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id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Farming" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Farming_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Farming (disambiguation)">Farming (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about agriculture for humans. For agriculture for ants, see <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ants" title="Agriculture in ants">Agriculture in ants</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> Agriculture encompasses crop and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> production, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> for food and non-food products.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> human <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>, whereby farming of <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> species created food <a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">surpluses</a> that enabled people to live in cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">industrial agriculture</a> based on large-scale <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monocultures</a> came to dominate agricultural output. As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">small farms</a> produce about one-third of the world's food, but large farms are prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> The largest 1% of farms in the world are greater than 50 hectares (120 acres) and operate more than 70% of the world's farmland.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> Nearly 40% of agricultural land is found on farms larger than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres).<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> However, five of every six farms in the world consist of fewer than 2 hectares (4.9 acres), and take up only around 12% of all agricultural land.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> Farms and farming greatly influence <a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">rural economics</a> and greatly shape <a href="/wiki/Rural_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural society">rural society</a>, affecting both the direct <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_workforce" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural workforce">agricultural workforce</a> and broader <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">businesses</a> that support the farms and farming populations. The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a>). Food classes include <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grains" class="mw-redirect" title="Grains">grains</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">fungi</a>. Global agricultural production amounts to approximately 11 billion tonnes of food,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> 32 million tonnes of natural fibers<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and 4 billion m3 of wood.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> However, around 14% of the world's food is lost from production before reaching the retail level.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agrochemicals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, and technological developments have sharply increased <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop yields</a>, but also contributed to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">ecological and environmental damage</a>. <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a> and modern practices in <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> and environmental damage. Environmental issues include <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">contributions to climate change</a>, depletion of <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">other agricultural pollution</a>. Agriculture is both a cause of and sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, all of which can cause decreases in crop yield. <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically modified organisms</a> are widely used, although <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_genetic_engineering" title="Regulation of genetic engineering">some countries ban them</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_scope">1 Etymology and scope</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Origins">2.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Civilizations">2.2 Civilizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Revolution">2.3 Revolution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Types">3 Types</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Contemporary_agriculture">4 Contemporary agriculture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Status">4.1 Status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Workforce">4.2 Workforce</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Women_in_agriculture">4.2.1 Women in agriculture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Safety">4.3 Safety</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Production">5 Production</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Crop_cultivation_systems">5.1 Crop cultivation systems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Livestock_production_systems">5.2 Livestock production systems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Production_practices">5.3 Production practices</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Agricultural_automation">5.4 Agricultural automation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Effects_of_climate_change_on_yields">5.5 Effects of climate change on yields</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Crop_alteration_and_biotechnology">6 Crop alteration and biotechnology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Plant_breeding">6.1 Plant breeding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Genetic_engineering">6.2 Genetic engineering</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Environmental_impact">7 Environmental impact</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Effects_and_costs">7.1 Effects and costs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Livestock_issues">7.2 Livestock issues</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Land_and_water_issues">7.3 Land and water issues</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Pesticides">7.4 Pesticides</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Contribution_to_climate_change">7.5 Contribution to climate change</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Sustainability">7.6 Sustainability</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Energy_dependence">7.7 Energy dependence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Plastic_pollution">7.8 Plastic pollution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Disciplines">8 Disciplines</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Agricultural_economics">8.1 Agricultural economics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Agricultural_science">8.2 Agricultural science</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Policy">9 Policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Cited_sources">12 Cited sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology_and_scope">Etymology and scope</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Horticulture#Scope" title="Horticulture">Horticulture § Scope</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winnowing_The_Grain,_Axum,_Ethiopia_(Detail)_(3157508890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Winnowing_The_Grain%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%28Detail%29_%283157508890%29.jpg/220px-Winnowing_The_Grain%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%28Detail%29_%283157508890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="1222"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Winnowing_The_Grain%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%28Detail%29_%283157508890%29.jpg/220px-Winnowing_The_Grain%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%28Detail%29_%283157508890%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Winnowing_The_Grain%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%28Detail%29_%283157508890%29.jpg/330px-Winnowing_The_Grain%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%28Detail%29_%283157508890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Winnowing_The_Grain%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%28Detail%29_%283157508890%29.jpg/440px-Winnowing_The_Grain%2C_Axum%2C_Ethiopia_%28Detail%29_%283157508890%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winnowing" title="Winnowing">Winnowing</a> grain in Ethiopia.</figcaption></figure> The word agriculture is a late <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> adaptation of Latin agricultūra, from ager 'field' and cultūra '<a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">cultivation</a>' or 'growing'.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> While agriculture usually refers to human activities, certain species of <a href="/wiki/Attine_ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Attine ants">ant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_beetle" title="Ambrosia beetle">beetle</a> have been cultivating crops for up to 60 million years.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Agriculture is defined with varying scopes, in its broadest sense using natural resources to "produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services".<a href="#cite_note-Maine-11">[11]</a> Thus defined, it includes <a href="/wiki/Arable_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Arable farming">arable farming</a>, horticulture, <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, but horticulture and forestry are in practice often excluded.<a href="#cite_note-Maine-11">[11]</a> It may also be broadly decomposed into plant agriculture, which concerns the cultivation of useful plants,<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson1971-12">[12]</a> and animal agriculture, the production of agricultural animals.<a href="#cite_note-Herren2012-13">[13]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg/300px-Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="614"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg/300px-Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg/450px-Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg/600px-Vavilov-centers_updated.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Center_of_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of origin">Centres of origin</a>, as numbered by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a> in the 1930s.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Area 3 is no longer recognised as a centre of origin</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> (area P) was identified more recently.</div><a href="#cite_note-Larson2014-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></div> The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bocquet-Appel-16">[16]</a> Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe,<a href="#cite_note-Stephens_897%E2%80%93902-17">[17]</a> and included a diverse range of <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a>, in at least 11 separate <a href="/wiki/Centers_of_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers of origin">centers of origin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larson2014-14">[14]</a> Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In the Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 years ago, cereals cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Emmer_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmer wheat">emmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a> has been observed near the sea of Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Rice was <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">domesticated in China</a> between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with the earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azuki_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Azuki bean">azuki</a> beans. Sheep were domesticated in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Cattle were domesticated from the wild <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-McTavish-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">Pig production</a> emerged in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> where <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> were first domesticated about 10,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> of South America, the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans, <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> and some <a href="/wiki/List_of_root_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="List of root vegetables">root vegetables</a> were domesticated in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> around 9,000 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a> was domesticated in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region of Africa by 7,000 years ago. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Broudy1979-26">[26]</a> and was independently domesticated in Eurasia. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">In Mesoamerica</a>, wild <a href="/wiki/Teosinte" class="mw-redirect" title="Teosinte">teosinte</a> was bred into <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn) from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-benz-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> was <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domesticated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppes</a> around 3500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Scholars have offered multiple hypotheses to explain the historical origins of agriculture. Studies of the transition from <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> to agricultural societies indicate an initial period of intensification and increasing <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentism</a>; examples are the <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China. Then, wild stands that had previously been harvested started to be planted, and gradually came to be domesticated.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-b1-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilizations">Civilizations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg/300px-Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg/300px-Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg/450px-Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg/600px-Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the world showing approximate centers of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> DNA studies have shown that agriculture was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Europe</a> by the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">early farmers from Anatolia</a> about 9,000 years ago. <a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> In Eurasia, the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> started to live in villages from about 8,000 BC, relying on the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> rivers and a canal system for irrigation. Ploughs appear in <a href="/wiki/Pictograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictograph">pictographs</a> around 3,000 BC; seed-ploughs around 2,300 BC. Farmers grew wheat, barley, vegetables such as lentils and onions, and fruits including dates, grapes, and figs.<a href="#cite_note-BritMus-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egyptian agriculture</a> relied on the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a> and its seasonal flooding. Farming started in the predynastic period at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, after 10,000 BC. Staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Janick-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">India</a>, wheat, barley and <a href="/wiki/Jujube" title="Jujube">jujube</a> were domesticated by 9,000 BC, soon followed by sheep and goats.<a href="#cite_note-gupta-39">[39]</a> Cattle, sheep and goats were domesticated in <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> culture by 8,000–6,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Baber-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-harrisandgosden385-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Possehl-42">[42]</a> Cotton was cultivated by the 5th–4th millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Archeological evidence indicates an animal-drawn <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plough</a> from 2,500 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lal-44">[44]</a> In China, from the 5th century BC, there was a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granary</a> system and widespread <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">silk farming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Water-powered grain mills were in use by the 1st century BC,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> followed by irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> By the late 2nd century, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_plough" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy plough">heavy ploughs</a> had been developed with iron ploughshares and <a href="/wiki/Mouldboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouldboard">mouldboards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenberger_2006_11-12-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> These spread westwards across Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Asian rice was domesticated 8,200–13,500 years ago – depending on the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a> estimate that is used<a href="#cite_note-pnas1-51">[51]</a>– on the Pearl River in southern China with a single genetic origin from the wild rice <a href="/wiki/Oryza_rufipogon" title="Oryza rufipogon">Oryza rufipogon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nature1-52">[52]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Rome</a>, the major cereals were wheat, emmer, and barley, alongside vegetables including peas, beans, and olives. Sheep and goats were kept mainly for dairy products.<a href="#cite_note-koester_1995_p76-77-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-White-54">[54]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Nakht_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tomb_of_Nakht_%282%29.jpg/170px-Tomb_of_Nakht_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="828"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tomb_of_Nakht_%282%29.jpg/170px-Tomb_of_Nakht_%282%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tomb_of_Nakht_%282%29.jpg/255px-Tomb_of_Nakht_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tomb_of_Nakht_%282%29.jpg/340px-Tomb_of_Nakht_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Agricultural scenes of <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a>, a grain store, harvesting with <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickles</a>, digging, tree-cutting and ploughing from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">ancient Egypt</a>. Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Nakht" title="Nakht">Nakht</a>, 15th century BC</figcaption></figure> In the Americas, crops domesticated in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> (apart from teosinte) include squash, beans, and <a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">cacao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy2011-55">[55]</a> Cocoa was domesticated by the Mayo Chinchipe of the upper Amazon around 3,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Domestic_turkey" title="Domestic turkey">turkey</a> was probably domesticated in Mexico or the American Southwest.<a href="#cite_note-Speller-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a> developed irrigation systems, formed <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terraced</a> hillsides, fertilized their soil, and developed <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">chinampas</a> or artificial islands. The <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayas</a> used extensive canal and raised field systems to farm swampland from 400 BC.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spooner_2005_14694%E2%80%9399-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-online-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Michael_Francis_2005-62">[62]</a> In South America agriculture may have begun about 9000 BC with the domestication of <a href="/wiki/Squash_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (fruit)">squash</a> (Cucurbita) and other plants.<a href="#cite_note-Piperno-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a> was domesticated in the Andes, as were the peanut, tomato, tobacco, and <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy2011-55">[55]</a> Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Broudy1979_p81-64">[64]</a> Animals including <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a> were domesticated there.<a href="#cite_note-RischkowskyPilling2007-65">[65]</a> In <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">North America</a>, the indigenous people of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">East domesticated crops</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a>, tobacco,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> squash and <a href="/wiki/Chenopodium" title="Chenopodium">Chenopodium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Wild foods including <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">maple sugar</a> were harvested.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2013-69">[69]</a> The domesticated <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberry</a> is a hybrid of a Chilean and a North American species, developed by breeding in Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_prehistoric_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest">indigenous people of the Southwest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> practiced <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">forest gardening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire-stick_farming" title="Fire-stick farming">fire-stick farming</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American use of fire">natives controlled fire</a> on a regional scale to create a low-intensity <a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">fire ecology</a> that <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustained a low-density agriculture</a> in loose rotation; a sort of "wild" <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cunningham2010-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> A system of <a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">companion planting</a> called <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">the Three Sisters</a> was developed in North America. The three crops were <a href="/wiki/Winter_squash" title="Winter squash">winter squash</a>, maize, and climbing beans.<a href="#cite_note-wilson-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-landon-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>, long supposed to have been nomadic <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-gatherers">hunter-gatherers</a>, practiced systematic burning, possibly to enhance natural productivity in fire-stick farming.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Scholars have pointed out that hunter-gatherers need a productive environment to support gathering without cultivation. Because the forests of New Guinea have few food plants, early humans may have used "selective burning" to increase the productivity of the wild <a href="/wiki/Karuka" title="Karuka">karuka</a> fruit trees to support the hunter-gatherer way of life.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gunditjmara" title="Gunditjmara">Gunditjmara</a> and other groups developed <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a> farming and fish trapping systems from some 5,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> There is evidence of 'intensification' across the whole continent over that period.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In two regions of Australia, the central west coast and eastern central, early farmers cultivated yams, native millet, and bush onions, possibly in permanent settlements.<a href="#cite_note-b1-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution">Revolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crescenzi_calendar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Crescenzi_calendar.jpg/220px-Crescenzi_calendar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Crescenzi_calendar.jpg/220px-Crescenzi_calendar.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Crescenzi_calendar.jpg/330px-Crescenzi_calendar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Crescenzi_calendar.jpg/440px-Crescenzi_calendar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Agricultural calendar, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1470, from a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_de_Crescenzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro de Crescenzi">Pietro de Crescenzi</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, compared to the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Roman period</a>, agriculture in Western Europe became more focused on <a href="/wiki/Self-sustainability" title="Self-sustainability">self-sufficiency</a>. The agricultural population under feudalism was typically organized into <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manors</a> consisting of several hundred or more acres of land presided over by a <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord of the manor</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> church and priest.<a href="#cite_note-NatGeographic2015-82">[82]</a> Thanks to the exchange with the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a> was underway, European agriculture transformed, with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees (such as the orange).<a href="#cite_note-Watson-83">[83]</a> After 1492, the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a> brought New World crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">manioc</a> to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>, and livestock (including horses, cattle, sheep and goats) to the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a> advanced from the 17th century with the <a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a>, allowing global population to rise significantly. Since 1900, agriculture in developed nations, and to a lesser extent in the developing world, has seen large rises in productivity as <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanized farming">mechanization</a> replaces human labor, and assisted by <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fertilizer">synthetic fertilizers</a>, pesticides, and <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Haber-Bosch" class="mw-redirect" title="Haber-Bosch">Haber-Bosch</a> method allowed the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> fertilizer on an industrial scale, greatly increasing <a href="/wiki/Crop_yields" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop yields">crop yields</a> and sustaining a further increase in global population.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Modern agriculture has raised or encountered ecological, political, and economic issues including <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified organisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">farm subsidies</a>, leading to alternative approaches such as the <a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">organic movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-motherjones1-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-smh.com.au-88">[88]</a> Unsustainable farming practices in North America led to the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a> of the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reindeer_herding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Reindeer_herding.jpg/220px-Reindeer_herding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Reindeer_herding.jpg/220px-Reindeer_herding.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Reindeer_herding.jpg/330px-Reindeer_herding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Reindeer_herding.jpg/440px-Reindeer_herding.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a> herds form the basis of pastoral agriculture for several Arctic and Subarctic peoples.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/220px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1082"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 97px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/220px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="97" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/330px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/440px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">Harvesting</a> wheat with a <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a> accompanied by a tractor and trailer</figcaption></figure></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a> involves managing domesticated animals. In <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">nomadic pastoralism</a>, herds of livestock are moved from place to place in search of pasture, fodder, and water. This type of farming is practiced in arid and semi-arid regions of <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, Central Asia and some parts of India.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg/220px-Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg/220px-Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg/330px-Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg/440px-Manuring_a_vegetable_garden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spreading manure by hand in Zambia</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a>, a small area of forest is cleared by cutting and burning the trees. The cleared land is used for growing crops for a few years until the soil becomes too infertile, and the area is abandoned. Another patch of land is selected and the process is repeated. This type of farming is practiced mainly in areas with abundant rainfall where the forest regenerates quickly. This practice is used in Northeast India, Southeast Asia, and the Amazon Basin.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">Subsistence farming</a> is practiced to satisfy family or local needs alone, with little left over for transport elsewhere. It is intensively practiced in Monsoon Asia and South-East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> An estimated 2.5 billion subsistence farmers worked in 2018, cultivating about 60% of the earth's <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> is cultivation to maximize productivity, with a low fallow ratio and a high use of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticide and automation). It is practiced mainly in developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcFactSheet-95">[95]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Contemporary_agriculture">Contemporary agriculture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status">Status</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png/354px-Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png" decoding="async" width="354" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6800" data-file-height="4400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 354px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png/354px-Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png" data-width="354" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png/531px-Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png/708px-Inherent_Land_Quality_Map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Suitability for agriculture of land around the world (US Department of Agriculture, 1998)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Employment_In_Agriculture,_Forestry_And_Fishing_By_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_By_Region.svg/221px-Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_By_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="428"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 221px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_By_Region.svg/221px-Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_By_Region.svg.png" data-width="221" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_By_Region.svg/332px-Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_By_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_By_Region.svg/442px-Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_By_Region.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Recent trends of employment in agriculture (including forestry and fishing) by region</figcaption></figure> From the twentieth century onwards, intensive agriculture increased crop productivity. It substituted synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labour, but caused increased water pollution, and often involved farm subsidies. <a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">Soil degradation</a> and diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Stem_rust" title="Stem rust">stem rust</a> are major concerns globally;<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In recent years there has been a backlash against the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental awareness">environmental effects</a> of conventional agriculture, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_agriculture" title="Regenerative agriculture">regenerative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable agriculture</a> movements.<a href="#cite_note-motherjones1-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> One of the major forces behind this movement has been the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, which first certified <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">organic food</a> in 1991 and began reform of its <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a> (CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Decoupling_and_re-coupling" title="Decoupling and re-coupling">decoupling</a>. The growth of organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">integrated pest management</a>, selective breeding,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Controlled-environment_agriculture" title="Controlled-environment agriculture">controlled-environment agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> There are concerns about the lower yield associated with <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a> and its impact on global <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Recent mainstream technological developments include <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">genetically modified food</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agricultural_output_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Agricultural_output_of_China.svg/220px-Agricultural_output_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Agricultural_output_of_China.svg/220px-Agricultural_output_of_China.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Agricultural_output_of_China.svg/330px-Agricultural_output_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Agricultural_output_of_China.svg/440px-Agricultural_output_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Development of agricultural output of China in 2015 US$ since 1961</figcaption></figure> By 2015, the agricultural output of China was the largest in the world, followed by the European Union, India and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD2017-106">[106]</a> Economists measure the <a href="/wiki/Total_factor_productivity" title="Total factor productivity">total factor productivity</a> of agriculture, according to which agriculture in the United States is roughly 1.7 times more productive than it was in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Agriculture employed 873 million people in 2021, or 27% of the global workforce, compared with 1 027 million (or 40%) in 2000. The share of agriculture in global GDP was stable at around 4% since 2000–2023.<a href="#cite_note-:14-108">[108]</a> Despite increases in agricultural production and productivity,<a href="#cite_note-:3-109">[109]</a> between 702 and 828 million people were affected by hunger in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Food insecurity and malnutrition can be the result of conflict, climate extremes and variability and economic swings.<a href="#cite_note-:3-109">[109]</a> It can also be caused by a country's structural characteristics such as income status and natural resource endowments as well as its political economy.<a href="#cite_note-:3-109">[109]</a> Pesticide use in agriculture went up 62% between 2000 and 2021, with the Americas accounting for half the use in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:14-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a> posits that an increase in <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">smallholder agriculture</a> may be part of the solution to concerns about <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> and overall <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, given the favorable experience of Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workforce">Workforce</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_in_agriculture" title="Gender roles in agriculture">Gender roles in agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Employment_In_Agriculture,_Forestry_And_Fishing_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_%282021%29.svg/220px-Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="286"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_%282021%29.svg/220px-Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_%282021%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_%282021%29.svg/330px-Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_%282021%29.svg/440px-Employment_In_Agriculture%2C_Forestry_And_Fishing_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Worldwide employment In agriculture, forestry and fishing in 2021</figcaption></figure> Agriculture provides about one-quarter of all global employment, more than half in sub-Saharan Africa and almost 60 percent in low-income countries.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> As countries develop, other jobs have historically pulled workers away from agriculture, and labor-saving innovations increase agricultural productivity by reducing labor requirements per unit of output.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Over time, a combination of labor supply and labor demand trends have driven down the share of population employed in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg/220px-Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="670"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg/220px-Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg/330px-Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg/440px-Transition_from_agriculture_to_developed_economy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>On the <a href="/wiki/Three-sector_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-sector theory">three-sector theory</a>, the proportion of people working in agriculture (left-hard bar in each group, green) falls as an economy becomes more developed.</figcaption></figure> During the 16th century in Europe, between 55 and 75% of the population was engaged in agriculture; by the 19th century, this had dropped to between 35 and 65%.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In the same countries today, the figure is less than 10%.<a href="#cite_note-LaborForce-119">[119]</a> At the start of the 21st century, some one billion people, or over 1/3 of the available work force, were employed in agriculture. This constitutes approximately 70% of the global employment of children, and in many countries constitutes the largest percentage of women of any industry.<a href="#cite_note-ILO-120">[120]</a> The service sector overtook the agricultural sector as the largest global employer in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In many developed countries, immigrants help fill labor shortages in high-value agriculture activities that are difficult to mechanize.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Foreign farm workers from mostly Eastern Europe, North Africa and South Asia constituted around one-third of the salaried agricultural workforce in Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In the United States of America, more than half of all hired farmworkers (roughly 450,000 workers) were immigrants in 2019, although the number of new immigrants arriving in the country to work in agriculture has fallen by 75 percent in recent years and rising wages indicate this has led to a major labor shortage on U.S. farms.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women_in_agriculture">Women in agriculture</h4></div> Around the world, women make up a large share of the population employed in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-:4-129">[129]</a> This share is growing in all developing regions except East and Southeast Asia where women already make up about 50 percent of the agricultural workforce.<a href="#cite_note-:4-129">[129]</a> Women make up 47 percent of the agricultural workforce in sub-Saharan Africa, a rate that has not changed significantly in the past few decades.<a href="#cite_note-:4-129">[129]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> (FAO) posits that the roles and responsibilities of women in agriculture may be changing – for example, from subsistence farming to wage employment, and from contributing household members to primary producers in the context of male-out-migration.<a href="#cite_note-:4-129">[129]</a> In general, women account for a greater share of agricultural employment at lower levels of economic development, as inadequate education, limited access to basic infrastructure and markets, high unpaid work burden and poor rural employment opportunities outside agriculture severely limit women's opportunities for off-farm work.<a href="#cite_note-:13-130">[130]</a> Women who work in agricultural production tend to do so under highly unfavorable conditions. They tend to be concentrated in the poorest countries, where alternative livelihoods are not available, and they maintain the intensity of their work in conditions of climate-induced weather shocks and in situations of conflict. Women are less likely to participate as entrepreneurs and independent farmers and are engaged in the production of less lucrative crops.<a href="#cite_note-:13-130">[130]</a> The gender gap in land productivity between female- and male managed farms of the same size is 24 percent. On average, women earn 18.4 percent less than men in wage employment in agriculture; this means that women receive 82 cents for every dollar earned by men. Progress has been slow in closing gaps in women's access to irrigation and in ownership of livestock, too.<a href="#cite_note-:13-130">[130]</a> Women in agriculture still have significantly less access than men to inputs, including improved seeds, fertilizers and mechanized equipment. On a positive note, the gender gap in access to mobile internet in low- and middle-income countries fell from 25 percent to 16 percent between 2017 and 2021, and the gender gap in access to bank accounts narrowed from 9 to 6 percentage points. Women are as likely as men to adopt new technologies when the necessary enabling factors are put in place and they have equal access to complementary resources.<a href="#cite_note-:13-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_safety_and_health" title="Agricultural safety and health">Agricultural safety and health</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG/220px-Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG/220px-Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG/330px-Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG/440px-Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rollover_protection_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollover protection system">Rollover protection bar</a> <a href="/wiki/Retrofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrofit">retrofitted</a> to a mid-20th century <a href="/wiki/Fordson_tractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fordson tractor">Fordson tractor</a></figcaption></figure> Agriculture, specifically farming, remains a hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk of work-related injuries, lung disease, <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-induced hearing loss</a>, skin diseases, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. On <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">industrialized farms</a>, injuries frequently involve the use of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">agricultural machinery</a>, and a common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in developed countries is <a href="/wiki/Rollover_protection_structure" title="Rollover protection structure">tractor rollovers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aginjury-131">[131]</a> Pesticides and other chemicals used in farming can be <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_pesticides" title="Health effects of pesticides">hazardous to worker health</a>, and workers exposed to pesticides may experience illness or have children with birth defects.<a href="#cite_note-NIOSH_pest-132">[132]</a> As an industry in which families commonly share in work and live on the farm itself, entire families can be at risk for injuries, illness, and death.<a href="#cite_note-NIOSH_Agri-133">[133]</a> Ages 0–6 may be an especially vulnerable population in agriculture;<a href="#cite_note-WeicheltGorucu2018-134">[134]</a> common causes of fatal injuries among young farm workers include drowning, machinery and motor accidents, including with all-terrain vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-NIOSH_Agri-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-WeicheltGorucu2018-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> considers agriculture "one of the most hazardous of all economic sectors".<a href="#cite_note-ILO-120">[120]</a> It estimates that the annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is at least 170,000, twice the average rate of other jobs. In addition, incidences of death, injury and illness related to agricultural activities often go unreported.<a href="#cite_note-ILO2-136">[136]</a> The organization has developed the <a href="/wiki/Safety_and_Health_in_Agriculture_Convention,_2001" title="Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001">Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001</a>, which covers the range of risks in the agriculture occupation, the prevention of these risks and the role that individuals and organizations engaged in agriculture should play.<a href="#cite_note-ILO-120">[120]</a> In the United States, agriculture has been identified by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> as a priority industry sector in the <a href="/wiki/National_Occupational_Research_Agenda" title="National Occupational Research Agenda">National Occupational Research Agenda</a> to identify and provide intervention strategies for occupational health and safety issues.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In the European Union, the <a href="/wiki/European_Agency_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="European Agency for Safety and Health at Work">European Agency for Safety and Health at Work</a> has issued guidelines on implementing health and safety directives in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture, and forestry.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The Agricultural Safety and Health Council of America (ASHCA) also holds a yearly summit to discuss safety.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition" title="List of countries by GDP sector composition">List of countries by GDP sector composition</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_important_agricultural_crops_worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most important agricultural crops worldwide">List of most important agricultural crops worldwide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Value_of_agricultural_production,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Value_of_agricultural_production%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Value_of_agricultural_production%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Value_of_agricultural_production%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Value_of_agricultural_production%2C_OWID.svg.png" data-width="350" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Value_of_agricultural_production%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Value_of_agricultural_production%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Value_of_agricultural_production%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Value_of_agricultural_production%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Value of agricultural production, 2016<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></figcaption></figure> Overall production varies by country as listed. <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) according to <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> and <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, at peak level as of 2018 </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-center" style="width: 70em;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Economy </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 50em">Countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018 (billions in USD </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(01) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  China </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:49.9em;"></div>1,117</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(02) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  India </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:18.5em;"></div>414</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(—) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  European Union </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:13.8em;"></div>308</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(03) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  United States </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:8.3em;"></div>185</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(04) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Brazil </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:7.2em;"></div>162</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(05) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Indonesia </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:6.3em;"></div>141</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(06) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Nigeria </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5.5em;"></div>123</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(07) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Russia </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.8em;"></div>108</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(08) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Pakistan </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.4em;"></div>76</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(09) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Argentina </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.1em;"></div>70</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(10) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Turkey </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.9em;"></div>64</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(11) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Japan </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.8em;"></div>62</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(12) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  France </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.6em;"></div>59</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(13) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Iran </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.5em;"></div>57</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(14) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Australia </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.5em;"></div>56</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(15) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Mexico </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.3em;"></div>51</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(16) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Italy </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.2em;"></div>50</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(17) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Spain </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.9em;"></div>43</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(18) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Bangladesh </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.8em;"></div>41</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(19) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Thailand </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.8em;"></div>40</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(20) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Egypt </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.8em;"></div>40</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="bar-chart-caption" colspan="10"> The twenty largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018, according to the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> and <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Largest countries by agricultural output according to <a href="/wiki/UNCTAD" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCTAD">UNCTAD</a> at 2005 constant prices and exchange rates, 2015<a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD2017-106">[106]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238864702"> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-center" style="width: 70em;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Economy </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 50em">Countries by agricultural output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant USD and exchange rates) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(01) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  China </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:41.8em;"></div>418,455</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(02) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  India </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:19.7em;"></div>196,592</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(03) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  United States </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:14.9em;"></div>149,023</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(04) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Nigeria </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:7.7em;"></div>77,113</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">(05) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Brazil </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 50em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:6em;"></div>59,977</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crop_cultivation_systems">Crop cultivation systems</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_example_of_slash_and_burn_agriculture_practice_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/An_example_of_slash_and_burn_agriculture_practice_Thailand.jpg/220px-An_example_of_slash_and_burn_agriculture_practice_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/An_example_of_slash_and_burn_agriculture_practice_Thailand.jpg/220px-An_example_of_slash_and_burn_agriculture_practice_Thailand.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/An_example_of_slash_and_burn_agriculture_practice_Thailand.jpg/330px-An_example_of_slash_and_burn_agriculture_practice_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/An_example_of_slash_and_burn_agriculture_practice_Thailand.jpg/440px-An_example_of_slash_and_burn_agriculture_practice_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">Slash and burn</a> shifting cultivation, Thailand</figcaption></figure> Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm; government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and the philosophy and culture of the farmer.<a href="#cite_note-FAO_FS-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-PCP_APS-143">[143]</a> Shifting cultivation (or <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a>) is a system in which forests are burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> crops for a period of several years.<a href="#cite_note-CS-144">[144]</a> Then the plot is left <a href="/wiki/Fallow" title="Fallow">fallow</a> to regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10–20). This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring the input of nutrients (fertilizer or <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>) and some manual <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">pest control</a>. Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. This requires even greater nutrient and pest control inputs.<a href="#cite_note-CS-144">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg/220px-Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg/220px-Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg/330px-Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg/440px-Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagetes_erecta" title="Tagetes erecta">Mexican marigold</a></figcaption></figure> Further industrialization led to the use of <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monocultures</a>, when one <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> is planted on a large acreage. Because of the low <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up, necessitating the greater use of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-PCP_APS-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiple_cropping" title="Multiple cropping">Multiple cropping</a>, in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">intercropping</a>, when several crops are grown at the same time, are other kinds of annual cropping systems known as <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polycultures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CS-144">[144]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> environments, the timing and extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual crops</a> in a year, or requiring irrigation. In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced such as <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> environments, where ecosystems were predominantly <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a>, highly productive annual farming is the dominant agricultural system.<a href="#cite_note-CS-144">[144]</a> Important categories of food crops include cereals, legumes, forage, fruits and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural fibers</a> include cotton, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, silk and <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Specific crops are cultivated in distinct <a href="/wiki/Growing_region" title="Growing region">growing regions</a> throughout the world. Production is listed in millions of metric tons, based on <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> estimates.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-145">[145]</a> <div style="display:inline-table"> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Top agricultural products, by crop types (million tonnes) 2004 data </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cereals</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,263 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vegetables and melons</td> <td style="text-align:right;">866 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Roots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">715 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Milk</td> <td style="text-align:right;">619 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fruit</td> <td style="text-align:right;">503 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Meat</td> <td style="text-align:right;">259 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oilcrops</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">133 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fish (2001 estimate)</td> <td style="text-align:right;">130 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">Eggs</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">Pulses</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Vegetable fiber</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Source: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-FAO-145">[145]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="display:inline-table"> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Top agricultural products, by individual crops (million tonnes) 2011 data </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sugar cane</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1794 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maize</td> <td style="text-align:right;">883 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rice</td> <td style="text-align:right;">722 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wheat</td> <td style="text-align:right;">704 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potatoes</td> <td style="text-align:right;">374 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sugar beet</td> <td style="text-align:right;">271 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soybeans</td> <td style="text-align:right;">260 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cassava</td> <td style="text-align:right;">252 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tomatoes</td> <td style="text-align:right;">159 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barley</td> <td style="text-align:right;">134 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Source: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-FAO-145">[145]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock_production_systems">Livestock production systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">List of domesticated animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/220px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="771"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/220px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/330px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg/440px-Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensively farmed</a> pigs</figcaption></figure> Animal husbandry is the breeding and raising of animals for meat, milk, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, and for work and transport.<a href="#cite_note-Clutton-Brock-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animals</a>, including horses, <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>, camels, llamas, alpacas, donkeys, and dogs, have for centuries been used to help cultivate fields, <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a> crops, wrangle other animals, and transport farm products to buyers.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless.<a href="#cite_note-FAO_lps-149">[149]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture&action=edit">[update]</a>, 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens, the latter of which had production increased by almost a factor of 10. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, also showed significant production increases. Global cattle, sheep and goat populations are expected to continue to increase sharply through 2050.<a href="#cite_note-LP-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> or fish farming, the production of fish for human consumption in confined operations, is one of the fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> During the second half of the 20th century, producers using selective breeding focused on creating livestock <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbreeds</a> that increased production, while mostly disregarding the need to preserve <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>. This trend has led to a significant decrease in genetic diversity and resources among livestock breeds, leading to a corresponding decrease in disease resistance and local adaptations previously found among traditional breeds.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broiler_Chicks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Broiler_Chicks.jpg/220px-Broiler_Chicks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="2760"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Broiler_Chicks.jpg/220px-Broiler_Chicks.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Broiler_Chicks.jpg/330px-Broiler_Chicks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Broiler_Chicks.jpg/440px-Broiler_Chicks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Raising chickens intensively for meat in a broiler house</figcaption></figure> Grassland based livestock production relies upon plant material such as <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrubland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">rangeland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Managed_intensive_rotational_grazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Managed intensive rotational grazing">pastures</a> for feeding <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> animals. Outside nutrient inputs may be used, however manure is returned directly to the grassland as a major nutrient source. This system is particularly important in areas where crop production is not feasible because of climate or soil, representing 30–40 million pastoralists.<a href="#cite_note-CS-144">[144]</a> Mixed production systems use grassland, <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> crops and grain feed crops as feed for ruminant and monogastric (one stomach; mainly chickens and pigs) livestock. Manure is typically recycled in mixed systems as a fertilizer for crops.<a href="#cite_note-FAO_lps-149">[149]</a> Landless systems rely upon feed from outside the farm, representing the de-linking of crop and livestock production found more prevalently in <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> member countries. Synthetic fertilizers are more heavily relied upon for crop production and manure use becomes a challenge as well as a source for pollution.<a href="#cite_note-FAO_lps-149">[149]</a> Industrialized countries use these operations to produce much of the global supplies of poultry and pork. Scientists estimate that 75% of the growth in livestock production between 2003 and 2030 will be in <a href="/wiki/Confined_animal_feeding_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined animal feeding operations">confined animal feeding operations</a>, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">factory farming</a>. Much of this growth is happening in developing countries in Asia, with much smaller amounts of growth in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-LP-150">[150]</a> Some of the practices used in commercial livestock production, including the usage of <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormones</a>, are controversial.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_practices">Production practices</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fendt_Tractor_Ripping_up_Kulin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fendt_Tractor_Ripping_up_Kulin.jpg/220px-Fendt_Tractor_Ripping_up_Kulin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fendt_Tractor_Ripping_up_Kulin.jpg/220px-Fendt_Tractor_Ripping_up_Kulin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fendt_Tractor_Ripping_up_Kulin.jpg/330px-Fendt_Tractor_Ripping_up_Kulin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fendt_Tractor_Ripping_up_Kulin.jpg/440px-Fendt_Tractor_Ripping_up_Kulin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">Tilling</a> an arable field</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">Tillage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">Crop rotation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></div> Tillage is the practice of breaking up the soil with tools such as the plow or <a href="/wiki/Harrow_(tool)" title="Harrow (tool)">harrow</a> to prepare for planting, for nutrient incorporation, or for pest control. Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till</a>. It can improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Soil_nutrient-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-PCP_Tillage-155">[155]</a> Pest control includes the management of weeds, insects, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, and diseases. Chemical (pesticides), biological (<a href="/wiki/Biocontrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocontrol">biocontrol</a>), mechanical (tillage), and cultural practices are used. Cultural practices include crop rotation, <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cover_crop" title="Cover crop">cover crops</a>, intercropping, <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composting</a>, avoidance, and resistance. Integrated pest management attempts to use all of these methods to keep pest populations below the number which would cause economic loss, and recommends pesticides as a last resort.<a href="#cite_note-PCP_Pest-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_management" title="Nutrient management">Nutrient management</a> includes both the source of nutrient inputs for crop and livestock production, and the method of use of manure produced by livestock. Nutrient inputs can be chemical inorganic fertilizers, manure, <a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">green manure</a>, compost and minerals.<a href="#cite_note-PCP_Soil-157">[157]</a> Crop nutrient use may also be managed using cultural techniques such as crop rotation or a <a href="/wiki/Fallow" title="Fallow">fallow</a> period. Manure is used either by holding livestock where the feed crop is growing, such as in managed intensive rotational grazing, or <a href="/wiki/Manure_spreader" title="Manure spreader">by spreading</a> either dry or liquid formulations of manure on cropland or <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soil_nutrient-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-CS_nutrient-158">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PivotWithDrops.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PivotWithDrops.JPG/220px-PivotWithDrops.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PivotWithDrops.JPG/220px-PivotWithDrops.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PivotWithDrops.JPG/330px-PivotWithDrops.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PivotWithDrops.JPG/440px-PivotWithDrops.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Center_pivot_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Center pivot irrigation">center pivot irrigation</a> system</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Water_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water management">Water management</a> is needed where rainfall is insufficient or variable, which occurs to some degree in most regions of the world.<a href="#cite_note-CS-144">[144]</a> Some farmers use irrigation to supplement rainfall. In other areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> in the U.S. and Canada, farmers use a fallow year to conserve soil moisture for the following year.<a href="#cite_note-PCP_Water-159">[159]</a> Recent technological innovations in precision agriculture allow for water status monitoring and automate water usage, leading to more efficient management.<a href="#cite_note-:5-160">[160]</a> Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Pimentel_water-161">[161]</a> However, water withdrawal ratios for agriculture vary significantly by income level. In least developed countries and landlocked developing countries, water withdrawal ratios for agriculture are as high as 90 percent of total water withdrawals and about 60 percent in <a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-162">[162]</a> According to 2014 report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute" title="International Food Policy Research Institute">International Food Policy Research Institute</a>, agricultural technologies will have the greatest impact on food production if adopted in combination with each other. Using a model that assessed how eleven technologies could impact agricultural productivity, food security and trade by 2050, the International Food Policy Research Institute found that the number of people at risk from hunger could be reduced by as much as 40% and food prices could be reduced by almost half.<a href="#cite_note-ifpri-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Payment_for_ecosystem_services" title="Payment for ecosystem services">Payment for ecosystem services</a> is a method of providing additional incentives to encourage farmers to conserve some aspects of the environment. Measures might include paying for reforestation upstream of a city, to improve the supply of fresh water.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_automation">Agricultural automation</h3></div> Different definitions exist for agricultural automation and for the variety of tools and technologies that are used to automate production. One view is that agricultural automation refers to autonomous navigation by robots without human intervention.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Alternatively it is defined as the accomplishment of production tasks through mobile, autonomous, decision-making, mechatronic devices.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> finds that these definitions do not capture all the aspects and forms of automation, such as robotic milking machines that are static, most motorized machinery that automates the performing of agricultural operations, and digital tools (e.g., sensors) that automate only diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-:5-160">[160]</a> FAO defines agricultural automation as the use of machinery and equipment in agricultural operations to improve their diagnosis, decision-making or performing, reducing the drudgery of agricultural work or improving the timeliness, and potentially the precision, of agricultural operations.<a href="#cite_note-:6-167">[167]</a> The technological evolution in agriculture has involved a progressive move from manual tools to animal traction, to motorized mechanization, to digital equipment and finally, to robotics with artificial intelligence (AI).<a href="#cite_note-:6-167">[167]</a> Motorized mechanization using engine power automates the performance of agricultural operations such as ploughing and milking.<a href="#cite_note-:7-168">[168]</a> With digital automation technologies, it also becomes possible to automate diagnosis and decision-making of agricultural operations.<a href="#cite_note-:6-167">[167]</a> For example, autonomous crop robots can harvest and seed crops, while drones can gather information to help automate input application.<a href="#cite_note-:5-160">[160]</a> Precision agriculture often employs such automation technologies.<a href="#cite_note-:5-160">[160]</a> Motorized machines are increasingly complemented, or even superseded, by new digital equipment that automates diagnosis and decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-:7-168">[168]</a> A conventional tractor, for example, can be converted into an automated vehicle allowing it to sow a field autonomously.<a href="#cite_note-:7-168">[168]</a> Motorized mechanization has increased significantly across the world in recent years, although reliable global data with broad country coverage exist only for tractors and only up to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where the adoption of motorized mechanization has stalled over the past decades.<a href="#cite_note-:5-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Automation technologies are increasingly used for managing livestock, though evidence on adoption is lacking. Global automatic milking system sales have increased over recent years, but adoption is likely mostly in Northern Europe,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> and likely almost absent in low- and middle-income countries. Automated feeding machines for both cows and poultry also exist, but data and evidence regarding their adoption trends and drivers is likewise scarce.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-160">[160]</a> Measuring the overall employment impacts of agricultural automation is difficult because it requires large amounts of data tracking all the transformations and the associated reallocation of workers both upstream and downstream.<a href="#cite_note-:6-167">[167]</a> While automation technologies reduce labor needs for the newly automated tasks, they also generate new labor demand for other tasks, such as equipment maintenance and operation.<a href="#cite_note-:5-160">[160]</a> Agricultural automation can also stimulate employment by allowing producers to expand production and by creating other agrifood systems jobs.<a href="#cite_note-:8-173">[173]</a> This is especially true when it happens in context of rising scarcity of rural labor, as is the case in high-income countries and many middle-income countries.<a href="#cite_note-:8-173">[173]</a> On the other hand, if forcedly promoted, for example through government subsidies in contexts of abundant rural labor, it can lead to labor displacement and falling or stagnant wages, particularly affecting poor and low-skilled workers.<a href="#cite_note-:8-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_climate_change_on_yields">Effects of climate change on yields</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/300px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="755"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/300px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/450px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/600px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The sixth IPCC Assessment Report projects changes in average soil moisture at 2.0 °C of warming, as measured in <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviations</a> from the 1850 to 1900 baseline.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> and agriculture are interrelated on a global scale. <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change affects agriculture</a> through changes in <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">average temperatures</a>, rainfall, and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">weather extremes</a> (like storms and heat waves); changes in pests and diseases; changes in atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and ground-level <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> concentrations; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods;<a href="#cite_note-science-news-174">[174]</a> and changes in <a href="/wiki/Current_sea_level_rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Current sea level rise">sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Global warming is already affecting agriculture, with effects unevenly distributed across the world.<a href="#cite_note-porter_summary-176">[176]</a> In a 2022 report, the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> describes how human-induced warming has slowed growth of agricultural productivity over the past 50 years in mid and low latitudes.<a href="#cite_note-:10-177">[177]</a> Methane emissions have negatively impacted crop yields by increasing temperatures and surface ozone concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-:10-177">[177]</a> Warming is also negatively affecting crop and grassland quality and harvest stability.<a href="#cite_note-:10-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean warming">Ocean warming</a> has decreased sustainable yields of some wild fish populations while ocean acidification and warming have already affected farmed aquatic species.<a href="#cite_note-:10-177">[177]</a> Climate change will probably increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Food_insecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Food insecurity">food insecurity</a> for some vulnerable groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Crop_alteration_and_biotechnology">Crop alteration and biotechnology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_breeding">Plant breeding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg/220px-Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="189"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg/220px-Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wheat cultivar tolerant of high <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> (left) compared with non-tolerant variety</figcaption></figure> Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of years, since the beginning of civilization. Altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or seeds, drought-tolerance, or resistance to pests. Significant advances in plant breeding ensued after the work of geneticist <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>. His work on <a href="/wiki/Dominant_allele" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant allele">dominant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recessive_allele" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive allele">recessive alleles</a>, although initially largely ignored for almost 50 years, gave plant breeders a better understanding of genetics and breeding techniques. Crop breeding includes techniques such as plant selection with desirable traits, <a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">self-pollination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-pollination">cross-pollination</a>, and molecular techniques that genetically modify the organism.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Domestication of plants has, over the centuries increased yield, improved disease resistance and <a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a>, eased harvest and improved the taste and nutritional value of crop plants. Careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. Plant selection and breeding in the 1920s and 1930s improved pasture (grasses and clover) in New Zealand. Extensive X-ray and ultraviolet induced mutagenesis efforts (i.e. primitive genetic engineering) during the 1950s produced the modern commercial varieties of grains such as wheat, corn (maize) and barley.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seedlings_in_Green_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seedlings_in_Green_House.jpg/220px-Seedlings_in_Green_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seedlings_in_Green_House.jpg/220px-Seedlings_in_Green_House.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seedlings_in_Green_House.jpg/330px-Seedlings_in_Green_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seedlings_in_Green_House.jpg/440px-Seedlings_in_Green_House.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Seedlings in a green house. This is what it looks like when seedlings are growing from plant breeding.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> popularized the use of conventional <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a> to sharply increase yield by creating "high-yielding varieties". For example, average yields of corn (maize) in the US have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40 bushels per acre) in 1900 to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001. Similarly, worldwide average wheat yields have increased from less than 1 t/ha in 1900 to more than 2.5 t/ha in 1990. South American average wheat yields are around 2 t/ha, African under 1 t/ha, and Egypt and Arabia up to 3.5 to 4 t/ha with irrigation. In contrast, the average wheat yield in countries such as France is over 8 t/ha. Variations in yields are due mainly to variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques (use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, and growth control to avoid lodging).<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IP_Related_Innovation_in_Agriculture_2000-2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IP_Related_Innovation_in_Agriculture_2000-2021.png/220px-IP_Related_Innovation_in_Agriculture_2000-2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="896"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 196px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IP_Related_Innovation_in_Agriculture_2000-2021.png/220px-IP_Related_Innovation_in_Agriculture_2000-2021.png" data-width="220" data-height="196" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IP_Related_Innovation_in_Agriculture_2000-2021.png/330px-IP_Related_Innovation_in_Agriculture_2000-2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/IP_Related_Innovation_in_Agriculture_2000-2021.png/440px-IP_Related_Innovation_in_Agriculture_2000-2021.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Increase of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> protection for agri inventions, as seen in the total number of <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_model" title="Utility model">utility models</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">plant varieties</a> equivalent protection systems applied for on agricultural innovation worldwide.</figcaption></figure> Investments into <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> for agriculture are long term. This is because it takes time for research to become commercialized and for technology to be adapted to meet multiple regions’ needs, as well as meet national guidelines before being adopted and planted in a farmer’s fields. For instance, it took at least 60 years from the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">hybrid corn</a> technology before its adoption became widespread.<a href="#cite_note-:15-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Agricultural innovation developed for the specific agroecological conditions of one region is not easily transferred and used in another region with different agroecological conditions. Instead, the innovation would have to be adapted to the specific conditions of that other region and respect its <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and environmental requirements and guidelines. Some such adaptations can be seen through the steadily increasing number of plant varieties protected under the plant variety protection instrument administered by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Protection_of_New_Varieties_of_Plants" title="International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants">International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants</a> (UPOV).<a href="#cite_note-:15-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_engineering">Genetic engineering</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">Genetically modified crops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_the_release_of_genetic_modified_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms">Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_controversies" title="Genetically modified food controversies">Genetically modified food controversies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_382_Genetically_Modified_Potatoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CSIRO_ScienceImage_382_Genetically_Modified_Potatoes.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_382_Genetically_Modified_Potatoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="1692"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CSIRO_ScienceImage_382_Genetically_Modified_Potatoes.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_382_Genetically_Modified_Potatoes.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CSIRO_ScienceImage_382_Genetically_Modified_Potatoes.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_382_Genetically_Modified_Potatoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CSIRO_ScienceImage_382_Genetically_Modified_Potatoes.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_382_Genetically_Modified_Potatoes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">Genetically modified</a> potato plants (left) resist virus diseases that damage unmodified plants (right).</figcaption></figure> Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> material has been altered by genetic engineering techniques generally known as <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant DNA technology">recombinant DNA technology</a>. Genetic engineering has expanded the genes available to breeders to use in creating desired germlines for new crops. Increased durability, nutritional content, insect and virus resistance and herbicide tolerance are a few of the attributes bred into crops through genetic engineering.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> For some, GMO crops cause <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_labeling_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food labeling regulations">food labeling</a> concerns. Numerous countries have placed restrictions on the production, import or use of GMO foods and crops.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosafety Protocol">Biosafety Protocol</a>, an international treaty, regulates the trade of GMOs. There is ongoing discussion regarding the labeling of foods made from GMOs, and while the EU currently requires all GMO foods to be labeled, the US does not.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Herbicide-resistant seeds have a gene implanted into their genome that allows the plants to tolerate exposure to herbicides, including <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>. These seeds allow the farmer to grow a crop that can be sprayed with herbicides to control weeds without harming the resistant crop. Herbicide-tolerant crops are used by farmers worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> With the increasing use of herbicide-tolerant crops, comes an increase in the use of glyphosate-based herbicide sprays. In some areas glyphosate resistant weeds have developed, causing farmers to switch to other herbicides.<a href="#cite_note-Farmers_Guide_to_GMOs-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Some studies also link widespread glyphosate usage to iron deficiencies in some crops, which is both a crop production and a nutritional quality concern, with potential economic and health implications.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Other GMO crops used by growers include insect-resistant crops, which have a gene from the soil bacterium <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a> (Bt), which produces a toxin specific to insects. These crops resist damage by insects.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Some believe that similar or better pest-resistance traits can be acquired through traditional breeding practices, and resistance to various pests can be gained through hybridization or cross-pollination with wild species. In some cases, wild species are the primary source of resistance traits; some tomato cultivars that have gained resistance to at least 19 diseases did so through crossing with wild populations of tomatoes.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues with agriculture">Environmental issues with agriculture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_and_costs">Effects and costs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG/170px-Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG/170px-Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG/255px-Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG/340px-Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a> in a rural stream due to <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural pollution in New Zealand">runoff from farming activity in New Zealand</a></figcaption></figure> Agriculture is both a cause of and sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">climate change</a>, which cause decreases in crop yield.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Agriculture is one of the most important drivers of environmental pressures, particularly habitat change, climate change, water use and toxic emissions. Agriculture is the main source of toxins released into the environment, including insecticides, especially those used on cotton.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report stated that agricultural operations produced some 13 per cent of anthropogenic global greenhouse gas emissions. This includes gases from the use of inorganic fertilizers, agro-chemical pesticides, and herbicides, as well as fossil fuel-energy inputs.<a href="#cite_note-unep.org-199">[199]</a> Agriculture imposes multiple external costs upon society through effects such as pesticide damage to nature (especially herbicides and insecticides), nutrient runoff, excessive water usage, and loss of natural environment. A 2000 assessment of agriculture in the UK determined total external costs for 1996 of £2,343 million, or £208 per hectare.<a href="#cite_note-Pretty2000-200">[200]</a> A 2005 analysis of these costs in the US concluded that cropland imposes approximately $5 to $16 billion ($30 to $96 per hectare), while livestock production imposes $714 million.<a href="#cite_note-Tegtmeier2005-201">[201]</a> Both studies, which focused solely on the fiscal impacts, concluded that more should be done to internalize external costs. Neither included subsidies in their analysis, but they noted that subsidies also influence the cost of agriculture to society.<a href="#cite_note-Pretty2000-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tegtmeier2005-201">[201]</a> Agriculture seeks to increase yield and to reduce costs, often employing measures that cut biodiversity to very low levels. Yield increases with inputs such as fertilizers and removal of pathogens, predators, and competitors (such as weeds). Costs decrease with increasing scale of farm units, such as making fields larger; this means removing <a href="/wiki/Hedge" title="Hedge">hedges</a>, ditches and other areas of habitat. Pesticides kill insects, plants and fungi. Effective yields fall with on-farm losses, which may be caused by poor production practices during harvesting, handling, and storage.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The environmental effects of climate change show that research on pests and diseases that do not generally afflict areas is essential. In 2021, farmers discovered <a href="/wiki/Stem_rust" title="Stem rust">stem rust</a> on wheat in the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a> area of France, a disease that had previously only occurred in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> for 20 to 30 years. Because of climate change, insects that used to die off over the winter are now alive and multiplying.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock_issues">Livestock issues</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biogas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biogas.jpg/220px-Biogas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1389"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biogas.jpg/220px-Biogas.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biogas.jpg/330px-Biogas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biogas.jpg/440px-Biogas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Farmyard <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digester" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic digester">anaerobic digester</a> converts waste plant material and manure from livestock into <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> fuel.</figcaption></figure> A senior UN official, Henning Steinfeld, said that "Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to today's most serious environmental problems".<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Livestock production occupies 70% of all land used for agriculture, or 30% of the land surface of the planet. It is one of the largest sources of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, responsible for 18% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> as measured in CO2 equivalents. By comparison, all transportation emits 13.5% of the CO2. It produces 65% of human-related <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> (which has 296 times the <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> of CO2) and 37% of all human-induced <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (which is 23 times as warming as CO2.) It also generates 64% of the <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> emission. Livestock expansion is cited as a key factor driving <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>; in the Amazon basin 70% of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest">previously forested area</a> is now occupied by pastures and the remainder used for feed crops.<a href="#cite_note-LEAD-206">[206]</a> Through deforestation and <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>, livestock is also driving reductions in biodiversity. A well documented phenomenon is <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody plant encroachment</a>, caused by <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> in rangelands.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) states that "<a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> from global livestock are projected to increase by 60 per cent by 2030 under current practices and consumption patterns."<a href="#cite_note-unep.org-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_and_water_issues">Land and water issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_Of_Water_Withdrawal_By_Agriculture_In_Total_Withdrawal,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Share_Of_Water_Withdrawal_By_Agriculture_In_Total_Withdrawal%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Share_Of_Water_Withdrawal_By_Agriculture_In_Total_Withdrawal%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Share_Of_Water_Withdrawal_By_Agriculture_In_Total_Withdrawal%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Share_Of_Water_Withdrawal_By_Agriculture_In_Total_Withdrawal%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" data-width="440" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Share_Of_Water_Withdrawal_By_Agriculture_In_Total_Withdrawal%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/660px-Share_Of_Water_Withdrawal_By_Agriculture_In_Total_Withdrawal%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Share_Of_Water_Withdrawal_By_Agriculture_In_Total_Withdrawal%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/880px-Share_Of_Water_Withdrawal_By_Agriculture_In_Total_Withdrawal%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Countries with the highest share of water withdrawal by agriculture in total withdrawal.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crops_Kansas_AST_20010624.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Crops_Kansas_AST_20010624.jpg/240px-Crops_Kansas_AST_20010624.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="2481"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Crops_Kansas_AST_20010624.jpg/240px-Crops_Kansas_AST_20010624.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Crops_Kansas_AST_20010624.jpg/360px-Crops_Kansas_AST_20010624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Crops_Kansas_AST_20010624.jpg/480px-Crops_Kansas_AST_20010624.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Circular <a href="/wiki/Irrigated" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigated">irrigated</a> crop fields in <a href="/wiki/Haskell_County,_Kansas" title="Haskell County, Kansas">Kansas</a>. Healthy, growing crops of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> are green (sorghum may be slightly paler). Wheat is brilliant gold. Fields of brown have been recently harvested and plowed or have lain in <a href="/wiki/Fallow" title="Fallow">fallow</a> for the year.</figcaption></figure> Land transformation, the use of land to yield goods and services, is the most substantial way humans alter the Earth's ecosystems, and is the driving force causing <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>. Estimates of the amount of land transformed by humans vary from 39 to 50%.<a href="#cite_note-Vitousek-208">[208]</a> It is estimated that 24% of land globally experiences land degradation, a long-term decline in ecosystem function and productivity, with cropland being disproportionately affected.<a href="#cite_note-FAO_GLADA-209">[209]</a> Land management is the driving factor behind degradation; 1.5 billion people rely upon the degrading land. Degradation can be through deforestation, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, mineral depletion, <a href="/wiki/Soil_acidification" title="Soil acidification">acidification</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">salinization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CS-144">[144]</a> In 2021, the global agricultural land area was 4.79 billion hectares (ha), down 2 percent, or 0.09 billion ha compared with 2000. Between 2000 and 2021, roughly two-thirds of agricultural land were used for permanent meadows and pastures (3.21 billion ha in 2021), which declined by 5 percent (0.17 billion ha). One-third of the total agricultural land was cropland (1.58 billion ha in 2021), which increased by 6 percent (0.09 billion ha).<a href="#cite_note-:14-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a>, excessive nutrient enrichment in <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a> resulting in <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxia</a>, leads to <a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">fish kills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of biodiversity">loss of biodiversity</a>, and renders water unfit for drinking and other industrial uses. Excessive fertilization and manure application to cropland, as well as high livestock stocking densities cause nutrient (mainly <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>) <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">leaching</a> from agricultural land. These nutrients are major <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">nonpoint pollutants</a> contributing to <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of aquatic ecosystems and pollution of groundwater, with harmful effects on human populations.<a href="#cite_note-Eutr-210">[210]</a> Fertilizers also reduce terrestrial biodiversity by increasing competition for light, favoring those species that are able to benefit from the added nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-Hautier_Niklaus_Hector-211">[211]</a> Agriculture simultaneously is facing growing freshwater demand and precipitation anomalies (droughts, floods, and extreme rainfall and weather events) on rainfed areas fields and grazing lands.<a href="#cite_note-:9-162">[162]</a> Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of withdrawals of freshwater resources,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> and an estimated 41 percent of current global irrigation water use occurs at the expense of environmental flow requirements.<a href="#cite_note-:9-162">[162]</a> It is long known that aquifers in areas as diverse as northern China, the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Upper Ganges</a> and the western US are being depleted, and new research extends these problems to aquifers in Iran, Mexico and Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Increasing pressure is being placed on water resources by industry and urban areas, meaning that <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> is increasing and agriculture is facing the challenge of producing more food for the world's growing population with reduced water resources.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> While industrial withdrawals have declined in the past few decades and municipal withdrawals have increased only marginally since 2010, agricultural withdrawals have continued to grow at an ever faster pace.<a href="#cite_note-:9-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Farm_water" title="Farm water">Agricultural water</a> usage can also cause major environmental problems, including the destruction of natural wetlands, the spread of water-borne diseases, and land degradation through salinization and waterlogging, when irrigation is performed incorrectly.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pesticides">Pesticides</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">Environmental impact of pesticides</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crop_spraying_near_St_Mary_Bourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392462.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Crop_spraying_near_St_Mary_Bourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392462.jpg/220px-Crop_spraying_near_St_Mary_Bourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392462.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Crop_spraying_near_St_Mary_Bourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392462.jpg/220px-Crop_spraying_near_St_Mary_Bourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392462.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Crop_spraying_near_St_Mary_Bourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392462.jpg/330px-Crop_spraying_near_St_Mary_Bourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392462.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Crop_spraying_near_St_Mary_Bourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392462.jpg/440px-Crop_spraying_near_St_Mary_Bourne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392462.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spraying a crop with a <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a></figcaption></figure> Pesticide use has increased since 1950 to 2.5 million short tons annually worldwide, yet crop loss from pests has remained relatively constant.<a href="#cite_note-Pimentel_pesticide-217">[217]</a> The World Health Organization estimated in 1992 that three million pesticide poisonings occur annually, causing 220,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-218">[218]</a> Pesticides select for <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_resistance" title="Pesticide resistance">pesticide resistance</a> in the pest population, leading to a condition termed the "pesticide treadmill" in which pest resistance warrants the development of a new pesticide.<a href="#cite_note-CS_Pest-219">[219]</a> An alternative argument is that the way to "save the environment" and prevent famine is by using pesticides and intensive high yield farming, a view exemplified by a quote heading the Center for Global Food Issues website: 'Growing more per acre leaves more land for nature'.<a href="#cite_note-DAvery-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> However, critics argue that a trade-off between the environment and a need for food is not inevitable,<a href="#cite_note-WH-222">[222]</a> and that pesticides can replace <a href="/wiki/Good_agricultural_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Good agricultural practices">good agronomic practices</a> such as crop rotation.<a href="#cite_note-CS_Pest-219">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Push%E2%80%93pull_agricultural_pest_management" title="Push–pull agricultural pest management">Push–pull agricultural pest management</a> technique involves intercropping, using plant aromas to repel pests from crops (push) and to lure them to a place from which they can then be removed (pull).<a href="#cite_note-PushPull-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contribution_to_climate_change">Contribution to climate change</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg/220px-World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="419"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg/220px-World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg/330px-World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg/440px-World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>World farm-gate greenhouse gas emissions by activity</figcaption></figure> Agriculture contributes towards <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> through <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> into agricultural land.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> The agriculture, forestry and land use sector contribute between 13% and 21% of global greenhouse gas emissions.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC2022-225">[225]</a> Emissions of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> make up over half of total greenhouse gas emission from agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-FAO2020-226">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Approximately 57% of global GHG emissions from the production of food are from the production of animal-based food while plant-based foods contribute 29% and the remaining 14% is for other utilizations.<a href="#cite_note-:12-228">[228]</a> Farmland management and <a href="/wiki/Land-use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use change">land-use change</a> represented major shares of total emissions (38% and 29%, respectively), whereas rice and beef were the largest contributing plant- and animal-based commodities (12% and 25%, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-:12-228">[228]</a> South and Southeast Asia and South America were the largest emitters of production-based GHGs.<a href="#cite_note-:12-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TerracesBuffers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/TerracesBuffers.JPG/170px-TerracesBuffers.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/TerracesBuffers.JPG/170px-TerracesBuffers.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/TerracesBuffers.JPG/255px-TerracesBuffers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/TerracesBuffers.JPG/340px-TerracesBuffers.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Terraces, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_tillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation tillage">conservation tillage</a> and conservation buffers reduce <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> on this farm in Iowa.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></div> Current farming methods have resulted in over-stretched water resources, high levels of erosion and reduced soil fertility. There is not enough water to continue farming using current practices; therefore how water, land, and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> resources are used to boost crop yields must be reconsidered. A solution would be to give value to ecosystems, recognizing environmental and livelihood tradeoffs, and balancing the rights of a variety of users and interests.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Inequities that result when such measures are adopted would need to be addressed, such as the reallocation of water from poor to rich, the clearing of land to make way for more productive farmland, or the preservation of a wetland system that limits fishing rights.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Technological advancements help provide farmers with tools and resources to make farming more sustainable.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Technology permits innovations like <a href="/wiki/Conservation_tillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation tillage">conservation tillage</a>, a farming process which helps prevent land loss to erosion, reduces water pollution, and enhances <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Agricultural automation can help address some of the challenges associated with climate change and thus facilitate adaptation efforts.<a href="#cite_note-:5-160">[160]</a> For example, the application of digital automation technologies (e.g. in precision agriculture) can improve resource-use efficiency in conditions which are increasingly constrained for agricultural producers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-160">[160]</a> Moreover, when applied to sensing and early warning, they can help address the uncertainty and unpredictability of weather conditions associated with accelerating climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:5-160">[160]</a> Other potential sustainable practices include <a href="/wiki/Conservation_agriculture" title="Conservation agriculture">conservation agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>, improved <a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">grazing</a>, avoided grassland conversion, and <a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Current mono-crop farming practices in the United States preclude widespread adoption of sustainable practices, such as 2–3 crop rotations that incorporate grass or hay with annual crops, unless negative emission goals such as soil carbon sequestration become policy.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> The food demand of Earth's projected population, with current climate change predictions, could be satisfied by improvement of agricultural methods, expansion of agricultural areas, and a sustainability-oriented consumer mindset.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_dependence">Energy dependence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baumwoll-Erntemaschine_auf_Feld.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Baumwoll-Erntemaschine_auf_Feld.jpeg/220px-Baumwoll-Erntemaschine_auf_Feld.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1805"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Baumwoll-Erntemaschine_auf_Feld.jpeg/220px-Baumwoll-Erntemaschine_auf_Feld.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Baumwoll-Erntemaschine_auf_Feld.jpeg/330px-Baumwoll-Erntemaschine_auf_Feld.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Baumwoll-Erntemaschine_auf_Feld.jpeg/440px-Baumwoll-Erntemaschine_auf_Feld.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanized agriculture</a>: from the first models in the 1940s, tools like a <a href="/wiki/Cotton_picker" title="Cotton picker">cotton picker</a> could replace 50 farm workers, at the price of increased use of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>.</figcaption></figure> Since the 1940s, agricultural productivity has increased dramatically, due largely to the increased use of energy-intensive mechanization, fertilizers and pesticides. The vast majority of this energy input comes from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> Between the 1960s and the 1980s, the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, with world grain production increasing significantly (between 70% and 390% for wheat and 60% to 150% for rice, depending on geographic area)<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> as <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> doubled. Heavy reliance on <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemicals</a> has raised concerns that oil shortages could increase costs and reduce agricultural output.<a href="#cite_note-ncseonline.org-239">[239]</a> Industrialized agriculture depends on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> in two fundamental ways: direct consumption on the farm and manufacture of inputs used on the farm. Direct consumption includes the use of lubricants and fuels to operate farm vehicles and machinery.<a href="#cite_note-ncseonline.org-239">[239]</a> Indirect consumption includes the manufacture of fertilizers, pesticides, and farm machinery.<a href="#cite_note-ncseonline.org-239">[239]</a> In particular, the production of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen fertilizer">nitrogen fertilizer</a> can account for over half of agricultural energy usage.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Together, direct and indirect consumption by US farms accounts for about 2% of the nation's energy use. Direct and indirect energy consumption by U.S. farms peaked in 1979, and has since gradually declined.<a href="#cite_note-ncseonline.org-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Food systems">Food systems</a> encompass not just agriculture but off-farm processing, packaging, transporting, marketing, consumption, and disposal of food and food-related items. Agriculture accounts for less than one-fifth of food system energy use in the US.<a href="#cite_note-ers.usda.gov-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-css.snre.umich.edu-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic_pollution">Plastic pollution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">plasticulture</a></div> Plastic products are used extensively in agriculture, including to increase crop yields and improve the efficiency of water and agrichemical use. "Agriplastic" products include films to cover <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a> and tunnels, mulch to cover soil (e.g. to suppress weeds, <a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">conserve water</a>, increase soil temperature and aid fertilizer application), shade cloth, pesticide containers, seedling trays, protective mesh and irrigation tubing. The polymers most commonly used in these products are low- density polyethylene (LPDE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).<a href="#cite_note-:0-243">[243]</a> The total amount of plastics used in agriculture is difficult to quantify. A 2012 study reported that almost 6.5 million tonnes per year were consumed globally while a later study estimated that global demand in 2015 was between 7.3 million and 9 million tonnes. Widespread use of plastic mulch and lack of systematic collection and management have led to the generation of large amounts of mulch residue. Weathering and degradation eventually cause the mulch to fragment. These fragments and larger pieces of plastic accumulate in soil. Mulch residue has been measured at levels of 50 to 260 kg per hectare in topsoil in areas where mulch use dates back more than 10 years, which confirms that mulching is a major source of both microplastic and macroplastic <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">soil contamination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-243">[243]</a> Agricultural plastics, especially plastic films, are not easy to recycle because of high contamination levels (up to 40–50% by weight contamination by pesticides, fertilizers, soil and debris, moist vegetation, silage juice water, and UV stabilizers) and collection difficulties . Therefore, they are often buried or abandoned in fields and watercourses or burned. These disposal practices lead to soil degradation and can result in contamination of soils and leakage of <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> into the marine environment as a result of precipitation run-off and tidal washing. In addition, additives in residual plastic film (such as UV and thermal stabilizers) may have deleterious effects on crop growth, soil structure, nutrient transport and salt levels. There is a risk that plastic mulch will deteriorate <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a>, deplete soil organic matter stocks, increase soil water repellence and emit greenhouse gases. Microplastics released through fragmentation of agricultural plastics can absorb and concentrate contaminants capable of being passed up the trophic chain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-243">[243]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Disciplines">Disciplines</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_economics">Agricultural economics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural economics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg/220px-1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="711"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg/220px-1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg/330px-1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg/440px-1846_-_Anti-Corn_Law_League_Meeting.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In 19th century Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> led to high prices and widespread protest, such as this 1846 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></figcaption></figure> Agricultural economics is economics as it relates to the "production, distribution and consumption of [agricultural] goods and services".<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Combining agricultural production with general theories of marketing and business as a discipline of study began in the late 1800s, and grew significantly through the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Although the study of agricultural economics is relatively recent, major trends in agriculture have significantly affected national and international economies throughout history, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecropping</a> in the post-<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> Southern United States<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> to the European <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In the United States, and elsewhere, food costs attributed to <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, distribution, and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_marketing" title="Agricultural marketing">agricultural marketing</a>, sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_value_chain" title="Agricultural value chain">value chain</a>, have risen while the costs attributed to farming have declined. This is related to the greater efficiency of farming, combined with the increased level of <a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">value addition</a> (e.g. more highly processed products) provided by the supply chain. <a href="/wiki/Market_concentration" title="Market concentration">Market concentration</a> has increased in the sector as well, and although the total effect of the increased market concentration is likely increased efficiency, the changes redistribute <a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">economic surplus</a> from producers (farmers) and consumers, and may have negative implications for rural communities.<a href="#cite_note-Sexton2000-249">[249]</a> National government policies, such as taxation, <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a>, tariffs and others, can significantly change the economic marketplace for agricultural products.<a href="#cite_note-LloydCroserAnderson2013-250">[250]</a> Since at least the 1960s, a combination of trade restrictions, <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange rate policy">exchange rate policies</a> and subsidies have affected farmers in both the developing and the developed world. In the 1980s, non-subsidized farmers in developing countries experienced adverse effects from national policies that created artificially low global prices for farm products. Between the mid-1980s and the early 2000s, several international agreements limited agricultural tariffs, subsidies and other trade restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> However, as of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture&action=edit">[update]</a>, there was still a significant amount of policy-driven distortion in global agricultural product prices. The three agricultural products with the most trade distortion were sugar, milk and rice, mainly due to taxation. Among the <a href="/wiki/Oilseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilseed">oilseeds</a>, sesame had the most taxation, but overall, feed grains and oilseeds had much lower levels of taxation than livestock products. Since the 1980s, policy-driven distortions have decreases more among livestock products than crops during the worldwide reforms in agricultural policy.<a href="#cite_note-LloydCroserAnderson2013-250">[250]</a> Despite this progress, certain crops, such as cotton, still see subsidies in developed countries artificially deflating global prices, causing hardship in developing countries with non-subsidized farmers.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Unprocessed commodities such as corn, soybeans, and cattle are generally graded to indicate quality, affecting the price the producer receives. Commodities are generally reported by production quantities, such as volume, number or weight.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_science">Agricultural science</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Research-mapping_plant_genomes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Research-mapping_plant_genomes.jpg/220px-Research-mapping_plant_genomes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="1235"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Research-mapping_plant_genomes.jpg/220px-Research-mapping_plant_genomes.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Research-mapping_plant_genomes.jpg/330px-Research-mapping_plant_genomes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Research-mapping_plant_genomes.jpg/440px-Research-mapping_plant_genomes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomist</a> mapping a plant <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a> is a broad multidisciplinary field of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. It covers topics such as agronomy, plant breeding and genetics, <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">plant pathology</a>, crop modelling, soil science, <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a>, production techniques and improvement, study of pests and their management, and study of adverse environmental effects such as soil degradation, <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bosso_2015-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boucher_2018-255">[255]</a> The scientific study of agriculture began in the 18th century, when <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Mayer_(agriculturist)" title="Johann Friedrich Mayer (agriculturist)">Johann Friedrich Mayer</a> conducted experiments on the use of <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> (hydrated <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium sulphate">calcium sulphate</a>) as a fertilizer.<a href="#cite_note-JB_1840-256">[256]</a> Research became more systematic when in 1843, <a href="/wiki/John_Lawes" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lawes">John Lawes</a> and Henry Gilbert began a set of long-term agronomy field experiments at <a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothamsted Research Station">Rothamsted Research Station</a> in England; some of them, such as the <a href="/wiki/Park_Grass_Experiment" title="Park Grass Experiment">Park Grass Experiment</a>, are still running.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> In America, the <a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1887" title="Hatch Act of 1887">Hatch Act of 1887</a> provided funding for what it was the first to call "agricultural science", driven by farmers' interest in fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> In agricultural entomology, the USDA began to research biological control in 1881; it instituted its first large program in 1905, searching Europe and Japan for natural enemies of the <a href="/wiki/Lymantria_dispar_dispar" title="Lymantria dispar dispar">spongy moth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown-tail" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown-tail">brown-tail</a> moth, establishing <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a> (such as solitary wasps) and predators of both pests in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Coulson_J._R._2000-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Policy">Policy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy" title="Agricultural policy">Agricultural policy</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">Direct subsidies</a> for animal products and feed by <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries in 2012, in billions of US dollars<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Product</th> <th>Subsidy </th></tr> <tr> <td>Beef and veal</td> <td>18.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Milk</td> <td>15.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pigs</td> <td>7.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poultry</td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soybeans</td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eggs</td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sheep</td> <td>1.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy" title="Agricultural policy">Agricultural policy</a> is the set of government decisions and actions relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets. Some overarching themes include risk management and adjustment (including policies related to climate change, food safety and natural disasters), <a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">economic stability</a> (including policies related to taxes), natural resources and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">water policy</a>), research and development, and market access for domestic commodities (including relations with global organizations and agreements with other countries).<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Agricultural policy can also touch on <a href="/wiki/Food_quality" title="Food quality">food quality</a>, ensuring that the food supply is of a consistent and known quality, food security, ensuring that the food supply meets the population's needs, and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a>. Policy programs can range from financial programs, such as subsidies, to encouraging producers to enroll in voluntary quality assurance programs.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> A 2021 report finds that globally, support to agricultural producers accounts for almost US$540 billion a year.<a href="#cite_note-:11-266">[266]</a> This amounts to 15 percent of total agricultural production value, and is heavily biased towards measures that are leading to inefficiency, as well as are unequally distributed and harmful for the environment and human health.<a href="#cite_note-:11-266">[266]</a> There are many influences on the creation of agricultural policy, including consumers, agribusiness, trade lobbies and other groups. <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a> interests hold a large amount of influence over policy making, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campaign_contribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign contribution">campaign contributions</a>. Political action groups, including those interested in environmental issues and labor unions, also provide influence, as do lobbying organizations representing individual agricultural commodities.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger and provides a forum for the negotiation of global agricultural regulations and agreements. Samuel Jutzi, director of FAO's animal production and health division, states that lobbying by large corporations has stopped reforms that would improve human health and the environment. For example, proposals in 2010 for a voluntary code of conduct for the livestock industry that would have provided incentives for improving standards for health, and environmental regulations, such as the number of animals an area of land can support without long-term damage, were successfully defeated due to large food company pressure.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline of agriculture</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_aircraft" title="Agricultural aircraft">Agricultural aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_finance" title="Agricultural finance">Agricultural finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrominerals" title="Agrominerals">Agrominerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building-integrated_agriculture" title="Building-integrated agriculture">Building-integrated agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_farming" title="Corporate farming">Corporate farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofting" title="Crofting">Crofting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoagriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoagriculture">Ecoagriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farmworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food loss and waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_farming" title="Hill farming">Hill farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_documentary_films_about_agriculture" title="List of documentary films about agriculture">List of documentary films about agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharming_(genetics)" title="Pharming (genetics)">Pharming (genetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Development">Rural Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" title="Soil biodiversity">Soil biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_farming" title="Vegetable farming">Vegetable farming</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4476en">The State of Food and Agriculture 2021. Making agrifood systems more resilient to shocks and stresses</a>. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcb4476en">10.4060/cb4476en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134329-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134329-6"><bdi>978-92-5-134329-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244548456">244548456</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035811/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4476en">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. 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Acta Hort. 583: 23–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525073834/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec06.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2013. 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PNAS. 107 (7): 2807–2812. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107.2807S">2010PNAS..107.2807S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0909724107">10.1073/pnas.0909724107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2840336">2840336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20133614">20133614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Ancient+mitochondrial+DNA+analysis+reveals+complexity+of+indigenous+North+American+turkey+domestication&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2807-2812&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2840336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20133614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0909724107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..107.2807S&rft.aulast=Speller&rft.aufirst=Camilla+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2840336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMascarelli,_Amanda2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mascarelli, Amanda (5 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html">"Mayans converted wetlands to farmland"</a>. Nature. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2010.587">10.1038/news.2010.587</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423014836/https://www.nature.com/news/2010/101105/full/news.2010.587.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Mayans+converted+wetlands+to+farmland&rft.date=2010-11-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2010.587&rft.au=Mascarelli%2C+Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F101105%2Ffull%2Fnews.2010.587.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan,_John2013" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, John (6 November 2013). "Invisible Artifacts: Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Maya Agriculture with Modern Soil Science". Soil Horizons. 53 (6): 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsh2012-53-6-lf">10.2136/sh2012-53-6-lf</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Horizons&rft.atitle=Invisible+Artifacts%3A+Uncovering+Secrets+of+Ancient+Maya+Agriculture+with+Modern+Soil+Science&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsh2012-53-6-lf&rft.au=Morgan%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Spooner_2005_14694–99-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Spooner_2005_14694%E2%80%9399_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoonerMcLeanRamsayWaugh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Spooner, David M.; McLean, Karen; Ramsay, Gavin; Waugh, Robbie; Bryan, Glenn J. 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Retrieved 1 April 2018 – via National Academies.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Crops+of+the+Incas%3A+Little-Known+Plants+of+the+Andes+with+Promise+for+Worldwide+Cultivation&rft.pages=92&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F1398&rft.isbn=978-0-309-04264-2&rft.au=Office+of+International+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Fisbn%3D030904264X%26page%3D92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Michael_Francis_2005-62"><a href="#cite_ref-John_Michael_Francis_2005_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis,_John_Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">Francis, John Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMNoS-g1h8cC&pg=PA867">Iberia and the Americas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-426-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-426-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-426-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035809/https://books.google.com/books?id=OMNoS-g1h8cC&pg=PA867">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. 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Current Anthropology. 52 (S-4): S453–S470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F659998">10.1086/659998</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83061925">83061925</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019093231/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/659998">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. 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UPNE. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-649-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-649-4"><bdi>978-0-87451-649-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035756/https://books.google.com/books?id=shN5_-W1RzcC&pg=PA81">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. 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Pland & Animal Genome Conference XXVI 13–17 January 2018 San Diego, California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164429/https://pag.confex.com/pag/xxvi/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/28409">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P0653%3A+Domestication+History+of+Strawberry%3A+Population+Bottlenecks+and+Restructuring+of+Genetic+Diversity+through+Time&rft.pub=Pland+%26+Animal+Genome+Conference+XXVI+13%E2%80%9317+January+2018+San+Diego%2C+California&rft.aulast=Hardigan&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpag.confex.com%2Fpag%2Fxxvi%2Fmeetingapp.cgi%2FPaper%2F28409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugihara,_Neil_G.Van_Wagtendonk,_Jan_W.Shaffer,_Kevin_E.Fites-Kaufman,_Joann2006" class="citation book cs1">Sugihara, Neil G.; Van Wagtendonk, Jan W.; Shaffer, Kevin E.; Fites-Kaufman, Joann; Thode, Andrea E., eds. (2006). 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University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firecaliforniase00sugi/page/n433">417</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24605-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24605-8"><bdi>978-0-520-24605-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17&rft.btitle=Fire+in+California%27s+Ecosystems&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24605-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirecaliforniase00sugi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn,_Thomas_C.Anderson,_Kat1993" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Thomas C.; Anderson, Kat, eds. (1993). Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians. Ballena Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87919-126-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87919-126-9"><bdi>978-0-87919-126-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Wilderness%3A+Environmental+Management+by+Native+Californians&rft.pub=Ballena+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87919-126-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunningham2010-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham2010_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2010" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Laura (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nuYuYGHwCygC&pg=PA135">State of Change: Forgotten Landscapes of California</a>. Heyday. pp. 135, 173–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59714-136-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59714-136-9"><bdi>978-1-59714-136-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035821/https://books.google.com/books?id=nuYuYGHwCygC&pg=PA135">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. 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Dodo Press. pp. 25 and passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4099-4233-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4099-4233-7"><bdi>978-1-4099-4233-7</bdi></a>. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro">"The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche"</a>. Nebraska Anthropologist: 110–124. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054240/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+%22How%22+of+the+Three+Sisters%3A+The+Origins+of+Agriculture+in+Mesoamerica+and+the+Human+Niche&rft.pages=110-124&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Amanda+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1039%26context%3Dnebanthro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03400623">"Fire-stick Farming"</a>. Fire Ecology. 8 (3): 3–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012FiEco...8c...3J">2012FiEco...8c...3J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03400623">10.1007/BF03400623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Ecology&rft.atitle=Fire-stick+Farming&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-8&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03400623&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012FiEco...8c...3J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF03400623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley-ConwyLayton2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Layton, Robert (27 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048996">"Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 366 (1566): 849–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0307">10.1098/rstb.2010.0307</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048996">3048996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21320899">21320899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Foraging+and+farming+as+niche+construction%3A+stable+and+unstable+adaptations&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=1566&rft.pages=849-862&rft.date=2011-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3048996%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21320899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0307&rft.aulast=Rowley-Conwy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Layton%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3048996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1988" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Elizabeth (1988). 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Allen & Unwin. pp. 281–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74237-748-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74237-748-3"><bdi>978-1-74237-748-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413035807/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUddY9fGkNMC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. 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The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703092537/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2013. 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Retrieved 13 December 2023 – via FAODocuments.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Statistical+Yearbook+2023&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcc8166en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-138262-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%3Fdetails%3Dcc8166en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_109-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639en">The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable</a>. 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Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6122en">In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. 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Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2459en">In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. 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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture&oldid=1258668999">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture&oldid=1258668999</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 22:57 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landbou" title="Landbou – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Landbou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwirtschaft" title="Landwirtschaft – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Landwirtschaft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%BB_%E1%89%B0%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD" title="የርሻ ተግባር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የርሻ ተግባር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF" title="कृषि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कृषि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="زراعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زراعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayricultur%C3%A3" title="Ayriculturã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ayriculturã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF" title="কৃষি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৃষি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF" title="कृषि – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कृषि" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emit%E1%BB%B9" title="Ñemitỹ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemitỹ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapuchawi" title="Yapuchawi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Yapuchawi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99nd_t%C9%99s%C9%99rr%C3%BCfat%C4%B1" title="Kənd təsərrüfatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kənd təsərrüfatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="اکینچیلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اکینچیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%9Bn%C9%9Bk%C9%9B" title="Sɛnɛkɛ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Sɛnɛkɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C" title="কৃষিকাজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃষিকাজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4ng-gia%CC%8Dp" title="Lông-gia̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lông-gia̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pertanian" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ауыл хужалығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ауыл хужалығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сельская гаспадарка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сельская гаспадарка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сельская гаспадарка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сельская гаспадарка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="खेती – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खेती" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikultura" title="Agrikultura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Agrikultura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Селско стопанство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Селско стопанство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwiatschoft" title="Landwiatschoft – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Landwiatschoft" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="སོ་ནམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སོ་ནམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljoprivreda" title="Poljoprivreda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poljoprivreda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gounezerezh" title="Gounezerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gounezerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%B4%D3%A9%D3%A9_%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Хүдөө ажахы – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүдөө ажахы" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%83%D2%AB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%91%D1%85%D3%97" title="Ял хуҫалӑхӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ял хуҫалӑхӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikultura" title="Agrikultura – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Agrikultura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blstv%C3%AD" title="Zemědělství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zemědělství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurima" title="Kurima – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kurima" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaeth" title="Amaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landbrug" title="Landbrug – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Landbrug" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwirtschaft" title="Landwirtschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Landwirtschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5llumajandus" title="Põllumajandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põllumajandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1)" title="Γεωργία (δραστηριότητα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωργία (δραστηριότητα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikulturo" title="Agrikulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Agrikulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricurtura" title="Agricurtura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Agricurtura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekazaritza" title="Nekazaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nekazaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کشاورزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشاورزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheti" title="Kheti – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kheti" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Landbúnaður – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Landbúnaður" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agriculture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2nbou" title="Lânbou – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lânbou" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Agriculture" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmha%C3%ADocht" title="Talmhaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Talmhaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirinys" title="Eirinys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eirinys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekincilik" title="Ekincilik – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Ekincilik" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80iteachas" title="Àiteachas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Àiteachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B9ng-ngia%CC%8Dp" title="Nùng-ngia̍p – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nùng-ngia̍p" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%86%8D%EC%97%85" title="농업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="농업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noma" title="Noma – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Noma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գյուղատնտեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գյուղատնտեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF" title="कृषि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृषि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljoprivreda" title="Poljoprivreda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poljoprivreda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrokultivo" title="Agrokultivo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Agrokultivo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru_ugbo" title="Oru ugbo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Oru ugbo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikultura" title="Agrikultura – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Agrikultura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertanian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Хъæууон хæдзарад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъæууон хæдзарад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezolimo" title="Ezolimo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ezolimo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezolimo" title="Ezolimo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ezolimo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Landbúnaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Landbúnaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricoltura" title="Agricoltura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Agricoltura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חקלאות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חקלאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetan%C3%A8n" title="Tetanèn – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetanèn" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C9%96a%CA%8B" title="Haɖaʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Haɖaʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunaateqarneq" title="Nunaateqarneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Nunaateqarneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕೃಷಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೃಷಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სოფლის მეურნეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოფლის მეურნეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کاشکٲری – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کاشکٲری" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gb%C3%B9rz%C3%ABzna" title="Gbùrzëzna – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Gbùrzëzna" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ауыл шаруашылығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ауыл шаруашылығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammeth" title="Ammeth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ammeth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhinzi" title="Ubuhinzi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuhinzi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilimo" title="Kilimo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kilimo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikilti" title="Agrikilti – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Agrikilti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikiltir" title="Agrikiltir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Agrikiltir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87andin%C3%AE" title="Çandinî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çandinî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Айыл чарба – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Айыл чарба" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikultura" title="Agrikultura – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Agrikultura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B3" title="ກະສິກຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກະສິກຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsaimesteiba" title="Solsaimesteiba – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Solsaimesteiba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauksaimniec%C4%ABba" title="Lauksaimniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lauksaimniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хуьруьн майишат – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Хуьруьн майишат" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97s_%C5%ABkis" title="Žemės ūkis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemės ūkis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molaza" title="Molaza – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Molaza" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricolt%C3%BBa" title="Agricoltûa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Agricoltûa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landboew" title="Landboew – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Landboew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultiva" title="Cultiva – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultiva" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebyamalimiro" title="Ebyamalimiro – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebyamalimiro" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricoltura" title="Agricoltura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Agricoltura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mez%C5%91gazdas%C3%A1g" title="Mezőgazdaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mezőgazdaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF" title="कृषि – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कृषि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Земјоделство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Земјоделство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fambolena" title="Fambolena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fambolena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="കൃഷി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൃഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="शेती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शेती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ოფუტეშ მეურნობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოფუტეშ მეურნობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%87" title="زراعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زراعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B3" title="ပရေင်တဵုလွဳ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပရေင်တဵုလွဳ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کشاورزی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کشاورزی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertanian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%B4%D3%A9%D3%A9_%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Хөдөө аж ахуй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөдөө аж ахуй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="စိုက်ပျိုးမွေးမြူရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိုက်ပျိုးမွေးမြူရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landbouw" title="Landbouw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Landbouw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laandbouw" title="Laandbouw – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Laandbouw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF" title="कृषि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कृषि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बुँज्या – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुँज्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="農業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="農業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BC%C3%BCrerei" title="Büürerei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Büürerei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landbruk" title="Landbruk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Landbruk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landbruk" title="Landbruk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Landbruk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agritchultuthe" title="Agritchultuthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Agritchultuthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikulture" title="Agrikulture – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Agrikulture" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qishloq_xo%CA%BBjaligi" title="Qishloq xoʻjaligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qishloq xoʻjaligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਖੇਤੀਬਾੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੇਤੀਬਾੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwirtschaft" title="Landwirtschaft – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Landwirtschaft" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%91%DB%8C" title="کھیتی باڑی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھیتی باڑی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="کرنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کرنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikolcha" title="Agrikolcha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Agrikolcha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98" title="កសិកម្ម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កសិកម្ម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egrikalsa" title="Egrikalsa – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Egrikalsa" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bueree" title="Bueree – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bueree" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolnictwo" title="Rolnictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rolnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultur%C4%83" title="Agricultură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Agricultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allpa_llamk%27ay" title="Allpa llamk'ay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allpa llamk'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Польногосподарство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Польногосподарство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сельское хозяйство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сельское хозяйство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Агрикултуура – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Агрикултуура" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/maluk" title="maluk – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="maluk" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="कृषिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कृषिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱪᱟᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultur" title="Agricultur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Agricultur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buur%C3%A4i" title="Buuräi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Buuräi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujq%C3%ABsia" title="Bujqësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bujqësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="කෘෂිකර්මය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෘෂිකර්මය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming" title="Farming – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Farming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="زراعت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زراعت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BEnohospod%C3%A1rstvo" title="Poľnohospodárstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poľnohospodárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmetijstvo" title="Kmetijstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kmetijstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauerstwo" title="Bauerstwo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bauerstwo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="وەرزێری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەرزێری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пољопривреда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пољопривреда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljoprivreda" title="Poljoprivreda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poljoprivreda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikultur" title="Agrikultur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Agrikultur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatalous" title="Maatalous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maatalous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordbruk" title="Jordbruk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jordbruk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikultura" title="Agrikultura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Agrikultura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="வேளாண்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேளாண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%83%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Авыл хуҗалыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Авыл хуҗалыгы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/gaga_na_p%E2%80%99umah_cyoli" title="gaga na p’umah cyoli – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="gaga na p’umah cyoli" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వ్యవసాయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వ్యవసాయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikultura" title="Agrikultura – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Agrikultura" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="เกษตรกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกษตรกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD%E1%88%BB" title="ሕርሻ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሕርሻ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Кишоварзӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кишоварзӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%97" title="ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C4%B1m" title="Tarım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tarım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba_hojalygy" title="Oba hojalygy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Oba hojalygy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khap" title="Khap – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khap" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сільське господарство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сільське господарство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="زراعت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زراعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Agricultura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai%C5%BEanduz" title="Maižanduz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Maižanduz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p" title="Nông nghiệp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nông nghiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feil" title="Feil – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Feil" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5llumajandus" title="Põllumajandus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Põllumajandus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrico%C3%BBteure" title="Agricoûteure – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Agricoûteure" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B2" title="農 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="農" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrikultura" title="Agrikultura – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Agrikultura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="农业" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurimi" title="Vurimi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vurimi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="לאנדווירטשאפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאנדווירטשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="農業 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="農業" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97s_%C5%ABkis" title="Žemės ūkis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žemės ūkis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="农业" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwop-uko" title="Iwop-uko – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Iwop-uko" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langbow" title="Langbow – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Langbow" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C9%94bo" title="Koɔbo – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Koɔbo" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glelil%C9%9B" title="Glelilɛ – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Glelilɛ" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 22:57 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 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