CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913539101d3bc6e5',cH: '2lNqfZaN4DQAk8KydsSLD89fdOezd7Go2w.XyHmrNcE-1739789493-1.2.1.1-sUvU9xDNWdRG6xp0hYfAnLNp5YlsVpjsCgxqab1d.6xEhlpeLwFLn9lDE.Eu15px',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=SS400%20steel&__cf_chl_tk=vsRzwbWD1VoAugrbEmXqg5lnU2i5GwCN00ilgphg.ok-1739789493-1.0.1.1-ekOgs_NDBQL0Dn5d808ktODq0_K1x_Zt_ol1bU8HfIc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739789493',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=SS400%20steel&__cf_chl_f_tk=vsRzwbWD1VoAugrbEmXqg5lnU2i5GwCN00ilgphg.ok-1739789493-1.0.1.1-ekOgs_NDBQL0Dn5d808ktODq0_K1x_Zt_ol1bU8HfIc",md: "bIqSIfb1VEIjH1W6F_SpOi0SmUL57JA15WLP_Qaznes-1739789493-1.2.1.1-yOQ6e1biFE1b.did_kO6JZWVxgAMiMdaABCoeC_ZRkg3OQlYS9p6mcz6wQyGsEHpK31WYQWhLvt3keSfS0Ok54T0Z8VrgY_RNT.0suZw7o3GM70LCcYuyqxbKmvlotVaCI7pYkTiye81UKVT2J_CmBPFjfNs1z..yYPx8scjxcMHov5L3EMftpZKoNEXJFhaar8VZ0wnwIDAKP2myGRq07JNkdW0HugU_igcM4aUORemT2BeJMjyJtTBOHjsHJzvBGnq5RBGmsEC2ULSvTGixmK4grl9R3aP5shu_6h.ey2cr.lekUKVSSvOYptrhnnDCSrJU2eoTWfLuQbH8zgFlR4TcQ9ZSxf3OkyYryvyHrLP1d8WcfhpYDoS_9TbTjA.Ab.79c.UKrZkLh4E9gqAZ5J29VcWkFFJDQ8fpS5CMVY5GUVXBpZQE9jKCYWe7aJAMYwPlpRg.eel8hyjoajl_1BA8PnsvZP.Zsj1ot6i5q05DFDWZPVhFB8SzAFODctoy7Ute.PnTje7dq.5GERt8GcDDMoLHdp4mDORo1WCcV3Bvlz3FYdX7bXS6llmjt0K9Byjtmkrnk7Z9WHLD6rTq_P02BK3VN529Mjp3tyLRKXEMEt1VCjemQQtSOJcyeJ8Ze79VrKlcOZ2hMgm.48XxHx26mMkgnq8v4mcxW6wzXkHqAwVFClAGSpMh1h6Z2whkWAPggu3wOHg9fnOsdB6mZiNsmfUqiB9jkQ8AL49caOcxJVL4D3YskxmYbHlC_rJq8EzA_qBkybH3PdW.AVhZ5nISpbOhIU4T1MlWvwvE96KwG_4Kk6RWWl.iQ2OtD158JTLh6_.ecq8DfIBr90o0Z0S5Ks2Q3JTgS.nM9fguVpEHmbiJxFWXjPMej0DzIL4NLmXi4pT5diKFmTCjlfeSc9GrtWvEQH_1q3aLvMLcSd_8bcDBsJjjh32xwj2WXHBQkcbWw_kn4KEyWxbTnpedFNQIGpZgF5B6dOzTTTL6qfVX7x4DXhG.5tMAo3._0a.kuxe9w8.wGagCBw_RnEilPzggXWbB5zxCoHac5NfCkzujtXq5EMqXHWOIyzRbTWn9TOfBiKe2T4uzDB1PwdwoY7anNxaNphu5H9ztO4nkzdpcNidfQumbhti4P2opg2FRl2rotuoyIYzD6Sprh.Tbg2DmSeGHFk4jA06dqnOQr0rgV03xLNqOXiHo5f8x4SJ7sUS9TbiEWDlgPlduDk_p_0XduVdfQ9RUG4hBmc66TUlaeSsa5HayLQr8d6mlZA1U7gb2Se62O.LQZyJdQ3Tpc4fHKmSbgUkzA3_e.pTq1IlXXBxLVmZqAIThDYnCTsW3u_4_SEKJHCyaHZWc1AXLi99qcEZPBEJ5jGls7Z70.5NbzkB0bTjA_CxJP3rXkYRof73xw2SNSVWbWxAQ.g7KewVnhvHKRv.L4f4lgeUVspzcl78A24QgMA8lpntWp3UmwRpFfhHfKGjj_SLGhJsOnGa.tnlF8Qcs7w1NrkSLTFJtH03iDxgsXOdgSfcRoTeGfhIT2oyidRY1xl4g4ZYGnmQhv_HtHovG_Y_JvDvmO.f29MnGS3St9RGP0GPQfq_yPvKlOrCowhUjBavLu.TQTTQY3Vc0gtCcyb8p3ejDo6THw_7ufstKFA.bJMlWN2O_gc5LWaNYxCv_b8kMimO0OMPuP0p6krbeja5xdI8PcSGFw.QPmhlWvtkF1R_6YTeXThQLJcc2.EWV36cvr9ZzBObhEVPMicj7oTuxSSu95m18IPR0nE8wJGGKFo2EBs9oqV35SaAyRxZ1EBmxpQAu5DlCmJhKmH62_dlC2hyjE.48gLj.1W60aHTKgmGsiVe8vuCqotEepe7_X82yWMKTaZd4UrUCCrLpfgdOi_3rcLPoA204ZTvY7pdAlElAg7vnB6i42k3845nDyGVIxcAHT5LiV8ADu0tfCrcZXUZ.fo",mdrd: "xtWE568coH5pDQEW1rgvgd.Ty0l0cU3ITRbCCWHU9Fc-1739789493-1.2.1.1-0LbRuuVFlDehcH5y08MTzwn1NCWW0FfOK4g6JE8adOHR1GR_GH4VzQTIvifIZ460wxd7r27KykCC0s5dPGHsv1p__KkLIqbbLgcIt4uYkaFH0MaJKQOmVrIbOdoPtMhX6pivp_qeIxEucrAH0jXjfM5F8ZTm0kZImzBCEc_02YGaZBpGeGi9qIuHpWjUPzdcVfM.ETvNy09VrkN4YTw5p6x0wH1o7bl_cCdzXVrJ6a6_LbC7kI0MbqdHp.d.00oVM.bROWKlPsrLOIo.oeGgKLjq5G019drR1.C6rTOv3pspegTMhYPnTAJQ4Ni4ph9FtuyP.nX0.u_iw2Ol.YUAD5IYZmOGVLZxvAhz.2W6K3_h01RAYO3_jNEIihkMvG5Tz9.trQ5CvxmEJ8Ze6IZ5TtwapAs2QxSj5YHtK26rASzXolbumWlI0uV5agBWEdLVNrJPFV5taVDnYJmaXzlYPNX7pXsiwREoL7hB5SyGs0ivssgpz.PCtJ9yzE5T7fTOP6c7QhxTTsmngx33wbpeDbhTNm4U8KfGg6tT.stnhe39nmNaSxeVOHxmw6Xh3DjdvEVnPP7zKORk154MKhpHPYHVHHncCCKDIGyW3GRW_1Pm9vI2Si6IQl9aeI0Tzd.u__8ttg3h1reMWc7D3CAFjBdpx7CZBzC3cUJqxIw.dDQOm3SZ5yVF.jmZBYCGZrbpAkdYv3OIKb.w9SPc0JGXwaS7UQ.PO76zN0MWu7vMGNoX1KyXhVjQe7vEkRGArAuyVxBVESSEv7H0fIb11rCp.bav.1xlUVAGxaEpJxmjfE2fcLk6CxxglloTCOR5koaqmL40HoJdCnk_tDjvGMXbJs3OvOWfgUDD2RDhou8GsufqkCx7LafnLePwnLrWDMPpVaLYO2E6E1AEAuXwLW0Kdw_bs75rvwIvyIwrBdhrrYp0TatNSOej8bNW4wRbAAjXKCindLMJ0mM6ZuFApE_CFGApm9uOcStSGIl4hCtOcYrDxgidC65mVQ7DjMih9Mx8aDInIGeZqqPbZcu7XS2tY7q9ewMfUwoN9GwXHqtVTj6WW0HopdHPiNL.R_ZuER_V9nCpEOm0aid.lxlBjCjbexpjO5gK0T6M7C3NBlsl1I9oFg62O1j0kK8J2k.k0SEzbQ5K.mxzimpjTA4n7VereCC0Dz7gmV7i8d.JSgC.k8nZrj..7nC9FopuscM0Zc_T7FEjpmXWXrVsy8D4OfKEgWBmE35Nbcrjc3TlnjPSRT8Kt1Va17NwRVN9KC.rnxPCDn4efVIEXsBGzOzAol33XO4d6bjHrZXmpgQSREl1tS4SGivcSyrUZwf1UnLd8H7YNMwB.xHmMelSJzK1mAOLeXqGQksl.30WWiQH67q.O7iXA.5w.GGB55VXXjw_ubRkMchZAIrLWCM_aaTqK2MVJXSeMIZNq0bXhYdwYionikk1w1nwsVO_z8BE0zdkzZBI9HZvIKntUQnJ2L.pRkbpk6LuPUBC1m_60CWfBmeRWPL07djlQh3fHzQG0jrB2glvBvjqW455z30soIZg7xidE8ArAhnx8t5kpw4k8XY1ektU036IozjmwBw_hxNDHi4ObcyuL_q5FNyJ_im.URXV4XArYjgZBBHQRNHhljEOqZrUM672T3dhmvLylro5LYKBRyFMxj9N0qDrUjHzyukt5UNzRcyPCe1OlWvEOjMXKSR9wowVaVrBB.YnNTjlAbIHDZLmDCyQgqTuoTOTNjPZljuQ1bdbP3Gpm.He69dMj2N.VUfFz5.eyEVOmb._ngfy.hj_ksOvb9rIsPkfpD9V9XUWHXGreN.UJyYlRQc9zBdZhvwFD6pk9nw4U6FH.RCwIsV5n8YxqycyQatM2G8UBOUF.kZTIaA3LFAfUxxaTO_ePHPGf73G5aeo7AuCVKx6yzVSLYkwhsHRjE1znbHyGm7fmUYaIdHHxW0m3D5bK4D_TbxSiHSAK4JZR4XkpcUzyvYr.7__IJru89aw0fEfrg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913539101d3bc6e5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=SS400%20steel&__cf_chl_rt_tk=vsRzwbWD1VoAugrbEmXqg5lnU2i5GwCN00ilgphg.ok-1739789493-1.0.1.1-ekOgs_NDBQL0Dn5d808ktODq0_K1x_Zt_ol1bU8HfIc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>