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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class=" story nytapp-vi-article " xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title data-rh="true">The New Chatbots Could Change the World. Can You Trust Them? - The New York Times</title> <meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="noarchive, max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Siri, Google Search, online marketing and your child’s homework will never be the same. Then there’s the misinformation problem."/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/10/technology/ai-chat-bot-chatgpt.html"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:title" content="The New Chatbots Could Change the World. Can You Trust Them? (Published 2022)"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:description" content="Siri, Google Search, online marketing and your child’s homework will never be the same. 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2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/12/12/multimedia/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=1200"/><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/12/12/multimedia/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=600"/><img alt="Aaron Margolis, wearing a dark sweater, stands in front of a reflective screen showing computer code." class="css-rq4mmj" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/12/12/multimedia/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/12/12/multimedia/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/12/12/multimedia/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8-jumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/12/12/multimedia/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8/10chatbots-margolis-1-3fe8-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw" decoding="async" width="600" height="400"/></picture></div><figcaption data-testid="photoviewer-children-ImageCaption" class="css-ktho12 e3rygrp0"><span class="css-jevhma e13ogyst0">Aaron Margolis, a data scientist, says the new chatbots are remarkable but their answers can mix fact with fiction — just like the internet from which they learned.</span><span class="css-14fe1uy e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit...</span><span><span aria-hidden="false">Valerie Plesch for The New York Times; artwork by Smriti Keshari, "Altar," 2019.</span></span></span></figcaption></figure></div><div class="css-p6m5rf"><div class="byline-container css-1u5onbp epjyd6m2"><div class="css-165eim7 ey68jwv0" aria-hidden="true"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/cade-metz" class="css-uwwqev"><img alt="Cade Metz" title="Cade Metz" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/11/26/multimedia/author-cade-metz/author-cade-metz-thumbLarge.png" class="css-dc6zx6 ey68jwv2"/></a></div><div class="css-233int epjyd6m1"><p class="css-4anu6l e1jsehar1"><span class="byline-prefix">By </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/cade-metz" class="last-byline css-ojhyzr e1jsehar0" itemProp="name">Cade Metz</a></p><div class="css-gqryk5 epjyd6m0"><div id="enhanced-byline" class="css-8atqhb"><p class="css-1hyokyd e1wtpvyy0">Cade Metz wrote this article based on months of conversations with the scientists who build chatbots and the people who use them.</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="css-1c72mta"><time dateTime="2022-12-11T20:24:47-05:00" class="css-1ubbotv e16638kd2"><span class="css-1sbuyqj e16638kd3">Published Dec. 10, 2022</span><span class="css-233int e16638kd4">Updated Dec. 11, 2022</span></time></div></header><div id="NYT_ABOVE_MAIN_CONTENT_REGION" data-testid="region"></div><section name="articleBody" class="meteredContent css-1r7ky0e"><div class="css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn" data-testid="companionColumn-0"><div class="css-53u6y8"><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">This month, Jeremy Howard, an artificial intelligence researcher, introduced <a class="css-yywogo" href="https://chat.openai.com/chat" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">an online chatbot</a> called <a class="css-yywogo" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html" title="">ChatGPT</a> to his 7-year-old daughter. It had been released a few days earlier by OpenAI, one of the world’s most ambitious A.I. labs.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">He told her to ask the experimental chatbot whatever came to mind. She asked what trigonometry was good for, where black holes came from and why chickens incubated their eggs. Each time, it answered in clear, well-punctuated prose. When she asked for a computer program that could predict the path of a ball thrown through the air, it gave her that, too.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">Over the next few days, Mr. Howard — a data scientist and professor <a class="css-yywogo" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/18/technology/artificial-intelligence-language.html" title="">whose work inspired the creation of ChatGPT and similar technologies</a> — came to see the chatbot as a new kind of personal tutor. It could teach his daughter math, science and English, not to mention a few other important lessons. Chief among them: Do not believe everything you are told.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">“It is a thrill to see her learn like this,” he said. “But I also told her: Don’t trust everything it gives you. It can make mistakes.”</p></div><aside class="css-ew4tgv" aria-label="companion column"></aside></div><div data-testid="Dropzone-1"></div><div class="css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn" data-testid="companionColumn-1"><div class="css-53u6y8"><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">OpenAI is among the many companies, academic labs and independent researchers working to build more advanced chatbots. These systems cannot exactly chat like a human, but <a class="css-yywogo" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/05/technology/ai-sentient-google.html" title="">they often seem to</a>. They can also retrieve and repackage information with a speed that humans never could. They can be thought of as digital assistants — like Siri or Alexa — that are better at understanding what you are looking for and giving it to you.</p></div><aside class="css-ew4tgv" aria-label="companion column"></aside></div><div data-testid="ImageBlock-3"><div data-testid="imageblock-wrapper"><figure class="img-sz-large css-azjh2q e1g7ppur0" aria-label="media" role="group"><div class="css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0" data-testid="photoviewer-children-figure"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Image</span><div class="css-nwd8t8" data-testid="lazy-image"><div data-testid="lazyimage-container" style="height:386.6666666666667px"></div></div></div><figcaption data-testid="photoviewer-children-caption" class="css-1g9ic6e ewdxa0s0"><span class="css-jevhma e13ogyst0">Jeremy Howard, a researcher in artificial intelligence, asked his young daughter to use a cutting-edge A.I. chatbot system.</span><span class="css-14fe1uy e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit...</span><span><span aria-hidden="false">David Kelly for The New York Times</span></span></span></figcaption></figure></div></div><div data-testid="Optimistic-4"><div class="css-1336jj"><div class="css-121kum4"><div class="css-171quhb"></div><div class="css-asuuk5"><noscript><div class="css-7axq9l" data-testid="optimistic-truncator-noscript"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="css-1b5b8u1"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 1 1 19 0 9.5 9.5 0 0 1-19 0Zm8.5 1.75v-7.5h2v7.5h-2Zm0 2v2h2v-2h-2Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div data-testid="optimistic-truncator-noscript-message" class="css-6yo1no"><p class="css-3kpklk">We are having trouble retrieving the article content.</p><p class="css-3kpklk">Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.</p></div></div></noscript><div class="css-1dv1kvn" id="optimistic-truncator-a11y" tabindex="-1"><hr/><p>Thank you for your patience while we verify access. 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Then there’s the misinformation problem."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},"timestampBlock":{"__typename":"TimestampBlock","align":"LEFT","showUpdatedTimestamp":null,"timestamp":"2022-12-10T10:00:24.000Z"}},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"This month, Jeremy Howard, an artificial intelligence researcher, introduced "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fchat.openai.com\u002Fchat"}],"text":"an online chatbot"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" called "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2022\u002F12\u002F05\u002Ftechnology\u002Fchatgpt-ai-twitter.html"}],"text":"ChatGPT"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" to his 7-year-old daughter. It had been released a few days earlier by OpenAI, one of the world’s most ambitious A.I. labs."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":0},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"He told her to ask the experimental chatbot whatever came to mind. She asked what trigonometry was good for, where black holes came from and why chickens incubated their eggs. Each time, it answered in clear, well-punctuated prose. When she asked for a computer program that could predict the path of a ball thrown through the air, it gave her that, too."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":1},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Over the next few days, Mr. Howard — a data scientist and professor "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2018\u002F11\u002F18\u002Ftechnology\u002Fartificial-intelligence-language.html"}],"text":"whose work inspired the creation of ChatGPT and similar technologies"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" — came to see the chatbot as a new kind of personal tutor. It could teach his daughter math, science and English, not to mention a few other important lessons. Chief among them: Do not believe everything you are told."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":2},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“It is a thrill to see her learn like this,” he said. “But I also told her: Don’t trust everything it gives you. It can make mistakes.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":3},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"OpenAI is among the many companies, academic labs and independent researchers working to build more advanced chatbots. These systems cannot exactly chat like a human, but "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2022\u002F08\u002F05\u002Ftechnology\u002Fai-sentient-google.html"}],"text":"they often seem to"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":". They can also retrieve and repackage information with a speed that humans never could. 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They explain concepts in ways that people can understand. And they can deliver facts, while also generating business plans, term paper topics and other new ideas from scratch."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":7},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“You now have a computer that can answer any question in a way that makes sense to a human,” said Aaron Levie, chief executive of a Silicon Valley company, Box, and one of the many executives exploring the ways these chatbots will change the technological landscape. “It can extrapolate and take ideas from different contexts and merge them together.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":8},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The new chatbots do this with what seems like complete confidence. But they do not always tell the truth. Sometimes, they even fail at simple arithmetic. They blend fact with fiction. And as they continue to improve, people could use them to "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Finteractive\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F07\u002Ftechnology\u002Fai-text-disinformation.html"}],"text":"generate and spread untruths"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":9},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Google recently built a system specifically for conversation, called LaMDA, or Language Model for Dialogue Applications. This spring, a Google engineer "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2022\u002F06\u002F12\u002Ftechnology\u002Fgoogle-chatbot-ai-blake-lemoine.html"}],"text":"claimed it was sentient"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":". "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2022\u002F08\u002F05\u002Ftechnology\u002Fai-sentient-google.html"}],"text":"It was not"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", but it captured the public’s imagination."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":10},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Aaron Margolis, a data scientist in Arlington, Va., was among the limited number of people outside Google who were allowed to use LaMDA through an experimental Google app, AI Test Kitchen. He was consistently amazed by its talent for open-ended conversation. It kept him entertained. But he warned that it could be a bit of a fabulist — as was to be expected from a system trained from vast amounts of information posted to the internet."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":11},{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"When Mr. Margolis prompted ChatGPT to chat as if it were Mark Twain (whose real name was Samuel Clemens), it erroneously stated that the title frog in a short story could talk."}]}],"text":"When Mr. Margolis prompted ChatGPT to chat as if it were Mark Twain (whose real name was Samuel Clemens), it erroneously stated that the title frog in a short story could talk."},"credit":"","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":457,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2022\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":495,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2022\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2-popup.jpg","width":650},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":780,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2022\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2-jumbo.jpg","width":1024},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1560,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2022\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2-superJumbo.jpg","width":2048}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2022\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":145,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2022\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1371,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2022\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvN2MzNGJjZGItYTM3Zi01YzExLTg0ZjItMjU0OTU2YzA5NTVm","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"When Mr. Margolis prompted ChatGPT to chat as if it were Mark Twain (whose real name was Samuel Clemens), it erroneously stated that the title frog in a short story could talk.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002F7c34bcdb-a37f-5c11-84f2-254956c0955f","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2022\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002F10chatbots-twainbot-2.html"},"size":"MEDIUM"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":12},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“What it gives you is kind of like an Aaron Sorkin movie,” he said. Mr. Sorkin wrote “The Social Network,” a movie often criticized for stretching the truth about the origin of Facebook. “Parts of it will be true, and parts will not be true.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":13},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"He recently asked both LaMDA and ChatGPT to chat with him as if it were Mark Twain. When he asked LaMDA, it soon described a meeting between Twain and Levi Strauss, and said the writer had worked for the bluejeans mogul while living in San Francisco in the mid-1800s. It seemed true. But it was not. Twain and Strauss lived in San Francisco at the same time, but they never worked together."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":14},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Scientists call that problem “hallucination.” Much like a good storyteller, chatbots have a way of taking what they have learned and reshaping it into something new — with no regard for whether it is true."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":15},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"LaMDA is what artificial intelligence researchers call a "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2018\u002F03\u002F06\u002Ftechnology\u002Fgoogle-artificial-intelligence.html"}],"text":"neural network"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", a mathematical system loosely modeled on the network of neurons in the brain. This is the same technology that "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2016\u002F12\u002F14\u002Fmagazine\u002Fthe-great-ai-awakening.html"}],"text":"translates between French and English"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" on services like Google Translate and identifies pedestrians as "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2022\u002F09\u002F28\u002Ftechnology\u002Fdriverless-cars-san-francisco.html"}],"text":"self-driving cars navigate city streets"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":16},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"A neural network learns skills by analyzing data. By pinpointing patterns in thousands of cat photos, for example, it can learn to recognize a cat."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":17},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Five years ago, researchers at Google and labs like OpenAI started designing neural networks that "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2018\u002F11\u002F18\u002Ftechnology\u002Fartificial-intelligence-language.html"}],"text":"analyzed enormous amounts of digital text"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", including books, Wikipedia articles, news stories and online chat logs. Scientists call them “large language models.” Identifying billions of distinct patterns in the way people connect words, numbers and symbols, these systems learned to generate text on their own."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":18},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Their ability to generate language surprised many researchers in the field, including many of the researchers who built them. The technology could mimic what people had written and combine disparate concepts. You could ask it to write a “Seinfeld” scene in which Jerry learns an esoteric mathematical technique called a bubble sort algorithm — and "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fgoodside\u002Fstatus\u002F1598077257498923010?s=20&t=DhiB0wx2EGMh1DQgh7vGBA"}],"text":"it would"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":19},{"__typename":"TwitterEmbedBlock","hideMedia":false,"html":"\u003Cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"\u003E\u003Cp lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003EBest ChatGPT prompt so far 😂 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ft.co\u002FMNWOAJ8XXZ\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Ft.co\u002FMNWOAJ8XXZ\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E— Andrej Karpathy (@karpathy) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fkarpathy\u002Fstatus\u002F1598547827382448130?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\"\u003EDecember 2, 2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fblockquote\u003E\n\n","snapshot":"","twitterUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fkarpathy\u002Fstatus\u002F1598547827382448130?s=20&t=DhiB0wx2EGMh1DQgh7vGBA"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":20},{"__typename":"TwitterEmbedBlock","hideMedia":false,"html":null,"snapshot":"","twitterUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fkeithwynroe\u002Fstatus\u002F1598375944380887045\u002Fphoto\u002F1"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":21},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"With ChatGPT, OpenAI has worked to refine the technology. It does not do free-flowing conversation as well as Google’s LaMDA. It was designed to operate more like Siri, Alexa and other digital assistants. Like LaMDA, ChatGPT was trained on a sea of digital text culled from the internet."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":22},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"As people tested the system, it asked them to rate its responses. Were they convincing? Were they useful? Were they truthful? Then, through a technique called "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2017\u002F08\u002F13\u002Ftechnology\u002Fartificial-intelligence-safety-training.html"}],"text":"reinforcement learning"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", it used the ratings to hone the system and more carefully define what it would and would not do."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":23},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“This allows us to get to the point where the model can interact with you and admit when it’s wrong,” said Mira Murati, OpenAI’s chief technology officer. “It can reject something that is inappropriate, and it can challenge a question or a premise that is incorrect.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":24},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The method was not perfect. OpenAI warned those using ChatGPT that it “may occasionally generate incorrect information” and “produce harmful instructions or biased content.” But the company plans to continue refining the technology, and reminds people using it that it is still a research project."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":25},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Google, Meta and other companies are also addressing accuracy issues. Meta recently "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.technologyreview.com\u002F2022\u002F11\u002F18\u002F1063487\u002Fmeta-large-language-model-ai-only-survived-three-days-gpt-3-science\u002F"}],"text":"removed"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" an online preview of its chatbot, Galactica, because it repeatedly generated incorrect and biased information."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":26},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Experts have warned that companies do not control the fate of these technologies. Systems like ChatGPT, LaMDA and Galactica are based on ideas, research papers and computer code that have circulated freely for years."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":27},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Companies like Google and OpenAI can push the technology forward at a faster rate than others. But their latest technologies have been reproduced and widely distributed. They cannot prevent people from using these systems to spread misinformation."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":28},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Just as Mr. Howard hoped that his daughter would learn not to trust everything she read on the internet, he hoped society would learn the same lesson."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":29},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“You could program millions of these bots to appear like humans, having conversations designed to convince people of a particular point of view” he said. “I have warned about this for years. Now it is obvious that this is just waiting to happen.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":30},{"__typename":"RelatedLinksBlock","description":[],"displayStyle":"STANDARD","related":[{"__typename":"Article","bylines":[{"__typename":"Byline","creators":[{"__typename":"Person","displayName":"Cade Metz","id":"UGVyc29uOm55dDovL3BlcnNvbi9mYmRiNDFmZC00YTZjLTU0N2ItYWMxNC0zYTI2ZDhmZWFkZTY="}]}],"collections":[{"__typename":"LegacyCollection","mobileHeader":"","promotionalMedia":null},{"__typename":"LegacyCollection","mobileHeader":"How We’ll Think Tomorrow","promotionalMedia":null}],"firstPublished":"2020-11-24T07:30:09.000Z","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":"Meet GPT-3. 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href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F19\u002Fhealth\u002Fhuman-virome-program.html\\\"\u003Ewill use A.I. in an effort to understand how an estimated tens of trillions of viruses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that live inside humans affect health.\",\"Vice President JD Vance told European and Asian leaders in Paris that the Trump administration was adopting an aggressive \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F11\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fvance-speech-paris-ai-summit.html\\\"\u003EAmerica First approach\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the race to dominate all the building blocks of artificial intelligence.\",\"President Emmanuel Macron of France pitched lighter regulation to fuel an A.I. boom in Europe, but attendees at a summit in Paris \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002Fai-summit-paris.html\\\"\u003Eworry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002Fai-summit-paris.html\\\"\u003E that the risks of A.I. will be overlooked\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as the continent rushes to keep up with the United States and China.\",\"An apparent breakthrough in efficiency from the Chinese start-up DeepSeek did not make tech’s biggest companies question their \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F08\u002Ftechnology\u002Fdeepseek-data-centers-ai.html\\\"\u003Eextravagant spending on new A.I. data centers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\"]}]},{\"section\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Age of A.I.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\"},{\"type\":\"bulletedList\",\"value\":[\"DeepSeek, a Chinese start-up, built one of the most powerful A.I. systems using far fewer computer chips than many experts thought possible. \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F12\u002Ftechnology\u002Fdeepseek-ai-chip-costs.html\\\"\u003EHere’s a guide to how it succeeded\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\",\"Most large employers play down the likelihood that A.I. bots will take our jobs. \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F02\u002Fbusiness\u002Fklarna-ceo-ai.html\\\"\u003EThen there’s Klarna\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a darling of tech investors.\"]}]}]}}]}]}","guide":{"__typename":"StorylineGuide","displayName":"Explore Our Coverage of Artificial Intelligence","leadIn":null,"sections":[{"__typename":"StorylineGuideSection","items":[{"__typename":"StorylineGuideItem","content":{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"News"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":" and Analysis"}]}},{"__typename":"StorylineGuideItem","content":{"__typename":"ListBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The Human Virome Program, an effort led by five universities, "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F7e5b31ca-21c8-51b5-ba11-e1633351ef86","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F19\u002Fhealth\u002Fhuman-virome-program.html"}],"text":"will use A.I. in an effort to understand how an estimated tens of trillions of viruses"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" that live inside humans affect health."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Vice President JD Vance told European and Asian leaders in Paris that the Trump administration was adopting an aggressive "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fcf43ea50-beca-59b0-a58b-ec0cd8a2ca0a","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F11\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fvance-speech-paris-ai-summit.html"}],"text":"America First approach"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" to the race to dominate all the building blocks of artificial intelligence."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"President Emmanuel Macron of France pitched lighter regulation to fuel an A.I. boom in Europe, but attendees at a summit in Paris "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F00a3e963-3ae1-58f7-8895-977de8a1a8ab","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002Fai-summit-paris.html"}],"text":"worry"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F00a3e963-3ae1-58f7-8895-977de8a1a8ab","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F10\u002Fbusiness\u002Fai-summit-paris.html"}],"text":" that the risks of A.I. will be overlooked"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" as the continent rushes to keep up with the United States and China."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"An apparent breakthrough in efficiency from the Chinese start-up DeepSeek did not make tech’s biggest companies question their "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F4faac88a-afe7-50c8-8383-677a64b2832a","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F08\u002Ftechnology\u002Fdeepseek-data-centers-ai.html"}],"text":"extravagant spending on new A.I. data centers"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]}]}}]},{"__typename":"StorylineGuideSection","items":[{"__typename":"StorylineGuideItem","content":{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"The Age of A.I."}]}},{"__typename":"StorylineGuideItem","content":{"__typename":"ListBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"DeepSeek, a Chinese start-up, built one of the most powerful A.I. systems using far fewer computer chips than many experts thought possible. "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F1b324ac9-6f1b-5294-8c01-1169c67f7b00","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F12\u002Ftechnology\u002Fdeepseek-ai-chip-costs.html"}],"text":"Here’s a guide to how it succeeded"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Most large employers play down the likelihood that A.I. bots will take our jobs. "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Ff76ca817-b093-51ae-8189-fb16e0738ff2","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F02\u002Fbusiness\u002Fklarna-ceo-ai.html"}],"text":"Then there’s Klarna"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", a darling of tech investors."}]}]}]}}]}]},"hubAssets":[{"__typename":"StorylineHubAsset","asset":{"__typename":"LegacyCollection","id":"TGVnYWN5Q29sbGVjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9sZWdhY3ljb2xsZWN0aW9uLzJhNGZhOTU3LTQ0YzktNWVmOC1iMDUwLTMyNDk5NzE1OTY2OA==","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Flegacycollection\u002F2a4fa957-44c9-5ef8-b050-324997159668","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fspotlight\u002Fartificial-intelligence"}}],"primaryAssets":[{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F4b48b1ce-aa6a-5ebb-a100-a683cf703122","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F14\u002Ftechnology\u002Fopenai-elon-musk.html"},"displayName":"OpenAI and Musk","status":null},{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Ff0cd8287-14d7-5f2b-b80e-eae1072fb01a","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F10\u002Ftechnology\u002Fai-summit-paris-technology.html"},"displayName":"Paris A.I. 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Then Sam Altman, the chief executive of OpenAI, \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F08\u002Ftechnology\u002Fsam-altman-elon-musk-trump.html\\\"\u003Esneaked into the White House\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\",\"\u003Cstrong\u003EWhere to Find the Gossip: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EEmily Sundberg’s business newsletter, Feed Me, is read by dealmakers and strivers alike and \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F07\u002Fbusiness\u002Femily-sundberg-feed-me.html\\\"\u003Ehas made her a rising Substack star\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\",\"\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat Happens to Emerging Black Sellers?: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EBlack-owned brands got a foot in the door through D.E.I. programs at big retailers like Target and Amazon. Now amid a sudden pullback, \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F05\u002Fbusiness\u002Fdei-target-black-sellers.html\\\"\u003Ethey worry the door might be closing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\",\"\u003Cstrong\u003ESilicon Valley Workers Quietly Protest: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EAs Mark Zuckerberg and other tech titans have embraced Trump and muffled internal dissent at their companies, their mostly left-leaning employees have objected with \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F29\u002Ftechnology\u002Ftampons-silicon-valley-workers-protest.html\\\"\u003Esubtle acts of defiance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\",\"\u003Cstrong\u003EBill Gates Isn’t Like Those Other Tech Billionaires:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E The Microsoft co-founder and philanthropist is taking a break from the future to examine his past — and \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F01\u002F30\u002Ftechnology\u002Fbill-gates-tech-billionaires-memoir.html\\\"\u003Emulling where the billionaires now fit in\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\"]}]}]}}]}]}","guide":{"__typename":"StorylineGuide","displayName":"Explore Our Business and Tech Coverage","leadIn":"Dive deeper into the people, issues and trends shaping the worlds of business and technology.","sections":[{"__typename":"StorylineGuideSection","items":[{"__typename":"StorylineGuideItem","content":{"__typename":"ListBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"How Altman Won Over Trump: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"After helping President Trump get elected, Elon Musk was poised to dominate America’s A.I. policies. Then Sam Altman, the chief executive of OpenAI, "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Ffa5d0071-24b5-57d6-9e68-6c592806380e","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F08\u002Ftechnology\u002Fsam-altman-elon-musk-trump.html"}],"text":"sneaked into the White House"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Where to Find the Gossip: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Emily Sundberg’s business newsletter, Feed Me, is read by dealmakers and strivers alike and "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F942a2fdd-62c8-563e-a76c-a33e475c82cb","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F02\u002F07\u002Fbusiness\u002Femily-sundberg-feed-me.html"}],"text":"has made her a rising Substack star"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"What Happens to Emerging Black Sellers?: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Black-owned brands got a foot in the door through D.E.I. programs at big retailers like Target and Amazon. 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