrument</a></div> <p>The use of the turntable as a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> has its roots dating back to the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s when <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a> composers did experiments with audio equipment. <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a> composers (such as <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halim_El-Dabh" title="Halim El-Dabh">Halim El-Dabh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a>) used them to <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sample</a> and create music that was entirely produced by the turntable. Cage's <i><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_Landscape_No._1" title="Imaginary Landscape No. 1">Imaginary Landscape No. 1</a></i> (1939) is composed for two variable speed turntables, frequency recordings, muted piano and <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a> experimented with turntables even earlier in 1930, though he never formally produced any works using them. Though this school of thought and practice is not directly linked to the 1970s–2010 definition of turntablism within hip hop and DJ culture, it has had an influence on modern experimental sonic/artists such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_Marclay" title="Christian Marclay">Christian Marclay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janek_Schaefer" title="Janek Schaefer">Janek Schaefer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otomo_Yoshihide" title="Otomo Yoshihide">Otomo Yoshihide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jeck" title="Philip Jeck">Philip Jeck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Chavez" title="Maria Chavez">Maria Chavez</a>. Turntablism as it is known today, however, did not surface until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> in the 1970s. </p><p>Examples of turntable effects can also be found on popular records produced in the 1960s and 1970s. This was most prominent in Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub music</a> of the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge49_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge49-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among <a href="/wiki/Deejay" class="mw-redirect" title="Deejay">deejays</a> in the Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">sound system</a> culture. Dub music introduced the techniques of mixing and scratching vinyl,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Jamaican immigrants introduced to American hip hop culture in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond dub music, <a href="/wiki/Creedence_Clearwater_Revival" title="Creedence Clearwater Revival">Creedence Clearwater Revival</a>'s 1968 <a href="/wiki/Creedence_Clearwater_Revival_(album)" title="Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)">self-titled debut album</a> features a <a href="/wiki/Back_spinning" title="Back spinning">backspin</a> effect in the song "Walk on the Water". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sid_Wilson_at_Mayhem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sid_Wilson_at_Mayhem.jpg/220px-Sid_Wilson_at_Mayhem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sid_Wilson_at_Mayhem.jpg/330px-Sid_Wilson_at_Mayhem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sid_Wilson_at_Mayhem.jpg/440px-Sid_Wilson_at_Mayhem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sid_Wilson" title="Sid Wilson">Sid Wilson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slipknot_(band)" title="Slipknot (band)">Slipknot</a> operating <a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_turntable" title="Direct-drive turntable">direct-drive turntables</a> at Mayhem Festival in 2008.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct-drive_turntables">Direct-drive turntables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Direct-drive turntables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_turntable" title="Direct-drive turntable">Direct-drive turntable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">Technics (brand)</a></div> <p>Turntablism has origins in the invention of <a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_turntable" title="Direct-drive turntable">direct-drive turntables</a>. Early <a href="/wiki/Belt-drive_turntable" title="Belt-drive turntable">belt-drive turntables</a> were unsuitable for turntablism, since they had a slow start-up time, and they were prone to wear-and-tear and breakage,<sup id="cite_ref-medium_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medium-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the belt would break from backspinning or scratching.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first direct-drive turntable was invented by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Matsushita</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-medium_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medium-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It eliminated belts, and instead employed a motor to directly drive a platter on which a vinyl record rests.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, Matsushita released it as the <a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">SP-10</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first direct-drive turntable on the market,<sup id="cite_ref-reverb_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reverb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first in their influential <a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">Technics</a> series of turntables.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, Matsushita released the Technics SL-1100. Due to its strong motor, durability, and fidelity, it was adopted by early hip hop artists.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A forefather of turntablism was <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a>, an immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> to New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-reverb_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reverb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He introduced turntable techniques from Jamaican dub music,<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while developing new techniques made possible by the direct-drive turntable technology of the <a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">Technics SL-1100</a>, which he used for the first <a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">sound system</a> he set up after emigrating to New York.<sup id="cite_ref-reverb_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reverb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signature technique he developed was playing two copies of the same record on two turntables in alternation to extend the <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">b-dancers</a>' favorite section,<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> switching back and forth between the two to <a href="/wiki/Music_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Music loop">loop</a> the <a href="/wiki/Break_(music)" title="Break (music)">breaks</a> to a rhythmic beat.<sup id="cite_ref-reverb_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reverb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most influential turntable was the <a href="/wiki/Technics_SL-1200" title="Technics SL-1200">Technics SL-1200</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wired_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was developed in 1971 by a team led by Shuichi Obata at Matsushita, which then released it onto the market in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-medium_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medium-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was adopted by New York City hip hop DJs such as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Wizard_Theodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Wizard Theodore">Grand Wizard Theodore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> in the 1970s. As they experimented with the SL-1200 decks, they developed scratching techniques when they found that the motor would continue to spin at the correct <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a> even if the DJ wiggled the record back and forth on the platter.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, turntablism spread widely in hip hop culture, and the SL-1200 remained the most widely used turntable in DJ culture for the next several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wired_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hip-hop">Hip-hop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hip-hop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turntables_and_mixer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Turntables_and_mixer.jpg/325px-Turntables_and_mixer.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Turntables_and_mixer.jpg/488px-Turntables_and_mixer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Turntables_and_mixer.jpg/650px-Turntables_and_mixer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>A DJ vinyl turntable system, consisting of two turntables and a crossfader-equipped <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Turntablism as a modern art form and musical practice has its roots within African-American inner city <a href="/wiki/Hip-Hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-Hop music">hip-hop</a> of the late 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Kool_Herc" class="mw-redirect" title="Kool Herc">Kool Herc</a> (a Jamaican DJ who immigrated to New York City), <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a> are widely credited for having cemented the now established role of DJ as hip hop's foremost instrumentalist.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kool Herc's invention of <a href="/wiki/Break_(music)" title="Break (music)">break-beat</a> DJing is generally regarded as the foundational development in hip hop history, as it gave rise to all other elements of the genre. His influence on the concept of "DJ as turntablist" is equally profound. </p><p>To understand the significance of this achievement, it is important to first define the "<a href="/wiki/Break_(music)" title="Break (music)">break</a>". Briefly, the "break" of a song is a musical fragment only seconds in length, which typically takes the form of an "interlude" in which all or most of the music stops except for the percussion. Kool Herc introduced the break-beat technique as a way of extending the break indefinitely. This is done by buying two of the same record, finding the break on each record, and switching from one to the other using the DJ mixer: e.g., as record <i>A</i> plays, the DJ quickly backtracks to the same break on record <i>B</i>, which will again take the place of <i>A</i> at a specific moment where the audience will not notice that the DJ has switched records. Using that idea, Grandmaster Flash elaborated on Kool Herc's invention of break-beat DJing and came up with the <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash#Innovations" title="Grandmaster Flash">quick-mix theory</a>, in which Flash sectioned off a part of the record like a <a href="/wiki/Clock_face" title="Clock face">clock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chang_113_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang_113-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described it as being "...like cutting, the backspin, and the double-back."<sup id="cite_ref-chang_113_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang_113-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kool Herc's revolutionary techniques set the course for the development of turntablism as an art form in significant ways. Most important, however, he developed a new form of DJing that did not consist of just playing and mixing records one after the other. The type of DJ that specializes in mixing a set is well respected for his/her own set of unique skills, but playlist mixing is still DJing in the traditional sense. Kool Herc instead originated the idea of <i>creating</i> a sequence for his own purposes, introducing the idea of the DJ as the "feature" of parties, whose performance on any given night would be different from on another night, because the music would be created by the DJ, mixing a bassline from one song with a beat from another song (Greasley & Prior, 2013). The DJ would be examined critically by the crowd on both a technical and entertainment level. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grand_Wizzard_Theodore" title="Grand Wizzard Theodore">Grand Wizzard Theodore</a>, an apprentice of Flash, who accidentally isolated the most recognizable technique of turntablism: <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>. He put his hand on a record one day, to silence the music on the turntable while his mother was calling out to him and thus accidentally discovered the sound of scratching by moving the record back and forth under the <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a>. Though Theodore discovered scratching, it was Flash who helped push the early concept and showcase it to the public, in his live shows and on recordings. DJ <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mixer_DXT" title="Grand Mixer DXT">Grand Mixer DXT</a> is also credited with furthering the concept of scratching by practicing the rhythmic scratching of a record on one or more turntables (often two), using different velocities to alter the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> of the note or sound on the recording (Alberts 2002). DXT appeared (as DST) on <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>'s hit song "<a href="/wiki/Rockit_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockit (song)">Rockit</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen2000_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early pioneers cemented the fundamental practice that would later become the emerging turntablist art form. Scratching would during the 1980s become a staple of hip hop music, being used by producers and DJs on records and in live shows. By the end of the 1980s it was very common to hear scratching on a record, generally as part of the chorus of a track or within its production. </p><p>On stage the DJ would provide the music for the MCs to rhyme and rap to, scratching records during the performance and showcasing his or her skills alongside the verbal skills of the MC. The most well known example of this 'equation' of MCs and DJ is probably <a href="/wiki/Run-D.M.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Run-D.M.C.">Run-D.M.C.</a> who were composed of two MCs and one DJ. The DJ, <a href="/wiki/Jam_Master_Jay" title="Jam Master Jay">Jam Master Jay</a>, was an integral part of the group since his turntablism was critical to Run DMC's productions and performances. While Flash and Bambaataa were using the turntable to explore repetition, alter rhythm and create the instrumental stabs and punch phrasing that would come to characterize the sound of hip hop, Grandmaster DST was busy cutting "real" musicians on their own turf. His scratching on Herbie Hancock's 1983 single, "Rockit", makes it perhaps the most influential DJ track of them all – even more than (Grandmaster Flash's) "<a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Grandmaster_Flash_on_the_Wheels_of_Steel" title="The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel">Wheels of Steel</a>", it established the DJ as the star of the record, even if he wasn't the frontman. Compared to "Rockit", <a href="/wiki/West_Street_Mob" title="West Street Mob">West Street Mob</a>'s "Break Dancin' – Electric Boogie" (1983) was punk negation. As great as "Break Dancin'" was, though, it highlighted the limited tonal range of scratching, which was in danger of becoming a short-lived fad like <a href="/wiki/Human_beatboxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Human beatboxing">human beat-boxing</a> until the emergence of Code Money's DJ Brethren from Philadelphia in the mid-1980s. </p><p>Despite New York's continued pre-eminence in the hip-hop world, scratch DJing was modernized less than 100 miles down the road in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where the climate for the return of the DJ was created by inventing transformer scratching. Developed by <a href="/wiki/DJ_Spinbad" title="DJ Spinbad">DJ Spinbad</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Cash_Money" title="DJ Cash Money">DJ Cash Money</a> and <a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff">DJ Jazzy Jeff</a>, transforming was basically clicking the fader on and off while moving a block of sound (a riff or a short verbal phrase) across the stylus. Expanding the tonal as well as rhythmic possibilities of scratching, the transformer scratch epitomized the chopped-up aesthetic of hip hop culture. Hip hop was starting to become big money and the cult of personality started to take over. Hip hop became very much at the service of the rapper and Cash Money and DJ Jazzy Jeff were accorded maybe one track on an album – for example, DJ Jazzy Jeff's "<a href="/wiki/Rock_the_House_(album)" title="Rock the House (album)">A Touch of Jazz</a>" (1987) and "<a href="/wiki/He%27s_the_DJ,_I%27m_the_Rapper" title="He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper">Jazzy's in the House</a>" (1988) and Cash Money's "The Music Maker" (1988). Other crucial DJ tracks from this period include <a href="/wiki/Tuff_Crew" title="Tuff Crew">Tuff Crew</a>'s DJ Too Tuff's "Behold the Detonator" "Soul Food" (both 1989)", and <a href="/wiki/Gang_Starr" title="Gang Starr">Gang Starr</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/DJ_Premier" title="DJ Premier">DJ Premier</a> in Deep Concentration" (1989). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_in_role_of_DJ_in_hip_hop">Decline in role of DJ in hip hop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline in role of DJ in hip hop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The appearance of turntablists and the birth of turntablism was prompted by one major factor – the disappearance or downplaying of the role of the DJ in hip-hop groups, on records and in live shows at the turn of the 1990s. This disappearance has been widely documented in books and documentaries (among them <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Noise:_Rap_Music_and_Black_Culture_in_Contemporary_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America">Black Noise</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(2001_film)" title="Scratch (2001 film)">Scratch</a></i>), and was linked to the increased use of <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT tapes</a> and other studio techniques that would ultimately push the DJ further away from the original hip-hop equation of the MC as the vocalist and the DJ as the music provider alongside the producer. This push and disappearance of the DJ meant that the practices of the DJ, such as scratching, went back underground and were cultivated and built upon by a generation of people who grew up with hip hop, DJs and scratching. By the mid-90s the disappearance of the DJ in hip hop had created a sub-culture which would come to be known as turntablism and which focused entirely on the DJ using his turntables and a mixer to manipulate sounds and create music. By pushing the practice of DJing away, hip hop created the grounds for this sub-culture to evolve (Greasley & Prior, 2013). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coining_of_terms">Coining of terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coining of terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the terms turntablist and turntablism are widely contested and argued about, but over the years some facts have been established by various documentaries (<i>Battlesounds</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doug_Pray" title="Doug Pray">Doug Pray</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(2001_film)" title="Scratch (2001 film)">Scratch</a></i>), books (DJ Culture), conferences (Skratchcon 2000) and interviews in online and printed magazines. These facts are that the origins of the words most likely lay with practitioners on the US West Coast, centered on the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>. Some claim that <a href="/wiki/DJ_Disk" title="DJ Disk">DJ Disk</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Invisibl_Skratch_Piklz" title="Invisibl Skratch Piklz">Invisibl Skratch Piklz</a>, was the first to coin the term, others claim that "<a href="/wiki/DJ_Babu" title="DJ Babu">DJ Babu</a>", a member of the "<a href="/wiki/Beat_Junkies" title="Beat Junkies">Beat Junkies</a>", was responsible for coining and spreading the term turntablist after inscribing it on his mixtapes as"Babu the Turntablist" and passing them around. Another claim credits DJ Supreme, 1991 World Supremacy Champion and DJ for <a href="/wiki/Lauryn_Hill" title="Lauryn Hill">Lauryn Hill</a>. The truth most likely lies somewhere in between all these facts. </p><p>In an interview with the <i>Spin Science</i> online resource in 2005, "<a href="/wiki/DJ_Babu" title="DJ Babu">DJ Babu</a>" added the following comments about the birth and spread of the term: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was around 95, I was heavily into the whole battling thing, working on the tables constantly, mastering new techniques and scratches...[I] made this mixtape called "Comprehension", and on there was a track called "Turntablism" which featured <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melo-D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melo-D (page does not exist)">Melo-D</a> and D-Styles. And this is part of where this whole thing about turntablist came from. This was a time where all these new techniques were coming out, like flares and stuff, and there were probably 20 people or so, in around California between Frisco and LA, who knew about these. So we worked on them, talked about it and kicked about the ideas that these techniques and new ways of scratching gave us.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-_to_late_1990s">Mid- to late 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mid- to late 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid- to late 1990s the terms "turntablism" and "turntablist" had become established and accepted to define the practice and practitioner of using turntables and a mixer to create or manipulate sounds and music. This could be done by scratching a record or manipulating the rhythms on the record either by drumming, looping or beat juggling. The decade of the 1990s is also important in shaping the turntablist art form and culture as it saw the emergence of pioneering artists (<a href="/wiki/Mix_Master_Mike" title="Mix Master Mike">Mix Master Mike</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Qbert" title="DJ Qbert">DJ Qbert</a>, DJ Quest, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Krush" title="DJ Krush">DJ Krush</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-Trak" title="A-Trak">A-Trak</a>, Ricci Rucker, Mike Boo, Pumpin' Pete, Prime Cuts) and crews (Invisibl Skratch Piklz, Beat Junkies, The Allies, <a href="/wiki/X-Ecutioners" class="mw-redirect" title="X-Ecutioners">X-Ecutioners</a>), record labels (<a href="/wiki/Asphodel_Records" title="Asphodel Records">Asphodel</a>), DJ Battles (<a href="/wiki/DMC_World_DJ_Championships" title="DMC World DJ Championships">DMC</a>) and the evolution of scratching and other turntablism practices such as Beat Juggling which are viewable in the IDA (International DJ Association/ITF) World Finals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techniques">Techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More sophisticated methods of scratching were developed during that decade, with crews and individual DJs concentrating on the manipulation of the record in time with the manipulation of the cross fader on the mixer to create new rhythms and <a href="/wiki/Sonic_artifact" title="Sonic artifact">sonic artifacts</a> with a variety of sounds. The evolution of scratching from a fairly simple sound and simple rhythmic cadences to more complicated sounds and more intricate rhythmical patterns allowed the practitioners to further evolve what could be done with scratching musically. These new ways of scratching were all given names, from <a href="/wiki/Flare_(scratch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare (scratch)">flare</a> to <a href="/wiki/Crab_(scratch)" title="Crab (scratch)">crab</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(scratch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbit (scratch)">orbit</a>, and spread as DJs taught each other, practiced together or just showed off their new techniques to other DJs. Alongside the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>, other practices such as drumming (or scratch drumming) and <a href="/wiki/Beat_juggling" title="Beat juggling">beat juggling</a> were also evolved significantly during the 1990s. </p><p>Beat juggling was invented by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Dee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Dee (page does not exist)">Steve Dee</a>, a member of the X-Men (later renamed <a href="/wiki/X-Ecutioners" class="mw-redirect" title="X-Ecutioners">X-Ecutioners</a>) crew. Beat juggling essentially involves the manipulation of two identical or different drum patterns on two different turntables via the mixer to create a new pattern. A simple example would be to use two copies of the same drum pattern to evolve the pattern by doubling the snares, syncopating the drum kick, adding rhythm and variation to the existing pattern. From this concept, which Steve Dee showcased in the early 1990s at DJ battles, Beat Juggling evolved throughout the decade to the point where by the end of it, it had become an intricate technique to create entirely new "beats" and rhythms out of existing, pre-recorded ones (van Veen & Attias, 2012). These were now not just limited to using drum patterns, but could also consist of other sounds – the ultimate aim being to create a new rhythm out of the pre-recorded existing ones. While beat juggling is not as popular as scratching due to the more demanding rhythmical knowledge it requires, it has proved popular within DJ battles and in certain compositional situations (van Veen & Attias, 2012). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest academic studies of turntablism (White 1996) argued for its designation as a legitimate electronic musical instrument—a manual analog sampler—and described turntable techniques such as backspinning, cutting, scratching and blending as basic tools for most hip hop DJs. White's study suggests the proficient hip-hop DJ must possess similar kinds of skills as those required by trained musicians, not limited to a sense of timing, hand–eye coordination, technical competence and musical creativity. By the year 2000, turntablism and turntablists had become widely publicized and accepted in the mainstream and within hip hop as valid artists. Through this recognition came further evolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This evolution took many shapes and forms: some continued to concentrate on the foundations of the art form and its original links to hip hop culture, some became producers utilizing the skills they'd learnt as turntablists and incorporating those into their productions, some concentrated more on the DJing aspect of the art form by combining turntablist skills with the trademark skills of club DJs, while others explored alternative routes in utilizing the turntable as an instrument or production tool solely for the purpose of making music – either by using solely the turntable or by incorporating it into the production process alongside tools such as drum machines, samplers, computer software, and so on. Digital turntablism techniques later was coined into a term called <a href="/wiki/Controllerism" title="Controllerism">controllerism</a>, which inspired a movement of new digital DJs such as DJ Buddy Holly and Moldover. DJ Buddy and Moldover went on to create a song called "Controllerism" that pays homage to the sound of digitally emulated turntablism. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aron_Rcm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Aron_Rcm.jpg/200px-Aron_Rcm.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Aron_Rcm.jpg/300px-Aron_Rcm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Aron_Rcm.jpg/400px-Aron_Rcm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>DJ Aron Scott DJing a set for a French radio station. He is using digital <a href="/wiki/CDJ" title="CDJ">CDJ</a> decks instead of phonograph turntables.</figcaption></figure> <p>New DJs, turntablists and crews owe a distinct debt<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (February 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> to pioneer <a href="/wiki/Old_school_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Old school hip hop">old-school</a> DJs like <a href="/wiki/Kool_DJ_Herc" class="mw-redirect" title="Kool DJ Herc">Kool DJ Herc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Wizard_Theodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Wizard Theodore">Grand Wizard Theodore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grandmixer_DST" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmixer DST">Grandmixer DST</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a>, also <a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff">DJ Jazzy Jeff</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Cash_Money" title="DJ Cash Money">DJ Cash Money</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Scratch" title="DJ Scratch">DJ Scratch</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Clark_Kent" title="DJ Clark Kent">DJ Clark Kent</a>, and other DJs of <a href="/wiki/The_golden_age_of_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="The golden age of hip hop">the golden age of hip hop</a>, who originally developed many of the concepts and techniques that evolved into modern turntablism. Within the realm of hip hop, notable modern turntablists are the cinematic<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The preceding text may be too imprecise or indirect for Wikipedia's standards. (December 2017)">when defined as?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/DJ_Shadow" title="DJ Shadow">DJ Shadow</a>, who influenced <a href="/wiki/Diplo_(DJ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplo (DJ)">Diplo</a> and <a href="/wiki/RJD2" title="RJD2">RJD2</a>, among others,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the experimental <a href="/wiki/DJ_Spooky" title="DJ Spooky">DJ Spooky</a>, whose <i>Optometry</i> albums showed that the turntablist can perfectly fit within a jazz setting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2017)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Mix_Master_Mike" title="Mix Master Mike">Mix Master Mike</a> was a founding member of the influential turntablist group <a href="/wiki/Invisibl_Skratch_Piklz" title="Invisibl Skratch Piklz">Invisibl Skratch Piklz</a> (begun in 1989 as Shadow of the Prophet) and later DJ for the <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cut_Chemist" title="Cut Chemist">Cut Chemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Nu-Mark" title="DJ Nu-Mark">DJ Nu-Mark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kid_Koala" title="Kid Koala">Kid Koala</a> are also known<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2017)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as virtuosi of the turntables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concerto_for_Turntable">Concerto for Turntable</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Concerto for Turntable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Concerto for Turntable</i> is a groundbreaking musical work that integrates the art of turntablism with classical music composition. Co-created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=DJ_Radar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DJ Radar (page does not exist)">DJ Radar</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raul_Yanez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raul Yanez (page does not exist)">Raul Yanez</a>, a composer and professor at <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>, this composition showcases a unique melding of electronic and orchestral music elements. The concerto was first performed in notable venues including <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>, symbolizing its acceptance into the classical music tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was initially supported by Red Bull, which helped to sponsor its development and the premiere performance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concerto debuted at <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>'s Gammage Auditorium before its major premiere at Carnegie Hall on October 2, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Concerto for Turntable</i> features a turntable as the solo instrument, complemented by a full symphony orchestra. This arrangement necessitated the development of "scratch notation" by DJ Radar to transcribe his turntable manipulations into a format readable by classically trained musicians. This innovative scoring method was crucial for integrating the turntable's electronic sounds with the acoustic orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The premiere at Carnegie Hall was met with enthusiastic responses, highlighting the potential of digital instruments within classical music settings and demonstrating the artistic validity of turntablism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques_2">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">Scratching</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chopped_and_screwed">Chopped and screwed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chopped and screwed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></div> <p>Starting in the 1980s in the Southern United States and burgeoning in the 2000s, a meta-genre of hip hop called "<a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">chopped and screwed</a>" became a significant and popular form of turntablism. Often using a greater variety of <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_emulation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl emulation software">vinyl emulation software</a> rather than normal turntables, "chopped and screwed" stood out from previous standards of turntablism in its slowing of the pitch and tempo ("screwing") and syncopated beat skipping ("chopping"), among other added effects of sound manipulation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/DJ_Screw" title="DJ Screw">DJ Screw</a> Robert Earl Davis of Texas, innovated the art of chopping and screwing coining the phrase "chopped n screwed", taking original contemporary hit records and replaying them in the "chopped n screwed" art form. This gained a very large following finally paving the way for small, independent rap labels to turn a decent profit. However, it is thought by many that DJ Michael Price started slowing down vinyl recordings before the era of DJ Screw. </p><p>This form of turntablism, which is usually applied to prior studio recordings (in the form of custom mixtapes) and is not prominent as a feature of live performances, de-emphasizes the role of the rapper, singer or other vocalist by distorting the vocalist's voice along with the rest of the recording (van Veen & Attias, 2012). Arguably, this combination of distortion and audial effects against the original recording grants greater freedom of improvisation to the DJ than did the previous forms of turntablism. Via the ChopNotSlop movement, "Chopped and screwed" has also been applied to other genres of music such as R&B and rock music, thus transcending its roots within the hip-hop genre.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transform">Transform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N.A.S.A._(DJ_Zegon_%26_Squeak_E._Clean).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/N.A.S.A._%28DJ_Zegon_%26_Squeak_E._Clean%29.jpg/200px-N.A.S.A._%28DJ_Zegon_%26_Squeak_E._Clean%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/N.A.S.A._%28DJ_Zegon_%26_Squeak_E._Clean%29.jpg/300px-N.A.S.A._%28DJ_Zegon_%26_Squeak_E._Clean%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/N.A.S.A._%28DJ_Zegon_%26_Squeak_E._Clean%29.jpg/400px-N.A.S.A._%28DJ_Zegon_%26_Squeak_E._Clean%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>N.A.S.A. (DJ Zegon & Squeak E. Clean). The DJ on the left can be seen cuing up a part of a record by listening to the cue channel on one of his headphones.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>transform</b> is a type of scratch used by turntablists. It is made from a combination of moving the record on the turntable by hand and repeated movement of the <a href="/wiki/Crossfader" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossfader">crossfader</a>. The name, which has been associated with <a href="/wiki/DJ_Cash_Money" title="DJ Cash Money">DJ Cash Money</a> and <a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff">DJ Jazzy Jeff</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comes from its similarity to the sound made by the <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a> in the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Transformers_(TV_series)" title="The Transformers (TV series)">The Transformers</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tear">Tear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>tear</b> is a type of scratch used by turntablists. It is made from moving the record on the turntable by hand. The tear is much like a <a href="/wiki/Scratching#Sophisticated_techniques" title="Scratching">baby scratch</a> in that one does not need the fader to perform it, but unlike a baby scratch, when the DJ pulls the record back he or she pauses his or her hand for a split second in the middle of the stroke. The result is one forward sound and two distinct backward sounds. This scratch can also be performed by doing the opposite and placing the pause on the forward stroke instead. A basic tear is usually performed with the crossfader open the entire time, but it can also be combined with other scratches such as <a href="/wiki/Flare_(scratch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare (scratch)">flares</a> for example by doing tears with the record hand and cutting the sound in and out with the fader hand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbit">Orbit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orbit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b>orbit</b> is a type of scratch used by turntablists. It is generally any scratch that incorporates both a forward and backward movement, or vice versa, of the record in sequence. The orbit was developed by <a href="/wiki/DJ_Disk" title="DJ Disk">DJ Disk</a> who incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Flare_(scratch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare (scratch)">flare</a> after being shown by <a href="/wiki/DJ_Qbert" title="DJ Qbert">DJ Qbert</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Usually when someone is referring to an orbit, they are most likely talking about flare orbits. For example, A 1 click forward flare and a 1 click backward flare in quick succession (altogether creating 4 very quick distinct sounds) would be a 1 click orbit. A 2 click forward flare and a 2 click backward flare in quick succession (altogether creating 6 very distinct sounds) would be a 2 click orbit, etc. Orbits can be performed once as a single orbit move, or sequenced to produce a <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">cyclical</a> never ending type of orbit sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flare">Flare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg/200px-Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg/300px-Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg/400px-Marlon_Williams_aka_Dj_Marley_Marl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Marlon Williams aka DJ <a href="/wiki/Marley_Marl" title="Marley Marl">Marley Marl</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Flare</b> is a type of scratch used by turntablists. It is made from a combination of moving the record on the turntable by hand and quick movement of the crossfader. The flare was invented by its namesake, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Flare" title="DJ Flare">DJ Flare</a> in 1987. This scratch technique is much like the "transform" in some ways, only instead of starting with the sound that is cutting up off, one starts with the sound on and concentrate on cutting the sound into pieces by bouncing the fader off the cut outside of the fader slot to make the sound cut out and then back in a split second. </p><p>Each time the DJ bounces the fader off the side of the fader slot it makes a distinct clicking noise. For this reason, flares are named according to clicks. A simple one click forward flare would be a forward scratch starting with the sound on as the DJ bounces/clicks the fader against the side once extremely quickly in the middle of the forward stroke creating two distinct sounds in one stroke of your record hand and ending with the fader open. In the same manner, 2 clicks, 3 clicks, and even more clicks (if a DJ is fast enough) can be performed to do different types of flares. The discovery and development of the flare scratch was instrumental in elevating this art form to the level of speed and technical scratching that is seen in the 2010s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chirp">Chirp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chirp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QbertInBerlin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/QbertInBerlin.JPG/200px-QbertInBerlin.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/QbertInBerlin.JPG/300px-QbertInBerlin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/QbertInBerlin.JPG/400px-QbertInBerlin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>This photo of <a href="/wiki/DJ_Qbert" title="DJ Qbert">DJ Qbert</a> shows the standard turntablist technique of manipulating the record with one hand while the other hand adjusts the controls on the <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A "chirp" is a type of scratch used by turntablists. It is made with a mix of moving the record and incorporating movement with the crossfade mixer. It was invented by <a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff">DJ Jazzy Jeff</a>. The scratch is somewhat difficult to perform because it takes a good amount of coordination. The scratch starts out with the <a href="/wiki/Cross-fader" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-fader">cross-fader</a> open. The DJ then moves the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">record</a> forward while simultaneously closing the previously opened channel ending the first sound. Then, in a reverse fashion, the DJ opens the channel while moving the record backwards creating a more controlled sounding "baby scratch". Done in quick succession it sounds as though a chirp sound is being produced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stab">Stab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Stab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A "stab" is quite similar to the chirp technique but requires the crossfade mixer to be "closed". The stab requires the user to push the record forward and back quickly and moving the crossfade mixer with a thumb pressed against it, which results in minimal sound coming out, producing a sharp "stabbing" noise". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crab">Crab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Crab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crab_(scratch)" title="Crab (scratch)">Crab (scratch)</a></div> <p>A "crab" is a type of scratch used by turntablists and originally developed by <a href="/wiki/DJ_Qbert" title="DJ Qbert">DJ Qbert</a>. It is one of the most difficult scratch techniques to master. The crab is done by pushing the record forward and back while pushing the crossfader mixer open or closed through a quick succession of 4 movements with the fingers. Variations can also include 3 or 2 fingers, and generally it is recommended for beginners to start with 2 fingers and work their way to 4. It is a difficult move to master but also versatile and quite rewarding if done right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_elements">Visual elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Visual elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/VJing" title="VJing">VJing</a></div> <p>Visual elements may be linked to turntable movement, incorporating digital media including photographs, graphic stills, film, video, and computer-generated effects into live performance. A separate video mixer is used in combination with the turntable. In 2005 the <a href="/wiki/International_Turntablist_Federation" title="International Turntablist Federation">International Turntablist Federation</a> World final introduced the 'Experimental' category to recognise visual artistry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contests">Contests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many other musical instrumentalists, turntablists compete to see who can develop the fastest, most innovative and most creative approaches to their instrument. The selection of a champion comes from the culmination of battles between turntablists. Battling involves each turntablist performing a routine (A combination of various technical scratches, beat juggles, and other elements, including body tricks) within a limited time period, after which the routine is judged by a panel of experts. The winner is selected based upon score. These organized competitions evolved from actual old school "battles" where DJs challenged each other at parties, and the "judge" was usually the audience, who would indicate their collective will by cheering louder for the DJ they thought performed better. The <a href="/wiki/DMC_World_DJ_Championships" title="DMC World DJ Championships">DMC World DJ Championships</a> has been hosted since 1985. There are separate competitions for solo DJs and DJ teams, the title of World Champion being bestowed on the winners of each. They also maintain a turntablism hall of fame.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Role of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Over-quotation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">too many or overly lengthy quotations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit">summarize the quotations</a>. Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turntablism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Turntablism">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Turntablism" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Turntablism">Wikisource</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FemaleDJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FemaleDJ.jpg/220px-FemaleDJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FemaleDJ.jpg/330px-FemaleDJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/FemaleDJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>A DJ mixing two record players at a live event</figcaption></figure> <p>In Western <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">women musicians</a> have achieved great success in singing and songwriting roles, with top examples being <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna (singer)">Madonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a>. However, there are relatively few women DJs or turntablists. Part of this may stem from a general low percentage of women in audio technology-related jobs. In a 2013 <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a></i> article Rosina Ncube attested that few women work in the <a href="/wiki/Music_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Music producer">record production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineering">sound engineering</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ncube claimed that "[n]inety-five percent of music producers are male"<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that female producers are less well-known than their male counterparts despite accomplishing great feats within the music industry.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of students in music technology programs are male.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a>, the low percentage of women DJs and turntablists may stem from the overall male domination of the entire hip hop music industry. Most of the top rappers, MCs, DJs, record producers and music executives are men. There are a small number of high-profile women, but they are rare. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina</a> music professor Mark Katz's article stated that it is rare for women to compete in turntable battles and that this gender disparity has become a topic of conversation among the hip-hop DJ community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Rebekah Farrugia stated that in the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">EDM</a> sphere, a male-centric culture has contributed to the marginalisation of women who seek to engage and contribute.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst turntablism and broader DJ practices should not be conflated, Katz suggests that the broad use, or lack of use, of the turntable by women across genres and disciplines is impacted by "male technophilia".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Oldenziel" title="Ruth Oldenziel">Ruth Oldenziel</a> concurs in her writing on female engagement with engineering technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oldenziel argues that socialization is a central factor in the lack of female engagement with technology, insisting that the historical socialisation of boys as technophiles has contributed to the prevalence of men who engage with technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lucy Green, professor of music at the <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, focused on gender in relation to musical performers and creators, and specifically on educational frameworks as they relate to both.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> She suggests that women's alienation from fields with strong technical aspects such as DJing, sound engineering and music producing should not only be attributed to a feminine dislike towards these instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead she argues that women entering these fields are forced to complete the difficult task of disrupting a dominant masculine sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (January 2019)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> women and girls do increasingly engage in turntable and DJ practices, individually<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and collectively,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "carve out spaces for themselves in EDM and DJ Culture".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various projects dedicated to the promotion and support of these practices such as Female DJs London.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some artists and collectives go beyond these practices to be more gender inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Discwoman" title="Discwoman">Discwoman</a>, a New York-based collective and booking agency, describe themselves as "representing and showcasing cis women, trans women and genderqueer talent."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_turntablists">Gallery of turntablists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gallery of turntablists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DJ_Babu_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DJ Babu"><img alt="DJ Babu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/DJ_Babu_2010.jpg/120px-DJ_Babu_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/DJ_Babu_2010.jpg/180px-DJ_Babu_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/DJ_Babu_2010.jpg/240px-DJ_Babu_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/DJ_Babu" title="DJ Babu">DJ Babu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_(2004).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Afrika Bambaataa (l.)"><img alt="Afrika Bambaataa (l.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg/120px-Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg/180px-Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg/240px-Afrika_Bambaataa_and_DJ_Yutaka_%282004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> (l.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwt_beltek_maine_2009_chaparin_dot_com.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Wizard Theodore"><img alt="Grand Wizard Theodore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gwt_beltek_maine_2009_chaparin_dot_com.jpg/120px-Gwt_beltek_maine_2009_chaparin_dot_com.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gwt_beltek_maine_2009_chaparin_dot_com.jpg/180px-Gwt_beltek_maine_2009_chaparin_dot_com.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gwt_beltek_maine_2009_chaparin_dot_com.jpg/240px-Gwt_beltek_maine_2009_chaparin_dot_com.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Wizard_Theodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Wizard Theodore">Grand Wizard Theodore</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandmaster_Flash_(872341618)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grandmaster Flash"><img alt="Grandmaster Flash" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Grandmaster_Flash_%28872341618%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Grandmaster_Flash_%28872341618%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Grandmaster_Flash_%28872341618%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Grandmaster_Flash_%28872341618%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Grandmaster_Flash_%28872341618%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Grandmaster_Flash_%28872341618%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="843" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jazzyjeff_061111.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff"><img alt="DJ Jazzy Jeff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jazzyjeff_061111.jpg/120px-Jazzyjeff_061111.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jazzyjeff_061111.jpg/180px-Jazzyjeff_061111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jazzyjeff_061111.jpg/240px-Jazzyjeff_061111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff">DJ Jazzy Jeff</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herc_on_the_Wheels_of_Steel_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="DJ Kool Herc"><img alt="DJ Kool Herc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Herc_on_the_Wheels_of_Steel_%28cropped%29.JPG/69px-Herc_on_the_Wheels_of_Steel_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Herc_on_the_Wheels_of_Steel_%28cropped%29.JPG/103px-Herc_on_the_Wheels_of_Steel_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Herc_on_the_Wheels_of_Steel_%28cropped%29.JPG/138px-Herc_on_the_Wheels_of_Steel_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="2656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Schwartz,_Mix_Master_Mike.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mix Master Mike"><img alt="Mix Master Mike" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Michael_Schwartz%2C_Mix_Master_Mike.jpg/120px-Michael_Schwartz%2C_Mix_Master_Mike.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Michael_Schwartz%2C_Mix_Master_Mike.jpg/180px-Michael_Schwartz%2C_Mix_Master_Mike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Michael_Schwartz%2C_Mix_Master_Mike.jpg/240px-Michael_Schwartz%2C_Mix_Master_Mike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3726" data-file-height="2484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mix_Master_Mike" title="Mix Master Mike">Mix Master Mike</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_X-Ecutioners.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The X-Ecutioners"><img alt="The X-Ecutioners" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_X-Ecutioners.jpg/120px-The_X-Ecutioners.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_X-Ecutioners.jpg/180px-The_X-Ecutioners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_X-Ecutioners.jpg/240px-The_X-Ecutioners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_X-Ecutioners" title="The X-Ecutioners">The X-Ecutioners</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Audio signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle records">Battle records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatmatching" title="Beatmatching">Beatmatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controllerism" title="Controllerism">Controllerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_turntablists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of turntablists">List of turntablists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">Scratching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_emulation" title="Vinyl emulation">Vinyl emulation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wave_Twisters" title="Wave Twisters">Wave Twisters</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/the-art-of-turntablism/">"The Art Of Turntablism | History Detectives | PBS"</a>. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+Of+Turntablism+%7C+History+Detectives+%7C+PBS&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fopb%2Fhistorydetectives%2Ffeature%2Fthe-art-of-turntablism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFglobaldjacademy2019" class="citation web cs1">globaldjacademy (March 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609011456/https://www.globaldj.co.in/what-is-turntablism/">"What is Turntablism? | Turntablism Artists | Turntablist vs DJ | Turntablism Songs"</a>. <i>Global Dj Academy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globaldj.co.in/what-is-turntablism/">the original</a> on June 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Dj+Academy&rft.atitle=What+is+Turntablism%3F+%7C+Turntablism+Artists+%7C+Turntablist+vs+DJ+%7C+Turntablism+Songs&rft.date=2019-03-10&rft.au=globaldjacademy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaldj.co.in%2Fwhat-is-turntablism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalkenberg_Hansen2010" class="citation book cs1">Falkenberg Hansen, Kjetil (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/609824040"><i>The acoustics and performance of DJ scratching, analysis and modelling</i></a>. Stockholm: Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7415-541-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7415-541-9"><bdi>978-91-7415-541-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609824040">609824040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+acoustics+and+performance+of+DJ+scratching%2C+analysis+and+modelling&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Skolan+f%C3%B6r+datavetenskap+och+kommunikation%2C+Kungliga+Tekniska+h%C3%B6gskolan&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609824040&rft.isbn=978-91-7415-541-9&rft.aulast=Falkenberg+Hansen&rft.aufirst=Kjetil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F609824040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, Mark "Markski" (January 3, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://downloads.pedestrian.info/PedestrianHistoryofTurntablism.pdf"><i>History of Turntablism</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320021024/http://downloads.pedestrian.info/PedestrianHistoryofTurntablism.pdf">Archived</a> March 20, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cox2004_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOswald2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Oswald_(composer)" title="John Oswald (composer)">Oswald, John</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgDgCOSHPysC&pg=PA132">"Bettered by the Borrower: The Ethics of Musical Debt"</a>. In Christopher Cox and Daniel Warner (ed.). <i>Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music</i>. The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1615-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1615-2"><bdi>0-8264-1615-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bettered+by+the+Borrower%3A+The+Ethics+of+Musical+Debt&rft.btitle=Audio+Culture%3A+Readings+in+Modern+Music&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=The+Continuum+International+Publishing+Group+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8264-1615-2&rft.aulast=Oswald&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgDgCOSHPysC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge49-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cambridge49_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsRincón2007" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Nick; Rincón, Julio d' Escrivan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJbdPZv1DjgC&pg=PA49"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Electronic Music</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86861-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86861-7"><bdi>978-0-521-86861-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Electronic+Music&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86861-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Rinc%C3%B3n%2C+Julio+d%27+Escrivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJbdPZv1DjgC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Andrew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-UJLXXBqUQC&pg=PA127"><i>Computers in Music Education: Amplifying Musicality</i></a>. Routledge. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-86598-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-86598-6"><bdi>978-1-135-86598-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computers+in+Music+Education%3A+Amplifying+Musicality&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-86598-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-UJLXXBqUQC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsSchedelWilson2013" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Nick; Schedel, Margaret; Wilson, Scott (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bQeAtG97BmEC&pg=PA105"><i>Electronic Music</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511820540">10.1017/CBO9780511820540</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01093-2"><bdi>978-1-107-01093-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Music&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511820540&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01093-2&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Schedel%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQeAtG97BmEC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medium-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medium_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medium_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medium_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2016" class="citation web cs1">Coleman, Brian (January 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@briancoleman/the-technics-1200-hammer-of-the-gods-xxl-fall-1998-5b93180a67da">"The Technics 1200 — Hammer Of The Gods [XXL, Fall 1998]"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=The+Technics+1200+%E2%80%94+Hammer+Of+The+Gods+%26%2391%3BXXL%2C+Fall+1998%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40briancoleman%2Fthe-technics-1200-hammer-of-the-gods-xxl-fall-1998-5b93180a67da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LApZ8KV7bZAC&pg=PA43"><i>The World of DJs and the Turntable Culture</i></a>. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841505664" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841505664"><bdi>978-1841505664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Dance+Floor%3A+Female+DJs%2C+Technology+and+Electronic+Dance+Music+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1841505664&rft.aulast=Farrugia&rft.aufirst=Rebekah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldenziel1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Oldenziel" title="Ruth Oldenziel">Oldenziel, Ruth A.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.tue.nl/nl/publications/boys-and-their-toys--the-fisher-body-craftsmans-guild-19301968-and-the-making-of-a-male-technical-domain(2200e441-1a9d-4813-b544-fbe86c0ad1a3).html">"Boys and Their Toys: The Fisher Body Craftsman's Guild, 1930–1968, and the Making of a Male Technical Domain"</a>. <i>Technology and Culture</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 60–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3106784">10.2307/3106784</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3106784">3106784</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:108698842">108698842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Boys+and+Their+Toys%3A+The+Fisher+Body+Craftsman%27s+Guild%2C+1930%E2%80%931968%2C+and+the+Making+of+a+Male+Technical+Domain&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-96&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A108698842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3106784%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3106784&rft.aulast=Oldenziel&rft.aufirst=Ruth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.tue.nl%2Fnl%2Fpublications%2Fboys-and-their-toys--the-fisher-body-craftsmans-guild-19301968-and-the-making-of-a-male-technical-domain%282200e441-1a9d-4813-b544-fbe86c0ad1a3%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2008" class="citation book cs1">Green, Lucy (2008). <i>Music, Gender, Education</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521555227" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521555227"><bdi>978-0521555227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music%2C+Gender%2C+Education&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0521555227&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303093403/http://www.genderandeducation.com/resources/subjects/music/">"Music – GEA – Gender and Education Association"</a>. <i>genderandeducation.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genderandeducation.com/resources/subjects/music/">the original</a> on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=genderandeducation.com&rft.atitle=Music+%E2%80%93+GEA+%E2%80%93+Gender+and+Education+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genderandeducation.com%2Fresources%2Fsubjects%2Fmusic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313063305/http://news.bpmsupreme.com/female-turntablists-on-the-rise/">"Female Turntablists on the Rise"</a>. BPMSUPREME TV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bpmsupreme.com/female-turntablists-on-the-rise/">the original</a> on March 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Female+Turntablists+on+the+Rise&rft.pub=BPMSUPREME+TV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bpmsupreme.com%2Ffemale-turntablists-on-the-rise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefader.com/2016/02/17/female-dj-crews-discwoman-sister-mahoyo-tgaf">"9 All-Female DJ Collectives You Need To Know Right Now"</a>. <i>The FADER</i>. February 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+FADER&rft.atitle=9+All-Female+DJ+Collectives+You+Need+To+Know+Right+Now&rft.date=2016-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefader.com%2F2016%2F02%2F17%2Ffemale-dj-crews-discwoman-sister-mahoyo-tgaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313045613/http://femaledjs.london/">"Enter"</a>. <i>femaledjs.london</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://femaledjs.london">the original</a> on March 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=femaledjs.london&rft.atitle=Enter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffemaledjs.london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2010" class="citation book cs1">Rodgers, Tara (2010). <i>Pink Noises: Women on Electronic Music and Sound</i>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822346739" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822346739"><bdi>978-0822346739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pink+Noises%3A+Women+on+Electronic+Music+and+Sound&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0822346739&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Tara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419103236/http://www.discwoman.com/about-discwoman/">"About – Discwoman"</a>. <i>discwoman.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discwoman.com/about-discwoman/">the original</a> on April 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discwoman.com&rft.atitle=About+%E2%80%93+Discwoman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discwoman.com%2Fabout-discwoman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurntablism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Alberts, Randy. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.digidesign.com/digizine/archive/digizine_october02/">Scratch and the Hip-Hop Book of Grand Mixer DXT</a>." <i>DigiZine</i> 1/7 (October 2002).</li> <li>Shapiro, Peter. <i>Rough Guide to Hip-Hop</i>. Rough Guides, 2001, p. 96.</li> <li>White, Miles. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umbc.edu/eol/2/white/">The Phonograph Turntable and Performance Practice in Hip Hop Music</a>." <i>Ethnomusicology OnLine</i> 2 (1996) Retrieved February 4, 2013]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eshun, Kodwo. <i>More Brilliant than the Sun. Adventures in Sonic Fiction</i>. London: Quartet Books, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7043-8025-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7043-8025-0">0-7043-8025-0</a></li> <li>Katz, Mark. "The Turntable as Weapon: Understanding the DJ Battle." <i>Capturing Sound: How Technology has Changed Music</i>. Rev. ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010, pp. 124–45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26105-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26105-1">978-0-520-26105-1</a></li> <li>Katz, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Music/PopularMusic/~~/dmlldz11c2EmY2k9OTc4MDE5NTMzMTEyNw=="><i>Groove Music: The Art and Culture of the Hip Hop DJ.</i></a> New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533111-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533111-0">978-0-19-533111-0</a>.</li> <li>Poschardt, Ulf: <i>DJ Culture</i>. London: Quartet Books, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7043-8098-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7043-8098-6">0-7043-8098-6</a></li> <li>Pray, Doug (Dir.). <a href="/wiki/Scratch_(2001_film)" title="Scratch (2001 film)"><i>Scratch</i></a>. 2001. A documentary about the History and Culture of Turntablism.</li> <li>Schloss, Joseph G. <i>Making Beats: The Art of Sample-based Hip-hop</i>. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan UP, 2004.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turntablism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/turntablism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/turntablism">turntablism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/30years/stories/s1291029.htm">What is New York Rap?</a> Australian Broadcasting Corporation. A 1979 radio report on the "new" phenomenon of turntablism.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DJing" title="Template:DJing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DJing" title="Template talk:DJing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DJing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DJing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DJing_and_turntablism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJing</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">turntablism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDJ" title="CDJ">CDJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_software" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ software">DJ software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_delay" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital delay">Digital delay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_cartridge" title="Magnetic cartridge">Magnetic cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phono_input" title="Phono input">Phono input</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Record player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_turntable" title="Direct-drive turntable">Direct-drive turntable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL-1200" class="mw-redirect" title="SL-1200">SL-1200</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Beaulieau" title="Emil Beaulieau">Minutoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_control" title="Pitch control">Pitch control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampler (music)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipmat" title="Slipmat">Slipmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(DJ)" title="Sound system (DJ)">Sound system (DJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound system (Jamaican)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_turntables_and_a_microphone" title="Two turntables and a microphone">Two turntables and a microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_emulation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl emulation software">Vinyl emulation software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(live_audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mixing (live audio)">Audio mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_spinning" title="Back spinning">Back spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_juggling" title="Beat juggling">Beat juggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatmatching" title="Beatmatching">Beatmatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatmixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatmixing">Beatmixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(music)" title="Break (music)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_(sampling_technique)" title="Chopping (sampling technique)">Chopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Covered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_(audio)" title="Cue (audio)">Cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(music)" title="Cut (music)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(music)" title="Drop (music)">Drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_mixing" title="Harmonic mixing">Harmonic mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)" title="Interpolation (popular music)">Interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">Medley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Music loop">Music loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_drop_(DJing)" title="Needle drop (DJing)">Needle drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasing_(DJ)" title="Phrasing (DJ)">Phrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">Scratching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip-cueing" title="Slip-cueing">Slip-cueing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_cue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch cue">Pitch cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice-tracking" title="Voice-tracking">Voice-tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_scratching" title="Video scratching">Video scratching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scratches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_(scratch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbit (scratch)">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_(scratch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tear (scratch)">Tear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_(scratch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transform (scratch)">Transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_(scratch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare (scratch)">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirp_(scratch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chirp (scratch)">Chirp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_(scratch)" title="Crab (scratch)">Crab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Releases and distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">DJ mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle records">Battle records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital pool">Digital pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_service" title="Remix service">Remix service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">Mixtape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controllerism" title="Controllerism">Controllerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_collecting" title="Record collecting">Record collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hip_hop" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hip_hop" title="Template:Hip hop"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hip_hop" title="Template talk:Hip hop"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hip_hop" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hip hop"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hip_hop" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Hip hop</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Breaking</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">DJing</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Graffiti</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emceeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Emceeing"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Emceeing</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Beatboxing</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rap" title="Battle rap">Battle rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion" title="Hip hop fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_activism" title="Hip hop activism">Activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Feminist activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT hip hop">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_festivals" title="List of hip hop festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_theater" title="Hip-hop theater">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Genres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Universal Zulu Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" title="Old-school hip hop">Old-school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-school_hip_hop" title="New-school hip hop">New school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop" title="Golden age hip hop">Golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_underground_scene" title="Bristol underground scene">Bristol underground scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Subgenres</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">General</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hip_hop" title="Alternative hip hop">Alternative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hipster_hop" title="Hipster hop">Hipster hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_bap" title="Boom bap">Boom bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_music" title="Bounce music">Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Road_rap" title="UK rap">Road rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipmunk_soul" title="Chipmunk soul">Chipmunk soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(rap)" title="Chopper (rap)">Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_rap" title="Cloud rap">Cloud rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" title="Comedy hip hop">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">Freestyle rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin%27" title="Jerkin'">Jerkin'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental hip hop">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">Chicano rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofi_hip_hop" title="Lofi hip hop">Lofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">Mumble rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerdcore" title="Nerdcore">Nerdcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chap_hop" title="Chap hop">Chap hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop#Conscious_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">Conscious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rap" title="Progressive rap">Progressive rap</a></li> <li>Religious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" title="Christian hip hop">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hip_hop" title="Jewish hip hop">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turntablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hip_hop" title="Underground hip hop">Underground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_hip_hop" title="Hardcore hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Hardcore</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_rap" title="Dirty rap">Dirty rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Gangsta rap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap#Mafioso_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Mafioso rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis rap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Trap music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats#Afro_trap" title="Afrobeats">Afro trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Brooklyn drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_club#Jersey_club_rap" title="Jersey club">Jersey drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill#Sample_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Sample drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_drill" title="UK drill">UK drill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_trap" title="Latin trap">Latin trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonk" title="Phonk">Phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_music" title="Plugg music">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(music_genre)" title="Rage (music genre)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_on_Dying#Tread_style" title="Working on Dying">Tread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Trap_scene" title="UK rap">UK trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Fusion genres</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">General</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">Country rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_soul" title="Hip hop soul">Hip hop soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">Hip house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_hip_hop" title="Industrial hip hop">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rap" title="Pop rap">Pop rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rap" title="Psychedelic rap">Psychedelic rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga#Ragga_and_hip_hop_music" title="Ragga">Ragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_opera" title="Rap opera">Rap opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">Trip hop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Rap metal</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal#Trap_metal" title="Rap metal">Trap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Ethnic_fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Regional</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_flava" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongo flava">Bongo flava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomba_music" title="Boomba music">Boomba music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_rap" title="Cumbia rap">Cumbia rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genge" title="Genge">Genge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_galsen" title="Hip hop galsen">Hip hop galsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipco" title="Hipco">Hipco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">Hiplife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">Igbo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_bap" title="Low bap">Low bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motswako" title="Motswako">Motswako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_mele_paleoleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Na mele paleoleo">Na mele paleoleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican rap">Nuyorican rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songo-salsa" title="Songo-salsa">Songo-salsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam_rap" title="Scam rap">Scam rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronda" title="Stronda">Stronda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Pasifika" title="Urban Pasifika">Urban Pasifika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_rap" title="Vigilante rap">Vigilante rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenji_flava" title="Zenji flava">Zenji flava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Derived_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Derivatives</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_genres" title="List of electronic music genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Electronic</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_breaks" title="Florida breaks">Florida breaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_house" title="Ghetto house">Ghetto house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghettotech" title="Ghettotech">Ghettotech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitch hop">Glitch hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_music" title="Grime music">Grime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illbient" title="Illbient">Illbient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_(genre)" title="Wonky (genre)">Wonky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">Funk carioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_reggaeton" title="Alternative reggaeton">Alternative reggaeton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip_hop_by_country" title="Category:Hip hop by country"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Regional scenes</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/African_hip_hop" title="African hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">African</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_hip_hop" title="Algerian hip hop">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan hip hop">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_hip_hop" title="Beninese hip hop">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswana hip hop">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_hip_hop" title="Gambian hip hop">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian hip hop">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_hip_hop" title="Ivorian hip hop">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_hip_hop" title="Kenyan hip hop">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_hip_hop" title="Malawian hip hop">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian hip hop">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_hip_hop" title="Moroccan hip hop">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian hip hop">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian hip hop">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Harcourt hip hop">Port Harcourt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_hip_hop" title="Nigerien hip hop">Nigerien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_hip_hop" title="Senegalese hip hop">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="South African hip hop">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_hip_hop" title="Tanzanian hip hop">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_hip_hop" title="Togolese hip hop">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian hip hop">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip_hop" title="Zimbabwean hip hop">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_hip_hop" title="Asian hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Asian</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia#Hip_hop" title="Music of Armenia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_hip_hop" title="Azerbaijani hip hop">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_hip_hop" title="Bangladeshi hip hop">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_hip_hop" title="Burmese hip hop">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hip_hop" title="Chinese hip hop">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hip_hop" title="Indian hip hop">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desi_hip_hop" title="Desi hip hop">Desi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_hip_hop" title="Indonesian hip hop">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hip_hop" title="Japanese hip hop">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_hip_hop" title="Korean hip hop">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_hip_hop" title="Malaysian hip hop">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_hip_hop" title="Mongolian hip hop">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_hip_hop" title="Nepalese hip hop">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani hip hop">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_hip_hop" title="Pinoy hip hop">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_hip_hop" title="Singapore hip hop">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_hip_hop" title="Sri Lankan hip hop">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hip_hop" title="Taiwanese hip hop">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_hip_hop" title="Thai hip hop">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/European_hip_hop" title="European hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">European</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_hip_hop" title="Albanian hip hop">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_hip_hop" title="Austrian hip hop">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_hip_hop" title="Belgian hip hop">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_and_Herzegovinian_hip_hop" title="Bosnian and Herzegovinian hip hop">Bosnian and Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic hip hop">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_hip_hop" title="Scottish hip hop">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_hip_hop" title="Bulgarian hip hop">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_hip_hop" title="Croatian hip hop">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hip_hop" title="Czech hip hop">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_hip_hop" title="Dutch hip hop">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_hip_hop" title="Finnish hip hop">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hip_hop" title="French hip hop">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_hip_hop" title="German hip hop">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" title="Greek hip hop">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_tuga" title="Hip hop tuga">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_hip_hop" title="Hungarian hip hop">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_hip_hop" title="Icelandic hip hop">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_hip_hop" title="Irish hip hop">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_hip_hop" title="Italian hip hop">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_hip_hop" title="Macedonian hip hop">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin hip hop">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian hip hop">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_hip_hop" title="Polish hip hop">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_hip_hop" title="Romanian hip hop">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_hip_hop" title="Russian hip hop">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_hip_hop" title="Serbian hip hop">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_hip_hop" title="Slovak hip hop">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_hip_hop" title="Slovenian hip hop">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish hip hop">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_hip_hop" title="Swedish hip hop">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_hip_hop" title="Swiss hip hop">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop" title="Ukrainian hip hop">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_hip_hop" title="Middle Eastern hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Middle Eastern</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hip_hop" title="Egyptian hip hop">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop" title="Israeli hip hop">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_hip_hop" title="Lebanese hip hop">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip_hop" title="Palestinian hip hop">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian hip hop">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian hip hop">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_hip_hop" title="Yemeni hip hop">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:North_American_hip_hop" title="Category:North American hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">North American</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist inline"><b>United States:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Jersey#Hip-Hop" title="Music of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Hip_hop" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia#Hip_hop,_R&B,_and_Nu_Soul" title="Music of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hip hop in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hip_hop" title="Chicago hip hop">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#Hip_hop" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_hip_hop" title="Twin Cities hip hop">Minneapolis/St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin hip hop">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Omaha#Hip_hop" title="Music of Omaha">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip_hop" title="Atlanta hip hop">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Hip hop music in the Pacific Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Hip Hop">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_hip_hop" title="Asian American hip hop">Asian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_hip_hop" title="Native American hip hop">Native American</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist inline" style="display:block"><b>Outside the US:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_hip_hop" title="Canadian hip hop">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_hip_hop" title="Cuban hip hop">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic#Hip_hop" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_hip_hop" title="Haitian hip hop">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_hip_hop" title="Mexican hip hop">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_hip_hop" title="Salvadoran hip hop">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_hip_hop" title="Category:Oceanian hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Oceanian</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_hip_hop" title="Australian hip hop">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_hip_hop" title="New Zealand hip hop">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:South_American_hip_hop" title="Category:South American hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">South American</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hip_hop" title="Brazilian hip hop">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_hip_hop" title="Brasília hip hop">Brasília</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile#Hip_hop_and_rap" title="Music of Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia#Colombian_urban_and_hip-hop_music" title="Music of Colombia">Colombian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Record player</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turntablism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_skit" title="Hip hop skit">Hip hop skit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_and_social_injustice" title="Hip hop and social injustice">Social injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_vixen" title="Video vixen">Video vixen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner_violence_in_hip_hop" title="Partner violence in hip hop">Partner violence in hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_representations_in_hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT representations in hip hop music">LGBT representations in hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Feminist activism in hip hop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip_hop" title="Category:Hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Experimental_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Experimental_music_genres" title="Template:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Experimental_music_genres" title="Template talk:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental_music_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Experimental_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary<br />classical music</a> genres</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">indeterminacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_music" title="Acousmatic music">Acousmatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape music">Tape music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Musique concrete">Musique concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danger_music" title="Danger music">Danger</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Experimental popular<br />music genres</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Avant-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Avant-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomusic" title="Biomusic">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructed_club" title="Deconstructed club">Deconstructed club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prog" title="Neo-prog">Neo-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">Intelligent dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofolk" title="Neofolk">Neofolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_music" title="Wave music">Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">Art pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Avant-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">Drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">Glitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_house_(genre)" title="Witch house (genre)">Witch house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_bridge" title="3rd bridge">3rd bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frippertronics" title="Frippertronics">Frippertronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">Prepared guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">Scordatura</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turntablism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cymatics" title="Cymatics">Cymatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_sonification" title="Data sonification">Data sonification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_luthier" title="Experimental luthier">Experimental luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_installation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound installation">Sound installation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound sculpture">Sound sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">Soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_improvisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroacoustic improvisation">Electroacoustic improvisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_music_festivals" title="List of experimental music festivals">List of experimental music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals" title="List of electronic music festivals">List of electronic music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_musicians" title="List of experimental musicians">List of experimental musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046801#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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