CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Two-photon excitation microscopy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d80d0be8-bfa6-4704-a33f-ca016c0a1d68","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Two-photon_excitation_microscopy","wgTitle":"Two-photon excitation microscopy","wgCurRevisionId":1254466489,"wgRevisionId":1254466489,"wgArticleId":2105059,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022","Microscopy","Cell imaging","Fluorescence techniques","Laboratory equipment","Optical microscopy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Two-photon_excitation_microscopy" ,"wgRelevantArticleId":2105059,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q373859","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36-clipping.JPEG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="785"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36-clipping.JPEG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="523"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36-clipping.JPEG/640px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36-clipping.JPEG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="419"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Two-photon excitation microscopy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-photon_excitation_microscopy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-photon_excitation_microscopy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Two-photon_excitation_microscopy rootpage-Two-photon_excitation_microscopy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Two-photon+excitation+microscopy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Two-photon+excitation+microscopy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Two-photon+excitation+microscopy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Two-photon+excitation+microscopy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Main</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cancer research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embryonic_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embryonic_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Embryonic research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embryonic_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidney_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidney_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kidney research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidney_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viral_infection_level_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viral_infection_level_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Viral infection level determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viral_infection_level_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Neuroscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher-order_excitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher-order_excitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Higher-order excitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher-order_excitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyes_and_fluorescent_proteins_for_two-photon_excitation_microscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyes_and_fluorescent_proteins_for_two-photon_excitation_microscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dyes and fluorescent proteins for two-photon excitation microscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyes_and_fluorescent_proteins_for_two-photon_excitation_microscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Two-photon excitation microscopy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="الفحص المجهري ثنائي الفوتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفحص المجهري ثنائي الفوتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsc%C3%B2pia_d%27excitaci%C3%B3_de_dos_fotons" title="Microscòpia d'excitació de dos fotons – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microscòpia d'excitació de dos fotons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiphotonenmikroskop" title="Multiphotonenmikroskop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Multiphotonenmikroskop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscop%C3%ADa_de_excitaci%C3%B3n_de_dos_fotones" title="Microscopía de excitación de dos fotones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microscopía de excitación de dos fotones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopie_par_excitation_%C3%A0_deux_photons" title="Microscopie par excitation à deux photons – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microscopie par excitation à deux photons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopia_con_eccitazione_di_fluorescenza_a_due_fotoni" title="Microscopia con eccitazione di fluorescenza a due fotoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microscopia con eccitazione di fluorescenza a due fotoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מיקרוסקופיית עירור רב-פוטונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקרוסקופיית עירור רב-פוטונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9tfoton_p%C3%A1szt%C3%A1z%C3%B3_mikroszk%C3%B3pia" title="Kétfoton pásztázó mikroszkópia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kétfoton pásztázó mikroszkópia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%B1%E8%B5%B7%E9%A1%95%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="2光子励起顕微鏡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2光子励起顕微鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskop_dwufotonowy" title="Mikroskop dwufotonowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikroskop dwufotonowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Двухфотонный лазерный микроскоп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Двухфотонный лазерный микроскоп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvojfot%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_excita%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_mikroskopia" title="Dvojfotónová excitačná mikroskopia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dvojfotónová excitačná mikroskopia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Двофотонний лазерний мікроскоп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Двофотонний лазерний мікроскоп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E6%BF%80%E5%8F%91%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" title="双光子激发显微镜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="双光子激发显微镜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q373859#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Two-photon_excitation_microscopy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Two-photon_excitation_microscopy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Two-photon_excitation_microscopy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Two-photon_excitation_microscopy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Two-photon_excitation_microscopy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Two-photon_excitation_microscopy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&oldid=1254466489" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&id=1254466489&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTwo-photon_excitation_microscopy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTwo-photon_excitation_microscopy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Multi-photon_microscopy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q373859" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fluorescence imaging technique</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Second-harmonic_imaging_microscopy" title="Second-harmonic imaging microscopy">second-harmonic imaging microscopy</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36-clipping.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36-clipping.JPEG/400px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36-clipping.JPEG" decoding="async" width="400" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36-clipping.JPEG/600px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36-clipping.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36-clipping.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Two-photon excitation microscopy of mouse <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a>. Red: <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a>. Green: <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nuclei</a>. Blue: mucus of <a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">goblet cells</a>. Obtained at 780 nm using a <a href="/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti-sapphire laser</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Two-photon excitation microscopy</b> (<b>TPEF</b> or <b>2PEF</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> imaging technique that is particularly well-suited to image scattering <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">living tissue</a> of up to about one millimeter in thickness. Unlike traditional <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescence microscopy">fluorescence microscopy</a>, where the excitation wavelength is shorter than the emission wavelength, <a href="/wiki/Two-photon_absorption" title="Two-photon absorption">two-photon excitation</a> requires simultaneous excitation by two photons with longer wavelength than the emitted light. The laser is focused onto a specific location in the tissue and scanned across the sample to sequentially produce the image. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_optics" title="Nonlinear optics">non-linearity</a> of two-photon excitation, mainly fluorophores in the micrometer-sized focus of the laser beam are excited, which results in the spatial resolution of the image. This contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">confocal microscopy</a>, where the spatial resolution is produced by the interaction of excitation focus and the confined detection with a pinhole. </p><p>Two-photon excitation microscopy typically uses <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">near-infrared</a> (NIR) excitation light which can also excite <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent dyes">fluorescent dyes</a>. Using infrared light minimizes scattering in the tissue because infrared light is scattered less in typical biological tissues. Due to the multiphoton absorption, the background signal is strongly suppressed. Both effects lead to an increased <a href="/wiki/Penetration_depth" title="Penetration depth">penetration depth</a> for this technique. Two-photon excitation can be a superior alternative to <a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">confocal microscopy</a> due to its deeper tissue penetration, efficient light detection, and reduced <a href="/wiki/Photobleaching" title="Photobleaching">photobleaching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Denk_Strickler_Webb_1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denk_Strickler_Webb_1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convallaria_rhizom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Convallaria_rhizom.jpg/330px-Convallaria_rhizom.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Convallaria_rhizom.jpg/495px-Convallaria_rhizom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Convallaria_rhizom.jpg/660px-Convallaria_rhizom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2347" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption>Two-photon fluorescence image (green) of a cross section of <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizome</a> colored with <a href="/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley" title="Lily of the valley">lily of the valley</a>. The excitement is at 840 nm, and the red and blue colors represent other channels of multiphoton techniques which have been superimposed.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig1-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig1-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG/300px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig1-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig1-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG/450px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig1-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig1-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG/600px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig1-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1402" /></a><figcaption>Schematic representation of the energy levels (Jabłoński diagrams) of the fluorescence process, example of a fluorescent dye that emits light at 460 nm. One (purple, 1PEF), two (light red, 2PEF) or three (dark red, 3PEF) photons are absorbed to emit a photon of fluorescence (turquoise).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig7-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig7-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG/300px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig7-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG" decoding="async" width="300" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig7-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG/450px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig7-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig7-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG/600px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig7-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption> Optical response from a point source. From left to right: calculated intensity distributions xy (top) and rz (bottom), with logarithmic scale, for a point source imaged by means of a wide field (a), 2PEF (b) and confocal microscopy (c). The 2PEF and confocal forms have a better signal-to-noise ratio than the wide field. The 2PEF distribution is larger due to the fact that a wavelength twice as long as in the case of a wide or confocal field is responsible for the intensity distribution. These intensity distributions are also known as point spread functions. Optical conditions: the excitation wavelengths are 488 nm and 900 nm respectively for 1PEF and 2PEF; the emission wavelength is 520 nm; the <a href="/wiki/Numerical_aperture" title="Numerical aperture">numerical aperture</a> is 1.3 with an <a href="/wiki/Oil_immersion" title="Oil immersion">oil immersion objective</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two-photon excitation employs <a href="/wiki/Two-photon_absorption" title="Two-photon absorption">two-photon absorption</a>, a concept first described by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a> (1906–1972) in her doctoral dissertation in 1931,<sup id="cite_ref-Göppert-Mayer_1931_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Göppert-Mayer_1931-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first observed in 1961 in a CaF<sub>2</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> crystal using <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> excitation by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kaiser_(physicist)" title="Wolfgang Kaiser (physicist)">Wolfgang Kaiser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abella" title="Isaac Abella">Isaac Abella</a> showed in 1962 in <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> vapor that two-photon excitation of single atoms is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy has similarities to other confocal laser microscopy techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Laser_scanning_confocal_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser scanning confocal microscopy">laser scanning confocal microscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raman_microscope" title="Raman microscope">Raman microscopy</a>. These techniques use focused laser beams scanned in a raster pattern to generate images, and both have an <a href="/wiki/Optical_sectioning" title="Optical sectioning">optical sectioning</a> effect. Unlike confocal microscopes, multiphoton microscopes do not contain pinhole apertures that give confocal microscopes their optical sectioning quality. The optical sectioning produced by multiphoton microscopes is a result of the <a href="/wiki/Point_spread_function" title="Point spread function">point spread function</a> of the excitation. The concept of two-photon excitation is based on the idea that two photons, of comparably lower photon energy than needed for one-photon excitation, can also excite a <a href="/wiki/Fluorophore" title="Fluorophore">fluorophore</a> in one quantum event. Each photon carries approximately half the energy necessary to excite the molecule. The emitted photon is at a higher energy (shorter wavelength) than either of the two exciting photons. The probability of the near-simultaneous absorption of two photons is extremely low. Therefore, a high peak <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> of excitation photons is typically required, usually generated by femtosecond <a href="/wiki/Pulsed_laser" title="Pulsed laser">pulsed laser</a>. For example, the same average laser power but without pulsing results in no detectable fluorescence compared to fluorescence generated by the pulsed laser via the two-photon effect. The longer wavelength, lower energy (typically infrared) excitation lasers of multiphoton microscopes are well-suited to use in imaging live cells as they cause less damage than the short-wavelength lasers typically used for single-photon excitation, so living tissues may be observed for longer periods with fewer toxic effects. </p><p>The most commonly used fluorophores have excitation spectra in the 400–500 nm range, whereas the laser used to excite the two-photon fluorescence lies in the ~700–1100 nm (infrared) range produced by <a href="/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti-sapphire lasers</a>. If the fluorophore absorbs two infrared photons simultaneously, it will absorb enough energy to be raised into the excited state. The fluorophore will then emit a single photon with a wavelength that depends on the type of fluorophore used (typically in the visible spectrum). Because two photons are absorbed during the excitation of the fluorophore, the probability of fluorescent emission from the fluorophores increases quadratically with the excitation intensity. Therefore, much more two-photon fluorescence is generated where the laser beam is tightly focused than where it is more diffuse. Effectively, excitation is restricted to the tiny focal volume (~1 femtoliter), resulting in a high degree of rejection of out-of-focus objects. This <i>localization of excitation</i> is the key advantage compared to <a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">single-photon</a> excitation microscopes, which need to employ elements such as pinholes to reject out-of-focus fluorescence. The fluorescence from the sample is then collected by a high-sensitivity detector, such as a <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier</a> tube. This observed light intensity becomes one <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> in the eventual image; the focal point is scanned throughout a desired region of the sample to form all the pixels of the image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_a_two-photon_excitation_microscope_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Diagram_of_a_two-photon_excitation_microscope_en.svg/300px-Diagram_of_a_two-photon_excitation_microscope_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Diagram_of_a_two-photon_excitation_microscope_en.svg/450px-Diagram_of_a_two-photon_excitation_microscope_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Diagram_of_a_two-photon_excitation_microscope_en.svg/600px-Diagram_of_a_two-photon_excitation_microscope_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of a two-photon microscope.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two-photon microscopy was pioneered and <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> by <a href="/wiki/Winfried_Denk" title="Winfried Denk">Winfried Denk</a> and James Strickler in the lab of <a href="/wiki/Watt_W._Webb" title="Watt W. Webb">Watt W. Webb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in 1990. They combined the idea of <a href="/wiki/Two-photon_absorption" title="Two-photon absorption">two-photon absorption</a> with the use of a laser scanner.<sup id="cite_ref-Denk_Strickler_Webb_1990_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denk_Strickler_Webb_1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In two-photon excitation microscopy an infrared laser beam is focused through an objective lens. The <a href="/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti-sapphire laser</a> normally used has a pulse width of approximately 100 femtoseconds (fs) and a repetition rate of about 80 MHz, allowing the high photon density and flux required for two-photon absorption, and is tunable across a wide range of wavelengths. </p><p>The use of infrared light to excite fluorophores in <a href="/wiki/Light_scattering_by_particles" title="Light scattering by particles">light-scattering</a> tissue has added benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-Helmchen_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helmchen_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longer wavelengths are scattered to a lesser degree than shorter ones, which is a benefit to high-resolution imaging. In addition, these lower-energy photons are less likely to cause damage outside the focal volume. Compared to a confocal microscope, photon detection is much more effective since even scattered photons contribute to the usable signal. These benefits for imaging in scattering tissues were only recognized several years after the invention of two-photon excitation microscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-Denk_1994_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denk_1994-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several caveats to using two-photon microscopy: The pulsed lasers needed for two-photon excitation are much more expensive than the continuous wave (CW) lasers used in confocal microscopy. The two-photon absorption spectrum of a molecule may vary significantly from its one-photon counterpart. Higher-order photodamage becomes a problem and bleaching scales with the square of the laser power, whereas it is linear for single-photon (confocal). For very thin objects such as isolated cells, single-photon (confocal) microscopes can produce images with higher <a href="/wiki/Optical_resolution" title="Optical resolution">optical resolution</a> due to their shorter excitation wavelengths. In scattering tissue, on the other hand, the superior optical sectioning and light detection capabilities of the two-photon microscope result in better performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main">Main</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Main"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two-photon microscopy has been involved in numerous fields including: physiology, neurobiology, embryology and tissue engineering. Even thin, nearly transparent tissues (such as skin cells) have been visualized with clear detail due to this technique.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_et_al._1997_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters_et_al._1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two-photon microscopy's high speed imaging capabilities may also be utilized in noninvasive optical biopsy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bewersdorf_et_al._1998_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bewersdorf_et_al._1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two-photon microscopy has been aptly used for producing localized chemical reactions,<sup id="cite_ref-Denk_1994_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denk_1994-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and effect that has been used also for <a href="/wiki/Multiphoton_lithography" title="Multiphoton lithography">two-photon-based lithography</a>. Using two-photon fluorescence and <a href="/wiki/Second-harmonic_generation" title="Second-harmonic generation">second-harmonic generation</a>–based microscopy, it was shown that organic <a href="/wiki/Porphyrin" title="Porphyrin">porphyrin</a>-type molecules can have different <a href="/wiki/Transition_dipole_moment" title="Transition dipole moment">transition dipole moments</a> for two-photon fluorescence and second harmonic generation,<sup id="cite_ref-Khadria_et_al._2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khadria_et_al._2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are otherwise thought to occur from the same transition dipole moment.<sup id="cite_ref-Reeve_et_al._2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reeve_et_al._2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-degenerative two-photon excitation, or using 2 photons of unequal wavelengths, was shown to increase the fluorescence of all tested small molecules and fluorescent proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer_research">Cancer research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cancer research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2PEF was also proven to be very valuable for characterizing <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PaoliSmedh2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaoliSmedh2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition monitoring <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> in vitro.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had also been shown to reveal tumor cell arrest, tumor cell-platelet interaction, tumor cell-leukocyte interaction and metastatic colonization processes.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer2pefreview_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer2pefreview-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embryonic_research">Embryonic research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Embryonic research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2PEF has shown to be advantageous over other techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">confocal microscopy</a> when it comes to long-term live-cell imaging of mammalian embryos.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidney_research">Kidney research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kidney research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2PEF has also been used in visualization of difficult-to-access cell types, especially in regards to kidney cells.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been used in better understanding fluid dynamics and filtration.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viral_infection_level_determination">Viral infection level determination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Viral infection level determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2PEF was also proven to be valuable tool for monitoring correlates of viral (<a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>) infection in cell culture using a 2P-active Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensitive dye.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two-photon_microscopy_of_in_vivo_brain_function.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Two-photon_microscopy_of_in_vivo_brain_function.jpg/251px-Two-photon_microscopy_of_in_vivo_brain_function.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Two-photon_microscopy_of_in_vivo_brain_function.jpg/377px-Two-photon_microscopy_of_in_vivo_brain_function.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Two-photon_microscopy_of_in_vivo_brain_function.jpg/502px-Two-photon_microscopy_of_in_vivo_brain_function.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of in vivo brain function imaging. Shows the general schematic for imaging, along with neuronal and vascular images. Imaging was performed using various fluorescent dyes.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neuroscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2PEF as well as the extension of this method to <a href="/wiki/Three-photon_microscopy" title="Three-photon microscopy">3PEF</a> are used to characterize intact neural tissues in the brain of living and even behaving animals. In particular, the method is advantageous for <a href="/wiki/Calcium_imaging" title="Calcium imaging">calcium imaging</a> of a neuron or populations of neurons,<sup id="cite_ref-grienberger2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grienberger2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/Photopharmacology" title="Photopharmacology">photopharmacology</a> including localized uncaging of components such as glutamate<sup id="cite_ref-SvobodaYasuda2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvobodaYasuda2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Isomerization" title="Isomerization">isomerization</a> of photoswitchable drugs,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the imaging of other genetically encoded sensors that report the concentration of neurotransmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, two-photon microscopy is widely used to image the live firing of neurons in model organisms including fruit flies (<i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a>)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zebra_finch" title="Zebra finch">songbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferrets</a>, mice (<i><a href="/wiki/Mus_musculus_domesticus" title="Mus musculus domesticus">Mus musculus</a>)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Zebrafish" title="Zebrafish">zebrafish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animals are typically head-fixed due to the size of the microscope and scan devices, but also miniatured microscopes are being developed that enable imaging of neurons in the moving and freely behaving animals.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid35305313_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35305313-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Higher-order_excitation">Higher-order excitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Higher-order excitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simultaneous absorption of three or more photons is also possible, allowing for higher-order multiphoton excitation microscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-Xu_1996_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu_1996-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So-called "three-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy" (3PEF) is the most used technique after 2PEF, to which it is complementary. Localized <a href="/wiki/Isomerization" title="Isomerization">isomerization</a> of photoswitchable drugs in vivo using three-photon excitation has also been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three-photon_microscopy" title="Three-photon microscopy">Three-photon microscopy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dyes_and_fluorescent_proteins_for_two-photon_excitation_microscopy">Dyes and fluorescent proteins for two-photon excitation microscopy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dyes and fluorescent proteins for two-photon excitation microscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, all commonly used <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_protein" title="Fluorescent protein">fluorescent proteins</a> (CFP, GFP, YFP, RFP) and dyes can be excited in two-photon mode. Two-photon excitation spectra are often considerably broader, making it more difficult to excite fluorophores selectively by switching excitation wavelengths.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several green, red and NIR emitting dyes (probes and reactive labels) with extremely high 2-photon absorption cross-sections have been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Podgorski_2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podgorski_2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the donor-acceptor-donor type structure, <a href="/wiki/Squaraine_dye" title="Squaraine dye">squaraine dyes</a> such as <i>Seta-670</i>, <i>Seta-700</i> and <i>Seta-660</i> exhibit very high 2-photon absorption (2PA) efficiencies in comparison to other dyes,<sup id="cite_ref-Podgorski_2012_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podgorski_2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liu_2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Przhonska_2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Przhonska_2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>SeTau-647</i> and <i>SeTau-665</i>, a new type of squaraine-<a href="/wiki/Rotaxane" title="Rotaxane">rotaxane</a>, exhibit extremely high two-photon action cross-sections of up to 10,000 GM in the near IR region, unsurpassed by any other class of organic dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Podgorski_2012_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podgorski_2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_optics" title="Nonlinear optics">Nonlinear optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-harmonic_imaging_microscopy" title="Second-harmonic imaging microscopy">Second-harmonic imaging microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-photon_microscopy" title="Three-photon microscopy">Three-photon microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-photon_absorption" title="Two-photon absorption">Two-photon absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-photon_photoelectron_spectroscopy" title="Two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy">Two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_multiphoton_microscopy" title="Wide-field multiphoton microscopy">Wide-field multiphoton microscopy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmittMayerhöferPoppKleppe2013" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Michael; Mayerhöfer, Thomas; Popp, Jürgen; Kleppe, Ingo; Weisshart, Klaus (2013). "Light-Matter Interaction". <i>Handbook of Biophotonics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9783527643981.bphot003">10.1002/9783527643981.bphot003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-64398-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-64398-1"><bdi>978-3-527-64398-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:93908151">93908151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Light-Matter+Interaction&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Biophotonics&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A93908151%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9783527643981.bphot003&rft.isbn=978-3-527-64398-1&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Mayerh%C3%B6fer%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Popp%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Kleppe%2C+Ingo&rft.au=Weisshart%2C+Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKönig2018" class="citation book cs1">König, Karsten (2018). <i>Multiphoton Microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging: Applications in Biology and Medicine</i>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042998-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042998-5"><bdi>978-3-11-042998-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiphoton+Microscopy+and+Fluorescence+Lifetime+Imaging%3A+Applications+in+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042998-5&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6nig&rft.aufirst=Karsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeikhosraviBredfeldtSagarEliceiri2014" class="citation book cs1">Keikhosravi, Adib; Bredfeldt, Jeremy S.; Sagar, Abdul Kader; Eliceiri, Kevin W. (2014). "Second-harmonic generation imaging of cancer". <i>Quantitative Imaging in Cell Biology</i>. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 123. pp. 531–546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-420138-5.00028-8">10.1016/B978-0-12-420138-5.00028-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-420138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-420138-5"><bdi>978-0-12-420138-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24974046">24974046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Second-harmonic+generation+imaging+of+cancer&rft.btitle=Quantitative+Imaging+in+Cell+Biology&rft.series=Methods+in+Cell+Biology&rft.pages=531-546&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24974046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-420138-5.00028-8&rft.isbn=978-0-12-420138-5&rft.aulast=Keikhosravi&rft.aufirst=Adib&rft.au=Bredfeldt%2C+Jeremy+S.&rft.au=Sagar%2C+Abdul+Kader&rft.au=Eliceiri%2C+Kevin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuRahim2013" class="citation book cs1">Yu, Hanry; Rahim, Nur Aida Abdul (2013). <i>Imaging in Cellular and Tissue Engineering</i>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-4804-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-4804-3"><bdi>978-1-4398-4804-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imaging+in+Cellular+and+Tissue+Engineering&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-4804-3&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Hanry&rft.au=Rahim%2C+Nur+Aida+Abdul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Denk_Strickler_Webb_1990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denk_Strickler_Webb_1990_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk_Strickler_Webb_1990_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenkStricklerWebb1990" class="citation journal cs1">Denk, Winifried; Strickler, James H.; Webb, Watt W. (6 April 1990). "Two-Photon Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy". <i>Science</i>. <b>248</b> (4951): 73–76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...248...73D">1990Sci...248...73D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2321027">10.1126/science.2321027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2321027">2321027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18431535">18431535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Two-Photon+Laser+Scanning+Fluorescence+Microscopy&rft.volume=248&rft.issue=4951&rft.pages=73-76&rft.date=1990-04-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.2321027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18431535%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2321027&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Sci...248...73D&rft.aulast=Denk&rft.aufirst=Winifried&rft.au=Strickler%2C+James+H.&rft.au=Webb%2C+Watt+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockertBlazquez-Castro2017" class="citation book cs1">Stockert, Juan Carlos; Blazquez-Castro, Alfonso (2017). "Non-linear Optics". <i>Fluorescence Microscopy in Life Sciences</i>. pp. 642–686. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F9781681085180117010023">10.2174/9781681085180117010023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68108-518-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68108-518-0"><bdi>978-1-68108-518-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Non-linear+Optics&rft.btitle=Fluorescence+Microscopy+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=642-686&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F9781681085180117010023&rft.isbn=978-1-68108-518-0&rft.aulast=Stockert&rft.aufirst=Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Blazquez-Castro%2C+Alfonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Göppert-Mayer_1931-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Göppert-Mayer_1931_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoeppert-Mayer_M.1931" class="citation journal cs1">Goeppert-Mayer M. (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19314010303">"Über Elementarakte mit zwei Quantensprüngen"</a>. <i>Annals of Physics</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 273–95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1931AnP...401..273G">1931AnP...401..273G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19314010303">10.1002/andp.19314010303</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Physics&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+Elementarakte+mit+zwei+Quantenspr%C3%BCngen&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-95&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19314010303&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1931AnP...401..273G&rft.au=Goeppert-Mayer+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fandp.19314010303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiserGarrett,_C.1961" class="citation journal cs1">Kaiser, W.; Garrett, C. (September 1961). "Two-Photon Excitation in CaF<sub>2</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup>". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>7</b> (6): 229–231. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961PhRvL...7..229K">1961PhRvL...7..229K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.7.229">10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Two-Photon+Excitation+in+CaF%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3AEu%3Csup%3E2%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=229-231&rft.date=1961-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.7.229&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961PhRvL...7..229K&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Garrett%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbella1962" class="citation journal cs1">Abella, I. D. (December 1962). "Optical Double-Photon Absorption in Cesium Vapor". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>9</b> (11): 453–455. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962PhRvL...9..453A">1962PhRvL...9..453A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.9.453">10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Optical+Double-Photon+Absorption+in+Cesium+Vapor&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=453-455&rft.date=1962-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.9.453&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962PhRvL...9..453A&rft.aulast=Abella&rft.aufirst=I.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5034613">US 5034613</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5034613&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> "Two-photon laser microscopy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helmchen_2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helmchen_2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmchen_F.Denk_W.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Helmchen F.; Denk W. (2005). "Deep tissue two-photon microscopy". <i>Nat Methods</i>. <b>2</b> (12): 932–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth818">10.1038/nmeth818</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16299478">16299478</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3339971">3339971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Methods&rft.atitle=Deep+tissue+two-photon+microscopy&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=932-40&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3339971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16299478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnmeth818&rft.au=Helmchen+F.&rft.au=Denk+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denk_1994-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denk_1994_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk_1994_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenk_W.Delaney_K.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Denk W.; Delaney K. (1994). "Anatomical and functional imaging of neurons using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy". <i>J Neurosci Methods</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 151–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0165-0270%2894%2990189-9">10.1016/0165-0270(94)90189-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7869748">7869748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3772937">3772937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Neurosci+Methods&rft.atitle=Anatomical+and+functional+imaging+of+neurons+using+2-photon+laser+scanning+microscopy&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-62&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3772937%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7869748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0165-0270%2894%2990189-9&rft.au=Denk+W.&rft.au=Delaney+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masters_et_al._1997-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masters_et_al._1997_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters_BR.So_PTCGratton_E.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Masters BR.; So PTC; Gratton E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1184440">"Multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy of in vivo human skin"</a>. <i>Biophysical Journal</i>. <b>72</b> (6): 2405–2412. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997BpJ....72.2405M">1997BpJ....72.2405M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0006-3495%2897%2978886-6">10.1016/s0006-3495(97)78886-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1184440">1184440</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9168018">9168018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Multiphoton+excitation+fluorescence+microscopy+and+spectroscopy+of+in+vivo+human+skin&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2405-2412&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1184440%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9168018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0006-3495%2897%2978886-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997BpJ....72.2405M&rft.au=Masters+BR.&rft.au=So+PTC&rft.au=Gratton+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1184440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bewersdorf_et_al._1998-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bewersdorf_et_al._1998_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBewersdorfPickHell1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bewersdorf, Jörg; Pick, Rainer; Hell, Stefan W. (1 May 1998). "Multifocal multiphoton microscopy". <i>Optics Letters</i>. <b>23</b> (9): 655–657. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998OptL...23..655B">1998OptL...23..655B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2Fol.23.000655">10.1364/ol.23.000655</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18087301">18087301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17549598">17549598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optics+Letters&rft.atitle=Multifocal+multiphoton+microscopy&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=655-657&rft.date=1998-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2Fol.23.000655&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17549598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18087301&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998OptL...23..655B&rft.aulast=Bewersdorf&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Pick%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Hell%2C+Stefan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khadria_et_al._2017-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khadria_et_al._2017_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhadriaCoeneGawelRoche2017" class="citation journal cs1">Khadria A, Coene Y, Gawel P, Roche C, Clays K, Anderson HL (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e885d41b-c569-4239-9f7d-25cf640de228">"Push–pull pyropheophorbides for nonlinear optical imaging"</a>. <i>Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 947–956. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC6OB02319C">10.1039/C6OB02319C</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28054076">28054076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3540505">3540505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+and+Biomolecular+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Push%E2%80%93pull+pyropheophorbides+for+nonlinear+optical+imaging&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=947-956&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3540505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28054076&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC6OB02319C&rft.aulast=Khadria&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Coene%2C+Y&rft.au=Gawel%2C+P&rft.au=Roche%2C+C&rft.au=Clays%2C+K&rft.au=Anderson%2C+HL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Ae885d41b-c569-4239-9f7d-25cf640de228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeve_et_al._2017-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reeve_et_al._2017_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeveCorbettBoczarowWilson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Reeve JE, Corbett AD, Boczarow I, Wilson T, Bayley H, Anderson HL (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433607">"Probing the Orientational Distribution of Dyes in Membranes through Multiphoton Microscopy"</a>. <i>Biophysical Journal</i>. <b>103</b> (5): 907–917. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BpJ...103..907R">2012BpJ...103..907R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpj.2012.08.003">10.1016/j.bpj.2012.08.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433607">3433607</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23009840">23009840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Probing+the+Orientational+Distribution+of+Dyes+in+Membranes+through+Multiphoton+Microscopy&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=907-917&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3433607%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23009840&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bpj.2012.08.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012BpJ...103..907R&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Corbett%2C+AD&rft.au=Boczarow%2C+I&rft.au=Wilson%2C+T&rft.au=Bayley%2C+H&rft.au=Anderson%2C+HL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3433607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadeghYangFerriThunemann2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sadegh, Sanaz; Yang, Mu-Han; Ferri, Christopher G. L.; Thunemann, Martin; Saisan, Payam A.; Wei, Zhe; Rodriguez, Erik A.; Adams, Stephen R.; Kiliç, Kivilcim; Boas, David A.; Sakadžić, Sava; Devor, Anna; Fainman, Yeshaiahu (18 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6825618">"Efficient non-degenerate two-photon excitation for fluorescence microscopy"</a>. <i>Optics Express</i>. <b>27</b> (20): 28022–28035. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019OExpr..2728022S">2019OExpr..2728022S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOE.27.028022">10.1364/OE.27.028022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6825618">6825618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31684560">31684560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optics+Express&rft.atitle=Efficient+non-degenerate+two-photon+excitation+for+fluorescence+microscopy&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=28022-28035&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6825618%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31684560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FOE.27.028022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019OExpr..2728022S&rft.aulast=Sadegh&rft.aufirst=Sanaz&rft.au=Yang%2C+Mu-Han&rft.au=Ferri%2C+Christopher+G.+L.&rft.au=Thunemann%2C+Martin&rft.au=Saisan%2C+Payam+A.&rft.au=Wei%2C+Zhe&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Erik+A.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Stephen+R.&rft.au=Kili%C3%A7%2C+Kivilcim&rft.au=Boas%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Sakad%C5%BEi%C4%87%2C+Sava&rft.au=Devor%2C+Anna&rft.au=Fainman%2C+Yeshaiahu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6825618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaoliSmedh2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaoliSmedh2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaoliSmedhEricson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Paoli, John; Smedh, Maria; Ericson, Marica B. (September 2009). "Multiphoton Laser Scanning Microscopy—A Novel Diagnostic Method for Superficial Skin Cancers". <i>Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 190–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sder.2009.06.007">10.1016/j.sder.2009.06.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19782943">19782943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Cutaneous+Medicine+and+Surgery&rft.atitle=Multiphoton+Laser+Scanning+Microscopy%E2%80%94A+Novel+Diagnostic+Method+for+Superficial+Skin+Cancers&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=190-195&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sder.2009.06.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19782943&rft.aulast=Paoli&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Smedh%2C+Maria&rft.au=Ericson%2C+Marica+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovácsKontraChioviniMüller2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kovács, Dénes Szepesi; Kontra, Bence; Chiovini, Balázs; Müller, Dalma; Tóth, Estilla Zsófia; Ábrányi-Balogh, Péter; Wittner, Lucia; Várady, György; Turczel, Gábor; Farkas, Ödön; Owen, Michael C.; Katona, Gergely; Győrffy, Balázs; Keserű, György Miklós; Mucsi, Zoltán; Rózsa, Balázs J.; Kovács, Ervin (Sep 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/ob/d3ob01471a">"Effective synthesis, development and application of a highly fluorescent cyanine dye for antibody conjugation and microscopy imaging"</a>. <i>Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry</i>. <b>21</b> (44): 8829–8836. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FD3OB01471A">10.1039/D3OB01471A</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37917021">37917021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+%26+Biomolecular+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Effective+synthesis%2C+development+and+application+of+a+highly+fluorescent+cyanine+dye+for+antibody+conjugation+and+microscopy+imaging&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=8829-8836&rft.date=2023-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FD3OB01471A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37917021&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A9nes+Szepesi&rft.au=Kontra%2C+Bence&rft.au=Chiovini%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Dalma&rft.au=T%C3%B3th%2C+Estilla+Zs%C3%B3fia&rft.au=%C3%81br%C3%A1nyi-Balogh%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Wittner%2C+Lucia&rft.au=V%C3%A1rady%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Turczel%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Farkas%2C+%C3%96d%C3%B6n&rft.au=Owen%2C+Michael+C.&rft.au=Katona%2C+Gergely&rft.au=Gy%C5%91rffy%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Keser%C5%B1%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft.au=Mucsi%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=R%C3%B3zsa%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs+J.&rft.au=Kov%C3%A1cs%2C+Ervin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsc.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Farticlelanding%2F2023%2Fob%2Fd3ob01471a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovácsChioviniMüllerTóth2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kovács, Dénes Szepesi; Chiovini, Balázs; Müller, Dalma; Tóth, Estilla Zsófia; Fülöp, Anna; Ábrányi-Balogh, Péter; Wittner, Lucia; Várady, György; Farkas, Ödön; Turczel, Gábor; Katona, Gergely; Győrffy, Balázs; Keserű, György Miklós; Mucsi, Zoltán; Rózsa, Balázs J.; Kovács, Ervin (Jun 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.3c01796">"Synthesis and Application of Two-Photon Active Fluorescent Rhodol Dyes for Antibody Conjugation and In Vitro Cell Imaging"</a>. <i>ACS Omega</i>. <b>8</b> (25): 22836–22843. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsomega.3c01796">10.1021/acsomega.3c01796</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10308389">10308389</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37396252">37396252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Omega&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+Application+of+Two-Photon+Active+Fluorescent+Rhodol+Dyes+for+Antibody+Conjugation+and+In+Vitro+Cell+Imaging&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=22836-22843&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10308389%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37396252&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facsomega.3c01796&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A9nes+Szepesi&rft.au=Chiovini%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Dalma&rft.au=T%C3%B3th%2C+Estilla+Zs%C3%B3fia&rft.au=F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p%2C+Anna&rft.au=%C3%81br%C3%A1nyi-Balogh%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Wittner%2C+Lucia&rft.au=V%C3%A1rady%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Farkas%2C+%C3%96d%C3%B6n&rft.au=Turczel%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Katona%2C+Gergely&rft.au=Gy%C5%91rffy%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Keser%C5%B1%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft.au=Mucsi%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=R%C3%B3zsa%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs+J.&rft.au=Kov%C3%A1cs%2C+Ervin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facsomega.3c01796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancer2pefreview-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cancer2pefreview_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanakaToiyamaOkugawaOkigami2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tanaka, Koji; Toiyama, Yuji; Okugawa, Yoshinaga; Okigami, Masato; Inoue, Yasuhiro; Uchida, Keiichi; Araki, Toshimitsu; Mohri, Yasuhiko; Mizoguchi, Akira; Kusunoki, Masato (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058302">"In vivo optical imaging of cancer metastasis using multiphoton microscopy: a short review"</a>. <i>American Journal of Translational Research</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 179–187. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058302">4058302</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24936213">24936213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Translational+Research&rft.atitle=In+vivo+optical+imaging+of+cancer+metastasis+using+multiphoton+microscopy%3A+a+short+review&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=179-187&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4058302%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24936213&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=Koji&rft.au=Toiyama%2C+Yuji&rft.au=Okugawa%2C+Yoshinaga&rft.au=Okigami%2C+Masato&rft.au=Inoue%2C+Yasuhiro&rft.au=Uchida%2C+Keiichi&rft.au=Araki%2C+Toshimitsu&rft.au=Mohri%2C+Yasuhiko&rft.au=Mizoguchi%2C+Akira&rft.au=Kusunoki%2C+Masato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4058302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquirrellWokosinWhiteBavister1999" class="citation journal cs1">Squirrell, Jayne M.; Wokosin, David L.; White, John G.; Bavister, Barry D. (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087329">"Long-term two-photon fluorescence imaging of mammalian embryos without compromising viability"</a>. <i>Nature Biotechnology</i>. <b>17</b> (8): 763–767. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F11698">10.1038/11698</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1546-1696">1546-1696</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087329">5087329</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10429240">10429240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Long-term+two-photon+fluorescence+imaging+of+mammalian+embryos+without+compromising+viability&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=763-767&rft.date=1999-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5087329%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1546-1696&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10429240&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F11698&rft.aulast=Squirrell&rft.aufirst=Jayne+M.&rft.au=Wokosin%2C+David+L.&rft.au=White%2C+John+G.&rft.au=Bavister%2C+Barry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5087329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiasproChiricoCollini2005" class="citation journal cs1">Diaspro, Alberto; Chirico, Giuseppe; Collini, Maddalena (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quarterly-reviews-of-biophysics/article/abs/twophoton-fluorescence-excitation-and-related-techniques-in-biological-microscopy/DBA4A3240D635730F5C9F59647D9974F">"Two-photon fluorescence excitation and related techniques in biological microscopy"</a>. <i>Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 97–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033583505004129">10.1017/S0033583505004129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8994">1469-8994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16478566">16478566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33514441">33514441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Reviews+of+Biophysics&rft.atitle=Two-photon+fluorescence+excitation+and+related+techniques+in+biological+microscopy&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-166&rft.date=2005-05&rft.issn=1469-8994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33514441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16478566&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033583505004129&rft.aulast=Diaspro&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Chirico%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Collini%2C+Maddalena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fquarterly-reviews-of-biophysics%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Ftwophoton-fluorescence-excitation-and-related-techniques-in-biological-microscopy%2FDBA4A3240D635730F5C9F59647D9974F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshworthSandovalTannerMolitoris2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ashworth, S. L.; Sandoval, R. M.; Tanner, G. A.; Molitoris, B. A. (2007-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ki.5002315">"Two-photon microscopy: Visualization of kidney dynamics"</a>. <i>Kidney International</i>. <b>72</b> (4): 416–421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ki.5002315">10.1038/sj.ki.5002315</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0085-2538">0085-2538</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17538570">17538570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kidney+International&rft.atitle=Two-photon+microscopy%3A+Visualization+of+kidney+dynamics&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=416-421&rft.date=2007-08-02&rft.issn=0085-2538&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17538570&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ki.5002315&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft.au=Sandoval%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Tanner%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=Molitoris%2C+B.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ki.5002315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMáthéSzalayCseriKis2024" class="citation journal cs1">Máthé, Domokos; Szalay, Gergely; Cseri, Levente; Kis, Zoltán; Pályi, Bernadett; Földes, Gábor; Kovács, Noémi; Fülöp, Anna; Szepesi, Áron; Hajdrik, Polett; Csomos, Attila; Zsembery, Ákos; Kádár, Kristóf; Katona, Gergely; Mucsi, Zoltán; Rózsa, Balázs József; Kovács, Ervin (Jul 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11264913">"Monitoring correlates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture using a two-photon-active calcium-sensitive dye"</a>. <i>Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs11658-024-00619-0">10.1186/s11658-024-00619-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11264913">11264913</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39030477">39030477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+%26+Molecular+Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Monitoring+correlates+of+SARS-CoV-2+infection+in+cell+culture+using+a+two-photon-active+calcium-sensitive+dye&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105&rft.date=2024-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11264913%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39030477&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs11658-024-00619-0&rft.aulast=M%C3%A1th%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Domokos&rft.au=Szalay%2C+Gergely&rft.au=Cseri%2C+Levente&rft.au=Kis%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=P%C3%A1lyi%2C+Bernadett&rft.au=F%C3%B6ldes%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Kov%C3%A1cs%2C+No%C3%A9mi&rft.au=F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p%2C+Anna&rft.au=Szepesi%2C+%C3%81ron&rft.au=Hajdrik%2C+Polett&rft.au=Csomos%2C+Attila&rft.au=Zsembery%2C+%C3%81kos&rft.au=K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r%2C+Krist%C3%B3f&rft.au=Katona%2C+Gergely&rft.au=Mucsi%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=R%C3%B3zsa%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs+J%C3%B3zsef&rft.au=Kov%C3%A1cs%2C+Ervin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11264913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grienberger2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grienberger2012_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrienbergerKonnerth2012" class="citation journal cs1">Grienberger, Christine; Konnerth, Arthur (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2012.02.011">"Imaging calcium in neurons"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>73</b> (5): 862–885. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2012.02.011">10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22405199">22405199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Imaging+calcium+in+neurons&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=862-885&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2012.02.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22405199&rft.aulast=Grienberger&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Konnerth%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.neuron.2012.02.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SvobodaYasuda2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SvobodaYasuda2006_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvobodaYasuda2006" class="citation journal cs1">Svoboda, Karel; Yasuda, Ryohei (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2006.05.019">"Principles of Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy and Its Applications to Neuroscience"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>50</b> (6): 823–839. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2006.05.019">10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16772166">16772166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7278880">7278880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Principles+of+Two-Photon+Excitation+Microscopy+and+Its+Applications+to+Neuroscience&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=823-839&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7278880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16772166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2006.05.019&rft.aulast=Svoboda&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft.au=Yasuda%2C+Ryohei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.neuron.2006.05.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzquierdo-SerraGascón-MoyaHirtzPittolo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Izquierdo-Serra, Mercè; Gascón-Moya, Marta; Hirtz, Jan J.; Pittolo, Silvia; Poskanzer, Kira E.; Ferrer, Èric; Alibés, Ramon; Busqué, Félix; Yuste, Rafael; Hernando, Jordi; Gorostiza, Pau (2014-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096865">"Two-Photon Neuronal and Astrocytic Stimulation with Azobenzene-Based Photoswitches"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>136</b> (24): 8693–8701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja5026326">10.1021/ja5026326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4096865">4096865</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24857186">24857186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Two-Photon+Neuronal+and+Astrocytic+Stimulation+with+Azobenzene-Based+Photoswitches&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=8693-8701&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4096865%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-7863&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24857186&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja5026326&rft.aulast=Izquierdo-Serra&rft.aufirst=Merc%C3%A8&rft.au=Gasc%C3%B3n-Moya%2C+Marta&rft.au=Hirtz%2C+Jan+J.&rft.au=Pittolo%2C+Silvia&rft.au=Poskanzer%2C+Kira+E.&rft.au=Ferrer%2C+%C3%88ric&rft.au=Alib%C3%A9s%2C+Ramon&rft.au=Busqu%C3%A9%2C+F%C3%A9lix&rft.au=Yuste%2C+Rafael&rft.au=Hernando%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Gorostiza%2C+Pau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4096865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittoloLeeLladóTosi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pittolo, Silvia; Lee, Hyojung; Lladó, Anna; Tosi, Sébastien; Bosch, Miquel; Bardia, Lídia; Gómez-Santacana, Xavier; Llebaria, Amadeu; Soriano, Eduardo; Colombelli, Julien; Poskanzer, Kira E.; Perea, Gertrudis; Gorostiza, Pau (2019-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613107">"Reversible silencing of endogenous receptors in intact brain tissue using 2-photon pharmacology"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>116</b> (27): 13680–13689. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11613680P">2019PNAS..11613680P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1900430116">10.1073/pnas.1900430116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613107">6613107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31196955">31196955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Reversible+silencing+of+endogenous+receptors+in+intact+brain+tissue+using+2-photon+pharmacology&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=13680-13689&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6613107%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..11613680P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31196955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1900430116&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Pittolo&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft.au=Lee%2C+Hyojung&rft.au=Llad%C3%B3%2C+Anna&rft.au=Tosi%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Bosch%2C+Miquel&rft.au=Bardia%2C+L%C3%ADdia&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Santacana%2C+Xavier&rft.au=Llebaria%2C+Amadeu&rft.au=Soriano%2C+Eduardo&rft.au=Colombelli%2C+Julien&rft.au=Poskanzer%2C+Kira+E.&rft.au=Perea%2C+Gertrudis&rft.au=Gorostiza%2C+Pau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6613107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabatiniTian2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sabatini, Bernardo; Tian, Lin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2020.09.036">"Neuromodulator Dynamics In Vivo with Genetically Encoded Indicators"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>108</b> (1): 17–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2020.09.036">10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33058762">33058762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Neuromodulator+Dynamics+In+Vivo+with+Genetically+Encoded+Indicators&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-32&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2020.09.036&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33058762&rft.aulast=Sabatini&rft.aufirst=Bernardo&rft.au=Tian%2C+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.neuron.2020.09.036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenningerPiston2013" class="citation journal cs1">Benninger, Richard K.P.; Piston, David W. (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4004770">"Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy for the Study of Living Cells and Tissues"</a>. <i>Current Protocols in Cell Biology</i>. <b>59</b> (1): Unit 4.11.1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471143030.cb0411s59">10.1002/0471143030.cb0411s59</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4004770">4004770</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23728746">23728746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Protocols+in+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Two-Photon+Excitation+Microscopy+for+the+Study+of+Living+Cells+and+Tissues&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Unit+4.11.1-24&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4004770%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23728746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471143030.cb0411s59&rft.aulast=Benninger&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.P.&rft.au=Piston%2C+David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4004770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangMaxeySinhaSavall2018" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Cheng; Maxey, Jessica R.; Sinha, Supriyo; Savall, Joan; Gong, Yiyang; Schnitzer, Mark J. (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5830414">"Long-term optical brain imaging in live adult fruit flies"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 872. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9..872H">2018NatCo...9..872H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-02873-1">10.1038/s41467-018-02873-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5830414">5830414</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29491443">29491443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Long-term+optical+brain+imaging+in+live+adult+fruit+flies&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=872&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5830414%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29491443&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-02873-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatCo...9..872H&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Cheng&rft.au=Maxey%2C+Jessica+R.&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Supriyo&rft.au=Savall%2C+Joan&rft.au=Gong%2C+Yiyang&rft.au=Schnitzer%2C+Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5830414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemasManleyTejeraBarber2021" class="citation journal cs1">Demas, Jeffrey; Manley, Jason; Tejera, Frank; Barber, Kevin; Kim, Hyewon; Traub, Francisca Martínez; Chen, Brandon; Vaziri, Alipasha (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8958902">"High-speed, cortex-wide volumetric recording of neuroactivity at cellular resolution using light beads microscopy"</a>. <i>Nature Methods</i>. <b>18</b> (9): 1103–1111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41592-021-01239-8">10.1038/s41592-021-01239-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8958902">8958902</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34462592">34462592</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237366015">237366015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Methods&rft.atitle=High-speed%2C+cortex-wide+volumetric+recording+of+neuroactivity+at+cellular+resolution+using+light+beads+microscopy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1103-1111&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8958902%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237366015%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34462592&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41592-021-01239-8&rft.aulast=Demas&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Manley%2C+Jason&rft.au=Tejera%2C+Frank&rft.au=Barber%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Kim%2C+Hyewon&rft.au=Traub%2C+Francisca+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.au=Chen%2C+Brandon&rft.au=Vaziri%2C+Alipasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8958902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmchenFeeTankDenk2001" class="citation journal cs1">Helmchen, Fritjof; Fee, Michale; Tank, David; Denk, Winfried (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2801%2900421-4">"A Miniature Head-Mounted Two-Photon Microscope: High-Resolution Brain Imaging in Freely Moving Animals"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>31</b> (6): 903–912. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2801%2900421-4">10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00421-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11580892">11580892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=A+Miniature+Head-Mounted+Two-Photon+Microscope%3A+High-Resolution+Brain+Imaging+in+Freely+Moving+Animals&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=903-912&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2801%2900421-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11580892&rft.aulast=Helmchen&rft.aufirst=Fritjof&rft.au=Fee%2C+Michale&rft.au=Tank%2C+David&rft.au=Denk%2C+Winfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0896-6273%252801%252900421-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid35305313-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid35305313_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZong_W,_Obenhaus_HA,_Skytøen_ER,_Eneqvist_H,_de_Jong_NL,_Vale_R2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zong W, Obenhaus HA, Skytøen ER, Eneqvist H, de Jong NL, Vale R; et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8970296">"Large-scale two-photon calcium imaging in freely moving mice"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>185</b> (7): 1240–1256.e30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2022.02.017">10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8970296">8970296</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35305313">35305313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Large-scale+two-photon+calcium+imaging+in+freely+moving+mice.&rft.volume=185&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1240-1256.e30&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8970296%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35305313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2022.02.017&rft.au=Zong+W%2C+Obenhaus+HA%2C+Skyt%C3%B8en+ER%2C+Eneqvist+H%2C+de+Jong+NL%2C+Vale+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8970296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xu_1996-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xu_1996_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuZipfelShearWilliams1996" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, C; Zipfel, W; Shear, J B; Williams, R M; Webb, W W (1 October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC38229">"Multiphoton fluorescence excitation: new spectral windows for biological nonlinear microscopy"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>93</b> (20): 10763–10768. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PNAS...9310763X">1996PNAS...9310763X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.93.20.10763">10.1073/pnas.93.20.10763</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC38229">38229</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8855254">8855254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Multiphoton+fluorescence+excitation%3A+new+spectral+windows+for+biological+nonlinear+microscopy.&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=10763-10768&rft.date=1996-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC38229%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8855254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.93.20.10763&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996PNAS...9310763X&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Zipfel%2C+W&rft.au=Shear%2C+J+B&rft.au=Williams%2C+R+M&rft.au=Webb%2C+W+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC38229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSortinoCunqueroCastro-OlveraGelabert2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sortino, Rosalba; Cunquero, Marina; Castro-Olvera, Gustavo; Gelabert, Ricard; Moreno, Miquel; Riefolo, Fabio; Matera, Carlo; Fernàndez-Castillo, Noèlia; Agnetta, Luca; Decker, Michael; Lluch, José Maria; Hernando, Jordi; Loza-Alvarez, Pablo; Gorostiza, Pau (2023-10-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.202311181">"Three-Photon Infrared Stimulation of Endogenous Neuroreceptors in Vivo"</a>. <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <b>62</b> (51): e202311181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.202311181">10.1002/anie.202311181</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2445%2F203764">2445/203764</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1433-7851">1433-7851</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37823736">37823736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Three-Photon+Infrared+Stimulation+of+Endogenous+Neuroreceptors+in+Vivo&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=e202311181&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2445%2F203764&rft.issn=1433-7851&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37823736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.202311181&rft.aulast=Sortino&rft.aufirst=Rosalba&rft.au=Cunquero%2C+Marina&rft.au=Castro-Olvera%2C+Gustavo&rft.au=Gelabert%2C+Ricard&rft.au=Moreno%2C+Miquel&rft.au=Riefolo%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Matera%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Fern%C3%A0ndez-Castillo%2C+No%C3%A8lia&rft.au=Agnetta%2C+Luca&rft.au=Decker%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lluch%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Maria&rft.au=Hernando%2C+Jordi&rft.au=Loza-Alvarez%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Gorostiza%2C+Pau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fanie.202311181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Podgorski_2012-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Podgorski_2012_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podgorski_2012_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podgorski_2012_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodgorskiTerpetschnigKlochkoObukhova2012" class="citation journal cs1">Podgorski, Kaspar; Terpetschnig, Ewald; Klochko, Oleksii P.; Obukhova, Olena M.; Haas, Kurt (14 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3522634">"Ultra-Bright and -Stable Red and Near-Infrared Squaraine Fluorophores for In Vivo Two-Photon Imaging"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (12): e51980. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...751980P">2012PLoSO...751980P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051980">10.1371/journal.pone.0051980</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3522634">3522634</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23251670">23251670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Ultra-Bright+and+-Stable+Red+and+Near-Infrared+Squaraine+Fluorophores+for+In+Vivo+Two-Photon+Imaging&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e51980&rft.date=2012-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3522634%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23251670&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051980&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...751980P&rft.aulast=Podgorski&rft.aufirst=Kaspar&rft.au=Terpetschnig%2C+Ewald&rft.au=Klochko%2C+Oleksii+P.&rft.au=Obukhova%2C+Olena+M.&rft.au=Haas%2C+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3522634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu_2008-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liu_2008_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuShaoDongYu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Lingzhi; Shao, Mei; Dong, Xiaohu; Yu, Xuefeng; Liu, Zhihong; He, Zhike; Wang, Ququan (15 October 2008). "Homogeneous Immunoassay Based on Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer". <i>Analytical Chemistry</i>. <b>80</b> (20): 7735–7741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac801106w">10.1021/ac801106w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18800850">18800850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Homogeneous+Immunoassay+Based+on+Two-Photon+Excitation+Fluorescence+Resonance+Energy+Transfer&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=7735-7741&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fac801106w&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18800850&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Lingzhi&rft.au=Shao%2C+Mei&rft.au=Dong%2C+Xiaohu&rft.au=Yu%2C+Xuefeng&rft.au=Liu%2C+Zhihong&rft.au=He%2C+Zhike&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ququan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Przhonska_2010-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Przhonska_2010_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrzhonskaWebsterPadilhaHu2010" class="citation book cs1">Przhonska, Olga V.; Webster, Scott; Padilha, Lazaro A.; Hu, Honghua; Kachkovski, Alexey D.; Hagan, David J.; Van Stryland, Eric W. (2010). "Two-Photon Absorption in Near-IR Conjugated Molecules: Design Strategy and Structure–Property Relations". <i>Advanced Fluorescence Reporters in Chemistry and Biology I</i>. Springer Series on Fluorescence. Vol. 8. pp. 105–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-04702-2_4">10.1007/978-3-642-04702-2_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04700-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04700-8"><bdi>978-3-642-04700-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two-Photon+Absorption+in+Near-IR+Conjugated+Molecules%3A+Design+Strategy+and+Structure%E2%80%93Property+Relations&rft.btitle=Advanced+Fluorescence+Reporters+in+Chemistry+and+Biology+I&rft.series=Springer+Series+on+Fluorescence&rft.pages=105-147&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-04702-2_4&rft.isbn=978-3-642-04700-8&rft.aulast=Przhonska&rft.aufirst=Olga+V.&rft.au=Webster%2C+Scott&rft.au=Padilha%2C+Lazaro+A.&rft.au=Hu%2C+Honghua&rft.au=Kachkovski%2C+Alexey+D.&rft.au=Hagan%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Van+Stryland%2C+Eric+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://analyticalscience.wiley.com/do/10.1002/was.00050105">Simplifying two-photon microscopy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photonics.com/Webinars/Setting_Up_a_Simple_and_Cost-Efficient_Two-Photon/w273">Webinar: Setting Up a Simple and Cost-Efficient 2Photon Microscope</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twophotondyes.com">Two-photon suitable dyes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/multiphoton/multiphotonhome.html">introduction to multiphoton microscopy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parkerlab.bio.uci.edu/attachments/build2photon/Sanderson_microscopy_article%5B1%5D.pdf">Acquisition of Multiple Real-Time Images for Laser Scanning Microscopy</a> (Sanderson microscopy article)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parkerlab.bio.uci.edu/microscopy_construction/build_your_own_twophoton_microscope.htm">Build Your Own Video-Rate 2-photon Microscope</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/solab/Documents/Assets/So-2PF%20light%20microscopy.pdf">Two-photon Fluorescence Light Microscopy, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SCIENCES</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/multiphoton/multiphotonhome.html">"Multiphoton Fluorescence Microscopy"</a>. <i>Microscopy Primer</i>. Florida State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microscopy+Primer&rft.atitle=Multiphoton+Fluorescence+Microscopy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicro.magnet.fsu.edu%2Fprimer%2Ftechniques%2Ffluorescence%2Fmultiphoton%2Fmultiphotonhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loci.wisc.edu/multiphoton/mp.html"><i>Multiple-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy.</i></a> University of Wisconsin.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/fluorescence/multiphoton/multiphotonintro.html">Fundamentals and Applications in Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy</a>.</i> Nikon MicroscopyU .</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zipfellab.bme.cornell.edu/cross_sections.html">"Two-photon action cross sections"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two-photon+action+cross+sections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzipfellab.bme.cornell.edu%2Fcross_sections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbfi.ee/chemical-physics/research/nonlinear-spectroscopy/multiphoton-spectra/">"Two-photon absorption (2PA) spectra database"</a>. <i>KBFI</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KBFI&rft.atitle=Two-photon+absorption+%282PA%29+spectra+database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbfi.ee%2Fchemical-physics%2Fresearch%2Fnonlinear-spectroscopy%2Fmultiphoton-spectra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-photon+excitation+microscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Optical_microscopy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_microscopy" title="Template:Optical microscopy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_microscopy" title="Template talk:Optical microscopy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_microscopy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical microscopy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Optical_microscopy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">Optical microscopy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">Optical microscopy</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illumination and<br />contrast methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bright-field_microscopy" title="Bright-field microscopy">Bright-field microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6hler_illumination" title="Köhler illumination">Köhler illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-field_microscopy" title="Dark-field microscopy">Dark-field microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-contrast_microscopy" title="Phase-contrast microscopy">Phase contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_phase-contrast_microscopy" title="Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy">Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_interference_contrast_microscopy" title="Differential interference contrast microscopy">Differential interference contrast (DIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_staining" title="Dispersion staining">Dispersion staining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-harmonic_imaging_microscopy" title="Second-harmonic imaging microscopy">Second harmonic imaging (SHIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Pi_microscope" title="4Pi microscope">4Pi microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopy#Structured_illumination" title="Microscopy">Structured illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarfus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarfus">Sarfus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_reflection_microscopy" title="Interference reflection microscopy">Interference reflection microscopy (IRM/RICM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_microscope" title="Raman microscope">Raman</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loupe-binoculaire-p1030891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Loupe-binoculaire-p1030891.jpg/150px-Loupe-binoculaire-p1030891.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Loupe-binoculaire-p1030891.jpg/225px-Loupe-binoculaire-p1030891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Loupe-binoculaire-p1030891.jpg/300px-Loupe-binoculaire-p1030891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1882" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluorescence methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope" title="Fluorescence microscope">Fluorescence microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">Confocal microscopy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multiphoton microscopy</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Two-photon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_photon_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three photon microscopy">Three-photon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconvolution#Optics_and_other_imaging" title="Deconvolution">Image deconvolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_internal_reflection_fluorescence_microscope" title="Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope">Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_sheet_fluorescence_microscopy" title="Light sheet fluorescence microscopy">Lightsheet microscopy (LSFM/SPIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_light-sheet_microscopy" title="Lattice light-sheet microscopy">Lattice light-sheet microscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-diffraction<br />limit techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffraction-limited_system" title="Diffraction-limited system">Diffraction limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STED_microscopy" title="STED microscopy">Stimulated emission depletion (STED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoactivated_localization_microscopy" title="Photoactivated localization microscopy">Photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM/STORM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-field_scanning_optical_microscope" title="Near-field scanning optical microscope">Near-field (NSOM/SNOM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Optical_microscopy" title="Category:Optical microscopy">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Optical_microscopy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Optical microscopy">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lasers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lasers" title="Template:Lasers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lasers" title="Template talk:Lasers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lasers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_articles" title="List of laser articles">List of laser articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_types" title="List of laser types">List of laser types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_applications" title="List of laser applications">List of laser applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_acronyms" title="Laser acronyms">Laser acronyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_laser" title="Chemical laser">Chemical laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">Dye laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_laser" title="Bubble laser">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid-crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">Gas laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">Excimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">Helium–neon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_laser" title="Ion laser">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_laser" title="Nitrogen laser">Nitrogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">Free-electron laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">Solid-state laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Er:YAG_laser" title="Er:YAG laser">Er:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_laser" title="Raman laser">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_laser" title="Ruby laser">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti-sapphire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray laser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laser_science" title="Laser science">Laser physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">Active laser medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplified_spontaneous_emission" title="Amplified spontaneous emission">Amplified spontaneous emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation" title="Laser ablation">Laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_linewidth" title="Laser linewidth">Laser linewidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasing_threshold" title="Lasing threshold">Lasing threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_inversion" title="Population inversion">Population inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrashort_pulse_laser" title="Ultrashort pulse laser">Ultrashort pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laser optics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_expander" title="Beam expander">Beam expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_homogenizer" title="Beam homogenizer">Beam homogenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification" title="Chirped pulse amplification">Chirped pulse amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gain-switching" title="Gain-switching">Gain-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_beam" title="Gaussian beam">Gaussian beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_seeder" title="Injection seeder">Injection seeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_beam_profiler" title="Laser beam profiler">Laser beam profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_squared" title="M squared">M squared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_locking" title="Mode locking">Mode locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-prism_grating_laser_oscillator" title="Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator">Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">Optical amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">Optical cavity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_isolator" title="Optical isolator">Optical isolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_coupler" title="Output coupler">Output coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-switching" title="Q-switching">Q-switching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lasers" title="Category:Lasers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&oldid=1254466489">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&oldid=1254466489</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microscopy" title="Category:Microscopy">Microscopy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cell_imaging" title="Category:Cell imaging">Cell imaging</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fluorescence_techniques" title="Category:Fluorescence techniques">Fluorescence techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Laboratory_equipment" title="Category:Laboratory equipment">Laboratory equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Optical_microscopy" title="Category:Optical microscopy">Optical microscopy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 October 2024, at 03:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-photon_excitation_microscopy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vmhgq","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.709","walltime":"0.814","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3590,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":144628,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1536,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":185740,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 711.017 1 -total"," 46.64% 331.621 1 Template:Reflist"," 35.55% 252.799 33 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.02% 113.912 6 Template:Cite_book"," 13.14% 93.409 2 Template:Navbox"," 13.09% 93.104 1 Template:Optical_microscopy"," 11.08% 78.800 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.15% 43.759 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.89% 34.764 1 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.19% 29.769 1 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.475","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6254605,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rbhzv","timestamp":"20241122141203","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Two-photon excitation microscopy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Two-photon_excitation_microscopy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q373859","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q373859","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-24T04:59:55Z","dateModified":"2024-10-31T03:24:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f1\/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36-clipping.JPEG","headline":"Fluorescence imaging technique"}</script> </body> </html>