Hydrogen - IEA

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This hydrogen is currently produced from fossil fuels, with significant associated CO2 emissions."> <meta property="og:description" content="Hydrogen is mostly used for oil refining and chemical production. This hydrogen is currently produced from fossil fuels, with significant associated CO2 emissions." /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Hydrogen is mostly used for oil refining and chemical production. This hydrogen is currently produced from fossil fuels, with significant associated CO2 emissions." /> <meta itemprop="description" content="Hydrogen is mostly used for oil refining and chemical production. 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class="g-nav" data-behavior="nav"> <li class="g-nav__item"> <a href="/energy-system" aria-controls="navigation-1" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" data-nav-link>Energy system <span class="g-nav__item-chevron"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span></span></a> <div class="g-nav__menu" id="navigation-1" role="menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="g-nav__menu-inner"> <div class="g-nav__menu-header"> <span class="g-nav__menu-title">Explore the energy system by fuel, technology or sector</span> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails g-nav__menu-thumbnails--no-xl-list"> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-items"> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/fossil-fuels" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img 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1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/727f5e9d-39d4-4b20-9e8f-fa9c19474abd/shutterstock_2135903469.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4400%2C2475&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/727f5e9d-39d4-4b20-9e8f-fa9c19474abd/shutterstock_2135903469.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C4400%2C2475&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Oil and natural gas supply" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Fossil Fuels</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/renewables" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img 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550w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/298dbf91-1765-4367-96bc-dc65b182f3be/RenewablesMarketUpdate2023_FLIPPED_shutterstock_366229667.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C467%2C4500%2C2533&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo depicts a solar panels and windmills in the power plant" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Renewables</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/electricity" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/c2a6cd9b-85a4-446f-92b2-ff103b55c442/shutterstock_1715825734.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=%2C%2C%2C&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="photo from the perspective of looking up to the top of electricity tower pylons with a colorful blue and yellow background in the sky" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Electricity</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/low-emission-fuels" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/027dc74f-71b5-4941-b375-b23ed5ead025/shutterstock_2023277612.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=251%2C0%2C5476%2C3084&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Low-emission fuels" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Low-Emission Fuels</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/transport" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/9db3cb32-197e-41ee-b2df-e3a6483f1fa5/robert-ruggiero-3cI1YSp1E7w-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C90%2C3992%2C2248&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Transport" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Transport</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/industry" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=310 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/2c2efb95-62d6-438f-afda-cfd3b05a02c6/guillaume-techer-XvNPUh6fWVk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C530%2C3963%2C2233&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Tracking industry" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Industry</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/buildings" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/baf1e3a9-a015-4917-8206-021234e74453/matthew-hamilton-Ru3Ap8TNcsk-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C456%2C5472%2C3078&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Tracking buildings" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Buildings</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/energy-efficiency-and-demand" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=600&h=336&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=112 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=308 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=617 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=336 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/72642c3c-5c66-40c9-84aa-71f724655b3a/hector-martinez-rUUpyVdSnek-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3000%2C5141%2C2883&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=673 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Hector Martinez Ruupyvdsnek Unsplash" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy Efficiency and Demand</p> </a> </div> <div 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550w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/ccus_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C3224%2C4500%2C2536&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=676 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Ccus Tall" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/energy-system/decarbonisation-enablers" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=600&h=338&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=56 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=113 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=309 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=619 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=338 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/16dc3a6b-62fe-40cc-acdc-02b41ebb5c9a/shutterstock_150262865.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C5050%2C2841&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=675 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="LED screen macro" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Decarbonisation Enablers</p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails-list"> <ul> <li class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-item"> <a class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-link" href="/energy-system/buildings" tabindex="-1"> <span>Buildings</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" 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href="/energy-system/decarbonisation-enablers" tabindex="-1"> <span>Decarbonisation Enablers</span> <span class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-icon" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--sm-right icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--sm-right"></use></svg></span></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-link"> <a class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--soft-accent" href="/energy-system" data-focus-tabbed > <span class="a-button-rounded__label">Explore all</span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="g-nav__item"> <a href="/topics" aria-controls="navigation-2" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" data-nav-link>Topics <span class="g-nav__item-chevron"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span></span></a> <div class="g-nav__menu" id="navigation-2" role="menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="g-nav__menu-inner"> <div class="g-nav__menu-header"> <span class="g-nav__menu-title">Understand the biggest energy challenges</span> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails "> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-items"> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/cop28-tracking-the-energy-outcomes" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=600&h=132&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=121 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=242 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=132 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/3762cb4e-2cde-4687-94c9-3a649c1afcb8/shutterstock_1661959885.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C340%2C7318%2C1610&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=264 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo of planet earth taken from space" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/energy-security" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/1575f899-522e-411a-838c-05f31d87484d/shutterstock_753516193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C633%2C6000%2C2571&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Electricity security report cover" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy Security</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/climate-change" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=600&h=258&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=473 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=258 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/a3eea9a7-2f8d-4981-ac9d-6b422f21e029/o3L6pCKwgJY-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C926%2C4938%2C2122&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=516 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Climate Change</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/access-and-affordability" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/9ff0915d-3c95-4065-ba47-1c3b6626282d/shutterstock_89400688.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C121%2C997%2C427&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Access and Affordability</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/artificial-intelligence" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=600&h=133&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=122 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=243 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=133 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/52eaef5a-3a9e-4a14-9851-825050f2de2f/Photodepictsabstractcurlytendrilsagainstbluebackground_GettyImages-1041976390.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1750%2C6000%2C1328&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=266 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Photo Depicts Abstract Curly Tendrils Against Blue Background Gettyimages 1041976390" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Artificial Intelligence</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/net-zero-emissions" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/7ffdf09a-886f-498d-a356-499941ac03db/Aerialviewofwindturbines.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C166%2C3423%2C1467&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Aerial View Of Wind Turbines" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Net Zero Emissions</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/russias-war-on-ukraine" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/4aadbe0a-78b5-46fc-a567-af32cd8674f2/RussiasWaronUkrainetopicpagecover_AnemptytrainstationinLviv%2CUrkaine.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C760%2C4000%2C1716&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 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sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Russias War On Ukraine Topic Page Cover An Empty Train Station In Lviv Urkaine" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Russia's War on Ukraine</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/the-ieas-50th-anniversary" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=472 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/968c5935-fd6d-4510-9e30-b9fbb16d7c8c/50-bg-2.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=778%2C0%2C4145%2C1777&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=514 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="50 Bg 2" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">The IEA's 50th Anniversary</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/energy-and-gender" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=600&h=132&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=22 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=44 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=121 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=242 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=132 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/827d6197-2b82-4e62-85de-2c49070eba8a/thisisengineering-X7cls0azgKg-unsplash.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C1221%2C7952%2C1752&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=264 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Thisisengineering X7cls0azgkg Unsplash" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Energy and Gender</p> </a> </div> <div class="g-nav__thumbnails-item"> <a href="/topics/investment" class="g-nav__thumbnail-link"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=600&h=257&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=43 100w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=86 200w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=550&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=236 550w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=1100&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=472 1100w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=257 600w,https://iea.imgix.net/51f8bd4e-0179-4d08-a9ef-09a3017204f2/Investmenttopicpagecoverimage_Windwillsinthebackgroundwithsolarpanelsattheforeground.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C321%2C1000%2C429&w=1200&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=515 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 100px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 100px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 550px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 600px,(min-width: 1480px) 600px" alt="Investment Topic Page Cover Image Windwills In The Background With Solar Panels At The Foreground" /> <p class="g-nav__thumbnail-title">Investment</p> </a> </div> </div> <div class="g-nav__menu-thumbnails-list"> <ul> <li class="g-nav__thumbnails-list-item"> <a 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With selective focus and bokeh." class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Energy Technology Perspectives 2024</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — October 2024 </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--flagship-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-flagship m-card--report-default" href="/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__background"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=348&h=471&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=390 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=780 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=439 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=878 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=471 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/90a88c3f-e071-4ab0-82e8-f08769f40de4/Imageshowingawaveliquidshapecolorbackground.ArtdesignVectorillustration_GettyImages-1148599351_CMYK.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=599%2C23%2C878%2C1189&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=943 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Image Showing A Wave Liquid Shape Color Background Art Design Vector Illustration Gettyimages 1148599351 Cmyk" class="" /> </div> <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">World Energy Outlook 2024</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Flagship report — October 2024 </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="m-card-listing-item m-card-listing-item--report m-card-listing-item--fuel-report"> <a class="m-card m-card--report-default m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/oil-market-report-november-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Oil Market Report - 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1400w,https://iea.imgix.net/60dc2ee0-6d77-4812-8078-31210ed0b670/hydrogen_tall.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C4551%2C4500%2C996&w=2800&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=620 2800w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 690px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 800px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 965px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 1280px,(min-width: 1480px) 1400px" alt="Hydrogen Tall" data-zoom-out="" /> </div> <div class="container o-hero-global__content"> <h1 class="f-title-2 o-hero-global__title">Hydrogen</h1> <nav class="o-hero-global__breadcrumbs"> <nav class="m-breadcrumbs m-breadcrumbs--inverse m-breadcrumbs--shadow" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <ol class="m-breadcrumbs__items"> <li class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-breadcrumbs__link f-ui-3" href="/energy-system">Energy system</a> </li> <li class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-breadcrumbs__link f-ui-3" href="/energy-system/low-emission-fuels">Low-Emission Fuels</a> </li> <li class="m-breadcrumbs__item"> <a class="m-breadcrumbs__link f-ui-3" aria-current="page" href="/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </li> </ol> </nav> </nav> </div> </header> <nav class="m-nav-page m-nav-page--tabs m-nav-page--w-cta" data-behavior="stickyNav tabs" data-stickynav-offset="60" data-tabs-check-url="true" data-tabs-select-first="true" data-tabs-scroll-update="true" > <div class="m-nav-page__bar "> <div class="container m-nav-page__inner"> <div class="m-nav-page__scroller" data-tabs-scroller> <div class="m-nav-page__ctas"> <nav class="m-nav-page__tabs m-nav-page__tabs--strong"> <a href="#overview" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Overview </a> <a href="#tracking" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Tracking </a> <a href="#programmes" class="m-nav-page__tab " data-tabs-btn > Programmes </a> <span class="m-nav-page__active-tab" data-tabs-status></span> </nav> </div> </div> <div data-buy-generic></div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="m-tab-wrapper" data-stickyNav-tracker> <section class="page__section" id="overview" data-tab-anchor="Overview"> <div class="page__section page__section--padded-b"> <section class="m-energy-questions container"> <div class="m-animation-reveal" data-behavior="animationReveal" > <div class="m-energy-questions__cards"> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">Why is it important?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier, which can help tackle various critical energy challenges. Today, hydrogen is mainly used in the refining and chemical sectors and produced using fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas, and thus responsible for significant annual CO2 emissions.</p> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">What is the role in clean energy transitions?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> Clean hydrogen produced with renewable or nuclear energy, or fossil fuels using carbon capture, can help to decarbonise a range of sectors, including long-haul transport, chemicals, and iron and steel, where it has proven difficult to reduce emissions. Hydrogen-powered vehicles would improve air quality and promote energy security. Hydrogen can also support the integration of variable renewables in the electricity system, being one of the few options for storing energy over days, weeks or months.</p> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__card"> <div class="m-card-energy-question"> <h3 class="m-card-energy-question__title">Where do we need to go?</h3> <p class="m-card-energy-question__desc"> The momentum behind hydrogen is strong. Nine countries – which cover around 30% of global energy sector emissions today – released their national strategies in 2021-2022. However, faster action is required to create demand for low-emission hydrogen and unlock investment that can accelerate production scale-up and bring down the costs of technologies for producing and using clean hydrogen, such as electrolysers, fuel cells and hydrogen production with carbon capture.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-questions__accordions" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-forceFirstOpen="1" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom"> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="1" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="why-is-it-important-d50c5f02-b7fa-11ef-b285-00224839d811-content" id="why-is-it-important-d50c5f02-b7fa-11ef-b285-00224839d811"> Why is it important? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="why-is-it-important-d50c5f02-b7fa-11ef-b285-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="why-is-it-important-d50c5f02-b7fa-11ef-b285-00224839d811" data-accordion-item data-accordion-init="" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier, which can help tackle various critical energy challenges. Today, hydrogen is mainly used in the refining and chemical sectors and produced using fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas, and thus responsible for significant annual CO2 emissions. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="what-is-the-role-in-clean-energy-transitions-d50c642a-b7fa-11ef-8603-00224839d811-content" id="what-is-the-role-in-clean-energy-transitions-d50c642a-b7fa-11ef-8603-00224839d811"> What is the role in clean energy transitions? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="what-is-the-role-in-clean-energy-transitions-d50c642a-b7fa-11ef-8603-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="what-is-the-role-in-clean-energy-transitions-d50c642a-b7fa-11ef-8603-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> Clean hydrogen produced with renewable or nuclear energy, or fossil fuels using carbon capture, can help to decarbonise a range of sectors, including long-haul transport, chemicals, and iron and steel, where it has proven difficult to reduce emissions. Hydrogen-powered vehicles would improve air quality and promote energy security. Hydrogen can also support the integration of variable renewables in the electricity system, being one of the few options for storing energy over days, weeks or months. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity " > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h2 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="where-do-we-need-to-go-d50c66c8-b7fa-11ef-8e1f-00224839d811-content" id="where-do-we-need-to-go-d50c66c8-b7fa-11ef-8e1f-00224839d811"> Where do we need to go? <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h2> </div> <div id="where-do-we-need-to-go-d50c66c8-b7fa-11ef-8e1f-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="where-do-we-need-to-go-d50c66c8-b7fa-11ef-8e1f-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> The momentum behind hydrogen is strong. Nine countries – which cover around 30% of global energy sector emissions today – released their national strategies in 2021-2022. However, faster action is required to create demand for low-emission hydrogen and unlock investment that can accelerate production scale-up and bring down the costs of technologies for producing and using clean hydrogen, such as electrolysers, fuel cells and hydrogen production with carbon capture. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="page__section page__section--padded"> <div class="container m-key-finding__slider" id="key-findings"> <div class="m-slider m-slider--key-findings" data-behavior="slider" data-slider-dynamic-height="" data-slider-with-chart=""> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--blue" > <h2 class="m-section-title__title f-title-6 " > Latest findings </h2> </header> <div class="m-slider__container"> <div class="m-slider__list" data-slider-list role="list"> <div class="m-slider__item" role="listitem"> <div class="container"> <div class="m-block m-block--key-finding m-block--keyfindings-slider m-block--charts-half"> <div class="m-block__aside"> <h4 class="m-block__key-title f-title-5">Low-emission hydrogen production can grow massively by 2030 but cost challenges are hampering deployment</h4> <div class="m-block__key-desc"> <div class="f-rte"> The number of announced projects for low-emission hydrogen production is rapidly expanding. Annual production of low-emission hydrogen could reach 38 Mt in 2030, if all announced projects are realised, although 17 Mt come from projects at early stages of development. The potential production by 2030 from announced projects to date is 50% larger than it was at the time of the release of the IEA’s Global Hydrogen Review 2022. <br><br> Global hydrogen use reached 95 Mt in 2022, a nearly 3% increase year-on-year, with strong growth in all major consuming regions except Europe, which suffered a hit to industrial activity due to the sharp increase in natural gas prices. This global growth does not reflect a success of policy efforts to expand the use of hydrogen, but rather is linked to general global energy trends. </div> <p class="m-block__link"> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2023" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>Global Hydrogen Review 2023</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="m-block__content"> <figure class="m-block__image"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/25aea164-fc7b-4fcf-b5d3-f9c9f70f31c5/GHR23_Map-production_CCUS-Electrolyser_WEB.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=23%2C23%2C2454%2C2455&w=1400&h=1401&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/25aea164-fc7b-4fcf-b5d3-f9c9f70f31c5/GHR23_Map-production_CCUS-Electrolyser_WEB.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=23%2C23%2C2454%2C2455&w=690&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=690 690w,https://iea.imgix.net/25aea164-fc7b-4fcf-b5d3-f9c9f70f31c5/GHR23_Map-production_CCUS-Electrolyser_WEB.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=23%2C23%2C2454%2C2455&w=1380&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=1381 1380w,https://iea.imgix.net/25aea164-fc7b-4fcf-b5d3-f9c9f70f31c5/GHR23_Map-production_CCUS-Electrolyser_WEB.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=23%2C23%2C2454%2C2455&w=800&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=800 800w,https://iea.imgix.net/25aea164-fc7b-4fcf-b5d3-f9c9f70f31c5/GHR23_Map-production_CCUS-Electrolyser_WEB.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=23%2C23%2C2454%2C2455&w=1600&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=1601 1600w,https://iea.imgix.net/25aea164-fc7b-4fcf-b5d3-f9c9f70f31c5/GHR23_Map-production_CCUS-Electrolyser_WEB.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=23%2C23%2C2454%2C2455&w=965&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=965 965w,https://iea.imgix.net/25aea164-fc7b-4fcf-b5d3-f9c9f70f31c5/GHR23_Map-production_CCUS-Electrolyser_WEB.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=23%2C23%2C2454%2C2455&w=1930&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=1931 1930w,https://iea.imgix.net/25aea164-fc7b-4fcf-b5d3-f9c9f70f31c5/GHR23_Map-production_CCUS-Electrolyser_WEB.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=23%2C23%2C2454%2C2455&w=1280&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=1281 1280w,https://iea.imgix.net/25aea164-fc7b-4fcf-b5d3-f9c9f70f31c5/GHR23_Map-production_CCUS-Electrolyser_WEB.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=23%2C23%2C2454%2C2455&w=2560&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=2561 2560w,https://iea.imgix.net/25aea164-fc7b-4fcf-b5d3-f9c9f70f31c5/GHR23_Map-production_CCUS-Electrolyser_WEB.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=23%2C23%2C2454%2C2455&w=1400&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=1401 1400w,https://iea.imgix.net/25aea164-fc7b-4fcf-b5d3-f9c9f70f31c5/GHR23_Map-production_CCUS-Electrolyser_WEB.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=23%2C23%2C2454%2C2455&w=2800&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=2801 2800w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 690px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 800px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 965px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 1280px,(min-width: 1480px) 1400px" alt="Map of announced low-emission hydrogen production projects" /> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="page__section page__section--padded page__section--dark page__section--no-border" data-tab-anchor="tracking"> <section id="tracking" class="m-energy-tracking-section container"> <header class="m-energy-tracking-section__header "> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__col"> <h2 class="f-title-6 m-energy-tracking-section__title">Tracking Hydrogen</h2> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status-container"> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status"> <div class="a-status a-status--more-efforts-needed a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">More efforts needed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__status-tooltip"> <span class="a-help" data-behavior="tooltip"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--help icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--help"></use></svg></span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--help-inverse icon--20"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--help-inverse"></use></svg></span> <script type="x-template" data-tooltip-template> <div> <div class="a-status a-status--on-track a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">On track</span> </div> </div> <div class="a-status a-status--more-efforts-needed a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">More efforts needed</span> </div> </div> <div class="a-status a-status--not-on-track a-status--strong"> <span class="a-status__dot"></span> <div class="a-status__slot"> <span class="a-status__content">Not on track</span> </div> </div> </div> </script> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__col"> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__desc f-rte f-subtitle-1"><p>Hydrogen and <button class="a-glossary-pill" data-behavior="glossaryPill" data-glossarypill-title='Hydrogen-based fuels' data-glossarypill-text='Includes ammonia and synthetic hydrocarbons (gases and liquids) that derive their energy content from a pure (or nearly pure) hydrogen feedstock. If produced from low-emissions hydrogen, these fuels are low-emissions hydrogen-based fuels.' data-glossarypill-url='https://www.iea.org/glossary#hydrogen-based-fuels' data-glossarypill-label='Read more' data-glossarypill-browseUrl='https://www.iea.org/glossary' data-glossarypill-browseLabel='Browse our glossary'>hydrogen-based fuels</button> can play an important role in the decarbonisation of sectors where emissions are hard to abate and alternative solutions are either unavailable or difficult to implement, such as heavy industry and long-distance transport. </p><p>The announcements for new projects for the production of <button class="a-glossary-pill" data-behavior="glossaryPill" data-glossarypill-title='Low-emissions hydrogen' data-glossarypill-text='Includes hydrogen which is produced through water electrolysis with electricity generated from a low-emissions source (such as renewables, e.g. solar and wind turbines, and nuclear). Hydrogen produced from biomass or from fossil fuels with carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technology is also counted as low-emissions hydrogen. Production from fossil fuels with CCUS is included only if upstream emissions are sufficiently low, if capture – at high rates – is applied to all CO2 streams associated with the production route, and if all CO2 is permanently stored to prevent its release into the atmosphere. The same principle applies to low-emissions feedstocks and hydrogen-based fuels made using low-emissions hydrogen and a sustainable carbon source (of biogenic origin or directly captured from the atmosphere).' data-glossarypill-url='https://www.iea.org/glossary#low-emissions-hydrogen' data-glossarypill-label='Read more' data-glossarypill-browseUrl='https://www.iea.org/glossary' data-glossarypill-browseLabel='Browse our glossary'>low-emissions hydrogen</button> keep growing, but only 5% have taken firm investment decisions due to uncertainties around the future evolution of demand, the lack of clarity about certification and regulation and the lack of infrastructure available to deliver hydrogen to end users. On the demand side, hydrogen demand keeps growing, but remains concentrated in traditional applications. Novel applications in heavy industry and long-distance transport account for less than 0.1% of hydrogen demand, whereas they account for one-third of global hydrogen demand by 2030 in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario. A growing number of countries are releasing national strategies and adopting concrete policies to support first movers. But the delays in the implementation of these policies and the lack of policies for demand creation are preventing the scale-up of low-emission hydrogen production and use. </p><p>To get on track with the NZE Scenario, accelerated policy action is required on creating demand for low-emission hydrogen and unlocking investment that can accelerate production scale-up and deployment of infrastructure. <br class="softbreak"></p></div> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__cta"> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="/reports/tracking-clean-energy-progress-2023" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2023</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="m-energy-tracking-section__items container"> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="country-and-regional-highlights-d512615e-b7fa-11ef-850d-00224839d811-content" id="country-and-regional-highlights-d512615e-b7fa-11ef-850d-00224839d811"> Country and regional highlights <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">The United States and the European Union lead policy action, while China has taken the lead in deployment </p> </div> <div id="country-and-regional-highlights-d512615e-b7fa-11ef-850d-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="country-and-regional-highlights-d512615e-b7fa-11ef-850d-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>The United States and the European Union lead policy action, while China has taken the lead in deployment </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <ul><li><strong>China </strong>leads on electrolyser capacity additions, with a cumulated capacity of almost 220 MW in 2022 and 750 MW under construction expected to be online this year. </li><li><strong>The European Union </strong>adopted two <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_594" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">delegated acts</a> in February 2023 with rules to define renewable hydrogen, approved funding for the first two waves of hydrogen-related <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_5676" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Important Projects of Common European Interest</a> in 2022 and announced the first auctions of the <a href="https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/commission-outlines-european-hydrogen-bank-boost-renewable-hydrogen-2023-03-16_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">European Hydrogen Bank</a> for the end of 2023. </li><li><strong>India </strong>approved in January 2023 the <a href="https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2023/jan/doc2023110150801.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">National Green Hydrogen Mission</a><strong> </strong>with the aim of producing 5 Mt of renewable hydrogen by 2030 and of becoming a leading manufacturer of electrolysers.  </li><li><strong>The United Kingdom </strong>released in July 2022 its <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-low-carbon-hydrogen-standard-emissions-reporting-and-sustainability-criteria#:~:text=The%20standard%20requires%20hydrogen%20producers,to%20the%20'point%20of%20production'" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Low-Carbon Hydrogen Standard</a> and in February 2023 launched a consultation for a <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/uk-low-carbon-hydrogen-certification-scheme" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">certification scheme</a>. The first <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hydrogen-production-business-model-net-zero-hydrogen-fund-shortlisted-projects/hydrogen-business-model-net-zero-hydrogen-fund-shortlisted-projects-allocation-round-2022" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Electrolytic Allocation Round</a> to support projects to produce hydrogen using electrolysis was launched, with the aim of awarding contracts by the end of 2023.  </li><li><strong>The United States </strong>announced in August 2022 important <a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53ab1feee4b0bef0179a1563/t/62fd3b3b64d1955b55ed9a2b/1660762940190/Inflation+Reduction+Act+H2++FC+Factsheet.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">incentives for the production of clean hydrogen</a> under the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA).  </li><li><strong>Namibia </strong>released in November 2022 its Green Hydrogen and Derivatives Strategy, joining South Africa as the only sub-Saharan countries that have adopted a hydrogen strategy<strong>.</strong><br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="co2-emissions-d5189218-b7fa-11ef-b29f-00224839d811-content" id="co2-emissions-d5189218-b7fa-11ef-b29f-00224839d811"> CO2 emissions <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Hydrogen applications play a fundamental role in sectors where emissions are hard to abate, but production needs to become cleaner </p> </div> <div id="co2-emissions-d5189218-b7fa-11ef-b29f-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="co2-emissions-d5189218-b7fa-11ef-b29f-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Hydrogen applications play a fundamental role in sectors where emissions are hard to abate, but production needs to become cleaner </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>In the NZE Scenario, the use of low-emission hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels lead to modest reductions in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in 2030 compared to other key mitigation measures, such as the deployment of renewables, direct electrification and behavioural change. However, hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels can play an important role in sectors where emissions are hard to abate and other mitigation measures may not be available or would be difficult to implement, namely heavy industry, long-distance transport, shipping and aviation. Hydrogen's total contribution is also larger in the longer term as hydrogen-based technologies mature.  </p><p>Replacing unabated fossil fuel-based hydrogen with low-emission hydrogen in existing applications (namely refining and industry sectors) is a short-term priority given that it presents relatively low technical challenges as it is a like-for-like substitution rather than a fuel switch. Current production of hydrogen for these applications emits 1 100-1 300 Mt CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent<sup>1</sup> (including upstream and midstream emissions from fossil fuel supply). In the NZE Scenario the average emissions intensity of hydrogen production drops from the range of 12-13.5 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq/kg H2 in 2022 to 6-7.5 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq/kg H2 in 2030.  </p><p><em>1. The range in the emissions and in the average emissions intensity reflects the different allocation methods for the by-product hydrogen production in refineries.</em><br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="global-hydrogen-production-co2-emissions-and-average-emissions-intensity-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2019-2030" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="1" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=";CO₂-eq emissions (low);CO₂-eq emissions (high);Average emissions intensity (low);Average emissions intensity (high) 2019;1083;142;12.0;13.5 2020;1071;141;12.0;13.6 2021;1116;144;12.1;13.6 2022;1144;147;12.0;13.6 2030;1016;133;6.7;7.6" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="1" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="column" data-chart-chartoptions="{ \"xAxis\": { \"plotLines\": [ { \"value\": 2022.5, \"label\": { \"text\": \"NZE\" } } ] }, \"yAxis\": [ {\"title\": { \"text\": \"CO2 emission\" }, \"tickAmount\": 6}, {\"opposite\": true, \"min\": 0, \"allowDecimals\": false, \"tickAmount\": 6, \"title\": { \"text\": \"Emission intensity\" } } ], \"series\": [ {},{}, {\"type\": \"line\", \"marker\": { \"enabled\": true }, \"yAxis\": 1, \"zIndex\": 999, \"stacking\":false,\"tooltip\": { \"valueSuffix\": \" kg CO₂-eq/kg H₂-eq\", \"valueDecimals\": 2 } }, {\"type\": \"line\", \"marker\": { \"enabled\": true }, \"yAxis\": 1, \"zIndex\": 999, \"stacking\":false,\"tooltip\": { \"valueSuffix\": \" kg CO₂-eq/kg H₂-eq\", \"valueDecimals\": 2 } } ] }" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="Mt CO₂-eq" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="normal" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Global hydrogen production CO2 emissions and average emissions intensity in the Net Zero Scenario, 2019-2030</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/global-hydrogen-production-co2-emissions-and-average-emissions-intensity-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2019-2030-3" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Global hydrogen production CO2 emissions and average emissions intensity in the Net Zero Scenario, 2019-2030' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="energy-d51e8808-b7fa-11ef-9845-00224839d811-content" id="energy-d51e8808-b7fa-11ef-9845-00224839d811"> Energy <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Low-emission hydrogen production remained below 1% of global hydrogen production in 2022 </p> </div> <div id="energy-d51e8808-b7fa-11ef-9845-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="energy-d51e8808-b7fa-11ef-9845-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Low-emission hydrogen production remained below 1% of global hydrogen production in 2022 </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="global-hydrogen-production-by-technology-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2019-2030" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="1" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=";Fossil fuels without CCUS;By-product;Fossil fuels with CCUS;Electricity;Bioenergy 2019;75.8;14.3;0.4;0.0;0.0 2020;74.4;14.2;0.4;0.0;0.0 2021;77.4;14.4;0.4;0.1;0.0 2022;79.6;14.8;0.5;0.1;0.0 2030;68.0;13.3;22.4;50.8;0.2" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="1" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="column" data-chart-chartoptions="{ \"xAxis\": { \"type\": \"linear\", \"plotLines\": [ {\"value\": 2022.5, \"label\": { \"text\": \"NZE\" } } ] } }" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="Mt H2" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="normal" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Global hydrogen production by technology in the Net Zero Scenario, 2019-2030</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/global-hydrogen-production-by-technology-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2019-2030-3" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Global hydrogen production by technology in the Net Zero Scenario, 2019-2030' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Dedicated hydrogen production today is primarily based on fossil fuel technologies, with around a sixth of the global hydrogen supply coming from “by-product” hydrogen, mainly in the petrochemical industry. In 2022, 70% of the energy requirement for dedicated hydrogen production was met with natural gas and around 30% with coal (mostly used in China, which alone accounted for 90% of global coal consumption for hydrogen production). </p><p>Low-emission hydrogen production represented less than 1% of total hydrogen production in 2022, despite growing 5% compared to 2021. This increase in low-emission hydrogen production is the result of 130 MW of electrolysis capacity and one project starting operation in China for the production of hydrogen from coal with CCUS entering into operation during 2022.  </p><p>Getting on track with the NZE Scenario requires a rapid scale-up of low-emission hydrogen, with around 50 Mt of hydrogen production based on electrolysis and more than 30 Mt produced from fossil fuels with CCUS by 2030, for a total of more than 50% of hydrogen production. This will require an installed capacity of more than 550 GW of electrolysers, which in turn requires both a rapid scale-up of electrolyser manufacturing capacity (see <a href="https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/electrolysers" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Electrolysers page</a>) and significant deployment of dedicated renewable capacity for hydrogen production and enhancement of the power grid. With regard to fossil fuels, by 2030 natural gas demand for hydrogen production is almost 30% higher than in 2022 in the NZE Scenario, while coal demand drops by nearly one-fifth. In both cases, newly deployed production capacity is equipped with CCUS and a fraction of existing facilities still operational in 2030 are retrofitted with CCUS. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="technology-deployment-d523c0a2-b7fa-11ef-a060-00224839d811-content" id="technology-deployment-d523c0a2-b7fa-11ef-a060-00224839d811"> Technology deployment <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Global demand for hydrogen grew around 3% in 2022, but still remains concentrated in traditional applications with slow penetration in new uses </p> </div> <div id="technology-deployment-d523c0a2-b7fa-11ef-a060-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="technology-deployment-d523c0a2-b7fa-11ef-a060-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Global demand for hydrogen grew around 3% in 2022, but still remains concentrated in traditional applications with slow penetration in new uses </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:charts:full:1"> <div class="m-block m-block--charts m-block--charts-full"> <div class="m-chart-block" data-behavior="chart" data-chart-identifier ="global-hydrogen-demand-by-sector-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2020-2030" data-chart-download="1" data-chart-downloadcsv="1" data-chart-listing="0" data-chart-permalink="0" data-chart-datasource="0" data-chart-csv=";Refining;Ammonia;Methanol;Iron and steel;Other 2019;40.1;32.3;13.3;4.7;0.0 2020;37.9;33.0;13.5;4.5;0.0 2021;39.9;32.8;14.6;5.0;0.0 2022;41.9;32.9;14.9;5.1;0.0 2030;37.0;34.5;17.1;12.7;51.0" data-chart-csvfile="" data-chart-year="" data-chart-startyear="" data-chart-endyear="" data-chart-products="" data-chart-countries="" data-chart-flows="" data-chart-series="" data-chart-decimals="1" data-chart-tooltip="1" data-chart-queryparams="" data-chart-xaxisdimension="" data-chart-yaxisdimension="" data-chart-lasthistoricalyear="" data-chart-futurescenariolabel="" data-chart-issingleyear="0" data-chart-charttype="column" data-chart-chartoptions="{ \"xAxis\": { \"type\": \"linear\", \"plotLines\": [ {\"value\": 2022.5, \"label\": { \"text\": \"NZE\" } } ] } }" data-chart-colorpalette="default" data-chart-credit="IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0" data-chart-crediturl="https://www.iea.org/terms/creative-commons-cc-licenses" data-chart-units="Mt H₂" data-chart-highlights="" data-chart-stacking="normal" data-chart-legendtype="legend" > <header> <h3 class="f-ui-2-bold">Global hydrogen demand by sector in the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030</h3> <span> <a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary a-link-icon--oneliner" href="/data-and-statistics/charts/global-hydrogen-demand-by-sector-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2020-2030-2" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed data-panel-open='' data-behavior='track' data-track-event='ChartsOpen' data-track-eventcategory='Charts' data-track-eventaction='click open chart' data-track-eventlabel='Global hydrogen demand by sector in the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030' > <span>Open</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--expand icon--20"><svg><title>expand</title><use xlink:href="#icon--expand"></use></svg></span> </a> </span> </header> <div class="m-chart-block__container" data-chart-container> <div class="m-chart-block__placeholder"> <span class="a-loader"> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Global hydrogen demand reached 95 Mt in 2022, almost 3% more than in 2021. Hydrogen demand remains concentrated in traditional applications in the refining and industrial sectors (including chemicals and natural gas-based Direct Iron Reduction [DRI]), with very limited penetration in new applications. Demand in new applications, such as transport, high-temperature heat in industry, hydrogen-based DRI, power and buildings, represents less than 0.1% of global demand. Most of this demand is concentrated in road transport, although other applications are starting to get some traction.  </p><p>Several demonstrations of key end uses for low-emission hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels entered into operation in the past year in <a href="https://www.iberdrola.es/blog/sostenibilidad/asi-es-planta-hidrogeno-verde-puertollano-iberdrola" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">chemicals</a> production, <a href="https://news.cision.com/everfuel-a-s/r/first-hydrogen-produced-at-europe-s-largest-electrolyser--hysynergy,c3684967" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">refining</a>, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/aurubis-tests-ammonia-low-carbon-copper-product-output-2022-10-21/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">high-temperature heating</a> and <a href="https://renewablesnow.com/news/norway-launches-liquid-hydrogen-fuelled-ferry-819559/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">shipping</a>. Bringing these technologies to commercialisation as soon as possible will be critical to unlocking a significant fraction of demand in these new applications. </p><p>Getting on track with the NZE Scenario will require a step-change in demand creation, particularly in new applications. By 2030 hydrogen demand increases by more than 1.5 times to reach more than 150 Mt, with nearly 30% of that demand coming from new applications. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="supporting-infrastructure-d523d02e-b7fa-11ef-85e9-00224839d811-content" id="supporting-infrastructure-d523d02e-b7fa-11ef-85e9-00224839d811"> Supporting infrastructure <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Transport and storage infrastructure for hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels remains very limited, but its scale-up is crucial as new distributed applications arise </p> </div> <div id="supporting-infrastructure-d523d02e-b7fa-11ef-85e9-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="supporting-infrastructure-d523d02e-b7fa-11ef-85e9-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Transport and storage infrastructure for hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels remains very limited, but its scale-up is crucial as new distributed applications arise </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Hydrogen is today mostly produced and consumed in the same location, without the need for transport infrastructure. With demand for hydrogen increasing and the advent of new distributed uses, there is a need to develop hydrogen infrastructure that connects production and demand centres. </p><p>Pipelines are the most efficient and least costly way to <strong>transport</strong> hydrogen up to a distance of <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022" rel="noopener noreferrer">2 500 to 3 000 km</a>, for capacities around 200 kt per year. About <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022" rel="noopener noreferrer">2 600 km</a> of hydrogen pipelines are in operation in the United States and <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022" rel="noopener noreferrer">2 000 km</a> in Europe, mainly owned by private companies and used to connect industrial users. Several countries are developing plans for new hydrogen infrastructure, with Europe leading the way. The <a href="https://ehb.eu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">European Hydrogen Backbone</a> initiative established in 2020 groups together 32 gas infrastructure operators with the aim of establishing a pan-European hydrogen infrastructure. In June 2022, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/dutch-government-invest-750-mln-euros-develop-hydrogen-network-2022-06-29/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">the Dutch government announced</a> a plan to invest EUR 750 million in the development of a national hydrogen transmission network of 1 400 km. Staying on track with the NZE Scenario would require around 15 000 km of hydrogen pipelines (including new and repurposed pipes) by 2030. </p><p>For transporting hydrogen over long distances, shipping hydrogen and hydrogen carriers are more cost-competitive than hydrogen pipelines. In February 2022 the <a href="https://www.hydrogenenergysupplychain.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain</a> project demonstrated for the first time the shipment of liquefied hydrogen from Australia to Japan. However, due to the technical challenges of shipping liquefied hydrogen, a growing number of projects are considering the possibility of transporting ammonia, although all these projects are still at very early stages of development, with the exception of the NEOM project, which <a href="https://www.neom.com/en-us/newsroom/neom-green-hydrogen-investment" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">reached financial closure in March 2023</a>. In the NZE Scenario, more than 15 Mt of low-emission hydrogen (in the form of hydrogen or hydrogen-based fuels) are shipped globally by 2030. </p><p>The development of infrastructure for hydrogen <strong>storage</strong> will also be needed. Salt caverns are already in use for industrial-scale storage in the United States and the United Kingdom. The potential role of hydrogen in balancing the power grid and the potential development of international trade would require the development of more storage capacity and its flexible operation. Several research projects are ongoing for the demonstration of fast cycling in large-scale hydrogen storage, such as <a href="https://www.ewe.com/en/shaping-the-future/hydrogen/storing-hydrogen" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">HyCAVmobil</a> in Germany and <a href="https://hypster-project.eu/about-the-project/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">HyPSTER</a> in France, with both planning to start tests this year. Other research projects in the <a href="https://www.hystock.nl/en/about-hystock/our-subprojects" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Netherlands</a>, <a href="https://h2cast.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Germany</a> and <a href="https://www.hdf-energy.com/site/assets/files/1209/communique_de_presse_terega_hdf_en_juillet2020.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">France</a> are analysing the potential for repurposing natural gas salt caverns for hydrogen storage. Research and demonstration is also progressing in the development of <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022" rel="noopener noreferrer">other types of underground storage sites</a> (such as depleted gas fields, aquifers and lined hard rock caverns). In 2022, a <a href="https://www.ssab.com/en/news/2022/06/hybrit-a-unique-underground-fossilfree-hydrogen-gas-storage-facility-is-being-inaugurated-in-lule" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">demonstration facility</a> to store hydrogen in lined hard rock caverns started operating in Sweden. In the NZE Scenario, global bulk storage capacity rises from 0.5 TWh today to 70 TWh by 2030. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="innovation-d523dc18-b7fa-11ef-8188-00224839d811-content" id="innovation-d523dc18-b7fa-11ef-8188-00224839d811"> Innovation <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Low-emission hydrogen production technologies are maturing fast, but more effort is needed on demand-side technologies </p> </div> <div id="innovation-d523dc18-b7fa-11ef-8188-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="innovation-d523dc18-b7fa-11ef-8188-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Low-emission hydrogen production technologies are maturing fast, but more effort is needed on demand-side technologies </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Not all steps of the low-emission hydrogen value chain are operating at commercial scale today. On the supply side, some technologies are already commercially available, such as alkaline and proton membrane exchange electrolysers. Other technologies, such as Solid Oxide Electrolysers (SOEC), are approaching commercialisation thanks to recent innovation efforts. In April 2023, a <a href="https://www.offshore-energy.biz/multiplhy-project-sunfire-installs-worlds-largest-soec-electrolyser/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">2.6 MW SOEC electrolyser was installed</a> in a Neste refinery in the Netherlands and just few weeks later, Bloom Energy installed a <a href="https://newsroom.bloomenergy.com/news/bloom-energy-demonstrates-hydrogen-production-with-the-worlds-largest-and-most-efficient-solid-oxide-electrolyzer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">4 MW SOEC system in a NASA research centre</a> in California.  </p><p>Transport and storage technologies are also quite mature, although still at small scale. Innovation and demonstration efforts are underway to bring these technologies to the scale needed to facilitate the adoption of hydrogen as a clean energy vector. In April 2023, the world’s <a href="https://www.rag-austria.at/en/public-relations/pr-information/detail/article/underground-sun-storage-worlds-first-geological-hydrogen-storage-facility-goes-into-operation-1.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">first hydrogen storage facility in an underground porous reservoir</a> started operation. </p><p>On the demand side, the situation is different. Beyond traditional uses of hydrogen in refining and industrial applications which are fully commercial, the majority of demand technologies are only at the demonstration or prototype stage, but there has been some recent progress. In March 2023, the <a href="https://www.marineinsight.com/shipping-news/worlds-first-hydrogen-ferry-mf-hydra-sailing-on-zero-emission-liquid-hydrogen-put-into-operation/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">world’s first hydrogen ferry entered into operation</a> in Norway. The <a href="https://hyinheat.eu/about-the-project/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">HyInHeat project</a> also started in 2023, with the aim of demonstrating the use of hydrogen in ancillary high-temperature heating process in industrial applications. But further efforts are needed to unlock the full potential demand for hydrogen in hard-to-abate sectors. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-accordion-unity m-accordion-unity--with-desc" data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstOpen="0" data-accordion-closeBehavior="custom" > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <h3 class="m-accordion-unity__trigger"> <button data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="" data-accordion-trigger aria-controls="policy-d5314894-b7fa-11ef-99ff-00224839d811-content" id="policy-d5314894-b7fa-11ef-99ff-00224839d811"> Policy <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon-wrapper"> <div class="m-accordion-unity__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </button> </h3> <p data-accordion-desc class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body">Governments are adopting hydrogen strategies and targets for technology deployment, but there is a lack of policies to stimulate demand for low-emission hydrogen </p> </div> <div id="policy-d5314894-b7fa-11ef-99ff-00224839d811-content" class="m-accordion-unity__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="policy-d5314894-b7fa-11ef-99ff-00224839d811" data-accordion-item > <div class="m-accordion-unity__inner"> <div data-accordion-content class="m-accordion-unity__content"> <p data-accordion-descmobile class="m-accordion-unity__description f-body" inert hidden>Governments are adopting hydrogen strategies and targets for technology deployment, but there is a lack of policies to stimulate demand for low-emission hydrogen </p> <div class="m-accordion-unity__content-body f-rte"> <div class="m-block-wrapper m-block-wrapper--half " data-behavior="blocksReveal" > <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content"> <h4 class="m-block__title f-title-5">A growing number of governments are adopting strategies and targets for technology deployment, but there is a lack of policy implementation</h4> </div> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>At the end of 2022, a total of 32 governments had a hydrogen strategy in place. Targets for the deployment of hydrogen production technologies are growing, particularly on electrolysis capacity, with national targets reaching an aggregate of 160-210 GW, which accounts for 30-40% of the installed electrolysis capacity by 2030 in the NZE Scenario. However, there has been very limited progress in establishing targets to increase demand for low-emission hydrogen, with the exception of the European Union, which <a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/03/30/council-and-parliament-reach-provisional-deal-on-renewable-energy-directive/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">in March 2023</a> agreed ambitious targets to stimulate demand in industry and transport. There was also limited progress in the adoption of policies to stimulate demand creation over the past year. The majority of policies in place focus on supporting demand creation in transport applications, mainly through purchase subsidies and grants, while a very small number of policies target industrial applications, despite these applications accounting for most current demand. The adoption of quotas and mandates is another tool that governments have started to consider for supporting demand creation in industry, aviation and shipping, although none of the announced quotas have entered into force yet. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content"> <h4 class="m-block__title f-title-5">Support for RD&D is growing, with Europe and the United States spearheading efforts</h4> </div> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Governments are stepping up efforts to stimulate strategic demonstration of key hydrogen technologies, with new programmes in place: </p><ul><li><strong>European Union:</strong> in January 2023, the EU Clean Hydrogen Partnership opened a EUR 195 million <a href="https://www.clean-hydrogen.europa.eu/call-proposals-2023-closed_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">call for proposals</a> to support projects for renewable hydrogen production, storage and distribution solutions, and to stimulate the use of low-emission hydrogen in hard-to-abate sectors. </li><li><strong>United States:</strong> in March 2023, the Department of Energy announced a <a href="https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-750-million-advance-clean-hydrogen-technologies?_gl=1*19fefw9*_ga*NzI1MzE3NDA3LjE2NzA4NTk3Mzg.*_ga_VEJ5DJ7LND*MTY4NDc3NTQ0Ny4zLjEuMTY4NDc3OTMxMy4wLjAuMA.." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">USD 750 million R&D programme</a> for advanced clean hydrogen technologies. </li><li><strong>United Kingdom</strong>: the government opened the third round of the <a href="https://apply-for-innovation-funding.service.gov.uk/competition/1314/overview/bb00f64f-5a36-4413-b0a6-ca9ced0cb947" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition</a> in September 2022 and launched the second phases of programmes for R&D in <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hydrogen-beccs-innovation-programme" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">hydrogen production using BECCS</a> (December 2022) and <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/red-diesel-replacement-competition" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">replacement of diesel in off-road vehicles and machinery</a> (March 2023). <br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content"> <h4 class="m-block__title f-title-5">Governments have started to adopt new mechanisms to support project developers and mitigate investment risk</h4> </div> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>Several governments have begun to implement policies in the form of grants, loans, tax breaks and carbon contracts for difference. Activity has been particularly intense over the course of 2022 and the beginning of 2023, with several significant announcements: </p><ul><li><strong>European Union:</strong> the European Commission approved in July and in September funding for two waves of hydrogen-related Important Projects of Common European Interest (<a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_4544" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Hy2Tech</a>, with a focus on hydrogen technologies, and <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_5676" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Hy2Use</a>, with a focus on industrial applications). In addition, the first auction of the <a href="https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/commission-outlines-european-hydrogen-bank-boost-renewable-hydrogen-2023-03-16_en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">European Hydrogen Bank</a> to support projects for domestic production of renewable hydrogen has been announced for the end of 2023. </li><li><strong>Germany: </strong>the bidding process of the H2Global initiative was <a href="https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2022/12/20221208-federal-ministry-for-economic-affairs-and-climate-action-launches-first-auction-procedure-for-h2global.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">launched in December 2022</a>, with deliveries expected for the end of 2024, although tender deadlines have recently been extended. </li><li><strong>Japan</strong>: NEDO committed JPY 220 billion from the Green Innovation Fund Project to support <a href="https://www.hydrogenenergysupplychain.com/japan-commits-aud2-35-billion-to-establish-liquefied-hydrogen-supply-chain/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">a liquefied hydrogen supply chain project</a> between Australia and Japan. </li><li><strong>United Kingdom: </strong>Between July 2022 and January 2023, the government opened the first <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hydrogen-business-model-and-net-zero-hydrogen-fund-electrolytic-allocation-round-2022" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Electrolytic Allocation Round</a> and pre-selected projects, with the aim to support at least 250 MW of capacity. The second allocation round will open by the end of 2023. </li><li><strong>United States:</strong> the government announced the creation of a <a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53ab1feee4b0bef0179a1563/t/62fd3b3b64d1955b55ed9a2b/1660762940190/Inflation+Reduction+Act+H2++FC+Factsheet.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">tax credit, an investment credit and grant funding</a> for low-emission hydrogen production projects. In addition, in September 2022, the Department of Energy opened a <a href="https://www.energy.gov/oced/regional-clean-hydrogen-hubs" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">USD 7 billion call for regional clean hydrogen hubs</a>. <br class="softbreak"></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:text"> <div class="m-block m-block--text"> <div class="m-block__content"> <h4 class="m-block__title f-title-5">The development of standards and certification schemes for low-emission hydrogen is gaining pace</h4> </div> <div class="m-block__content f-rte f-rte--block"> <p>The International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy is expected to release the final version of its <a href="https://www.iphe.net/iphe-wp-methodology-doc-nov-2022" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Methodology for Determining the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with the Production of Hydrogen</a> in July 2023. This methodology will serve as the basis for an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard. ISO is seeking to develop a draft technical specification by end of 2023 and a draft international standard by the end of 2024. </p><p>In parallel, governments are working on the establishment of regulatory frameworks and certification schemes. Australia is developing a voluntary scheme for Guarantee of Origin certificates. The European Commission adopted <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_23_594" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">two delegated acts</a> in February 2023 with rules to define renewable hydrogen, which will be in force once the Council and the Parliament approve them. France is working on the details of a certification schemes for the hydrogen categories defined in its <a href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000043148001/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ordinance No. 2021-167</a>. The United Kingdom released a <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-low-carbon-hydrogen-standard-emissions-reporting-and-sustainability-criteria#:~:text=The%20standard%20requires%20hydrogen%20producers,to%20the%20'point%20of%20production'" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Low-Carbon Hydrogen Standard</a> in July 2022 and in February 2023 launched a consultation for a <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/uk-low-carbon-hydrogen-certification-scheme" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">certification scheme</a>. And the US Department of Energy proposed in September 2022 a <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/articles/clean-hydrogen-production-standard" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Clean Hydrogen Production Standard</a> and is working on the methodological details for its application in supportive schemes such as the IRA Clean Hydrogen Production Tax Credit. </p><p>However, the methodologies defined for these certification schemes are not necessarily aligned. This may become an important barrier as the investments that will lead to trade in low-emission hydrogen will rely on international recognition of standards and certificates.<br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container " data-component="blocks:relatedLink"> <div class="m-block m-block--links"> <div class="m-block__content"> <div class="m-block__links-highlight"> <p class="m-block__links-description f-body">View all hydrogen policies</p> <ul class="m-block__links"> <li><a class="a-link-icon a-link-icon--secondary" href="https://www.iea.org/policies?qs=hydro&technology%5B0%5D=Hydrogen" target="_self" data-focus-tabbed > <span>Policy and Measures database (PAMS)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--circle-arrow icon--20"><svg><title>circle-arrow</title><use xlink:href="#icon--circle-arrow"></use></svg></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="m-energy-recommendations container"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--blue m-section-title--no-spacing m-section-title--y-center" > <h2 class="m-section-title__title f-title-6 " > Recommendations </h2> </header> <ol class="m-energy-recommendations__list"> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-470"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">1</span> Create incentives for using low-emission hydrogen to displace unabated fossil fuels <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-470" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Demand creation for low-emission hydrogen is lagging behind what is needed to put the world on track with the NZE Scenario. Carbon pricing can help to close the cost gap between low-emission hydrogen and its fossil-based competitors, but it is not enough. A wider adoption of carbon prices combined with other policy instruments such as auctions, mandates, quotas and hydrogen-specific requirements in public procurement can help industry de-risk investment and improve the economic feasibility of low-emission hydrogen. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-398"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">2</span> Mobilise investment in production assets, infrastructure and factories <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-398" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Stimulating demand can prompt investment in these areas, but without further policy action, this process will not happen at the pace necessary to meet climate goals. Providing tailor-made support to selected, shovel-ready flagship projects can kick-start the scaling-up of low-emission hydrogen and the development of infrastructure and manufacturing capacity from which later projects can benefit. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-323"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">3</span> Provide strong innovation support to ensure critical technologies reach commercialisation soon <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-323" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>There is an urgent need to demonstrate key hydrogen technologies to make sure that they reach commercialisation as soon as possible and are ready to deliver CO2 emission savings at scale by 2030. Unlocking the full potential demand for hydrogen will require strong demonstration efforts over the next decade in hydrogen end-use applications in heavy industry, long-distance road transport, aviation and shipping. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-996"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">4</span> Establish appropriate certification schemes and work towards mutual recognition <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-996" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>Governments have started to create certification schemes for the environmental attributes of hydrogen, which in many cases differ in scope, system boundaries, production pathways, models for chain of custody and emissions intensity levels. While regulations are expected to vary depending on the national circumstances of each government, <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/towards-hydrogen-definitions-based-on-their-emissions-intensity" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">referring to the emissions intensity of hydrogen production –based on a shared understanding of the methodology applied –</a> in regulation and certification can facilitate a minimum level of interoperatibility, enable mutual recognition and minimise market fragmentation. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-931"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">5</span> Develop and complete demonstration projects to gain operational experience <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-931" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>The adoption of low-emission hydrogen as a clean energy vector presents technology challenges. First movers will face risks due to a lack of knowledge and market uncertainty; however, completing demonstration projects to gain operational experience and develop in-house know-how can position them ahead of their competitors at the moment when deployment of the technology scales up.  <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="m-energy-recommendations__list-item"> <div class="m-accordion m-accordion--energy-recommendation " data-behavior="accordion" data-accordion-firstopen="false" > <h4 class="m-accordion__trigger"> <button type="button" data-focus-tabbed aria-expanded="false" data-accordion-trigger class="f-title-8" id="accordion-987"> <span class="m-accordion__trigger-index" aria-hidden="true">6</span> Form cross-sectoral alliances to bring together skills and strengths from stakeholders <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--chevron-down icon--20"><svg><title>Chevron down</title><use xlink:href="#icon--chevron-down"></use></svg></span> </button> </h4> <div class="m-accordion__item" role="region" aria-labelledby="accordion-987" data-accordion-item hidden> <div class="m-accordion__item-content"> <div class="f-rte"> <p>The new value chains emerging from the use of hydrogen as an energy vector will be complex and require coordination among multiple stakeholders. By bringing together actors from across the entire value chain, these alliances can facilitate knowledge transfer and project management, help deal with the “chicken and egg” problem of hydrogen production and use, and enhance competitiveness, thus increasing the chances of success. <br class="softbreak"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ol> <div class="m-energy-recommendations__footer"> <p class="f-ui-1 ">Last update on 10 July 2023</p> <a class="a-link a-link--tertiary " href="#" data-focus-tabbed data-behavior='modal' data-modal='recommendations-authors' role='button' > <span class="a-link__label">Authors and contributors</span></a> </div> </section> </div> <div id="programmes" data-tab-anchor="programmes"> <div class="container"> <header class="m-section-title m-section-title--blue" > <h2 class="m-section-title__title f-title-6 " > Programmes and partnerships </h2> </header> <div class="m-slider m-slider--mobile-nav m-slider--program" data-behavior="slider" data-inViewport-item> <div class="container"> <div class="m-slider__container"> <div class="m-slider__list" data-slider-list role="list"> <div role="listitem" class="m-slider__item"> <a href="/programmes/cem-hydrogen-initiative" class="m-card-program"> <h3 class="m-card-program__title f-title-9">CEM Hydrogen Initiative</h3> <p class="m-card-program__desc f-ui-1">The Clean Energy Ministerial Hydrogen Initiative puts a spotlight on the role hydrogen & fuel cell tech can play in global clean energy transitions</p> <span class="m-card-program__tag f-ui-3">Programme</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page__section"> <div class="m-animation-reveal" data-behavior="animationReveal" > <div class="m-must-read-report container m-must-read-report--report "> <div class="m-must-read-report__content"> <div class="m-must-read-report__col"> <h3 class="m-must-read-report__title">Hydrogen Patents for a Clean Energy Future</h3> <p class="m-must-read-report__desc"> A successful transition to a clean energy future will be supported by rapid changes in the global economy and in people’s patterns of energy consumption, all of which have the potential to sustain healthier societies, more equitable outcomes and a more resilient planet.</p> <div class="m-must-read-report__link"> <a class="a-button-rounded a-button-rounded--weak a-button-rounded--overlay" href="/reports/hydrogen-patents-for-a-clean-energy-future" data-focus-tabbed > <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--show-password icon--24"><svg><use xlink:href="#icon--show-password"></use></svg></span> <span class="a-button-rounded__label">Read more</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="m-must-read-report__col-report"> <div class="m-must-read-report__report"> <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/hydrogen-patents-for-a-clean-energy-future" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Hydrogen Patents for a Clean Energy Future</h2> <p class="f-ui-1 m-card__desc">A global trend analysis of innovation along hydrogen value chains</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Fuel report — January 2023 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/96c7a302-e12b-4c33-8ef0-363031af376e/Hydrogenpatentsforacleanenergyfuture.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=68%2C348%2C729%2C484&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/96c7a302-e12b-4c33-8ef0-363031af376e/Hydrogenpatentsforacleanenergyfuture.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=68%2C348%2C729%2C484&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/96c7a302-e12b-4c33-8ef0-363031af376e/Hydrogenpatentsforacleanenergyfuture.png?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=68%2C348%2C729%2C484&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 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class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="m-card__title">Clean Energy Demonstration Projects Database</h2> <p class="m-card__desc">The most comprehensive database of clean energy technology demonstrators</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type m-card__type--data">Data explorer</p> </div> <div class="m-card__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--data-explorer icon--99"><svg><title>card data set</title><use xlink:href="#icon--data-explorer"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Global Hydrogen Review 2024</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Fuel report — October 2024 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/c1edc033-292a-4d74-bbdb-d7b536b152a5/Globalhydrogenreview2024_shutterstock_1609623589.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=242%2C674%2C959%2C642&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/c1edc033-292a-4d74-bbdb-d7b536b152a5/Globalhydrogenreview2024_shutterstock_1609623589.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=242%2C674%2C959%2C642&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/c1edc033-292a-4d74-bbdb-d7b536b152a5/Globalhydrogenreview2024_shutterstock_1609623589.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=242%2C674%2C959%2C642&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/c1edc033-292a-4d74-bbdb-d7b536b152a5/Globalhydrogenreview2024_shutterstock_1609623589.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=242%2C674%2C959%2C642&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/c1edc033-292a-4d74-bbdb-d7b536b152a5/Globalhydrogenreview2024_shutterstock_1609623589.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=242%2C674%2C959%2C642&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/c1edc033-292a-4d74-bbdb-d7b536b152a5/Globalhydrogenreview2024_shutterstock_1609623589.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=242%2C674%2C959%2C642&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/c1edc033-292a-4d74-bbdb-d7b536b152a5/Globalhydrogenreview2024_shutterstock_1609623589.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=242%2C674%2C959%2C642&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Global Hydrogen Review 2024" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item 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height="40" alt="Francesco Pavan" /> </span> </div> <p class="m-card__type"> Commentary — 13 May 2024 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" href="/reports/northwest-european-hydrogen-monitor-2024" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Northwest European Hydrogen Monitor 2024</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> Fuel report — April 2024 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/9e65e99f-f069-470e-9d40-37b1252ee498/CoverofNorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor_shutterstock_2210445047.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=1219%2C0%2C9748%2C6500&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/9e65e99f-f069-470e-9d40-37b1252ee498/CoverofNorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor_shutterstock_2210445047.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=1219%2C0%2C9748%2C6500&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/9e65e99f-f069-470e-9d40-37b1252ee498/CoverofNorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor_shutterstock_2210445047.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=1219%2C0%2C9748%2C6500&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/9e65e99f-f069-470e-9d40-37b1252ee498/CoverofNorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor_shutterstock_2210445047.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=1219%2C0%2C9748%2C6500&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/9e65e99f-f069-470e-9d40-37b1252ee498/CoverofNorthwestEuropeanHydrogenMonitor_shutterstock_2210445047.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=1219%2C0%2C9748%2C6500&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 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648w,https://iea.imgix.net/fd04a9fb-49c4-4421-8e86-2ab312b56f9a/Photoshowingtheviewfromanexpresstrainonhighspeedshutterstock57117193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3000%2C2000&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/fd04a9fb-49c4-4421-8e86-2ab312b56f9a/Photoshowingtheviewfromanexpresstrainonhighspeedshutterstock57117193.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C3000%2C2000&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Photo Showing The View From An Express Train On High Speed Shutterstock 57117193" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="report" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-fuel m-card--report-default" 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348w,https://iea.imgix.net/5860051d-c92e-4fea-8a90-12bf5334dbef/Renewables_2023_shutterstock_1527609272.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=1915%2C337%2C3475%2C2318&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Photo depicts and aerial view of hundreds solar energy panels rows along the dry lands at Atacama Desert, Chile. Huge Photovoltaic PV Plant in the middle of the desert from an aerial drone point of view during sunset" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="datatool" > <a class="m-card m-card--data-explorer" href="/data-and-statistics/data-tools/levelised-cost-of-hydrogen-maps" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="m-card__title">Levelised Cost of Hydrogen Maps</h2> <p class="m-card__desc">Map the levelised cost of hydrogen from solar and wind energy worldwide.</p> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type m-card__type--data">Data explorer</p> </div> <div class="m-card__icon"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon icon--data-explorer icon--99"><svg><title>card data set</title><use xlink:href="#icon--data-explorer"></use></svg></span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item 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Plexus structure. 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srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/4f51595f-3ab4-4167-9812-8b5b0af8ddcb/Technologiesforacleanenergyfuture.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C1000%2C563&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/4f51595f-3ab4-4167-9812-8b5b0af8ddcb/Technologiesforacleanenergyfuture.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C1000%2C563&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/4f51595f-3ab4-4167-9812-8b5b0af8ddcb/Technologiesforacleanenergyfuture.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C1000%2C563&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/4f51595f-3ab4-4167-9812-8b5b0af8ddcb/Technologiesforacleanenergyfuture.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C1000%2C563&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/4f51595f-3ab4-4167-9812-8b5b0af8ddcb/Technologiesforacleanenergyfuture.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C1000%2C563&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/4f51595f-3ab4-4167-9812-8b5b0af8ddcb/Technologiesforacleanenergyfuture.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C1000%2C563&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Technologies for a clean energy future meeting" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/commentaries/three-reasons-why-the-iea-report-on-hydrogen-is-a-game-changer" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Three reasons why the IEA report on hydrogen is a game-changer</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <div class="m-card__authors"> <span class="m-author-avatars__imgs"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/4e64aff6-3f49-45c3-977e-941e50ead3b3/vanHulst.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C17%2C183%2C183&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Noé van Hulst" /> </span> </div> <p class="m-card__type"> Commentary — 25 June 2019 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/iea-takes-part-in-g20-energy-and-environment-ministerial-in-japan" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">IEA takes part in G20 Energy and Environment Ministerial in Japan</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 16 June 2019 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/8b124054-122e-4a0d-8456-f13015709c37/g20familyphoto.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C800%2C450&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/8b124054-122e-4a0d-8456-f13015709c37/g20familyphoto.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C800%2C450&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/8b124054-122e-4a0d-8456-f13015709c37/g20familyphoto.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C800%2C450&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/8b124054-122e-4a0d-8456-f13015709c37/g20familyphoto.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C800%2C450&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/8b124054-122e-4a0d-8456-f13015709c37/g20familyphoto.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C800%2C450&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/8b124054-122e-4a0d-8456-f13015709c37/g20familyphoto.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C800%2C450&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/8b124054-122e-4a0d-8456-f13015709c37/g20familyphoto.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C800%2C450&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="G20 group photo" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/international-action-can-scale-up-hydrogen-to-make-it-a-key-part-of-a-clean-and-secure-energy-future-according-to-new-iea-report" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">International action can scale up hydrogen to make it a key part of a clean and secure energy future, according to new IEA report</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 14 June 2019 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/commentaries/the-clean-hydrogen-future-has-already-begun" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">The clean hydrogen future has already begun</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <div class="m-card__authors"> <span class="m-author-avatars__imgs"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/4e64aff6-3f49-45c3-977e-941e50ead3b3/vanHulst.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C17%2C183%2C183&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Noé van Hulst" /> </span> </div> <p class="m-card__type"> Commentary — 23 April 2019 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/dr-fatih-birol-meets-with-japanese-prime-minister-shinz-abe-and-other-leaders" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Dr Fatih Birol meets with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and other leaders</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 12 April 2019 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/69a510b4-a9d3-4c16-8b5e-e9c2a8948a7c/DrFatihBirolmeetswithJapanesePrimeMinister190412.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C869%2C488&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/69a510b4-a9d3-4c16-8b5e-e9c2a8948a7c/DrFatihBirolmeetswithJapanesePrimeMinister190412.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C869%2C488&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/69a510b4-a9d3-4c16-8b5e-e9c2a8948a7c/DrFatihBirolmeetswithJapanesePrimeMinister190412.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C869%2C488&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/69a510b4-a9d3-4c16-8b5e-e9c2a8948a7c/DrFatihBirolmeetswithJapanesePrimeMinister190412.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C869%2C488&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/69a510b4-a9d3-4c16-8b5e-e9c2a8948a7c/DrFatihBirolmeetswithJapanesePrimeMinister190412.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C869%2C488&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/69a510b4-a9d3-4c16-8b5e-e9c2a8948a7c/DrFatihBirolmeetswithJapanesePrimeMinister190412.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C869%2C488&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/69a510b4-a9d3-4c16-8b5e-e9c2a8948a7c/DrFatihBirolmeetswithJapanesePrimeMinister190412.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C869%2C488&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Dr Fatih Birol Meets With Japanese Prime Minister" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/iea-holds-high-level-workshop-on-hydrogen" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">IEA holds high-level workshop on hydrogen</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 18 February 2019 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/2741d939-a7ca-4146-bbfb-d98977b96e7e/IEAholdshigh-levelworkshoponhydrogen190218.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/2741d939-a7ca-4146-bbfb-d98977b96e7e/IEAholdshigh-levelworkshoponhydrogen190218.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/2741d939-a7ca-4146-bbfb-d98977b96e7e/IEAholdshigh-levelworkshoponhydrogen190218.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/2741d939-a7ca-4146-bbfb-d98977b96e7e/IEAholdshigh-levelworkshoponhydrogen190218.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/2741d939-a7ca-4146-bbfb-d98977b96e7e/IEAholdshigh-levelworkshoponhydrogen190218.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/2741d939-a7ca-4146-bbfb-d98977b96e7e/IEAholdshigh-levelworkshoponhydrogen190218.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/2741d939-a7ca-4146-bbfb-d98977b96e7e/IEAholdshigh-levelworkshoponhydrogen190218.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Iea Holds High Level Workshop On Hydrogen" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/commentaries/how-northwest-europe-can-shape-a-clean-hydrogen-market" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">How Northwest Europe can shape a clean hydrogen market</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <div class="m-card__authors"> <span class="m-author-avatars__imgs"> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/4e64aff6-3f49-45c3-977e-941e50ead3b3/vanHulst.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C17%2C183%2C183&w=60&h=60&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" width="40" height="40" alt="Noé van Hulst" /> </span> </div> <p class="m-card__type"> Commentary — 13 December 2018 </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/iea-holds-meeting-with-energy-business-council" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">IEA holds meeting with Energy Business Council</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 22 November 2018 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/64eaf99d-fdb0-4961-aae2-eac56da628e9/IEAholdsmeetingwithEnergyBusinessCouncil181122.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/64eaf99d-fdb0-4961-aae2-eac56da628e9/IEAholdsmeetingwithEnergyBusinessCouncil181122.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/64eaf99d-fdb0-4961-aae2-eac56da628e9/IEAholdsmeetingwithEnergyBusinessCouncil181122.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/64eaf99d-fdb0-4961-aae2-eac56da628e9/IEAholdsmeetingwithEnergyBusinessCouncil181122.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/64eaf99d-fdb0-4961-aae2-eac56da628e9/IEAholdsmeetingwithEnergyBusinessCouncil181122.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/64eaf99d-fdb0-4961-aae2-eac56da628e9/IEAholdsmeetingwithEnergyBusinessCouncil181122.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/64eaf99d-fdb0-4961-aae2-eac56da628e9/IEAholdsmeetingwithEnergyBusinessCouncil181122.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Meeting With Energy Business Council" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/executive-director-highlights-hydrogen-on-visit-to-netherlands" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Executive Director highlights hydrogen on visit to Netherlands</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 18 November 2018 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/f991dbc3-56d1-4aa0-b93d-4a5ea963e7f7/ExecutiveDirectorhighlightshydrogenonvisittoNetherlands181118.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/f991dbc3-56d1-4aa0-b93d-4a5ea963e7f7/ExecutiveDirectorhighlightshydrogenonvisittoNetherlands181118.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/f991dbc3-56d1-4aa0-b93d-4a5ea963e7f7/ExecutiveDirectorhighlightshydrogenonvisittoNetherlands181118.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/f991dbc3-56d1-4aa0-b93d-4a5ea963e7f7/ExecutiveDirectorhighlightshydrogenonvisittoNetherlands181118.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 324w,https://iea.imgix.net/f991dbc3-56d1-4aa0-b93d-4a5ea963e7f7/ExecutiveDirectorhighlightshydrogenonvisittoNetherlands181118.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=648&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=365 648w,https://iea.imgix.net/f991dbc3-56d1-4aa0-b93d-4a5ea963e7f7/ExecutiveDirectorhighlightshydrogenonvisittoNetherlands181118.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=348&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=196 348w,https://iea.imgix.net/f991dbc3-56d1-4aa0-b93d-4a5ea963e7f7/ExecutiveDirectorhighlightshydrogenonvisittoNetherlands181118.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=696&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=392 696w" sizes="(max-width: 729px) 288px,(min-width: 730px) and (max-width:959px) 324px,(min-width: 960px) and (max-width:1279px) 348px,(min-width: 1280px) and (max-width:1479px) 348px,(min-width: 1480px) 348px" alt="Executive Director Visit To Netherlands" class="m-card__image" /> </a> </div> <div class="m-slider__item m-related-content__item" data-slider-filter-cell="" data-slider-type="news" > <a class="m-card m-card-- m-card--report-" href="/news/executive-director-on-official-visit-to-japan" data-behavior="track" data-track-event="select_item" > <div class="m-card__inner"> <div class="m-card__header"> <h2 class="f-title-7 m-card__title">Executive Director on official visit to Japan</h2> </div> <div class="m-card__footer"> <p class="m-card__type"> News — 22 October 2018 </p> </div> </div> <img src="https://iea.imgix.net/3ac8d29a-c4a6-44dc-b2c0-6ba06e047740/ExecutiveDirectoronofficialvisittoJapan181022.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=348&h=196&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format" srcset="https://iea.imgix.net/3ac8d29a-c4a6-44dc-b2c0-6ba06e047740/ExecutiveDirectoronofficialvisittoJapan181022.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=288&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=162 288w,https://iea.imgix.net/3ac8d29a-c4a6-44dc-b2c0-6ba06e047740/ExecutiveDirectoronofficialvisittoJapan181022.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=576&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=324 576w,https://iea.imgix.net/3ac8d29a-c4a6-44dc-b2c0-6ba06e047740/ExecutiveDirectoronofficialvisittoJapan181022.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=min&q=80&rect=0%2C0%2C838%2C472&w=324&fit=crop&fm=jpg&q=70&auto=format&h=182 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