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<span>Suivre</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Massada</b> (écrit avec ss ou avec s, vient de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9breu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hébreu">hébreu</a> <span class="lang-he" lang="he" dir="ltr">מצדה</span>, <i>metsada</i>, « forteresse ») est un site constitué de plusieurs palais et de fortifications antiques perchés sur un socle de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcaire">calcaire</a>, situé en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a> au sommet d’une montagne isolée sur la pente est du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9sert_de_Jud%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Désert de Judée">désert de Judée</a>.</p> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere"> <figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:%C3%80_sourcer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus."><img alt="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a> <figcaption> Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a></strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-06" data-sort-value="2019-06">juin 2019</time>).</small></p> <p>Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les <b>références utiles à sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">vérifiabilité</a></b> et en les liant à la section « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Insérer une référence">Notes et références</a> ».</p> <p><b>En pratique :</b> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Qualit%C3%A9_des_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">Quelles sources sont attendues ?</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">Comment ajouter mes sources ?</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masada_(homonymie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Masada (homonymie)">Masada (homonymie)</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete map" style="background-color:#CCCCAA;color:black;">Massada<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r151886662">.mw-parser-output .entete.map{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")}</style></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Massada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg/280px-Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg/420px-Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg/560px-Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3755" data-file-height="5000"></a></span> <br> Vue aérienne de Massada.</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#CCCCAA; color:#000000">Localisation</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_du_monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays du monde">Pays</a></th> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Israël"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Israel.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau d’Israël"><img alt="Drapeau d’Israël" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/20px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/40px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jud%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judée">Judée</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coordonn%C3%A9es_g%C3%A9ographiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coordonnées géographiques">Coordonnées</a></th> <td><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/13/31.315556/35.353611/fr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-zoom="13" data-lat="31.315556" data-lon="35.353611" data-overlays="["_bbf65b6ae2387e7ea326561a1cdb8c6b80b2e6c6"]">31° 18′ 56″ nord, 35° 21′ 13″ est</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div class="img_toggle" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="geobox"> <div> <small>Géolocalisation sur la carte : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a></small> </div> <table class="DebutCarte" style="width:auto; margin:0; border:none; border-spacing:0; padding:0; text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0"> <div style="position:relative;;"> <span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Israel_relief_location_map.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="(Voir situation sur carte : Israël)"><img alt="(Voir situation sur carte : Israël)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/280px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="520" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/420px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/560px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141"></a></span> <div style="position:absolute;border:none;line-height:0px;top:52.010571428572%;left:63.600423076924%;"> <div style="position:absolute;border:none;top:-4px;left:-4px;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Massada"><img alt="Massada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Archaeological_site_icon.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Archaeological_site_icon.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Archaeological_site_icon.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></span></span> </div> </div><span class="toponyme" style="display:none"><small>Massada</small></span> <div style="position:absolute;padding:0;line-height:2ex; top:52.010571428572%;left:63.600423076924%;right:0px;"> <div style="position:absolute;top:-5px;left:5px;right:0px;"> <div style="position:absolute;bottom:0px;left:0px;right:0px;text-align:left;"> <span class="toponyme"><small>Massada</small></span> </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #CCCCAA solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMassada%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Site_arch%C3%A9ologique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#F9F9F9;color:black;"> <div style="font-size:85%; padding-bottom:6px;"> Massada * </div> <div style="padding:0.25em; font-size:70%; border-top:1px solid lightgrey; border-bottom:1px solid lightgrey; line-height: 2em;"> <span class="mw-valign-bottom skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrimoine_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrimoine mondial"><img alt="Logo du patrimoine mondial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/25px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/38px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg/50px-World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrimoine_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrimoine mondial">Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="display:none;"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:45%;">Pays</th> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Israël"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Israel.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau d’Israël"><img alt="Drapeau d’Israël" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/20px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/40px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Subdivision</th> <td>Région de Tamar</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Type</th> <td>Culturel</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Critères</th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://whc.unesco.org/fr/criteres/">(iii) (iv) (vi)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Superficie</th> <td>276 ha</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Zone tampon</th> <td>28 965 ha</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Numéro<br> d’identification</th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1040">1040</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Région</th> <td>Europe et Amérique du Nord <b>**</b></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Année d’inscription</th> <td><time datetime="2001" data-sort-value="2001" class="date-lien"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2001?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2001">2001</a></time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25e_session_du_Comit%C3%A9_du_patrimoine_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25e session du Comité du patrimoine mondial"><abbr class="abbr" title="Vingt-cinquième">25<sup>e</sup></abbr> session</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Map_of_Masada.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Massada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Map_of_Masada.svg/280px-Map_of_Masada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Map_of_Masada.svg/420px-Map_of_Masada.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Map_of_Masada.svg/560px-Map_of_Masada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="675"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="border-top:1px solid lightgrey"></div> <div style="margin-top: 5px;"></div><span class="thumbcaption">* Descriptif officiel UNESCO<br> ** Classification UNESCO</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #F9F9F9 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMassada%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Patrimoine_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Les falaises du côté est, qui surplombent la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Morte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Morte">mer Morte</a>, sont hautes d’environ 450 mètres ; à l'ouest elles dominent la vallée d'une centaine de mètres. L’accès pédestre au site est difficile. Il s'agit d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesa_(g%C3%A9omorphologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesa (géomorphologie)">mesa</a>, plateau presque plat qui s'étend sur une quinzaine d'hectares flanqué de falaises abruptes. Il a la forme d’un triangle d’environ 600 mètres sur 300. Une muraille de pierres blanches, d'une hauteur de 5,3 mètres pour une épaisseur de 3,6 mètres, était équipée de 37 tours hautes de 22 mètres d'où l'on pouvait passer dans des habitations construites sur toute la face intérieure du mur. L'enceinte courait sur une longueur de 1 300 mètres et verrouillait le sommet du plateau. La forteresse comprenait un palais tourné vers le nord, situé sous les remparts de la citadelle. Le mur du palais était haut et solide ; il était flanqué aux angles de quatre tours de 26,6 mètres de haut. À l'intérieur, la disposition des appartements, des portiques et des bains témoignait du luxe et de la variété des styles ; partout s'élevaient des colonnes monolithes : les murs et le pavé des appartements étaient revêtus de mosaïques aux couleurs variées. Au palais, Hérode avait fait ajouter dans la forteresse, des entrepôts, des citernes en grand nombre alimentées à dos d'animaux, des casernes et une armurerie. Deux chemins, étroits et sinueux, serpentaient sur les flancs jusqu’aux portes fortifiées du site.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Si%C3%A8ge_de_Massada"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Siège de Massada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Remise_en_cause_et_survivance_du_mythe"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Remise en cause et survivance du mythe</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_site_aujourd%E2%80%99hui"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Le site aujourd’hui</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_fouilles"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Les fouilles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Restauration_et_classement"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Restauration et classement</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Acc%C3%A8s_depuis_la_vall%C3%A9e"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Accès depuis la vallée</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_%C2%AB_complexe_de_Massada_%C2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Le « complexe de Massada »</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Astronomie"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Astronomie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ouvrages"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ouvrages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Filmographie"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Filmographie</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>À l’origine, Massada était une simple garnison fortifiée par les premiers princes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hasmon%C3%A9ens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hasmonéens">hasmonéens</a>. Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavius_Jos%C3%A8phe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flavius Josèphe">Flavius Josèphe</a>, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historiographe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historiographe">historiographe</a> juif du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9rode_le_Grand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hérode le Grand">Hérode le Grand</a> aménagea la forteresse en trois étapes successives de travaux, entre 37 et 15 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> comme refuge contre d’éventuelles révoltes intérieures et menaces d’invasion égyptienne. En 66, au début de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Première Guerre judéo-romaine">Grande Révolte</a> contre les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain">Romains</a>, un groupe de rebelles juifs, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sicaires?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sicaires">Sicaires</a> du parti nommé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A9lotes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zélotes">zélotes</a>, prirent Massada à la garnison romaine qui y était stationnée. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/70?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="70">70</a>, ils furent rejoints par d’autres Juifs et leurs familles expulsés de Jérusalem lorsque la ville fut prise par les Romains.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Siège_de_Massada"><span id="Si.C3.A8ge_de_Massada"></span>Siège de Massada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Siège de Massada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Pendant les trois années suivantes, ils utilisèrent Massada comme base pour se défendre contre les Romains.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Campamento_-_X_Legio_Fretensis.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Campamento_-_X_Legio_Fretensis.jpg/220px-Campamento_-_X_Legio_Fretensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Campamento_-_X_Legio_Fretensis.jpg/220px-Campamento_-_X_Legio_Fretensis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Campamento_-_X_Legio_Fretensis.jpg/330px-Campamento_-_X_Legio_Fretensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Campamento_-_X_Legio_Fretensis.jpg/440px-Campamento_-_X_Legio_Fretensis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Les restes d'un des huit camps romains, situé versant ouest. </figcaption> </figure> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/72?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="72">72</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Flavius_Silva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Flavius Silva">Lucius Flavius Silva</a>, légat et général commandant l’armée romaine de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jud%C3%A9e_(province_romaine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judée (province romaine)">Judée</a>, marcha sur Massada avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_X_Fretensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion X Fretensis">Légion X Fretensis</a> et six cohortes auxiliaires pour faire le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_(militaire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siège (militaire)">siège</a> de la forteresse. Les légionnaires construisirent un mur d’encerclement (mur de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circonvallation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Circonvallation">circonvallation</a> de trois kilomètres de long), puis érigèrent huit camps et enfin une gigantesque rampe d'accès de 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr> de haut contre la face ouest du plateau, avec des milliers de tonnes de pierres, de terre battue et de troncs d’arbres : un exploit technique. Flavius Josèphe ne signale aucune tentative importante de contre-attaque des Sicaires pendant la construction. Les Sicaires étaient sûrs que la forteresse serait imprenable, car ils possédaient les armes prises à l’ancienne garnison romaine, de l'eau en quantité dans des citernes creusées dans la falaise (des canaux reliant les citernes creusées sous Hérode alimentaient un système d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irrigation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> complexe permettant la culture de vignes, d'oliviers donnant une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huile_d%27olive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huile d'olive">huile très fine</a>, de fruits — dattes, grenades — et de céréales)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et beaucoup de vivres dans les entrepôts de la forteresse. On raconte aussi que lors de la construction de cette rampe, les Romains utilisèrent des prisonniers hébreux afin d'éviter les attaques des Sicaires, ceux-ci ne pouvant se résoudre à tuer leurs frères pour leur survie. La forteresse avait été conçue pour soutenir un long siège. Environ 8 000 Romains encerclaient un millier de rebelles. La géographie des lieux, le désert, rendaient impossible toute fuite.</p> <p>La rampe fut achevée au printemps <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/73?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="73">73</a>, après environ sept mois de siège, ce qui permit aux Romains d’enfoncer la muraille de la forteresse avec un bélier monté sur une tour mobile. Mais quand les légionnaires pénétrèrent dans la forteresse le <time class="nowrap" datetime="04-16" data-sort-value="04-16">16 avril</time><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ils découvrirent que les défenseurs avaient mis le feu à tous les bâtiments, à l’exception des entrepôts de nourriture, et qu’ils s’étaient <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suicide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suicide">suicidés</a> en masse plutôt que d'affronter une capture ou une défaite certaine. Les entrepôts avaient probablement été préservés pour montrer que les défenseurs avaient gardé la capacité de vivre et de choisir l’heure de leur mort. Le récit du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suicide_collectif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suicide collectif">suicide collectif</a> semble avoir été rapporté à Flavius Josèphe par deux femmes qui ont échappé au suicide en se cachant dans une citerne avec leurs cinq enfants.</p> <p>Flavius Josèphe décrit les Sicaires comme des fanatiques violents et ne fait pas un portrait flatteur de ces hommes. Il reconstruit le discours du chef, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eleazar_Ben_Yair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eleazar Ben Yair">Elazar ben Ya’ir</a> (dont un sur l’immortalité de l’âme), expliquant les motivations de ce suicide collectif, mais, en tant que Juif, il reste perplexe devant un tel acte.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Remise_en_cause_et_survivance_du_mythe">Remise en cause et survivance du mythe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Remise en cause et survivance du mythe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article connexe : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plus_jamais_%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plus jamais ça">Plus jamais ça</a>. </div> </div> <p>À la suite des récentes découvertes archéologiques, certains historiens ne croient plus qu’un suicide en masse ait été organisé à Massada, bien qu’ils admettent généralement que les défenseurs de Massada ont mis le feu aux bâtiments quand les murailles ont été enfoncées, et qu'il est vraisemblable que beaucoup d’entre eux se sont tués. Néanmoins, le siège de Massada est devenu un récit populaire illustrant l’héroïsme face à l’oppression, et les détails les plus douteux du comportement des Sicaires sont désormais souvent relativisés.</p> <p>De nos jours, c'est sur cet éperon rocheux que les officiers israéliens de l'armée blindée viennent prêter serment ou que les pilotes de chasse de Tsahal se voient solennellement remettre leur insigne et qu'a lieu la prestation de serment de diverses troupes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_d%C3%A9fense_d%27Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée de défense d'Israël">Tsahal</a>, dont les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parachutisme_militaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parachutisme militaire">parachutistes</a>. C'est là qu'ils répètent, avec leur promotion, les vers du célèbre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Po%C3%A8me_%C3%A9pique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Poème épique">poème épique</a> composé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Yitzhak_Lamdan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Yitzhak Lamdan (page inexistante)">Yitzhak Lamdan</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Lamdan" class="extiw" title="en:Yitzhak Lamdan"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Yitzhak Lamdan »">(en)</span></a>, <i>Massada</i>, publié en 1927, si cher aux pionniers du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sionisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sionisme">sionisme</a> : « Non, la chaîne n'est pas rompue sur le sommet inspiré. Plus jamais Massada ne tombera. »<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masada">Masada</a> est également le nom d'un groupe de jazz créé aux États-Unis par John Zorn, Joey Baron, Greg Cohen et Dave Douglas durant l'été 1993 à l'occasion de la composition de la musique du film <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thieves_Quartet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thieves Quartet">Thieves Quartet</a></i>.</p> <p>L'histoire du siège de Massada fut adaptée en 1981 sous forme de mini-série de la télévision américaine : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masada_(mini-s%C3%A9rie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masada (mini-série)"><i>Masada</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Le_site_aujourd’hui"><span id="Le_site_aujourd.E2.80.99hui"></span>Le site aujourd’hui</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le site aujourd’hui" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Masada02_ST_04.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Masada02_ST_04.jpg/220px-Masada02_ST_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Masada02_ST_04.jpg/220px-Masada02_ST_04.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Masada02_ST_04.jpg/330px-Masada02_ST_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Masada02_ST_04.jpg/440px-Masada02_ST_04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Massada aujourd’hui. La partie supérieure des murets, au-dessus de la ligne noire est une reconstitution. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Vista_general_de_Masada.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vista_general_de_Masada.jpg/220px-Vista_general_de_Masada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="447"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vista_general_de_Masada.jpg/220px-Vista_general_de_Masada.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vista_general_de_Masada.jpg/330px-Vista_general_de_Masada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vista_general_de_Masada.jpg/440px-Vista_general_de_Masada.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Vue générale. De gauche à droite : la forteresse de Massada, la rampe construite par les assaillants et l'un des camps romains. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Les_fouilles">Les fouilles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les fouilles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le site de Massada a été identifié en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1842?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1842">1842</a> et complètement fouillé de 1963 à 1965. Parmi les objets découverts se trouvaient six fragments bibliques de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancien_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancien Testament">Ancien Testament</a>. Des manuscrits avaient en effet été déposés dans des jarres rangées dans des grottes (un des indices en faveur de l'hypothèse qu'un petit nombre d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ess%C3%A9niens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esséniens">Esséniens</a> s'étaient réfugiés à Massada après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Première guerre judéo-romaine">destruction de leur site de Qumrân par les Romains en 68-70</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, deux avaient été cachés dans des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gueniza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gueniza">guenizot</a> sous la synagogue et d'autres rassemblés par les Romains, après leur siège victorieux, dans une bâtisse dénommée la « casemate des rouleaux » située dans une petite cellule au sud de la synagogue<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'équipe déterra aussi onze <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostracon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ostracon">ostraka</a> (tessons de céramique portant les noms de personnes).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Restauration_et_classement">Restauration et classement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Restauration et classement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Massada a été classée au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_du_patrimoine_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste du patrimoine mondial">patrimoine mondial</a> par l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies_pour_l%27%C3%A9ducation,_la_science_et_la_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture">UNESCO</a> en 2001. Forteresse perchée sur un socle de calcaire dolomitique dominant le désert, près de la mer Morte, Massada, avec ses ruines restaurées, est devenue un lieu de pèlerinage moderne pour les Israéliens et les touristes.</p> <p>Sur les vestiges de murets court, d'un bout à l'autre du site, une large ligne noire sinueuse. Elle délimite les ruines originelles des ajouts contemporains, la plupart ayant été rehaussées de quelques rangées de pierres pour les rendre plus imposantes.</p> <p>La synagogue de Massada est de nos jours, fréquentée par de nombreux pèlerins.</p> <p>Une église byzantine en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dolomite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dolomite">dolomite</a> s’élève quasiment au centre du site; ses murs sont d’une hauteur importante. Elle est dotée d’une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abside">abside</a> à l’extrémité orientale et d’un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narthex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narthex">narthex</a> à l’ouest. À l’origine, le sol était recouvert d’un pavement en mosaïque. Des fragments subsistant des murs montrent qu’ils étaient décorés de motifs en pierres colorées et tessons de poterie.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Accès_depuis_la_vallée"><span id="Acc.C3.A8s_depuis_la_vall.C3.A9e"></span>Accès depuis la vallée</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Accès depuis la vallée" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Israel_Aereal_Ropeway_Masada_BW_1_edit.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Israel_Aereal_Ropeway_Masada_BW_1_edit.JPG/220px-Israel_Aereal_Ropeway_Masada_BW_1_edit.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Israel_Aereal_Ropeway_Masada_BW_1_edit.JPG/220px-Israel_Aereal_Ropeway_Masada_BW_1_edit.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Israel_Aereal_Ropeway_Masada_BW_1_edit.JPG/330px-Israel_Aereal_Ropeway_Masada_BW_1_edit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Israel_Aereal_Ropeway_Masada_BW_1_edit.JPG/440px-Israel_Aereal_Ropeway_Masada_BW_1_edit.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Le téléphérique menant à la forteresse de Massada. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9ph%C3%A9rique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Téléphérique">téléphérique</a> sur le flanc est de la montagne prend maintenant en charge les touristes qui ne souhaitent pas emprunter le sentier du Serpent. La rampe romaine existe toujours sur le côté ouest et peut être gravie à pied en une quinzaine de minutes, contre quarante par le chemin du Serpent.</p> <div class="clear" style="clear:left;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Le_«_complexe_de_Massada_»"><span id="Le_.C2.AB_complexe_de_Massada_.C2.BB"></span>Le « complexe de Massada »</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le « complexe de Massada »" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Massada_Israel.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Massada_Israel.jpg/220px-Massada_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="936"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Massada_Israel.jpg/220px-Massada_Israel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Massada_Israel.jpg/330px-Massada_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Massada_Israel.jpg/440px-Massada_Israel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> La forteresse vue de l’est. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Certains évoquent de nos jours un « complexe de Massada » ou « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Complexe_de_la_citadelle_assi%C3%A9g%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Complexe de la citadelle assiégée (page inexistante)">complexe de la citadelle assiégée</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_mentality" class="extiw" title="en:Siege mentality"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Siege mentality »">(en)</span></a> » par analogie avec les événements de l'époque romaine, au cours desquels les défenseurs de cette forteresse isolée, entourée de troupes hostiles, préférèrent le suicide à la reddition. L'expression désigne l'idée selon laquelle dans une perspective sioniste, Israël serait le dernier refuge à préserver à tout prix, source de comportements irrationnels<sup id="cite_ref-saliou_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-saliou-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Il est coutumier que les soldats de l’armée israélienne viennent y prêter le serment<sup id="cite_ref-saliou_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-saliou-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>: <span class="citation">« Massada ne tombera pas une nouvelle fois »</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (« <i>Chenit Matzada lo tipol</i>, שנית מצדה לא תיפול »).</p> <p>Le « complexe de Massada » est fondamentalement une attitude pathologique qui évoque le rapport israélien à la faiblesse (comme le « syndrome de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shoah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shoah">Holocauste</a> » ou le « complexe de Samson »), c’est le sentiment d’être en permanence à la portée d’une menace grave, menaçant son existence même.</p> <p>Ce complexe s’est développé en réaction à l’impuissance des Juifs de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diaspora_juive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diaspora juive">diaspora</a>, synthétisée par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shoah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shoah">génocide des Juifs</a> par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazisme">nazis</a>, et en écho au mythe fondateur d’Israël : un combat imposé par un adversaire résolu, puissant, intraitable et visant sa destruction.</p> <p>Le mythe de Massada combine de façon ambivalente une expression de puissance (prise en main de son destin, combat dans l’adversité, transformation de son environnement), un constat de faiblesse (la menace implacable, immédiate et identitaire), et une image de la détermination fondamentaliste religieuse (conserver la terre jusqu'à la mort). <span class="citation">« Massada c’est à la fois la tombe des premiers guerriers juifs, les ancêtres de l’actuelle puissance israélienne, la religion juive constituée comme État, et l’image de l’insécurité israélienne<sup id="cite_ref-zahal-20080904_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-zahal-20080904-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. »</span></p> <p>Les ruines de la Citadelle furent le lieu de prestation de serment des officiers de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsahal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsahal">Tsahal</a> jusqu'à la découverte de documents qui confortent la thèse du meurtre collectif avec <i>un</i> seul suicide. Cette hypothèse va dans le sens de la précédente (les pères de famille tuèrent leur famille) dix personnes exécutent la communauté et les dix tirent au sort leur assassin qui sera le seul à se suicider. Au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> Massada ne suscite plus guère d'engouement sioniste<sup id="cite_ref-saliou_7-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-saliou-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Astronomie">Astronomie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Astronomie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/(282903)_Masada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="(282903) Masada">(282903) Massada</a>, astéroïde nommé du nom de la forteresse.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Magness2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jodi_Magness2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jodi Magness, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Masada. From Jewish Revolt to Modern Myth</cite>, Princeton University Press, <time>2021</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 65<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masada.+From+Jewish+Revolt+to+Modern+Myth&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.aulast=Magness&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft.date=2021&rft.pages=65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Marie_Abel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Félix-Marie Abel">Félix-Marie Abel</a>, <i>Géographie de la Palestine: Géographie politique. Les villes</i>, J. Gabalda et Cie, 1967.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="A.Louyot2002">A.Louyot, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/la-forteresse-du-sionisme_498215.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La forteresse du sionisme</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">l'express</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2002-08-22" data-sort-value="2002-08-22">22 août 2002</time></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0081900/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Masada (TV Mini-Series 1981) - IMDb</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-vidéo" title="Vidéo au format MPEG, AVI...">[vidéo]</abbr>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Movie Database">imdb.com</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-25" data-sort-value="2020-10-25">25 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Magness2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jodi_Magness2021"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jodi Magness, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Masada. From Jewish Revolt to Modern Myth</cite>, Princeton University Press, <time>2021</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 179<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masada.+From+Jewish+Revolt+to+Modern+Myth&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.aulast=Magness&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft.date=2021&rft.pages=179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tov2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emanuel_Tov2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emanuel_Tov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emanuel Tov">Emanuel Tov</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">A Qumran Origin for the Masada Non-Biblical Texts?</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Dead Sea Discoveries</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 7, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time>2000</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">57-73</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Qumran+Origin+for+the+Masada+Non-Biblical+Texts%3F&rft.jtitle=Dead+Sea+Discoveries&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Tov&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=57-73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-saliou-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-saliou_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-saliou_7-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-saliou_7-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Saliou2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Catherine_Saliou2020">Catherine Saliou, <cite class="italique">Le Proche-Orient : De Pompée à Muhammad, Ier s. av. J.-C. - VIIe s. apr. J.-C.</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Belin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Éditions Belin">Belin</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Mondes anciens », <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-06" data-sort-value="2020-10-06">6 octobre 2020</time>, 608 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7011-9286-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7011-9286-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7011-9286-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.belin-editeur.com/le-proche-orient">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, L'atelier de l'historien, « De la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à nos jours », <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">536-538</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Proche-Orient&rft.atitle=De+la+fin+de+la+Seconde+Guerre+mondiale+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Belin&rft.stitle=De+Pomp%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+Muhammad%2C+Ier+s.+av.+J.-C.+-+VIIe+s.+apr.+J.-C.&rft.aulast=Saliou&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft.pages=536-538&rft.tpages=608&rft.isbn=978-2-7011-9286-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/la-forteresse-du-sionisme_498215.html">« La forteresse du sionisme »</a>, <i>L'Express</i>, 28 août 2002.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-zahal-20080904-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-zahal-20080904_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2008">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://zahal.wordpress.com/2008/09/04/massada-la-puissance-et-la-faiblesse/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Massada, la puissance et la faiblesse</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Stratégie d'Israël</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-09-04" data-sort-value="2008-09-04">4 septembre 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-25" data-sort-value="2020-10-25">25 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ouvrages">Ouvrages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Ouvrages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Magness2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jodi_Magness2019"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jodi_Magness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jodi Magness">Jodi Magness</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Masada : From Jewish Revolt to Modern Myth</cite>, Princeton (N.J.), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princeton_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <time>2019</time>, 265 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-691-16710-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-691-16710-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-691-16710-7</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc7745s">j.ctvc7745s</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masada&rft.place=Princeton+%28N.J.%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.stitle=From+Jewish+Revolt+to+Modern+Myth&rft.aulast=Magness&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft.date=2019&rft.tpages=265&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16710-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Encel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frédéric Encel">Frédéric Encel</a>, <i>Géopolitique du sionisme</i>, Armand Colin, 2008</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Vidal-Naquet2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Vidal-Naquet2005">Pierre <span class="nom_auteur">Vidal-Naquet</span>, <cite class="italique">Flavius Josèphe et la Guerre des Juifs</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_Bayard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groupe Bayard">Bayard</a>, <time>2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.be/books?id%3DZMYvAQAAIAAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flavius+Jos%C3%A8phe+et+la+Guerre+des+Juifs&rft.pub=Bayard&rft.aulast=Vidal-Naquet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernest-Marie_Laperrousaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz">Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz</a>, <i>Trois Hauts Lieux de Judée : L'Hérodium, Massada et Qoumrân</i>, Paris-Méditerranée, 2001</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mireille_Hadas-Lebel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mireille Hadas-Lebel">Mireille Hadas-Lebel</a>, <i>Massada, histoire et symbole</i>, Albin Michel, 2000 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2226076824?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2226076824"><span class="nowrap">2226076824</span></a>)</small> 159 p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DAIMbBAAAQBAJ%26lpg%3DPT41%26dq%3D%2522Jos%25C3%25A8phe%2522%2520%2522version%2520slavone%2522%26hl%3Dfr%26pg%3DPT5%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse">extraits en ligne</a></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Ben-Yehuda1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nachman_Ben-Yehuda1995"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nachman <span class="nom_auteur">Ben-Yehuda</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Masada myth : collective memory and mythmaking in Israel</cite>, University of Wisconsin Press, <time>1995</time>, 401 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-299-14830-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-299-14830-0"><span class="nowrap">978-0-299-14830-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.be/books?id%3D7t9tAAAAMAAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Masada+myth+%3A+collective+memory+and+mythmaking+in+Israel&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.aulast=Ben-Yehuda&rft.aufirst=Nachman&rft.date=1995&rft.tpages=401&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14830-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Schulten1933"><span class="ouvrage" id="Adolf_Schulten1933"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_Schulten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf Schulten">Adolf Schulten</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Masada, die Burg des Herodes und die römischen Lager</cite>, Leipzig, Hinrichs, <time>1933</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masada%2C+die+Burg+des+Herodes+und+die+r%C3%B6mischen+Lager&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Hinrichs&rft.aulast=Schulten&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft.date=1933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yiga%C3%ABl_Yadin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yigaël Yadin">Yigaël Yadin</a>, <i>Massada, la dernière citadelle d'Israël</i>, Hachette 1966</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Cohen1982"><span class="ouvrage" id="Shaye_J._D._Cohen1982"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Shaye J. D. <span class="nom_auteur">Cohen</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Masada: Literary Tradition, Archaeological Remains, and the Credibility of Josephus</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Jewish Studies</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 33, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéros">n<sup>os</sup></abbr> 1-2,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1982" data-sort-value="1982">printemps 1982</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">385-406</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.18647/1056/JJS-1982">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-06-11" data-sort-value="2019-06-11">11 juin 2019</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Masada%3A+Literary+Tradition%2C+Archaeological+Remains%2C+and+the+Credibility+of+Josephus&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.issue=1-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rft.date=1982&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=385-406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Vidal-Naquet1978"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Vidal-Naquet1978">Pierre Vidal-Naquet, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Flavius Josèphe et Masada</cite> », <i>Revue historique</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 260, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 527,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1978" data-sort-value="1978">juillet-septembre 1978</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">3-21</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40953149">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-04-16" data-sort-value="2022-04-16">16 avril 2022</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flavius+Jos%C3%A8phe+et+Masada&rft.jtitle=Revue+historique&rft.issue=527&rft.aulast=Vidal-Naquet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=1978&rft.volume=260&rft.pages=3-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Vidal-Naquet2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Vidal-Naquet2013"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Vidal-Naquet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Vidal-Naquet">Pierre <span class="nom_auteur">Vidal-Naquet</span></a>, <cite style="font-style:normal">« De l’Atlantide à Massada. Réflexion sur querelle, mythe, histoire et politique »</cite>, dans <cite class="italique">Lectures politiques des mythes littéraires au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</cite>, Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Littérature française », <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-01-22" data-sort-value="2013-01-22">22 janvier 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782821826809?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782821826809"><span class="nowrap">9782821826809</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://books.openedition.org/pupo/1438">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">45–66</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Lectures+politiques+des+mythes+litt%C3%A9raires+au+XXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.atitle=De+l%E2%80%99Atlantide+%C3%A0+Massada.+R%C3%A9flexion+sur+querelle%2C+mythe%2C+histoire+et+politique&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Paris+Nanterre&rft.aulast=Vidal-Naquet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft.pages=45%E2%80%9366&rft.isbn=9782821826809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Filmographie">Filmographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Filmographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><small>[présentation]</small> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_Sagal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boris Sagal">Boris Sagal</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.peplums.info/pep09a.htm"><i>Les Antagonistes</i></a>, 1980, avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palmier_dattier_de_Jud%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palmier dattier de Judée">Palmier dattier de Judée</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Numance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siège de Numance">Siège de Numance</a> : siège par les Romains d'une ville en Hispanie (lors de sa conquête, les habitants se sont tous suicidés)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Masada?uselang%3Dfr">Massada</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186312?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" 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noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12350615p">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12350615p">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.idref.fr/08565048X">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85081785">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://d-nb.info/gnd/4037781-7">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629269">Japon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action%3Ddisplay%26authority_id%3DXX450714">Espagne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func%3Dfind-b%26local_base%3DNLX10%26find_code%3DUID%26request%3D987007555601705171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/497_21162">Vatican</a></span></li> </ul> </div></li> <li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressource relative à la géographie<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186312?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/places/22170"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire</span></a></li> </ul></span></li> <li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressource relative à l'architecture<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186312?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1040">Liste du patrimoine mondial</a></li> </ul></span></li> <li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressource relative aux beaux-arts<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186312?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T054854"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Grove Art Online</span></a></li> </ul></span></li> <li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressource relative à la musique<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186312?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://musicbrainz.org/place/0a5be7da-9e45-4ccc-86a8-762ff648857a"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">MusicBrainz</span></a></li> </ul></span></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186312?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/Masada"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/arch%25C3%25A4ologische-st%25C3%25A4tte-masada-welterbe"><i>Brockhaus</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk//Masada/"><i>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/masada_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/"><i>Dizionario di Storia</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3938286"><i>Internetowa encyklopedia PWN</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%25C3%25A5ng/masada"><i>Nationalencyklopedin</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/masada"><i>Treccani</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/massada/"><i>Universalis</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/masada"><i>Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija</i></a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langues : grec et français">(el + fr)</abbr> <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="el">« Prise de Massada (livre 7) »</cite>, dans Flavius Josephe, <cite class="italique" lang="el">Guerre des Juifs</cite> (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr> Théodore Reinach (dir.) et René Harmand) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/textes/massada.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Guerre+des+Juifs&rft.atitle=Prise+de+Massada+%28livre+7%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMassada"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="2001">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid%3D31%26id_site%3D1040%26l%3Dfr"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Masada</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">UNESCO</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2001-12-13" data-sort-value="2001-12-13">13 décembre 2001</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-04-16" data-sort-value="2022-04-16">16 avril 2022</time>)</small></span>.</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Patrimoine_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du patrimoine mondial"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Unesconero.svg/24px-Unesconero.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="212"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Unesconero.svg/24px-Unesconero.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Unesconero.svg/36px-Unesconero.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Unesconero.svg/48px-Unesconero.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Patrimoine_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Patrimoine mondial">Portail du patrimoine mondial</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Arch%C3%A9ologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de l’archéologie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Woman_head_louvre.gif/23px-Woman_head_louvre.gif" decoding="async" width="23" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="681"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Woman_head_louvre.gif/23px-Woman_head_louvre.gif" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="23" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Woman_head_louvre.gif/35px-Woman_head_louvre.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Woman_head_louvre.gif/46px-Woman_head_louvre.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Arch%C3%A9ologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Archéologie">Portail de l’archéologie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail d’Israël"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="30" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/46px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/61px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Israël">Portail d’Israël</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Isra%C3%ABl_antique_et_les_Juifs_dans_l%27Antiquit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de l'Israël antique et des Juifs dans l’Antiquité"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Izrael_kmeny.jpg/20px-Izrael_kmeny.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="460"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Izrael_kmeny.jpg/20px-Izrael_kmeny.jpg" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Izrael_kmeny.jpg/31px-Izrael_kmeny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Izrael_kmeny.jpg/41px-Izrael_kmeny.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Isra%C3%ABl_antique_et_les_Juifs_dans_l%27Antiquit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Israël antique et les Juifs dans l'Antiquité">Portail de l'Israël antique et des Juifs dans l’Antiquité</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Histoire_militaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de l’histoire militaire"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/43px-Military_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="113"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 43px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/43px-Military_symbol.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="43" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/65px-Military_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/86px-Military_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Histoire_militaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Histoire militaire">Portail de l’histoire militaire</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la Rome antique"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png/29px-Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="316"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 29px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png/29px-Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="29" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png/43px-Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png/58px-Romulus_et_Remus_%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Rome antique">Portail de la Rome antique</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMassada%26oldid%3D219904908">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massada&oldid=219904908</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Massada&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Augusta 89" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1730377610"> <span>Dernière modification le 31 octobre 2024, à 13:26</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584_%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A9" title="جبل مسعدة – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبل مسعدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587" title="مساده – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مساده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0" title="Масада – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Масада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0" title="Масада – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Масада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="মাসাদা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাসাদা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259C%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CE%25AC%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25B1" title="Μασάντα – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μασάντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587_(%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D9%2584)" title="مسعده (اسرائیل) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسعده (اسرائیل)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%25A6%25D7%2593%25D7%2594" title="מצדה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="मसादा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मसादा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massz%25C3%25A1da" title="Masszáda – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Masszáda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BD%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A1_(%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B4%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2581)" title="Մասադա (ամրոց) – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մասադա (ամրոց)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2582%25B5%25E3%2583%2580" title="マサダ – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マサダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2590" title="მასადა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მასადა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25A7%2588%25EC%2582%25AC%25EB%258B%25A4" title="마사다 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마사다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0" title="Масада – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Масада" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25A6" title="മസാദ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മസാദ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0" title="Масада – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Масада" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massada" title="Massada – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Massada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massada" title="Massada – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Massada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7" title="مسادا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مسادا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massada" title="Massada – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0" title="Масада – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Масада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0" title="Масада – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Масада" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BE" title="மசாடா – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மசாடா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0" title="Масада – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Масада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada" title="Masada – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Masada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E8%2590%25A8%25E8%25BE%25BE" title="马萨达 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马萨达" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2590" title="მასადა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მასადა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%25A6%25D7%2593%25D7%2594" title="מצדה – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מצדה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E8%2590%25A8%25E8%25BE%25BE" title="马萨达 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马萨达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 31 octobre 2024 à 13:26.</li> <li 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